QUAN LY KINH IE
Su dung phucng phap phan tich phan bo loi ich danh gia tinh cong bang cua chi tieu cong cho
giao due dgi hoc d Viet Nam
PHAM V U THANG
? d i viii siz" dung phUdng phdp phan tich phan bd ldi ich (Benefit Incidence Analysis - ' BIA) vd bo so lieu Biiu tra mdc sdng ho gia dinh nam 2012 de ddnh gid tinh cong bang cua chi tieu cong cho gido diic dai hgc d Viet Nam theo 5 nhom thu nhap hg gia dinh vdi 3 nhom tieu chi: gidi tinh (nam - nU), khu vUc thdnh thi - ndng thdn vd ddn tgc (ddn tgc Kinh - ddn tgc thieu so). Kit qud phan tich cho thdy: chi tieu cdng cho gido due dai hgc cd sti cong bdng giiia sinh viin nam vd sinh vien nQ; giiia khu vUc ndng thon vd thdnh thi, giiia ddn tgc Kinh vd ddn tgc thieu so'; tuy nhien, con cd sii bdt cong bdng cua chi tieu cong gida sinh viin thugc nhdm gidu vd nhom ngheo 6 khu vtic thdnh thi.
na khoa: cong bang, chi tieu cdng, gido diic dai hoc, phan tichphdn bdlcfi ich.
1. Cong b a n g t r o n g c h i t i e u c o n g c h o g i a o d u e
Cong b i n g la mot trong nhfing tieu chi quan trong trong d a n h gia cliinh sach cong.
Cong b i n g trong chi tiSu c6ng cho giao due luon la mot thUdc do q u a n trong vi giao due la h a n g hoa cong khong t h u i n tiiy, ngUdi ngheo se it co cd hoi hpc t&p d i n den sU b i t cong b i n g trong giao due (Bui Chi Binh, 2014). Nghien ciSu cua Nguyen Ngoc Anh va cong sU (2012) cung d a n h gia chinh sach cong, ma cu the la chinh sach p h a n bd ngan sach n h a nU6c cho giao due dai hoc trong do tinh cong bang xa hoi. Tinh cong b i n g xa hoi la su p h a n bd ldi ich cua chi tieu cong t6i nhflng ngucfi hu5ng ldi. Berne va Stiefel (1994) cho r i n g cong b i n g trong chi tieu cho giao due bao gom cong b i n g ngang va cong bang doc. Cong b i n g n g a n g la ngUdi hoc co dieu kien tUdng tU n h a u phai dUdc doi xxi n h u nhau, dUdc p h a n bd nguon Itlc nhU nhau.
Cong b i n g doc la su tiep cltn giao due n h u n h a u cua ngUcii hoc khong p h a n biet vi miic t h u n h a p hay tai san.
Theo so' Ueu tho'ng ke cua Bo Giao due va dao tao, nSm 2017 co hdn 1,5 trieu sinh vien
theo hoc trong cac trucJng dai hoc cong l^p, trong do, sinh vien nQ chiem 53% va sinh vien n a m la 47%. Chi tieu cho giao due luon n h a n dUdc sU Uu tien cua N h a nUdc. Theo Ngan hkng The gi6i (2017), chi tieu cong cho giao due t a n g n h a n h tit 3,3% GDP va 15,1%
tdng chi ngan sach n h a nu6c nSm 2000 len den lan lUdt la 5,9% va 20% vao n a m 2012.
Nha nude da d a n h 20% ngan sach n h a nu6c cho giao due va dao tao. Trong do chi tieu cho giao due dai hoc chiem 2,8% trong tdng chi n g a n sach n h a nUdc (hay 13,9% trong tdng chi ngan sach n h a nu6c cho giao due).
D a n h gia tinh cong bang cua chi tieu cong cho giao due dai hoc thUcing r i t kho k h a n do chinh phu thiic hien nhieu chUdng t i i n h chi tieu khac n h a u cho giao due dai hoc, vi du n h u cho trUcfng dai hoc, giang vien va ke ca cho sinh vien nhU cac chUdng t r i n h cho vay sinh vien, hoc bdng. Ngoai ra, v i | c t h u t h a p , tong hdp va p h a n tach so' lieu con kho k h a n hdn khi cac trUcJng dai hoc cong lap trUc thuoc Bo Giao due va dao tao, cac bo n g a n h
Hiam Vu Thing, TS., TrUcmg dai hoc Kinh tS, Dai hoc Qu6c gia Ha N6i.
Nghien ciiu Kinh ^sS7(482) - Thing 7/2018 21
SuT dung phucrng phdp phan t i c h . . .
k h a c va trUc thuoc dia phUdng (Bo Giao due va dao tao, 2009).
V6i thuc te khong t h e t h u t h a p so' h&u va hoc tach phan loai tac dong cua tdng chUdng trinh den cac doi tUdng de thUc hien so sanh, Ngan hang The gidi da p h a t trien phUdng phap phan tich phan bo ldi ich (phUdng phap BIA) de danh gia tinh cong b a n g cua chi tieu cong cho giao due. Bai viet sit dung phUdng phap nay d^ danh gia tinh cong b i n g cua chi tieu cong cho giao due dai hoc 5 Viet Nam, t a p trung vao 3 tieu chi: gidi tinh, khu vUc t h a n h thi - nong thon va dan toe, v6i nguon so heu co BANG 1: M o t s o ' n g h i e n cifu q u o c t e v e
s&n bao gdm nguon so h e u n a m 2012 cua Bo Giao due va dao tao (thong t i n ve sd sinh vien 6 cac trudng dai hoc cong lap). Bo Tai chinh (thong tin ve chi tieu c6ng cho giao due dai hoc) va Bp Ke hoach va d a u tU (Khao sat mUc so'ng hp gia dinh Viet N a m 2012-VHLSS 2012 cho thong tin vi ket q u a khao s a t ve t h u nhap binh quan ciia hp gia <finh, t r i n h dp giao due, he dao tao, t h a n h thi - nong t h o n va dan tpc).
2. K h a o s a t c a c c o n g t r i n h n g h i e n ciiu l i e n q u a n
2.1. Cdc cong trinh nghien ciiu tren the gidi
t i n h c o n g b a n g t r o n g g i a o d u e d a i h o c Tieu chi
Gi6'i tinh
MlJ'c thu nhap cua ho gia
dinh (chia theo 5 nhom thu nhap)
Khu VUc thanh thi-nong
thdn
Ten tac gia va nghien clhi SabirM.(2002)
Gender and public spending on education in Pakistan: A case study of disaggregated benefit incidence.
Al-SamarraiS. (2007) Education spending and equity in Bangladesh.
Ma W (2010)
Equity and access to tertiary education: Case study - China SabirM.(2002)
Gender and public spending on educatitHi in Pakistan: A case study of disaggregated benefit incidence.
Hawkins va c6ng su (2009) Higher education in China: Access, equity and equality.
Al-Samarrai S. (2007) Education spending and equity in Bangladesh.
Pillay P. (2009)
Challenges and lessons from East and Southern Africa.
M a W . (2010)
Equity and access to tertiary education: Case study — China Rubio va c6ng su (2006) OECD Thematic review of tertiary education: CounUy background report for Mexico.
Al-SaraarraiS. (2007) Education spending and equity in Bangladesh.
NSm nghien cuu, ten nude 1999, Pakixtan
2005. Bangladet 2008, Trung
Qud'c
1999, Pakixtan
2003, Tning Qu6'c 2005, Bangladet
2006, K£-ni-a
2000, Trung Qutfc
2004, Mchic6
2005. Banglad6t
Noi dung
0 cap tinh, sinh vi6n nii nhan duoc 29% toi ich tiJt chi tiSu cdng cho giao due dai hoc, trong khi do sinh vifin nam nhan duoc 71%.
S n h vian nii nhan duoc 34% loi ich til chi tidu cdng cho giao due dai hoc con sinh vi£n nam nhan diicfc 66%.
Nguoc lai so voi Pakixtan va Bangladet. ty Ifi sinh vi6nniJlag&i50%.
O mdt tinh nghien cuu cua I^ikixtan, sinh vi£n thuoc nh6m ngheo nhSt chi nhSn duoc 8% lgi ich til chi ti€u cdng cho gido due dai hoc, trong khi do sinh vien thudc nhom ^ a u nh^l nhan duoc 48%.
S6 lugng sinh vifin thudc nhdm n ^ c o nhai chi^n 21% trong khi do sinh vi£n thudc 2 nhdm glau nhfft c h i t f m l 7 % v a 2 1 %
Tf is sinh vifin thudc nhdm nghfeo nhat nhfln duoc Icri ich tCc chi ti£u cdng cho giao due dai hgc 1^ 2%, trong khi sinh viSn nhom giau rihSt c h i ^ tdi 64%.
TV 16 sinh vifin thudc nh6m ngheo nha;t la 7.5%
trong khi do sinh vifin thudc hai nhdm giiu nhit chigm tdi 67% trong tdng s6 sinh vifin.
Sinh vifin d6h tii khu vuc thanh thi c h i ^ 68,4%
tdng sd' sinh vifin dai hpc trong khi dd sinh vifin d^n tur khu vuc ndng thdn chigm 31,6%.
Chi cd 11% s6 sinh vien thudc cac gia dinh ngheo tai thanh thi \k 3 % la thu6c cac gia dinh ngheo tai ndng thdn, trong khi dd 45% s6 sinh vifin thudc cac gia dinh cd thu nhf^ tmng binh de'n cao tai khu vUc thanh thi.
Sinh vifin ndng thdn chi nhSn dugc 25% trong khi dd sinh vien khu vuc thinh thi nhan dugc 75% lgi ich til chi tieu cdng cho gido due dai hoc.
Nguon: T6ng hap cua tac gia.
22 Nghien Clhj Kinh lesi 7(1B!) • Thing 7/2018
Sur dung phuang phdp phan t i c h .
De so s a n h dUdc t y le sinh vien theo cac nhom t h u n h a p , Sabir (2002), H a w k i n s va cong s u (2009) va A l - S a m a r r a i (2007) p h a n chia cac ca n h a n t r o n g dii lieu t h a n h 5 nhom theo miic t h u n h a p va dUdc sap xep theo miic t h u n h a p tii cao nha't den t h i p nha't.
Xet theo gi6i t i n h , n g h i e n ciiu 5 mot t i n h cua P a k i x t a n n a m 1999, sinh vien nii n h a n dUdc 29% ldi ich tit chi tieu cong cho giao due dai hpc t r o n g k h i do, sinh vien n a m n h a n dUdc 7 1 % . Ly do sinh vien nfl gap p h a i rao can k h i tiep can giao due dai hpc la cac hp gia dhnh cho p h e p s i n h vien n a m di hoc nhieu hdn sinh vien nii (Sabir, 2002). TUdng tu, n a m 2005, sinh vien nii 3 Bangladet n h a n dUdc 34% ldi Ich tii chi tieu cong cho giao due dai hpc con s i n h vien n a m n h a n dUdc 66% (Al-Samarrai, 2007). NgUdc lai, b T r u n g Quoc, n a m 2008, t y le s i n h vien nut la gan 50%. N h u v i y , mo h i n h giang day trong chUdng t r i n h giao due pho t h o n g b a t bupc da khuyen khich hpc s i n h nii va cho phep nhiing hpc sinh n a y co cd hpi hpc t a p d hkc hpc cao hdn (Ma, 2010).
Sabir (2002) nghien ciiu mpt t i n h fi Pakixtan, n a m 1999, so sinh vien thupc nhom ngheo nha't chi n h a n dUdc 8% ldi ich tii chi tieu cong cho giao diic dai hpc trong khi do, sinh vien thupc n h o m giau n h a t n h a n dUdc 48%. H a w k i n s va cong sU (2009) nghien ciiu ct T r u n g Quoc, s6 lUdng sinh vien thupc nhom ngheo nha't chiem 2 1 % t r e n tong so' sinh vien t r o n g k h i sinh vien thupc 2 nhom giau nha't chifi'm 17% va 2 1 % vao nSm 2003. Ty le s i n h vien thupc nhom ngheo nha't 5 B a n g l a d e t n a m 2005 n h a n dUdc ldi ich tii chi tieu cong cho giao due dai hpc la 2% t r o n g khi do t y le s i n h vien nhom giau nha't la 64%. Ty le s i n h vien n h a n dUdc ldi ich tii chi tieu cong cho giao due dai hpc CO sU khac biet la do sU c h e n h lech ve so*
sinh vien thupc cac n h o m t h u n h a p . Miic chi tieu t r u n g b i n h h a n g n a m cho giao due dai hpc cua hp gia tfinh thupc n h o m t h u n h a p cao n h a t ga'p 7 lan so v6i hp gia dinh thupc
nhom t h u n h a p thS'p nha't. Day la ly do sinh vien den tii n h o m ngh^o nha't it co cd hoi tiep can giao due dai hpc so vdi nh6m giau (Al-Samarrai, 2007). 6 Kenia, n a m 2006, t y 1$ sinh vien thupc n h o m ngheo nha't la 7,5%
trong khi do sinh vien thupc h a i nhom giau nha't chiem 67% t r o n g tong so sinh vien (Pillay, 2009).
Xet theo k h u vUc t h a n h t h i - n6ng thon, 6 T r u n g Quoc, n i m 2000, sinh vien den tii k h u viic nong t h o n chi chi§'m 31,6% tong scT sinh vien dai hpc t r o n g k h i do sinh vien den tii t h a n h t h i chiem 68,4%(Ma, 2010). 6 Meliico, n a m 2004, chi co 1 1 % so' sinh vien thupc cac gia dinh ngh^o t a i t h a n h thi va 3% la thuoc cac gia dinh ngh^o t a i nflng thon trong k h i 45% s6 sinh vien thupc cac gia dinh co t h u n h a p t r u n g binh den cao t a i k h u vUc t h a n h t h i (Rubio va cong sU, 2006).
Nam 2005, sinh vien nong thon b Bangladet chi n h a n dUdc 25% ldi ich tii chi tieu cong cho giao due dai hpc con sinh viSn k h u viic t h a n h t h i n h a n dUdc 75% (Al-Samarrai, 2007).
N h u vay, ty le sinh vien nii hoc dai hpc it hdn so vdi s i n h vien n a m b P a k i x t a n va Bangladet, t r o n g k h i do ty le sinh vien nii dat g^n 50% 3 T r u n g Qu6c. Ty le sinh vien den tii k h u vUc nong thon ciing thSfp hdn so vdi t h a n h t h i 5 cac nUdc nghien ciiu. Viec tiep can giao diic dai hpc la khong cong bang cho cac n h o m t h u n h a p do ty le sinh vien thupc nhom ngheo n h ^ t tha'p hdn so vdi nhom giau.
2.2. Cdc cong trinh nghien cdu d Viet Nam
O Viet N a m , co ra't it cong t r i n h sii d u n g phUdng p h a p p h a n tieh dinh lUdng d a n h gia t i n h cong b a n g cua chi tieu cong cho giao due dai hoc. Cac cong t r i n h nay d l u sijt dung bp so' lieu Khao s a t miic song hp gia dinh Viet Nam (VHLSS) de p h a n tich t i n h cong b a n g cua chi tieu cong cho giao due dai hpc.
Nguyen Viet CUcJng (2012) sit d u n g mo h i n h hoi quy va dii lieu k h a o s a t miic song hp gia
Nghien ciiu Kinh tes6 7(482) • Thing 7/2018 23
Sul dung phuung phdp phan tich ,
dinh Viet Nam de nghien ciiu ve sU cong bang trong tiep can giao due. Tac gia ket luan rang khong c6 sii khac biet ve ty 1$ di hoc giUa hpc sinh n a m va nfl, t h a n h thi va nong th6n, dan tpc Kinh/Hoa va dan t6c thieu so' 3 ca'p giao due tieu hpc va t r u n g hpc cd sci. Tuy nhien, ty le hpc sinh n a m nhieu hdn hpc sinh nii d ca'p t r u n g hpc pho thong va dai hpc. Theo do, sii cong bang giiia hpc sinh nam va nii trong tiep can giao due dUdc cai thi§n do 2 ly do: (i) thUc hien chinh sach cua Chinh p h u ve binh dang gi6i; (ii) t h u n h a p t a n g len va t h a y doi n h a n ihiic cua cac ho gia dinh vi binh dang gidi.
Nguyen Ngpc Anh va cong sii (2012) sii dung phUdng p h a p p h a n tich tho'ng ke danh gia chi tieu cong cho cac trUcfng dai hpc diia tr§n tinh cong bling trong tiep can giao due dai hpc. Ket qua cho tha'y co sii khong cong bang trong tiep can giao due dai hpc gifla cac nhom thu n h a p hp gia dinh, cu t h e ty le so' sinh vien thupc nhom co miic t h u n h a p tha'p la tha'p hdn so vdi so' sinh vien thupc nhom t h u nhap cao nha't, mac du khoang chenh lech giiia h a i nhom co xu hudng t h u hep lai. Tac gia de xua't: Chinh phii c^n ho trd tai chinh cho sinh vien thong qua trd ca'p va cac khoan vay t u y thuoc vao t h u nhap cua gia dinh vdi t h u tuc h a n h chinh ddn gian hdn.
3. P h i i d n g p h a p p h a n t i c h p h a n b o lofi i c h
PhUdng phap p h a n tich p h a n bo ldi ich (BIA) dupe sii dung d i u tien vao n a m 1979 khi Ngan hang The gidi thUc hien nghien ciiu ve su phan bo ldi ich chi tieu cong cho ca n h a n va ho gia dinh trong linh vUc y te va giao due S Colombia (Selowsky, 1979).
Sau do, phUdng p h a p BIA dUdc sii dung trong cac nghien ciiu cua S a h n va Younger (2000), Yuki (2003), A l - S a m a r r a i (2007), J o h a n n e s va Noula (2011). S a h n va Younger (2000) sxi dung so lieu chuoi tii.
nam 1992 d6'n 1995 de d a n h gia tac dpng cua chi tieu cong den ldi ich cua ngUdi dan trong linh vUc giao due phd thong va y t e t a i
8 nude C h a u Phi. Yuki (2003) nghien ciiu p h a n bd ciia chi t i e u cong cho giao due pho t h o n g va dai hpc 3 Yemen. Al-Samarrai (2007) p h a n tich t i n h cong h a n g cua chi tieu cong cho giao due phd t h o n g va dai hpc 5 Bangladet. J o h a n n e s va Noula (2011) nghien ciiu ve k h a n a n g tiep can giao due pho thong va giao due dai hpc theo t h u nhap va gidi t i n h 3 C a m d r u n .
PhUdng p h a p BIA thiic hign theo 4 bufic dUdc t r i n h b a y t r o n g Dai hpc Kobe va U N E S C O Bangkok (2014) n h u sau;
- Budc 1: t i n h t o a n ldi ich ddn vi: chi tieu cong cho giao due dai hpc dUdc chia cho tdng so sinh vien cong l a p de t i n h r a ldi ich ddn vi.
- Budc 2: p h a n chia cac ca n h a n thanh 5 nhom theo miic t h u n h a p cua hd gia (hnh:
de d a n h gia t i n h cong b a n g cua chi tieu cong doi vdi sinh vien, phUdng phap BIA c^n t h o n g tin ve t h u n h a p . Ngudn dii li§u t h u d n g dUdc sxi d u n g la k e t qua dieu tra hp gia dinh vi c6 cac t h o n g tin ve t h u nhap cua hp gia dinh, t h a n h vien trong gia dinh dang hpc, t n n h dp giao due Men tai, loai trUcfng...
Sau do, t h a n h vien t r o n g ho gia (hnh dUde p h a n chia theo tieu chi t h u n h a p thanh 5 nhom vdi thtl t u n h o m 1 den nhom 5 la n h d m ngheo nha't den n h o m giau nha't va loc r a so sinh vien 3 moi nhom t h u nhap.
Ngoai ra, phUdng p h a p BIA cung tinh tong t h u n h a p hp gia d i n h va ty le t h u nhap cong don cua mdi nhom.
- Budc 3: t i n h gia tri ldi ich tii chi tieu cong cua 5 nhom: so' sinh vien 3 mdi nhom dUdc n h a n vdi ldi ich ddn vi de tinh toan tdng gia tri ldi ich n h a n dUdc tii chi tieu cong va ty 16 ldi ich ma cac n h o m n h a n dUdc.
- Budc 4: t i n h dudng cong t a p trung va chi so Suit: BIA sxi d u n g dUdng cong tap t r u n g de t h e h i e n miic dp cong ddn ldi ich tii chi tieu cong cho giao due dai hpc. Dudng cong t a p t r u n g n a y dUde so s a n h vdi dudng cong ve t h u n h a p va dudng t h a n g 45°, trong do dUcfng cong vi t h u n h a p dUdc tinh tit ty le t h u n h a p eong ddn va du3ng th^ng 45'
24 Nghien aiu Kinh tesd 7(482) - Thing 7/20^B
SUE dung phirong phdp phan t i c h . . .
m i n h hoa cho sii p h a n pho'i b i n h dAng t u y e t doi cho moi nhom.
HINH 1: Gvtbng c o n g t a p t r u n g
IW
1
J
s
4
*l
t^ii
— - ^
da litu tudng tdi DsuU .- '' / / / i
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duAiqdiing45 d4 -•' j< Z / '
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/ \ y ^ / / \ ' ' ' X / / ' ' ^
y^ / j / ' ' fivtiin
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n^' •^:. - - ' (UHtiidnditacBBieMUl 0 r k l . i r i . c 4 i i ( i l . « . l i . J 100
Ngudn: Davoodi vi cdng sir (2003) (trich d3n bdi Tnicmg Dai hoc Kobeva UNESCO Bangkok, 2014).
PhUdng p h a p BIA s i dung dien tich phia tren va ben dudi dudng cong t a p t r u n g de tinh toan he so' t a p t r u n g dUdc goi la chi so' Suit.
HINH 2: T i n h t o a n c h i s o S u i t
Nguon: Tnrdng Dai hoc Kobe va UNESCO Bangkok (2014). tr 35. ^ ^ Chi SO Suit dUdc t i n h toan b ^ n g each chia dien tich ciia A cho dien tich c u a A+B (hay t a m giac xyz)
Chi so Suit = -
A4B TvT^^V/t
Do t a m giae xyz eo dien tich la 0,5, k h i do he so b a n g vdi 2*A v a A dUdc t i n h theo cong thiic:
^ = 0,5 - ^jrrZl C, + ( ^ ) C„]trong do: C, la mpt ty le ciia ldi ich dUdc chap t h u a n (accepted benefit) trSn dUdng t h a n g 45 cho mdi nhom; C„ = 1 v a n la so' ddn vi nhom p h a n chia ngang b ^ n g (equal divisions).
Hoac A dUde t i n h theo cong thiic:
A = 0,5 - f^lrWi C + ( ^ ) * O^Jtrong do:
C- la ty 1§ ldi ich cong ddn hoac ty le t h u n h a p cong ddn cho mdi nhdm va i la thii t u cac nhom t h u n h a p .
He so Gini la chi so Suit t i n h cho dudng cong Lorenz ve t h u n h a p . Co 3 trudng hdp xay r a k h i so s a n h chi sfl' Suit vdi 0 va h6 s6' Gini: (i) chi so' Suit la vi ngudi ngheo (Pro- poor) neu m a n g da'u am, (ii) chi so Suit la liiy tieh (Progressive) neii mang diiu dUdng va n h o hdn he so' Gini va (iii) chi so' Suit la luy thoai (Regressive) nS'u Idn hdn he so Gini.
4. K e t q u a p h a n t i c h
Ket qua p h a n tich t i n h cong bang cua chi tieu cdng cho giao due dai hpc 3 Viet N a m theo 3 tieu chi gidi tinh, k h u viic t h a n h thi - nong thon va d a n tpc dUdc t r i n h bay theo 4 budc t i n h toan, trong do 2 bUdc ddu cho cac tieu chi la tudng tU nhU n h a u (Ket qua p h a n tich cua budc 3 va budc 4 theo k h u viic t h a n h thi - nong thon dUdc t r i n h bay 3 p h u luc 1 v a theo tieu chi d a n tpc 3 p h u luc 2).
4.1. Ket qud phan tich theo tieu chi gidi tinh
- Budc 1: sii dung h a i thdng t i n la tdng so' sinh vien cac trUdng dai hpc cong lap (tif so' ligu cua Bp Giao due dao tao) va chi ti§u cong cho giao due dai hpc n a m 2012 (tii so lieu cua Bp T a i chinh) de t i n h ldi ich ddn vi cua giao due dai hpc tii chi tieu cong.
Loi ich don vi Chi titiu cho cdng tdc gido due dai hpc Tdng s6 sinh vi&n dai hoc c6ng \kp
14.051.277
7,5 (trieu ddng/sinh vien)
NghiSn aiu Kmh tes67{4a2) • Thing 7/2018
25
SA dung phuang phap ph^n tich .
- Budc 2: thuc hien k e t hdp so lieu t r e n cac tep du Ueu VHLSS 2012 khac n h a u thong qua pblln mem STATA tao t h a n h mpt tep du lieu tong hdp cua 36.656 ca n h a n bao gdm cac thdng tin: t h u nh^p binh quan, t r i n h dp giao due, he dao tao, gidi tinh, t h a n h thi va ndng thdn, dan tpc. ThUc
hien p h a n chia 36.656 ca n h a n th&nh 5 nhom t h u n h a p dUa vao t h u n h a p binh q u a n cua ho gia dinh. Trong mdi nhdm thu n h a p , so' s i n h vien dai hpc va p h a n chia theo gidi t i n h , k h u viic t h a n h thi - nong thon va d a n tpc dUdc xac dinh nhU bang 2 dudi day:
BANG 2: So s i n h vifen t h e o 5 n h o m t h u n h a p t r o n g V H L S S 2012 Nhom thu
nh^p Nhom 1 Nhom 2 Nhom 3 Nhom 4 Nhom 5 1 T6ng
Gidi tinh Nam
28 83 118 161 162 552
NB 36 101 129 154 176 596
Khu virc Thanh thj
8 27 80 124 199 438
Nong thon 56 157 167 191 139 710
Dan tdc Kinh
47 157 225 299 320 1.048
Thie'u so 17 27 22 16 18 100
Tong
64 184 247 315 338 1.148 Nguon: Ti'nh toan cua tac gia.
Bang 3 trinh bay ve tdng t h u nhap ciia ho gia dlinh va ty le t h u n h a p cua 5 nhdm. So li§u nay dUdc sxi dung de tinh dudng cong ve
BANG 3: P h a n p h o i t h u n h a p t h e o 5 n h o m t h u n h a p
t h u n h a p va dUdng cong t a p t r u n g cua 3 tieu chi: gidi tinh, k h u vuc t h a n h thi - nong thon va dan tpc.
Nhom 1 Nhom 2 Nhom 3 Nhom 4 Nhom 5
Tong thu nhap ho gia dinh (nghin dong)
3.923.725 7.445.874 11.312,282 16.322.471 32.918.832
Tyle
(%)
5.46 10.35 15,73 22,69 45.77
Ty le cong don
(%)
5,46 15,81 31,54 54.23 100,00 Ngudn: Tinh toan cia tac gia.
- Budc 3: thiic hien ket hpp so sinh vien dai hoc va ldi ich ddn vi cua giao due dai hpc tii ehi tieu eong de xac dinh dUdc tong gia tri va ty le ldi ich sinh vien n h a n dUdc tii chi tieu cdng ciia moi nhom t h u nhap.
Bang 4 the hien su phan bd cua chi tieu cdng cho giao due dai hpc theo nhom thu nhap va gidi tinh. TCc ket qua nay, co thd tha'y su tUdng ddng ve miic dp phan bd ldi ich
cua giao due dai hoc doi vdi sinh vien nam va sinh vien nfi theo 5 nhom t h u nhap.
Doi vdi sinh vien n a m , h a i nhdm giku nh^t la nhom 4 va 5 n h a n dUdc ty le ldi ich tii chi tieu cong cho giao due dai hpc cao nha't, chi^'m 29,16% va 29,35% tdng ldi ich. Sinh vien thupc nhom ngheo nha't la nhom 1 nhan dUdc miic ty le ldi ich cua giao due dai hpc tii chi tieu cong tha'p nha't vdi 5,07% tong ldi ich.
26 Nghien ciiu Kinh tes6'7(482} - Thing 7/2018
Siif dung phuang phap phan tich.
Ddi vdi s i n h vien nii, s i n h vien t h u o c n h d m giau nha't n h a n dUdc t y le ldi ich ciia giao due dai hpc tii chi t i e u cong cao nha't, chiem 2 9 , 5 3 % t d n g ldi ich. Ty le ldi
ich cua s i n h vien t h u p c n h d m n g h e o nha't n h a n dupe tii chi t i e u cong cho giao due dai hpc la tha'p nha't vdi 6,04% tdng ldi ich.
BANG 4: P h a n pho'i c h i t i e u c o n g c h o g i a o d u e d a i h o c t h e o 5 n h o m t h u n h a p v a gidi t i n h
Nhom thu nhap
Nhom 1 Nhom 2 Nhom 3 Nhom 4 Nhom 5
Nam Tong gia tri nhan duac tut chi tieu cong (ngh)n dong) 211.008 625.488 889.248 1.213.296 1.220.832
Ty le lai fch nhein duac tur chi tieu cong
(%)
5,07 15,04 21,38 29,16 29,35
Ty Ie loi ich cong don nhan diroc tB chi tieu cong
(%)
5,07 20.11 41,52 70,68 100,00
NB Tong gia tri nhan duoc tB chi tieu cong (nghin d6ng) 271.296 761.136 972.144 1.160.544 1.326.336
Ty le loi fch nhan dugc tik chi
tieu cong
(%)
6,04 16,95 21,64 25,84 29,53
Ty le lgi ich cong don nhan dugc tB chi tieu c6ng (%)
6,04 22,99 44,63 70,47 100,00 Ngudn: Tmh to^n cua tiic gia.
- Budc 4: ket qua ty le ldi ich cong ddn n h a n dUdc tii chi tieu cong cho giao due dsii hpc theo tieu chi gidi t i n h (nam - nfl) 3 bang 4 dupe sxi dung de bieu dien dUdng cong t a p t r u n g va tinh chi so' Suit.
Dudng cong t a p t r u n g cua ca sinh vien n a m va sinh vien nfl; 3 phia dudi dudng t h a n g 45° nhUng 3 t r e n dudng cong Lorenz
ve t h u n h a p (hinh 3). Do vay, chi tieu cong cho giao due dai hpc la luy tien (progressive).
Sinh vien thupc nhdm ngheo n h a n dupe ldi ich t u chi tieu cong it hdn so vdi sinh vien thupc nhom giau, n h u n g ldi ich nay bii dap mpt miic dp nha't dinh cho sii chenh lech ve p h a n phdi t h u n h a p eiia ca sinh vien n a m va sinh vien nii.
HINH 3: DiJGing c o n g t a p t r u n g t h e h i e n m i i c d o c o n g d d n Ipfi i c h c u a g i a o d y e d a i h p c tijf c h i t i e u c o n g t h e o gidi t i n h
Ngudn: Tinh toan cua tac gia.
Nghiin aiu Kmh tesif 7(482) • Thing 7/2018 27
Siif dung phiTdng phip phan lich .
Chi so Suit (he so t a p trung) cua cac ditSng cong tr§n dUdc xac dinh;
S„., = 2*0,6 - 2*[ilJ=i C,,,^ + 1 * "'^l ^ 0,262
S.J = 2*0,5 - 2 * [ i 2 , t 1 C , . + i « 0 . 5 ] = 0,224 Soi„ 2*0,6
Chi so' Suit cua dudng eong t a p t r u n g t h e hien mUc dp cong ddn ldi ich cua giao due dai hpc tii chi tiSu cong ciia nhdm sinh vien nam va nii (0,252 va 0,224) deu m a n g BANG 5: T o n g
da'u dUdng v a n h o h d n h e so" Gini (0,372).
Do do, chi t i e u cong cho giao due dai hoc cua n h o m s i n h vien n a m va nU dupe danh gia l a liiy t i e n (progressive). Sd lieu cho tha'y t i n h cdng b a n g cho n h d m sinh vi§n n a m va nii t r o n g tUp can chi tieu cong cho giao due dai hpc t h e o 5 n h d m t h u nhap.
4.2. Tong h0p ket qua
B a n g 5 t o n g h d p chi so' Suit cua cac dudng cong t a p t r u n g t h e hiSn mUc do cong ddn ldi ich e u a giao due dai hpc ttt chi t i e u cong t h e o t i e u c h i gidi tinh, khu vile t h a n h t h i - n o n g t h o n v a d a n tpc.
h ^ c h i so' S u i t Nhom doi tugng
Gioii tinh Khu vuc thknh thi-ndng thon Dan tdc
Sinh vifin nam Sinh viftn nfl Sinh vien thanh thi Sinh vien ndng thdn Sinh vifin la ngucri dfln tdc Kinh Sinh vifin IEI ngufri dftn tdc thilu &6
He s6 Gini
Chi sd Suit 0,252 0,224 0,432 0,112 0,268 -0,036 0,372
Ttnh chj£t Luy ti^n (Progressive) Luy ti&i (Progressive) Luy thoai (Regressive) Lfly tifi'n (Progressive) Luy ti€n (Progressive) Vl ngu6i ngheo (Pro-poor)
Ngudn: Tinh toin cua tac gia.
Chi so' Suit the hien miic dp cong ddn ldi ich cua giao due dai hpc tii chi tieu cdng cua sinh vien nam, sinh vien n% sinh vien nong thon va sinh vien la ngudi dan tpc Kinh mang da'u dUdng va nhd hdn hd so Gini (0,372). Do do, chi tieu cong cho giao due dai hoc sinh vien nam, sinh vien nii, sinh vien nong thon va sinh vien la ngudi dan tpc Kinh la liiy tien. Ket qua cho tha'y sU cong bang trong tiep can chi tieu cong cho giao due dai hpc ddi vdi sinh vien nam, sinh vien nii, sinh vien ndng thon va sinh vien la ngudi dan tpc Kinh.
Chi so Suit cua sinh vien t h a n h thi mang da'u dUdng va Idn hdn he so' Gini (0,372).
Trong trudng hdp nay, chi tieu cdng cho giao due dai hpc ddi vdi sinh vien 3 t h a n h thi dUdc danh gia la luy thoai. K^t qua cho thgfy sU khong cong b4ng trong tiep can chi tieu cong
cho giao due dai hoe 3 t h a n h thi do sinh viSn nhdm nghdo n h a n dudc Id. ich tii chi tieu c6ng it hdn so vdi nhom giau. Day la diem c ^ chii y de hudng den muc tieu dam bao tinh cong b^ng cua chi tieu cong cho giao due dai hoc doi vdi eac nhdm sinh vien khac nhau.
Chi sd Suit eua sinh vien la ngudi dan toe thieu so mang dSiii am. Ket qua cho th^y sti cong bang trong tiep cSn ehi tieu cong cho giao due dai hpc. Chi tieu eong cho giao due dai hpc doi vdi sinh vien la ngudi dan tpc thi^u s6' dUdc (ianh gia la vi ngUcfi ngheo (pro-poor) do sinh vien nhdm ngheo n h a n dUdc ldi ich til chi tieu cong nhieu hdn nhom giau.
5. K e t l u a n v a k h u y e n n g h i chinh s a c h
^ Ke't qua p h a n tich cho tha'y co sU cong bkng trong vi§c tiep can chi tieu cdng cho giao due dati hpc ddi vdi gidi tinh, k h u vUc va
28 Nghiin aiu Kmh tgsd7(482} • Thing 7^18
SA dung phuong phap phan tich .
d a n tpc. Ngoai r a , chi tieu eong cho giao due dai hoc doi vdi sinh v i e n d a n tpc t h i e u so' dUdc d a n h gia la vi ngudi ngheo do nhdm ngheo n h a n dUdc ldi ich tut chi tieu cong n h i e u hdn n h d m giau. T u y n h i e n , chi tieu cong cho giao due dai hpc l a k h o n g cong b a n g ddi vdi sinh vien thupc n h o m ngheo d k h u vuc t h a n h t h i do n h o m ngheo n h a n dUdc ldi ich tii chi tieu cong i t h d n so vdi n h d m giau.
N h a nUdc cdn duy t r i c h i n h sach h o trd t a i chinh de d a m bao cdng b a n g chi tieu cong cho sinh vien n a m , nii, k h u vUc nong t h o n v a d a n tpc Kinh. B e n c a n h do, N h a nude can doi mdi va n a n g cao hieu q u a ciia cac c h i n h sach hd trd t a i c h i n h cho s i n h vien thupc nhom ngheo n h u vay t i n d u n g h a y m i e n hpc phi.
De tiep tuc d a m b a o cong b a n g chi tieu cong cho sinh vien d a n tpc t h i e u so', N h a nUdc c^n duy t r i c h i n h sach h o t r d cho ddi tUdng nay nhU trd cap x a hpi, hpc bong, chinh sach mien giam hpc phi.
Do'i vdi sinh vien thupc nhdm ngheo 3 k h u vuc t h a n h thi, N h a nudc cdn t a n g cudng cac chinh sach hd trd t a i c h i n h va giam cac r a o can ve quy t r i n h , t h u t u c de t a o dieu kien cho sinh vien n h a n dUdc hd trd t a i chinh. Ngoai ra, sinh vien thupc n h o m ngheo 3 t h a n h t h i la doi tUdng chiu a p liic cua viec thi§'u h u t k h a n a n g t a i chinh do chi phi cao 3 k h u viic t h a n h t h i . ^ ^ vay, mUc a p d u n g trd ca'p t h d n g qua cac chUdng t r i n h giam ngheo dd thi, hd trd t a i chinh cho s i n h vien thupc nhdm ngheo 3 t h a n h thi co t h e can p h a i cao hdn so vdi sinh vien ndng thon./.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Bd Giao due va dao tao (2009), De dn doi men ca chi tdi chinh gido due vd ddo tgo giai doan 2009-2014.
2. Biii Chi Binh (2014). Kinh le hoc giao due:
each tiep can vd cdc vdn de phiic lap, Dai hoc Khoa hgc xa hdi va nhftn van H6 Chi Minh, Tai lieu liru hanh ndi bd 2014.
3. Nguyen Ngoc Anh va cdng sU (2012), Co che' phan bd ngan sach cho dai hoc cdng lap: hifin trang va khuy6i nghi, Ky yeu hgi thdo Ddi mdi ca che tai chinh doi vdi gido due dgi hgc, Uy Ban Tai chinh - NgSn sach cua Quoc hdi, Bd Tai chhih va UNDP dong to chiic tai Ha Noi thang 11-2012.
4. Ngan hang Th^ gidi (2017), Vietnam Public Expenditure Review (Vol. 4) : Tap 2: Bdo cao chuyen ngdnh (Vietnamese) Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. http://dociiments.worldbank:.org/curated/en/900 891516380643672/Tap-2-Bao-cao-chuyen-nganh
5. Al-Samarrai S. (2007), Education spending and equity in Bangladesh, A background paper for the Bangladesh Poverty Assessment.
6. Berne R. va Stiefel L. (1994), Measuring equity at the school level: The finance perspective. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, Vol. 16, No. 4, 405-421.
7. Hawkins J. N. vk cdng su (2009), Higher Education in China: Access, Equity and Equality, hi Holsinger D. B. and Jacob W. J (Eds.) (2009), Inequality in Education: Comparative and International Perspectives, 215-239. Dordrecht, The Netherland:
Springer/CERC.
8. Johannes T. A. va Noula A. G (2011), Gender and increased access to schoohng in Cameroon: A marginal benefit incidence analysis. Journal of International Women's studies, vol. 12, no. 1.
9. Tnicmg Dai hpc Kobe va UNESCO Bangkok (2014), Education finance and administration guide book.
lO.Ma W. (2010), Equity and Access to Tertiary Education: Case Study — China, Background paper prepared for World Bank 2011.
II.Nguyen Viet Cucmg (2012), Gender Equality in Education, Health Care, and Employment: Evidence from Vietnam, MPRA Paper 54222, University Library of Munich, Germany.
12. Pillay P. (2009), Challenges and lessons from East and Southern Africa. In Kight, J. (Eds.) (2009).
Financing access and equity in higher education, 19-40.
13.Rubio J. va cdng su (2006), OECD Thematic Review of Tertiary Education: (Country Background RefXJrt for Mexico.
14. Sabir M. (2002), Gender and public spending on education in Pakistan: A case study of disaggregated benefit incidence. The Pakistan Development Review, Vol. 42, No. 42.
15. Sahn D. va Younger S. (2000), Expenditure incidence in Africa: Microeconomic evidence. Fiscal Studies, Vol. 2 1 , No. 3, pp. 329—347.
16. Selowsky M. (1979), Who benefits from government expenditure? New York: Oxford University ftess.
17. Yuki T. (2003), Distribution of public education spending for the poor; The case of Yemen, Asia Pacific Education Review. Vol. 4, No. 2 2003, 129-139.
Nghien aiu Kmh tesiS 7(482) - Thing 7/2018 29
Siif dung phifong phip phan tich ,
Phu luc 1: Phan tfch lgi Ich til chi tieu cong cho giao due dai hoc theo tieu chi thanh thi- nong tlion BANG 6: Phan bo ty ie lol ich tijr chi tieu cong cho giao due dai hoc theo tieu ehi thanh th| • nong th6n
Sinh vien
Nhom 1 Nhom 2 Nhom 3 Nlit5m4 Nhom 5
Thanh thi Tong gia tri
nhan dugrc tiir chi tieu cong (nghin dong) 60.288 203.472 602.880 934.464 1.499.664
Ty le lgi ich nh^n duoc tiir chi tieu cong
(%)
1,83 6,16 18,28 28,31 45,42
Ty le loi ich eong don tit ehi ti^u eong
(%)
1,83 7,99 26,27 54 58 lOOTong gia tri nhdn dugc tit chi tieu cong (nghin dong) 422.016 1.183.152 1.258.512 1.439.376 1.047.504
Nong thon Ty ie lgi ich nhan dugc til;
chi tieu cong
(%)
7.89 22,11 23,52 26.90 19,58Ty le lgi ich cgng don tii chi tieu eong
(%)
7,89 30 53,52 80.42
100 1 Ngudn: Tinh toan cua tac gia.
itiMI 4: Du6ng cong t^p trung thi hien mure do cong don Icri ich cua giao due dai hoc tii chi tieu cdng theo khu vuc thanh thi va nong thon
llCfii IOC.
sc^
etfii
•urn
Oh
. ^ ^
^^^n^^'^x
. - - i f ^ ^ * ' ^ . - ^ ; ^ ^ ^ ^
Mhtni 1 r-Jioin2 Hloni 3 N(i6in4
—•—Mc-ighcn —•—Ttiarlitij
—•—Dircrngcc'iis'.-etliu nh^p—•—fliroi>34S'
.^ 1^
rihoni S
Ngudn • Tinh toan cua tic gia.
Chi s6'Suit:
^ „ . , = 2*0,5 - 2» [ l l ^ = , Ci .,i„5, ^ + i . O.S] = 0,432 S . „ , . . = 2*0,5 - 2 . [ i Z , ' . , C , , j „ . ^ e „ + J • 0.5] = 0. 112
Se,., = 2*0,5 - 2 . [ i Z i ^ i C,^„ , ^ , + i . 0.5] = 0,372
Phu liic 2: Phan ti'ch Igi Ich tit chi tieu cong cho giao due dai hoc theo tieu ehi dan toe BANG 7: Phan bo tyle lgi ich tir chi tieu cong eho giao due dai hgc theo dan tgc
Sinh vien
Nhom 2
Nhom 5
Tong gia tri nhan duac t^
chi tieu cong (nghin dong) 354.192 1.183.152
2.411.520
Dan tdc Kinh Ty le lai ich nhiin duoc tit chi tieu cong
(%)
14,98 21,47 28,53 30,54
Ty le Igi ich cgng don til chi tieu cong
(%)
19,46 40,93 69,46 100
Cac dan toe thieu so I Tong gia trj
nh^n dugc tit chi tieu cong (nghin dong) 203.472 165.792 120.576 135.648
' —
Tyle Igi ich nhan duge til chi tieu cong
(%)
17 27 22 16 18
Tyle Igi ich 1 cgng don til | chi tieu cdng |
(%) 17 1
44 1 66 I 82 1 100 1 Ngudn • Tinh todn ciia tSc gia.
30 Nghien aiu Kinh ^s6'7(482) - Thing 7/2018
Sur dung phirang phdp phan tich .
HINH 5: Duong cong t^p trung thi hien milrc do cdng don lot (ch cua giao due dai hoc tir chi tieu cong theo dSn toe
Chi s6' Suit:
12D?i 100%
80^4 5054 AO^, 2 0 ^
0 , ^
. - < ? * = ^
.-^^==^*^^
^-^"^^^
.^•-!^^-*^^^
.^^^--^-•^
• J h o m l t J h t - T i l r - J M n i i n h o m - l
Dan t ^ c l-jiih — • — Dan l^c t h i l u s f i D t r a r e o M i g v e i J i u n h a p — • — O u o r g 4 5 '
«#^ r^
Mh&m 5
Ngudn: Tinh toan cua tac gia.
2 f = l C , d s , , ^ E „ i + r O , s ] = 0.268 S,„ ». .,(. .«= 2*0.5
f Zf=l Ci dS. » * i . . + I * 0^] = -0.»3«
^., = 2*0.5-2. [iZ?=tCi^„^,+
^ 0 , 5 ]Ngay nhan bai: 14-5-2018 Ngay duyet dang: 20-6-2018
Nghien ciiU Kinh t^s6 7(482) - Thing 7/2018