QUYEN Sir DUNG SANG CHE
Dat van de
Bat budc chuyen giao quyen sir dung sang chl (BBCGQSDSC) la viec ca quan nha nudc cd tham quyen eho phep mgt ben khdng phai la ngudi nam ddc quyen sang ehe duge phep sir dung sang che ma khdng can sir cho phep ciia ngudi nam ddc quyen sang che. Trong ngdn ngii tieng Anh, cd hai thuat ngir phd bien thudng dugc sir dung nham chi BBCGQSDSC ndi rieng, bat bugc chuyen giao quyen sir dung cae ddi tugng sd hiru tri tue (SHTT) ndi chung la Compullsory Lisensing (li-xang bat budc) va Non-voluntary Lisensing (li-xang khdng tu nguyen). Tai Viet Nam, Luat SHTT va cac van ban hudng dan thi hanh Luat SHTT sir dung thuat ngir bat huge chuyen giao quyen sir dung sang che va bat budc chuyen giao quyen sir dung ddi vdi gidng cay trdng. Tuy nhien, trong cac ban dich cac dieu ude qudc te chiing ta sir dung thuat ngir li-xang cudng hire. Trong bai viet nay, thuat ngir BBCGQSDSC va li-xang cudng buc se ciing dugc sir dimg vdi eiing y nghTa.
Trong khudn khd cac cugc dam phan qudc te lien quan den sang che, BBCGQSDSC la mdt trong ntiirng van de gay rat nhieu tranh cai vdi cac quan diem khac nhau. Bai viet nay tap trung phan tich qua trinh phat trien cua phap luat qudc te ve BBCGQSDSC ciing nhu cac quy dinh ciia cac dieu ude qudc te hien hanh ve BBCGQSDSC. Tuy nhien, bai viet chi gidi ban viec phan tich cac quy dinh ciia cac dieu irdc qudc te da phuang chu khdng phan tich quy dinh ciia cac dieu ude quoc tl khu vuc hay cac dieu ude qudc te song phuang. Tren
Le Thi Nam Giang
binh dien quoc tl hien nay, BBCGQSDSC dugc quy dinh trong Cdng ude Paris, Hiep dinh TRIPS, Tuyen bd Doha. Trong ITnh vuc duge pham, ngoai cac quy dinh tren, BBCGQSDSC cdn dugc dieu chinh bdi Quylt dinh ngay 30/8/2003, Nghi dinh thu sira ddi Hiep dinh TRIPS va phu lue kem theo Nghi dinh thu nay.
1. Bat buoc chuyen giao quyen su' dung sang che theo Cong uffc Paris
1.1. Dudi gdc do phap luat qudc te, Cdng ude Paris nam 1883' la dieu ude qudc te dau tien cd quy dinh ve BBCGQSDSC. Mac dii vay, trong phien ban dau tien ciia Cdng ude Paris nam 1883, BBCGQSDSC chua dugc ghi nhan. Dilu nay da phan anh cac quan diem mau thuan giira cac qudc gia trong qua trinh dam phan Cdng ude Paris ve nghTa vu sir dung sang ehe tai qudc gia da cap bang dgc quyen sang chl va vin dl BBCGQSDSCl Trudc thdi diem ky ket Cdng ude Paris, tai Hdi nghi qude te ve sang che tai Vienna nam 1873 vin dl BBCGQSDSC da dugc dua ra thao luan va da gay rat nhieu tranh cai. Cudi ciing, Hdi nghi da di den mgt su "thda hiep chiln luge" la thira nhan BBCGQSDSC nhu mgt su ban che su doe quyen ciia chii sd hiiu
• ThS., Trudng bd mdn Tu phap qudc tl va Luat so sanh Trudng Dai hpc Luat TP. Hd Chi Minh.
' Cdng ude Paris ve Sd hiru cdng nghiep dugc ky ket ngay 20/3/1883, vdi 11 nudc bao gdm; Bi, Braxin, El Salvador, Phap, Guatemala, Italia, Ha Lan, Bd Dao Nha, Serbia, Tay Ban Nha va Thuy Sy. Tir khi ky ket den nay, Cdng ude da dugc sira ddi tai Brussels ngay 14/12/1900, tai Washington ngay 2/6/1911, tai Hague ngay 6/11/1925, tai London ngay 2/6/1934, tai Lisbon ngay 31/10/1958, tai Stockholm ngay 14/7/1967 va dupc tdng sira ddi ngay 28/9/1979.
- Correa, Carlos M., Intellectual Property Rights And The Use Of Compulsory Licenses: Options For Developing Countries, South Centre, 1999, (www.southcentre.org/publications/coplicence/toc.ht).
PHAP LUAT QUOC TE VE ...
sang che vdi nguyen tic chii sd hiiu (CSH) sang che phai dugc tra mdt khoan tiln din bii hgp ly . Tuy nhien, Cdng ude Paris (van ban duge thdng qua nam 1883) khdng cd dieu khoan nao quy djnh vl BBCGQSDSC.
Dieu 5 Cdng ude"* ehi quy dinh nghTa vu ciia ngudi dugc cap bing sang chl la phai su dyng sang che theo phap luat qudc gia nai bang ddc quyen sang che dugc cap chir chua quy dinh bien phap che tai ap dung trong trudng hgp ngudi dugc cap bang vi pham nghTa vu sir dung sang che. Lan sira ddi Cdng ude Paris lan thir nhat vao nam 1911 tai Washington, quy dinh nay dugc bd sung bang viec cho phep qudc gia thanh vien cd the ap dung bien phap che tai ddi vdi hanh vi khdng sir diing sang che la tudc quyen ddi vdi sang ehe. Viec quy dinh bien phap che tai tren nham budc CSH sang che phai sir dung sang che ciia minh tai qudc gia bao hd la nham thuc day viec hinh thanh va phat trien cac nganh cdng nghiep trong nudc va phd bien cdng nghe ciia nudc ngoai. Tuy nhien, viec tudc quyen sang che bi coi la mgt bien phap che tai nghiem ngat ddi vdi CSH sang che vi viec bude CSH sang che phai sir dung sang ehe tai tat ca cac qudc gia noi sang che dugc cap bang khdng phai liic nao Cling mang lai hieu qua kinh te cho CSH sang che. Han nira, bien phap nay ciing khdng giiip dat dugc muc tieu cae nudc mong mudn tir viec sir dung sang che mang lai. Vi du, neu CSH sang che chi bgc Id thdng tin d mirc do dii de dap img tieu chuan bao hd chir khdng bdc Id hoan toan ban chat ky thuat cua sang che hoac trong trudng hgp trinh do cdng nghe trong nudc chua phat
' Jerome H. Reichman va J.D. Catherine Hasenzahl, Non-voluntary Licensing of Patented Inventions:
Historical Perspective, Legal Framework under TRIPS, and an Overview of the Practice in Canada and the United States of America; UNCTAD/ICTSD Capacity Building Project on IPRs, Sep. 2002,
•* Dilu 5 Cdng uoc Pans (ban nSm 1883) quy dinh:
•'Ngirai duoc cdp being sdng die bat buoc phdi su dim's, sdng die tiieo dung plidp ludi ciia nuac nai doi lirang duoc cdp bdng sdng che ".
triln dii dl san xuit san pham theo sang ehe dugc bao hd thi viec tudc quyen sang che rd rang la khdng mang den ket qua la phd bien cdng nghe hay phat trien cac nganh cdng nghiep trong nudc.
1.2. Nd lire cho viec dua vao Cdng ude mdt bien phap ehe tai nhe hon la BBCGQSDSC thay cho bien phap tudc quyen sang che da thanh cdng tai Hdi nghi sira ddi Cdng ude lan thir ba vao nam 1925 tai Hague. Nguyen tae thda hiep dugc dua ra trong Hdi nghi nay la cho phep cae qudc gia thanh vien "cd cac bien phap phap ly can thiet de ngan chan su lam dung ddc quyen ciia CSH sang che, vi du nhu "khdng sir dung sang che". Bien phap tudc quyen sang che chi cd the dugc sir dung trong trudng hgp nay neu trudc dd viec BBCGQSDSC khdng dii de ngan ngira su lam dung ddc quyen ndi tren^. Tuy nhien, viec BBCGQSDSC chi dugc ap dung sau khi kit thiic thdi ban it nhat la ba nam ke tir ngay bang ddc quyen sang che dugc cap va eiing khdng the dugc ap dung trong trudng hgp ngudi dugc cap bang ddc quyen sang che chimg minh dugc nhiing trudng hgp mien trir hgp phap^.
Viec thira nhan quyen ciia cac qudc gia thanh vien trong BBCGQSDSC da tao ca sd phap ly cho cac qudc gia thanh vien quy dinh vin dl BBCGQSDSC trong phap luat cua qudc gia minh. Mdt sd nha nghien cim cdn khang dinh: "Viec sira ddi Dieu 5 Cdng ude nam 1925 la sir khuyen khich ban banh mdt he thong li-xang cudng hire trong luat sang che ciia hau het cac qudc gia ma trudc dd chua cd quy dinh nay"'. Tir sau sir sira ddi Dieu 5A vao nam 1925, ngay cang cd nhieu qudc gia thanh vien Cdng ude Paris quy djnh vl BBCGQSDSC trong phap luat
^ Xem: Khoan 3 Dilu 5 Cdng ude Paris, ban sua ddi nam 1925 tai Hague, ban tieng Anh.
' Xem: Khoan 4 Dilu 5 Cdng uac Paris, ban sua ddi nam 1925 tai Hague, ban tieng Anh.
^ Jerome H. Reichman va J.D. Catherine Hasenzahl, Non-voluntary Licensing of Patented Inventions, tldd.
nude minh. Va tren thuc te, tai nhieu qudc gia BBCGQSDSC dugc ap dung khdng chi ddi vdi hanh vi khdng sir dung sang ehe ciia CSH sang che ma ngay ea trong trudng hgp khdng ed su lam dung ddc quyen ciia CSH sang che. Trong viec chuan bi cho Hgi nghi sira ddi Cdng ude lan thir nam, ca quan quan ly Cdng ude da cd gang de lam rd mgt each thich hgp mong mudn eiia cac qudc gia thanh vien ve kha nang ap dung Dieu 5A ciia Cdng ude trong trudng hgp khdng cd sir lam dung ddc quyen sang che. Tuy nhien, cudi ciing van de nay khdng dugc dua vao Cdng ude ma de cac qudc gia tir quyet dinh.
1.3. Trong lan sii'a ddi Cdng ude lan thir nam tai Lisbon nam 1958, dieu kien cap li- xang cudng birc da dugc bd sung chat che han vdi quy dinh li-xang cudng birc phai la khdng ddc quyen va thdi ban de cap phai la sau khi het thdi ban 4 nam ke tir ngay nop dan hoac 3 nam ke tir ngay cap bang ddc quyen sang che tiiy theo trudng hgp nao ket thiic mudn ban. Can cir dl BBCGQSDSC ciing dugc md rgng ban den ea trudng hgp sir dung sang che khdng day dii. Ndi dung ciia lan sira ddi thir nam ciia Cdng ude ve BBCGQSDSC van giir nguyen gia tri cho den thdi diem hien nay.
1.4. BBCGQSDSC dugc quy dinh tai Dieu 5 khoan A Cdng ude Paris. Cdng ude khdng quy dinh cac trudng hgp cu the dugc coi la can cir de cap li-xang cudng birc ma cho phep cac qudc gia thanti vien quyen tu do quy dinh trong phap luat nude minh. Tuy nhien, theo quy dinh tai Dieu 5 khoan A diem 2^ va Dieu 5 khoan A diem 4^,
Dieu 5 khoan A diem 2 cdng ude quy djnh: "IWSi nuac ihanh vien Lien minh co quyen dua ra nhung bien phdp phdp ly quy dinh viec cdp li-xdng bdt buoc nhdm ngdn chgn viec lam dung co the ndy sinh lie viec thuc hien doc quyen duac xdc lap bai bdng doc quyen sdng che, vi du nhu lihong sit dung sdng che ".
' Dieu 5 khoan A diem 4 quy djnh: "Khong duac dp dung li-xdng bdt buoc vai ly do khong sic dimg hoac sic dung lihong day dii iruac khi hit thai hgn 4 ndm ke lie ngdy nop dan xin cdp bdng doc quyen sdng che
BBCGQSDSC duge ap dung trong trudng hgp sang chl khdng dugc sir dung hoac sang che dugc sir dung khdng diy du. Tuy nhien, Cdng ude Paris da khdng dua ra bat ky mdt su giai thich nao hay mdt tieu chi de xac dinh khai niem "sir dung sang che" hay "sii dung khdng diy dii sang che". Van de nay hoan toan dugc giai thich bdi phap luat qudc gia thanh vien. Tren thuc te day la van de gay rat nhieu tranh cai giila cae qudc gia thanh vien'°. CQng can luu y, Cdng ude Paris khdng cd bat cu quy dinh nao ngan can cac qude gia thanh vien BBCGQSDSC dua tren cac ly do khac. Dieu nay cd nghTa la cac nude thanh vien Cdng ude cd quyen BBCGQSDSC trong nhiing trudng hgp khac dugc xac dinh trong phap luat qudc gia tiiy vao quan diem ciia mdi qude gia.
7.5. Cdng ude quy dinh cac dieu kien bat budc phai tuan thii trong BBCGQSDSC, bao gdm:
Thic nhdt, khdng dugc cap li-xang cuang birc vdi ly do khdng sir dung hoac sir dung khdng day du sang che trudc khi het thdi ban bdn nam ke tir ngay nop dan yeu cau cap bang ddc quyen sang che, hoac ba nam ke tir ngay cap bang ddc quyen sang che, tiiy theo thdi han nao ket thuc mudn ban. Viec cap li- xang cudng birc se bi tir chdi neu ngudi dugc cap bang ddc quyen sang che chimg minh dugc viec khdng sir dung sang che cua minh la cd ly do chinh dang.
Thic hai, li-xang cuang birc dugc cap dudi dang khdng ddc quyen va khdng dugc chuyen giao, tham chi dudi hinh thuc cap li- xang thir cap, trir trudng hgp chuyen giao ciing vdi mdt phan eiia ca sd san xuat hoac ca sd thuang mai dang sir dung li-xang dd.
1.6. Trudc khi Hiep djnh TRIPS cd hieu lire, Dieu 5 Cdng ude Paris la ca sd phap ly
hoac 3 ndm he lie ngdy cdp bdng doc quyen sdng che... ".
'° Xem them bai; Nhung vdn dl phap ly ca ban vl BBCGQSDSC cua ciing tac gia. Tap chi Nha nudc va Phap luat, sd 9 nam 2010.
PHAP LUAT QUOC TE VE ..
quoc te duy nhat thira nhan quyln ciia qudc gia thanh vien trong viec cip quylt dinh BBCGQSDSC. Trong bdi canh nin kinh te tri thirc cudi thi ky XIX bit diu cd nhimg thay ddi va dien ra sau sic trong tbi ky tilp theo, quy dinh ve li-xang cudng birc dugc ghi nhan trong Cdng ude Paris la mdt trong nhirng cdng eu chdng lai su lam dung ddc quyen ciia CSH sang chl, budc diu giai quyet mau thuan giira lgi ich ciia ngudi nam ddc quyen sang che va lgi ich ciia xa hgi.
Tuy nhien, eiing phai thira nhan cac quy dinh ciia Cdng ude Paris ve van de nay cdn rat sa sai. Cdng irdc khdng quy dinh nghTa vu phai tra tien den bii cho ngudi nam ddc quyen sang che. Mac dii khdng cd quy dinh nao ciia Cdng ude ngan can cac qudc gia thanh vien dugc quyen cap li-xang cudng birc dua tren cae ly do dugc quy dinh trong phap luat qudc gia minh, nhung viec Cdng ude chi quy dinh ly do cap li-xang cudng hire la sir lam dung ddc quyen eua CSH sang che eiing la van de gay tranh cai. Sir tranh cai ve pham vi thich hgp ciia li-xang cudng hue da dugc vien dan nhu la mdt trong nhirng ly do khdi xudng cac cudc dam phan ve Hiep dinh TRIPS . Tat nhien, khdng chi van de tranh cai ve li-xang cudng birc mdi la ly do cho cac cudc dam phan ve Hiep dinh TRIPS.
2. Bat buoc chuyen giao quyen su*
dung sang che theo Hiep dmh ve cac khia canh lien quan tffi thucng mai ciia quyen SO" huu tri tue
2.1. Hiep dinh ve cac khia canh lien quan tdi thuang mai ciia quyen SHTT (Hiep dinh TRIPS) dugc ky kit ngay 15/4/1994 va bit diu cd hieu lire tir 01/01/1995'^ eiing
" Frederick Abbott, Thomas Cottier va Fracis Gurry, He thdng SHTTqudc tl: Binh luan va tai lieu, Kluwer Law 1998, tr.717-718.
'- Hiep djnh TRIPS cd hieu luc tir 1/1/1995. Tuy nhien Hiep djnh cd quy djnh vl giai doan chuyen tilp ddi vai cac qudc gia thanh vien la cac qudc gia dang phat triln va cac qudc gia kem phat trien. Cu the. Hiep dinh co hieu luc ddi vol cac qudc gia dang phat trien tir nSm 2000. ddi vdi cac qudc gia kem phat trien ttr n5m 2005.
vdi su ra ddi ciia WTO la dieu ude qudc te da phuang thir bai cd quy dinh \ e BBCGQSDSC.
Hiep dinh TRIPS tai Dieu 2 da yeu eau cac qudc gia thanh vien phai tuan thii cac quy dinh ciia Cdng ude Paris tir Dieu 1 den Dieu 12 va Dieu 19'^ Nhu vay, ddi vdi vin dl BBCGQSDSC Hiep dinh TRIPS da yeu cau cac qudc gia thanh vien phai tuan thii Dieu 5A Cdng nac Paris. Ben canh dd, Hiep dinh cdn danh Dieu 31 quy dinh vl BBCGQSDSC.
Tuy nhien cung can nhan manh, trong toan van Hiep dinh TRIPS va ngay tai Dieu 31 ciia Hiep dinh nay, thuat ngii li-xang cudng birc hay li-xang khdng tu nguyen khdng dugc sir dung. Dieu 31 Hiep dinh quy dinh ve: "Cac binh thire sir dung khac khdng dugc phep ciia ngudi nam giir quyen". Trong phan chii thich ciia Hiep dinh TRIPS tai muc 7 giai thich: "Cac hinh thuc sir dung khac cd nghTa la binh thirc sir dung khdng thugc trudng hgp cho phep tai Dieu 30"'"*. Trong khi dd, hieu theo nghTa chung nhat BBCGQSDSC la viec ca quan cd tham quyen ciia mdt qudc gia cho phep mdt ben sir dung sang che ma khdng can sir cho phep ciia ngudi nam dgc quyen sang che. Theo each hieu dd, ket hgp vdi quy dinh tai Dieu 2 ciia Hiep dinh TRIPS cdng nhan quyen ciia qudc gia thanh vien trong viec BBCGQSDSC theo Dieu 5 Cdng ude Paris cd the giai thich quy
Ddi vai viec bao hd sang che cac dugc pham, thdi han nay la ngay 01/01/2005. Sau dd, Tuyen bd Hdi ddng Bp trudng tai Doha da keo dai thai gian thuc hien Hiep dinh ddi vai bao hp sang che dugc pham tai cac quoc gia Rem phat trien tai nam 2016.
'^ Xem: Dieu 2 Hiep djnh TRIPS ve mdi quan he giira Hiep djnh TRIPS va Cdng ude Paris,
'•* Dieu 30 Hiep djnh TRIPS quy djnh ve ngogi le doi vai cdc quyen duac cdp, theo do: "Cdc ihdnh vien co the quy dinh moi so ngogi le nhdt dinh doi vai cdc doc quyen duac cdp tren ca sa patent vai dieu kien Id cdc ngogi le do khong mdu thudn vai viec khai thdc binh thuang patent do vd khong Idm ton hgi mot cdch bdt hap ly tai lai ich hop phdp ciia chii sd hint patent, vd lai ich hpp phdp ciia ben line ba ".
dinh tai Dilu 31 Cua Hiep dinh TRIPS cho phep qudc gia thanh vien sir dung BBCGQSDSC nhu mdt trong cac hinh thirc
"sir dung kliac" khdng can sir cho phep ciia ngirdi nam giir ddc quyen sang che.
2.2. Quy dinh ciia Dieu 31 Hiep dinh TRIPS dugc xem la khdng rd rang va map md, trong dd khdng ghi nhan trirc tiep quyen cua qudc gia thanh vien trong viec cap li- xang cuang birc. Dieu nay cd the duge ly giai vi li-xang cudng birc la van de gay nhieu tranh cai nhat trong qua trinh dam phan ky kit Hiep dinh TRIPS'^ Mdt trong nhirng van de tranh cai giila cae qude gia phat trien va cae qude gia dang phat trien trong qua trinh dam phan Hiep dinh TRIPS lien quan den BBCGQSDSC la Hiep dinh cd nen hay khdng liet ke eae ly do (can cir) de BBCGQSDSC'^. Quan diem chung ciia cac qudc gia phat trien la mudn ban che viec sir dung cac quy dinh vl BBCGQSDSC bing viec liet ke nhirng can cir cu the trong Hiep dinh (each tilp can tir can cir BBCGQSDSC - grounds approach). Trong khi dd, cac qudc gia dang phat trien mong mudn dugc giir lai mdt each hgp ly su tu do quyet dinh cac can cil' BBCGQSDSC vdi nhirng dieu kien can dugc tuan thii (tiep can tir dieu kien -
'' The National Board of Trade of Sweden, The WTO Decision on Compulsory Licensing, Does it enable import of medicines for developing countries with grave public health problems?
Trong qua trinh dam phan Hiep djnh vao nam 1989, dai dien cua Hoa Ky da khang djnh viec sir dung li-xang cuong birc la cd hai cho su bao hd sang che va dua ra quan diem can han che cac ly do cho viec cap quyet djnh bat budc chuyen giao quyen sir dung sang che, trii' trudng hgp sir dung "vdi muc dich hgp phap". Ngugc lai, dai dien ciia An Dp cho rang, li-xang cuong birc can dugc xem xet nhu mot cdng cu nham can bang quyen va nghTa vu ciia chii sd hiru sang che, do do, khong nen han che ly do de cap li- xang cuong buc, dac biet khi chiing can cho chuyen giao cdng nghe. (Xem: Note by the Secretariat, Meeting of Negotiating Group of 12-14 July 1989 tai:
http://wto.org''english^tratop e/trips etrips e.htm).
condition approach)'^. Cuoi ciing, Dieu 31 Hiep djnh TRIPS chi dua ra cae dilu kien bat budc phai tuan thii trong BBCGQDSC ma khdng liet ke cac can cir cho viec BBCGQSDSC.
Sir tranh cai gay git tilp theo la viec quy dinh sir dung Chinh phu cac sang che trong Dieu 31 ciia Hiep dinh. Dieu nay phan anh su lo ling ring BBCGQSDSC se dugc sir dung mgt each thai qua cho nhiing lgi ich dugc dat ra bdi Chinh phii cac nudc. Trong khi phai doan Hoa Ky yeu cau tach bach giira BBCGQSDSC vdi viec sir dung sang che nhan danh Chinh phii thi An Do dua ra y kien la nen ket hgp chung hai van de nay vao Dieu 31 cua Hiep dinh. Ban du thao cudi ciing da dua viec sir diing sang che nhan danh Chinh phii vao Dieu 31 ciia Hiep djnh. Quy dinh BBCGQSDSC vi "lgi ich cdng cdng, khdng nham muc dich thuang mai" trong Hiep dinh TRIPS la su thda hiep giiia de nghi ve su dung Chinh phu va sir dung vi mue dich cdng cdng. Van de gay tranh cai khdng kem la kha nang cua qudc gia thanh vien BBCGQSDSC trong trudng hgp khdng ed sir lam dung ddc quyen ciia ngudi nam ddc quyen sang ehe. Cudi eiing, van de nay da khdng dugc dua vao Dieu 31 Hiep dinh TRIPS ma de cho cac qudc gia thanh vien quy dinh.
Ket qua ciia qua trinh dam phan lien quan den li-xang cudng buc la Dieu 31 Hiep dinh TRIPS da quy dinh khdng rd rang mgt each cd y vl BBCGQSDSC, phan anh sir bit lire ciia cae ben trong viec di den mdt thda thuan chung ve van de nay. Dieu 31 Hiep dinh TRIPS khdng true tiep quy dinh ve BBCGQSDSC cung khdng xac dinh cu thi khi nao dugc BBCGQSDSC, ma ehi dua ra
'^ Su khac nhau vl quan diem giira hai nhom qudc gia tren din din hai ban du thao canh tranh ve bat bupc chuyln giao quyln sir dung sang chl nam 1990. Ban du thao dugc Hoa Ky va cac qudc gia phat triln ung hd da djnh nghTa mpt each han che cac van dk ca ban vl li-xang cuang birc. Ban du thao dugc cac qudc gia dang phat triln img hd thi de ngo cac van dl nay.
PHAP LUAT QUOC TE VE .
cac dieu kien cac qudc gia thanh vien can phai tuan thii khi su dung sang chl ma khdng can sir cho phep ciia ngudi nam ddc quyen sang che. Tren ca sd quy dinh ciia Dilu 31 Hiep dinh TRIPS, cac nudc thanh vien Hiep dinh da quy dinh eu thi vl BBCGQSDSC trong phap luat nude minh. Nhu vay, BBCGQSDSC chi la mdt trong nhiing hinh thue ciia viec "sir dung khac" ma khdng cin sir eho phep ciia ngudi nam quyen ddi vdi sang chl theo Hiep dinh TRIPS.
2.3. Trong Hiep dinh TRIPS khdng liet ke ehi tilt nhirng can cu BBCGQSDSC. Cac qudc gia thanh vien hoan toan ed quyen chii ddng quy djnh trong phap luat qudc gia minh cac can cir nay. Tuyen bd Doha ngay
14/11/2001 tai Muc 5 Dilm b mdt lin niia khang dinh quyen ciia cae qudc gia thanh vien trong viec BBCGQSDSC va tu do xac dinh cac can cir de BBCGQSDSC. Tuy nhien, tir cac quy dinh tai Dieu 31 ciia Hiep dinh TRIPS ed the thay Hiep dinh ed ghi nhan mdt sd ly do de cap li-xang cudng birc.
Thic nhdt, vdi quy dinh tai Dieu 2 ciia Hiep dinh thi cac qudc gia thanh vien cd the cap quyet dinh BBCGQSDSC dua tren cac can cir dugc quy dinh trong Dieu 5A Cdng ude Paris.
Thic hai, theo tinh than eua Dieu 31 ciia Hiep dinh, tren ca sd cac dieu kien ma Hiep dinh TRIPS yeu cau cac qudc gia thanh vien phai tuan thii khi cap li-xang cudng birc cd the xac dinh dirge cae can cir cho viec cap li- xang cudng birc bao gdm:
Mdt la, trudng hgp cd tinh trang khan cap qudc gia hoac cac trudng hgp dac biet cap bach khac ;
Hai la, sir dung sang che eho muc dich cdng cdng, phi thuang mai'^;
Ba la, nhung boat ddng bi ca quan xet xir hoac hanh chinh coi la chdng canh tranh 20.
Bdn la, cap phep nham sir dung bang sang che phu thudc" .
Day la nhirng can cir dugc phap luat ciia nhieu qudc gia thanh vien WTO ghi nhan va dugc ap dyng trong thue tien BBCGQSDSC tai eae qudc gia nay. Tuy nhien, trudc thdi diem Hiep dinh TRIPS cd hieu luc nhirng ly do nay chua dugc ghi nhan trong phap luat qudc te. Nhu da trinh bay d tren, trong cac bdi nghi sira ddi Cdng ude Paris, mdt sd qudc gia thanh vien cd gang de cd the ap dung Dieu 5A Cdng ude Paris nham cap li- xang cudng birc trong ca nhirng trudng hgp khdng cd sir lam dung ddc quyen ciia CSH sang che. Tuy nhien, nhirng cd gang dd da khdng thanh cdng. Chi den Hiep dinh TRIPS nhiing ly do nay mdi duge ghi nhan, nhung ciing chua dugc quy dinh mdt each true tiep.
Va Cling can nhan manh them la, Hiep dinh TRIPS ciing khdng ed bat cir quy dinh nao ngan can cac qudc gia thanh vien dugc quyln BBCGQSDSC dua tren cae ly do khac do dd, phap luat cac qudc gia cd the quy dinh nhirng ly do khac cho BBCGQSDSC.
2.4. Dieu 31 Hiep dinh TRIPS yeu cau, trong trudng hgp phap luat ciia mdt thanh vien quy dinh viec cap phep sir dung ddi tugng duge cap bang sang che khi khdng dugc phep ciia ngudi nam giir quyen sang che, bao gdm ca viec sir dung do Chinh phu hoac do cac ben thir ba dugc Chinh phii cho phep thuc hien thi cac dieu kien dugc quy dinh trong Dieu 31 phai dugc tdn trgng. Cac dieu kien dd bao gdm:
Thic nhdt. viec cdp phep sic dung phdi duac xem xet theo tinh huong cu the".
D I cho viec BBCGQSDSC khdng vi pham cac nghTa vu dugc quy dinh trong Hiep dinh TRIPS thi phap luat ciia mdi qudc gia phai quy dinh cu the cac can eu eho viec BBCGQSDSC va viec BBCGQSDSC chi dugc tien hanh theo cac can cir da dugc phap
'* Dilu 3 1 muc b Hiep djnh TRIPS.
'•^ Dilu 3 I khoan b Hiep djnh TRIPS.
-" Dilu 31 khoan k Hiep djnh TRIPS.
Dieu 31 khoan 1 Hiep dinh TRIPS.
Dilu 31 khoan a Hiep djnh TRIPS.
luat quy dinh. Ben canh do, viec xem xet de BBCGQSDSC phai dugc tien hanh trong tirng trudng hgp cu the theo trinh tu, thii tuc dugc quy dinh trong phap luat qudc gia.
Thic hai, chi dicac cdp phep sic dung neu tricdc khi sic dung, nguai co y dinh sic dung dd CO gdng de duac ngudi ndm giic quyen cdp phep vdi gid ca vd cdc dieu kien thuang mgi hap ly nhung sau mot thai gian hap ly, nhicng cd gdng do vdn khong dem lai ket
'23
qua .
Quy dinh nay duge dua ra nham khuyen khieh, thiic day viec chuyen giao cdng nghe tren nguyen tac tu nguyen, binh dang, thda thuan. Vdi viec duge phap luat thira nhan va bao ve cac doe quyen ddi vdi sang ehe, viec chuyen giao quyen sir dung sang ehe thugc ddc quyen ciia CSH sang che. Tuy nhien, de tranh viec CSH lam dung dgc quyen ciia minh, trong trudng hgp ngudi ed nhu cau sir dung sang che da cd gang dat dugc sir cho phep ciia CSH sang che, ke ea viec dua ra mirc gia va cac dieu kien thuang mai hgp ly ma van khdng dugc thi ngudi nam ddc quyln sang chl cd thi bi BBCGQSDSC.
Thii tiic dam phan dugc phap luat quy dinh la mdt budc bat budc phai thuc hien trudc khi cap phep nham dam bao eho ngudi nam quyen sang che kiem soat va sir dung cac cdng cu de bao ve quyen lgi eiia minh;ddng thdi giam ap luc ddi vdi cac ea quan cap phep. Tuy nhien, Hiep dinh TRIPS khdng dua ra mdt thdi gian cu the de xac dinh dugc xem la "thdi gian hgp ly" va ciing khdng dua ra tieu chi xac dinh dieu kien nhu the nao dugc coi la dieu kien "thuang mai hgp ly".
Cac van de nay hoan toan do phap luat qude gia quy dinh.
Dieu kien nay cd the bd qua trong hai trudng hgp. Mdt la, trong tinh trang khin cap qude gia hoac cac trudng hgp dac biet cap bach khac hoac trong cae trudng hgp sir dung vao muc dich cdng cdng, khdng nham muc dich thuang mai. Tuy nhien, trong
nhiing trudng hgp ed tinh trang khan cap qudc gia hoac cac trudng hgp dac biet cap bach khac, ngudi nim quyen phai dugc thdng bao ngay khi dilu kien thuc te cho phep^**. Hai Id, cip phep sir dung nham ehe tai nhung boat ddng bi ca quan xet xir hoac hanh chinh coi la chdng canh tranh"".
Thic ba, phgm vi vd thdi gian sic dung phdi dicoc gidi hgn trong viec thuc hien muc
dich cdp phep sic dung.
Muc dich cua viec BBCGQSDSC khdng nham tudc quyen hay ban ehe cac ddc quyen eiia ngudi nam quyen ddi vdi sang che. Muc dich cua cac quy dinh nay la nham bao dam sir can bang ve quyen va nghTa vu cua CSH sang ehe vdi lgi ich ciia Nha nudc, ciia xa hdi, tao mdt mdi tru'dng canh tranh lanh manh cho boat ddng thuong mai. Do do, pham vi va thdi ban sir dung sang che trong BBCGQSDSC phai dugc gidi ban trong viec thuc hien muc dich cap phep sir dung. Dieu nay dam bao quyen lgi ciia ngudi nam ddc quyen sang che trong va sau khi cd quyet dinh BBCGQSDSC.
Quy dinh nay eiing ngan ngira viec lam dung BBCGQSDSC nham cac muc dich khac.
Rieng ddi vdi cdng nghe ban dan, Hiep dinh TRIPS quy dinh them dieu kien: Chi duge cap phep sir dung vao muc dich cdng cdng, khdng nham muc dich thuang mai, hoac nham che tai nhirng boat dgng bi ca quan xet xir hoac ea quan hanh chinh coi la chdng canh tranh.
Thic tu, quyen sic dung sdng che trong BBCGQSDSC phdi Id khdng doc quyen vd phdi Id quyen khong chuyen nhicang duac,
trie trudng hop chuyen nhuang ciing vdi bg phdn ciia doanh nghiep hoac ca sd kinh
doanh duac hudng quyen sic dung do' . Cd hai binh thirc chuyen giao quyen su dung sang ehe ca ban la chuyen giao dgc quyen va chuyen giao khdng ddc quyen.
-' Dilu 31 khoan b Hiep dinh TRIPS.
-•^ Xem: Dilu 31 khoan b Hiep djnh TRIPS.
-^ Xem: Dilu 31 khoan i Hiep dinh TRIPS.
-^ Xem: Dilu 31 muc d Hiep djnh TRIPS.
-' Xem: Dilu 31 muc e Hiep djnh TRIPS.
PHAP LUAT QUOC TE VE ...
Muc dich ciia viec BBCGQSDSC la nhim phuc vu lgi ich ciia xa hdi, ciia Nha nudc hay la bien phap chl tai ddi vdi cae hanh vi vi pham phap luat ciia ngudi nam ddc quyen sang che. Do dd, dl ban chl thiet hai cho ngudi nam quyen ddi vdi sang che, viec sir dung sang chl trong BBCGQSD phai la hinh thirc sir dung khdng ddc quyln. He qua tit yeu eiia quy dinh nay la quyen sir dung sang ehe trong BBCGQSD phai khdng thi chuyln nhugng dugc.
Thic ndm, chi duac cdp phep BBCGQSDSC chii yeu de cung cdp cho thi Incdng noi dia ciia thdnh vien cdp phep' .
Dieu kien nay dugc quy dinh trong khoan f ciia Dieu 31. Tuy nhien, cac qudc gia thanh vien khdng cd nghTa vu phai thuc hien dieu kien nay neu viec BBCGQSDSC nham che tai nhiing boat ddng bi ca quan xet xir hoac hanh chinh coi la chdng canh tranh.
Thic sdu, viec cho phep sic dung phdi co khd ndng bi dinh chi khi cdc dieu kien ddn den viec cdp phep chdm diet ton tgi vd khong CO khd ndng ldi hien nhung phdi bdo ve mot cdch thod ddng lai ich hap phdp ciia nhicng ngudi dicac cdp phep sic dung. Khi duac yeu cdu, cdc CO' quan co thdm quyen phdi duac quyen xem xet lgi sic tiep tuc ton tgi cdc dieu kien do.
Sir dimg li-xang cudng birc mdt each cd hieu qua nhu la mdt cdng cii nham can bang quyen giira ngudi nam ddc quyen sang che va lgi ich ciia Nha nudc, lgi ich ciia xa hdi va lgi ich ciia ben thir ba, Hiep dinh TRIPS yeu cau khi dieu kien dan den viec cap li- xang cudng birc khdng cdn tdn tai va khdng cd kha nang tai dien thi viec cap li-xang cudng bii'c phai cd kha nang bi dinh chi. Tuy nhien, trong trudng hgp nay viec xem xet diirli chi hieu lire ciia li-xang cudng birc cin tinh din quyln lgi ciia ngudi dugc cip phep,
\\ dl cd the san xuat san pham dugc bao bd theo sang chl hoac viec ap dimg quy trinh duac bcio hd sang che ben nhan chuyen giao
can phai dau tu tai chinh, dac biet trong trudng hgp BBCGQSDSC vi ly do dap img lgi ich cdng cdng hay giai quyet cac tinh trang khan cap qudc gia chir khdng phai xuat phat tir nhu cau ciia ben dugc chu>en giao thi viec bao ve quyen lgi cho ben nhan chuyen giao can duge xem xet mdt each ky ludng.
Thic bdy, trong moi trudng hap, ngudi ndm giic quyen phdi duac trd tien den bii thod ddng tuy theo gid tri kinh le eita quyen sic dung dd cdp.
Nham bao ve quyen lgi chinh dang cho ngudi nam ddc quyen sang che, dam bao cho viec BBCGQSDSC gay tac hai tieu cue cho he thdng sang che, ngudi nam giir ddc quyen sang che can dugc tra mdt khoan tien den bii thda dang tren ca sd gia trj kinh te ciia quyen sir dung sang che da cap. Tuy nhien, khi yeu cau dieu nay, Hiep dinh TRIPS khdng quy dinh khoan tien den bii nhu the nao dugc coi la thda dang va ciing khdng dua ra tieu ehi de xac dinh. Tiiy vao dieu kien va quan diem ciia mdi nudc ma khoan tien nay dugc quy dinh cho phii hgp. Vi du tai Nhat Ban, khoan tien den bii dugc xac dinh trong pham vi tir 2-8%, mire den bii trung binh la 4% va 5%
thudng dugc sir dung tai Canada va My . Ngoai ra, trong trudng hgp BBCGQSDSC nham ngan chan su lam dung ciia ngudi nam ddc quyen thi theo diem (k):
"Lugng tien den bii tuy thude vao mirc do can thiet phai chan chinh cac boat ddng chdng canh tranh". Nhu vay, mire bdi thudng thda dang cd the se duge xem xet tren hai ca sd: Gia tri kinh te eua quyen sir dung da cap va mirc do can thiet phai chan chinh cac boat ddng chdng canh tranh.
Thic tdm, hieu lice phdp ly ciia cdc quyet dinh cdp phep sic dung deu phdi Id doi tuang CO the bi xem xet lgi theo thii tuc tu phdp
-^ Dilu 31 khoan f Hiep djnh TRIPS.
" Musungu, Sisule F. and Oh, Cecilia, The Use Of Flexibilities In Trips By Developing Countries: Can They Promote Access To Medicines^', 08/2005 (www.who.int/intellectualproperty/studies/TRlPS_ne xibilities/en/ index.html).
hoac xem xet lgi theo thii tuc doc lap khdc tgi ca quan cdp cao han d thdnh vien cdp phep.
Theo Dieu 31(i) va Dieu 31()), quyet dinh ed kha nang bi xem xet ed the phan chia thanh hai nhdm: Quyet dinh cap li-xang cudng birc va quyet dinh lien quan den khoan tien den bii.
Ngoai cac dieu kien tren, trong trudng hgp li-xang cudng birc dugc cap eho viec sir dung sang che phu thudc thi can phai dap irng cac dieu kien bd sung sau:
a. Sang che thudc bang ddc quyen sang che thir hai phai la mdt budc tien bd ky thuat quan trgng ed y nghTa kinh te ldn so vdi sang ehe thudc patent thir nhat;
b.CSH bang ddc quyen sang che thir nhat phai duge cap li-xang ngugc lai vdi nhiing dieu kien hgp ly de sir dung sang ehe thudc bang ddc quyen sang che thir hai; va
c. Quyen sir dung sang che thudc bang ddc quyen sang che thir nhat phai la quyen khdnp chuyen nhugng dugc, trir trudng hgp chuyen nhugng ciing vdi viec chuyen nhirgng quyen sd bilu sang che thir hai.
3. Bat buoc chuyen giao quyen su' dung sang che theo Quyet djnh thi hanh doan 6 Tuyen bo Doha ve Hiep djnh TRIPS va siic khde cong dong va theo Nghj djnh thu sua d6i Hiep djnh TRIPS
3.1. Trong nhiing nam cudi the ky XX, dau the ky XXI ty le mac benh va tir vong lien quan den cac benh mach vanh, benh ung thu, tieu dudng, hen suyen, HIV-SIDA va cac benh khac d cac qudc gia dang phat trien rat cao, theo bao eao thdng ke ciia WHO.
Cac qudc gia va cac td chirc phi ehinh phii deu nhin thay can phai cd cae giai phap giai quyet cac van de sii'c khde cdng ddng. Chinh vi the, cac qude gia dang phat triln da cd gang de thiet lap mdt giai phap dan gian va nhanh chdng, dua tren ca hai Dilu 30 va 31 ciia Hiep dinh TRIPS nhim giai quylt vin de y te cdng ddng tai qudc gia minh. Trong trudng hgp nay BBCGQSDSC dugc xem la mdt cdng cu hiru hieu de gdp phin giai quylt
tinh trang tren. Tuy nhien, sir quy dinh khdng rd rang ciia Hiep dinh TRIPS ve BBCGQSDSC^ da dan din cac each hilu khac nhau ve sir diing sir linh boat ciia Hiep dinh TRIPS lien quan din vin de nay. Cac qudc gia dang phat triln cho rang, Hiep dinh TRIPS khdng ban che ehii quyen eiia hg trong viec giai quylt cac van de sire khde cdng ddng, rang Hiep dinh TRIPS thira nhan ca BBCGQSDSC va nhap khau song song.
Do dd, viec sir dung li-xang cudng birc khdng vi pham quy dinh eua Hiep dinh TRIPS. Cae qude gia phat trien, dac biet la Hoa Ky va Thuy Sy thi cho rang, sir linh hoat ciia TRIPS ehi the hien d giai doan chuyen tiep, theo dd thdi ban thuc hien nghTa vu ddi vdi cac qudc gia dang phat trien va qudc gia phat trien dugc keo dai^°. Cac qudc thanh vien cua TRIPS la cac qudc gia dang phat trien va kem phat trien ddi hdi phai giai thich chinh thirc cac linh boat cua TRIPS, trong dd ed quy dinh ve BBCGQSDSC danh cho hg din dau.
3.2. Trong trudng hgp Dieu 31 Hiep dinh TRIPS dugc giai thich theo hudng cdng nhan quyen ciia qudc gia thanh vien trong viec BBCGQSDSC thi cac qudc gia thanh vien la nhirng qudc gia dang phat trien va qudc gia kem phat trien ciing gap nhieu khd khan khi van dung cac quy dinh linh boat nay. Vi khoan f Dieu 31 Hiep dinh quy djnh viec sir dung sang che khdng can su cho phep eiia ngudi nam ddc quyen sang che
"chil yeu de cung cap cho thi trudng trong nudc". Mac dii thuat ngii "chii yeu" dugc sir dung d day, tuy nhien, khdng thanh vien nao ed the giai thich khac di. Dieu nay cd nghTa la, nhiing nude khdng cd nang lire san xuat hoac khdng ed dii nang lire san xuat se khdng the sir dung li-xang cuang birc mgt each cd bieu qua, vi nhirng nudc nay cd the
^° James Thuo Gathii, The Legal Status of The Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health Under The Vienna Convention on The Law of Treaties, Harvard Journal of Law & Technology 2002, Vol, 15, No. 2, tr. 291-317.
PHAP LUAT QUOC TE VE ..
cap mdt li-xang cudng birc nhung khdng the san xuat dugc san phim theo li-xang do, dac biet ddi vdi van de dugc pham. Tren thuc te, rat nhieu qudc gia thanh vien ciia WTO la cac qudc gia dang va kem phat trien vao thdi diem nay da khdng thi san xuat duge duge pham vi thieu cdng nghe, trang thiet bi, ngudn nhan lire va ca tiem nang tai chinh" . Ciing can nhan manh, vao thdi diem nay, theo quy dinh eiia Hiep dinh TRIPS, mdt sd qude gia dang hoac kem phat trien chua bao hg sang che ddi vdi duge pham. Mdt sd cdng ty tai cac qude gia nay da san xuat thudc phien ban chung vdi gia thap ban nhieu so vdi gia thudc ciia cac nha san xuat ed ten tudi. Cae san pham nay cd the dugc xuat khau mgt each tu do den cac qudc gia khac neu san pham nay khdng dugc bao hg sang che tai cae qudc gia nhap khau hoac mac dii da dugc bao hd sang che tai nudc nhap khau nhung da bi cap quyet dinh BBCGQSDSC.
v i n dl dat ra la khi cac quy dinh ciia Hiep djnh TRIPS ve bao hd sang ehe ddi vdi dugc pham cd hieu luc tai tat ca cac qudc gia thanh vien ciia WTO tbi cac qudc gia cd kha nang san xuat va xuat khau dugc pham se phai doi mat vdi van de phap ly cho viec san xuit va xuit khau cae loai thudc sao chep tir cac dugc pham dugc bao hd sang che.
3.3. Nham gdp phan giai quyet van de tren, ngay 14 thang 11 nam 2001, Tuyen bd Hdi ddng bg trudng ve Hiep dinh TRIPS va
"'' Trong an pham sd 12 dugc cdng bd vao thang 06/2002 ciia WHO da dua ra mpt danh sach cac qudc gia dugc danh gia mirc dp phat trien ciia nganh cdng nghiep dugc pham tai cac qudc gia. Theo dd, chi cd 10 qudc gia dugc danh gia la co nen cdng nghiep dugc phSm phat trien den mirc dp cao (mirc tinh vi).
17 qudc gia dugc danh gia la c6 nen cdng nghiep dugc pham cd kha nang ddi moi. 14 qudc gia dugc danh gia la co nen cdng nghiep dugc phim c6 kha nang tai san xuk va dua ra dugc san pham cudi ciing.
Cd din 92 qudc gia ma nen cdng nghiep dugc phSm dugc danh gia la c6 kha nang san xuat san pham cudi ciinu tir ngudn nguyen lieu hoan loan nhap khiu. Va CO din 61 qudc gia dugc danh gia la khdng co nganh cdna nghiep dugc pham.
sire khde cdng ddng da dugc toan the eae thanh vien ciia WTO thdng qua tai Hgi nghi Bd trudng (Tuyen bd Doha).
Khoan 1 Tuyen bd Doha da thira nhan rang, nhieu qudc gia thanh vien la cac qudc gia dang phat trien va kem phat trien phai ddi mat vdi nhimg van de nghiem trgng ve sire khde ciia cdng ddng, dac biet cac benh HIV-AIDS, benh lao, sdt ret va cac dich benh khac. Tuyen bd thira nhan sue ep ciia viec bao hd sang ehe eae dugc pham vdi sir phat trien cac loai thudc mdi va anh hudng ciia viec bao hd sang che den gia ciia duge pham, ddng thdi nhan manh sir can thiet phai cd cac giai phap tir gdc do qudc gia va qudc te cho viec giai quyet van de sire khde cdng ddng. Tuyen bd khang dinh: Hiep dinh TRIPS khdng va se khdng ngan can cac qudc gia thanh vien dugc ap dung cac bien phap can thiet de bao ve sire khde cdng ddng va tai khang dinh quyen ciia qudc gia thanh vien WTO sir dung mdt each day dii nhirng quy dinh linh boat ciia Hiep djnh TRIPS cho muc dich tren.
Dae biet ddi vdi vin dl BBCGQSDSC, Tuyen bd da cd gang lam rd nhirng linh hoat ma Hiep dinh TRIPS danh cho cac thanh vien WTO, trong dd cd quyen ciia qudc gia thanh vien trong viec BBCGQSDSC va quyen tu do xac dinh cac can eu cho viec BBCGQSDSC. Cac qudc gia thanh vien cGng cd quyen xac dinh tinh trang khan cap hoac tinh trang dae biet khan cap lien quan din sire khde cdng ddng, cac dich benh HIV- AIDS, benh lao, sdt ret va cac dich benh khac ed thi duge xem la tinh trang khan cap hoac dae biet khan cap. Ddng thdi, Tuyen bd keo dai thdi han de cac qudc gia thanh vien la cac qudc gia kem phat trien thuc hien nghTa vu bao hg sang che duge pham la "it nhit din ngay 01/01/2016".
Tuy nhien, Tuyen bo da khdng giai quylt dugc vin dl gay nhieu tranh cai la cac qudc gia thanh vien ed the BBCGQSDSC nham san xuit dugc pham de xuat khau tdi cac qudc gia thanh vien khdng ed hoac
khdng ed dii nang lire de san xuat dugc pham hay khdng? Doan 6 Tuyen bd Doha ehi thira nhan rang, cac qudc gia khdng cd dii kha nang san xuat cd the se gap nhirng van de khd khan trong viec sir dung li-xang cuang buc trong viec giai quyet van de sire khde cdng ddng va yeu cau Hgi ddng TRIPS can tim ra giai phap nhanh chdng de giai quyet van de nay va bao cao cho Dai hdi ddng trudc khi ket thiic nam 2002.
3.4. Thuc hien ehi thi eiia Hdi ddng TRIPS dugc quy dinh trong Doan 6 Tuyen bd Doha, ngay 30 thang 8 nam 2003 Hdi ddng da ban hanh Quyet dinh thi hanh Doan 6 Tuyen bd Doha ve Hiep dinh TRIPS va sire khde cdng ddng (Quyet dinh ngay 30/8/2003). Quylt dinh ngay -30/8/2003 da dua ra kha nhieu quy dinh linh boat cho eae nudc thanh vien WTO la cac nudc dang va kem phat trien trong viec sir dung cac quy dinh ciia Hiep djnh TRIPS vl BBCGQSDSC ddi vdi eae sang ehe trong ITnh vuc dugc pham. Ddng thdi, Quyet dinh da thiet lap mdt ca che cho viec sir dung li-xang cudng birc cho muc dich xuat khau den cac qudc gia thanh vien ciia WTO la nhiing qudc gia khdng cd hoac khdng dii nang lire san xuat dugc pham. Tuy nhien, day ehi la quyet dinh cd hieu lire tam thdi. Khoan 11 Quyet dinh khang dinh, Quyet dinh nay (bao gdm ca nhirng mien trir dugc cap cho mdi thanh vien), se cham dirt hieu luc vao ngay van ban sira ddi, bd sung Hiep dinh TRIPS thay the cho Quyet dinh cd hieu lire ddi vdi thanh vien dd. Hdi ddng TRIPS se bat dau chuin bi cho sir sira ddi, bd sung Hiep dinh TRIPS va se ban hanh nd trong vdng 06 thang, vdi dieu kien la sir sira ddi, bd sung se phai can cir vao nhiing dieu thich hgp ciia Quylt dinh nay va vdi dieu kien xa ban, la se khdng tach nhiing cudc thuang lugng duge ndi den trong khoan 45 ciia Tuyen bd Hdi nghi Bd trudng tai Doha (WT/MIN(01)/DEC/1).
3.5. Vdi quy dinh tren, Nghi dinh thu sira ddi Hiep dinh TRIPS va Dilu 3Ibis ciia Hiep dinh ciing nhu Phu lue kem theo da
dugc Dai hdi ddng TRIPS ban hanh ngay 6/12/2005. Cac quy dinh trong Dilu 31bis va Phu luc la sir khing dinh cac ndi dung ciia Quylt dinh ngay 30/8/2003. Theo Quylt dinh ngay 6/12/2005, Nghj dinh thu nay dugc md cho cac nudc thanh vien den ngay 01/12/2005 va cd hieu lire theo quy dinh cua khoan 3 Dilu X Hiep dinh WTO la phai dugc it nhat hai phin ba cac qudc gia thanh vien phe chuan. Tuy nhien, Quyet dinh ngay 18/12/2007 ciia Hdi dong TRIPS da keo dai thdi ban nay den ngay 31/12/2009. Nhung den thdi diem thang 12/2009, sd lugng thanh vien phe chuan van chua dii de Nghi dinh thu sira ddi Hiep dinh TRIPS ed hieu lire. Do dd, ngay 17/12/2009 Hdi ddng TRIPS da keo dai thdi ban nay den ngay 31/12/2011.
Chinh vi vay Nghi dinh thu sira ddi Hiep dinh TRIPS ciing Dieu 3Ibis va Phu luc hien nay chua cd hieu luc.
3.6. BBCGQSDSC theo Quylt dinh ngay 30/8/2003 va theo Dilu 3Ibis cimg Phu luc ciia Hiep dinh TRIPS khdng lam anh hudng den quyen, nghTa vu va sir linh boat ma nhirng thanh vien cd duge theo nhimg quy dinh ciia Hiep dinh TRIPS ngoai trir diem (f) va (h) cua Dieu 31, bao gdm ca nhiing diem dugc xac dinh lai bdi Tuyen bd Doha. Dieu nay eiing khdng anh hudng den pham vi su dung duge pham dugc san xuat theo li-xang bat huge theo nhiing quy dinh hien hanh ciia Dieu 31 ciia Hiep dinh TRIPS. Nhu vay, quy dinh ciia Quyet dinh ngay 30/8/2003 va Dieu 3Ibis ciing Phu luc ciia Hiep dinh TRIPS la quy dinh bd sung cho cae quy dinh ciia Hiep dinh TRIPS ve li-xang bat budc va chi dugc ap dung cho ITnh vue dugc pham nham giup cac thanh vien giai quyet cac khd khan ve sire khde cdng ddng.
3.7. Khai niem "dugc pham" dugc hieu theo cac van ban tren d nghTa rat rgng, bao gdm bat ky san pham da dugc cap bang sang che (patented product), hoac san pham dugc san xuit theo mdt quy trinh dugc cap bing sang chl, ciia nganh dugc pham nham giai quylt nhiing van de sue khde cdng ddng nhu
PHAP LUAT QUOC TE VE .
da dugc thira nhan tai khoan 1 ciia Tuyen bd Doha. Chiing dugc hilu bao gdm ca nhung boat chat can thilt cho viec san xuat, cac cdng thirc thudc, chit ddng phan, chat da hinh... va nhirng trang bi cin thiet eho viec chan doan^^.
3.8. Sir dung ca chl BBCGQSDSC dugc thiet lap trong cac van ban phap luat tren la cac qudc gia thanh vien du tu each nhap khau va cac qudc gia thanh vien dii tu each xuat khau. Thanh vien dii dieu kien nhap khau trudc bet la bat ky qudc gia thanh vien kem phat trien, vi nhung qudc gia la thanh vien kem phat trien dugc xem nhu la khdng dii hay khdng cd kha nang san xuat trong nganh dugc pham . Ngoai ra, bat ky thanh vien nao khac da thdng bao^'' den Hdi ddng TRIPS y dinh sir dung ea che theo Quylt dinh ngay 30/8/2003 (theo Dilu 3 Ibis Hiep dinh TRIPS va Phu luc kem theo) nhu la mgt nha nhap khau. Dieu nay dugc hieu la, mdt thanh vien bat ky ed the thdng bao tai bat ky thdi diem nao rang minh se sir dung toan bd hoac mdt each ban che ca che, VI du chi trong trudng hgp tinh trang khan cap qudc gia, hoac nhiing trudng hgp dac biet cap bach khac hoac trong nhung trudng hgp sir dung vao muc dich cdng cdng, phi thuang mai. Ve nguyen tac, tat ca cac qudc gia thanh vien WTO deu cd the sir dung cac quy dinh trong Quyet dinh de trd thanh thanh vien nhap khau. Tuy nhien, 23 qudc gia thanh vien phat trien da tu nguyen tuyen bd khdng su dung tu each la thanh vien nhap khiu theo Quylt djnh ngay 30/8/2003, bao gdm: Uc, Ao, Bi, Canada, Dan Mach, Phan
^' Dugc quy djnh tai khoan 1 diem a Quyet djnh ngay 30/8/2003 va khoan 1 diem a Phu luc ciia Hiep djnh TRIPS.
" Dugc quy djnh tai khoan 1 diem b Quyet djnh ngay 30/8/2003 va dugc khJng djnh lai trong khoan 1 diem b Phu luc ciia Hiep dinh TRIPS.
'•' Dugc hilu la viec thdng b^o khdng cin thilt phai dugc sir chip thuan ciia ca quan ciia WTO dl cd the sir dung ca chl dugc thiet lap trong Quylt djnh ngay 30/8/2003 (trong Dieu 3Ibis va Phu luc ciia Hiep dinh TRIPS).
Lan, Phap, Due, Hy lap, Aixalen, Ai len, Italy, Nhat Ban, Luc xam bua. Ha Lan, New Zealand, Na Uy, Bd Dao Nha, Tay Ban Nha, Thuy Dien, Thuy ST, Lien hiep Vuang qudc Anh va Hgp chiing qudc Hoa Ky^^ Sau dd, Cdng ddng chau Au vdi tat ca cae qudc gia thanh vien tuyen bd se khdng sir dung ca che tren nhu qude gia nhap khau^^. Mdt sd thanh vien khac, bao gdm Hong Kong China, Israel, Korea, Kuwait, Macao China, Mexico, Qatar, Singapore, Dai Loan, Thd NhT Ky va cae tieu vuang qudc A Rap thdng nhat tuyen bd se chi sir dung tu each thanh vien nhap khau trong tinh trang khan cap hoac cue ky khan cap.
Thanh vien dii tu each xuat khau la bat ky mdt thanh vien nao sir dung ca che dugc thilt lap theo Quylt dinh ngay 30/8/2003 (va theo Dieu 3Ibis ciing Phu lue ciia Hiep dinh TRIPS) de san xuat dugc pham va xuat khau chiing den thanh vien cd dii dieu kien nhap khau.
3.9. BBCGQSDSC theo ea chl dugc thilt lap trong cae van ban tren phai dap irng cac dieu kien sau:
Thic nhdt, cac qudc gia thanh vien dii dieu kien nhap khau phai thdng bao den Hdi ddng TRIPS, trong thdng bao phai cd cac ndi dung :
- Ten va sd lugng can duge dap img cua san pham ;
- Xac nhan thanh vien cd dii dieu kien nhap khiu va thanh vien nay khdng dii hay khdng cd kha nang san xuat nhung dugc
" Xem: Quylt djnh ngay 30/8/2003.
^'' Xem: Quylt djnh ngay 6/12/2005 ciia Hdi ddng TRIPS vl sira ddi Hiep djnh TRIPS.
" Dilu nay dupc hilu la thdng bao nay khdng can dugc sir phe chuin ciia mdt ca quan cua WTO de sir dung CO che nay.
^* Dugc quy djnh tai khoan 2 dilm a Quylt djnh ngay 30/8/2003, khoan 2 Phu luc Hiep djnh TRIPS.
' ' Thdng bao se dugc lam mdt each cdng khai, cd hieu lire (cd gia trj) bdi Tdng thu ky ciia WTO thdng qua mdt trang web ciia WTO dugc danh rieng cho Quyet dinh nay.
pham theo mdt trong nhiing each thirc dugc thiet lap trong phan Phu luc ciia Quyet dinh ngay 30/8/2003 (duge xac nhan lai trong Phu luc Hiep dinh TRIPS). Yeu eau nay khdng dat ra ddi vdi thanh vien la qudc gia kem phat trien.
- Xac nhan rang, viec cap hay cd y dinh cap li-xang bat budc ddi vdi mdt san pham dugc da dugc bao hd sang che tai thi trudng ndi dia ciia thanh vien nay phai phii hgp vdi Dieu 31 eiia Hiep dinh TRIPS va nhirng quy dinh cua Quylt dinh ngay 30/8/2008 (dugc khang dinh lai trong Phu luc ciia Hiep dinh TRIPS).
Thic heu, li-xang bat bugc dugc cap bdi thanh vien xuat khau phai chua dung nhiing dieu kien sau day'*":
Mdt la, chi vdi sd lugng can thiet nham dap iing nhu cau ciia thanli vien cd dii dieu kien nhap khau \'a toan bd san pham nay phai dugc xuat khau den thanh vien da thdng bao nhu cau ciia minh tdi Hdi ddng TRIPS.
Yeu cau nay dugc dua ra nham tranh tinh trang lam dung li-xang bat budc de san xuat qua nhu cau can thiet nham muc dich thuang mai hay cac muc dich khac.
Hai la. san pham dugc san xuat theo li- xang bat budc phai duge nhan biet mdt each rd rang la san pham dugc san xuat theo co che duge thiet lap thdng qua nhan hieu hay dau hieu cu the. Muc dich ciia viec dua ra yeu cau nay la nham xac dinh duge san pham trong trudng hgp ed sir chech hudng sang thi trudng khac vdi thi trudng yeu cau va xa ban la nham bao dam viec sir dung ea che chi nham giai quyet eae van de sire khoe cdng ddng tai cac qudc gia thanh vien khdng cd hoac khdng dii nang lire san xuat dugc pham chir khdng nham muc dich thuong mai hay phat trien cdng nghiep qudc gia. Quyet dinh va Nghi dinh thu sira ddi Hiep dinh TRIPS deu khdng dua ra bat eir quy dinh nao ve cac dau hieu can cd, do dd, cac nha cung cap san
pham hoan toan cd quyen quyet dinh trong viec lira chgn cae diu hieu nay.
Ben canh yeu ciu san pham phai cd dau bieu de xac dinh duge, Quyet dinh va Nghj dinh thu sira ddi Hiep dinh TRIPS edn yeu cau san pham cin phai dugc phan biet thdng qua each ddng gdi cu the va/hoac mau sac/hinh dang cu thi ciia nhirng san pham nay. Sir phan biet can mang tinh kha thi va khdng tac ddng dang ke len gia san pham.
Ba la, trudc khi viec giri hang len tau dugc bat dau, ngudi dugc cap li-xang phai thdng bao len website'*' thdng tin sau day:
- Sd lugng san pham dugc cung cap den mdi dia diem dugc chi dan trong don dat hang;
- Nhiing dae diem phan biet ciia san pham dugc chi dan trong dan dat hang.
Thic ba, thanh vien xuat khau can thdng bao cho Hgi ddng TRIPS ve viec cap li-xang cudng buc bao gdm cac dieu kien kem theo.
Cac thdng tin can cung cap bao gdm ten va dia chi ciia ngudi duge cap li-xang cudng buc, san pham duge cap li-xang cudng birc, sd lugng san pham duge san xuat theo li- xang cudng birc. Thdng bao cung can chi ro thdi ban cd hieu lire ciia li-xang cudng hire ciing nhu ten ciia qudc gia ma san pham dugc xuat khau tdi'*".
Cung nhu ddi vdi tat ca cae li-xang cudng birc, khi cap li-xang cudng hire theo ea ehe tren, ngudi nam ddc quyen sang che phai duge den bii thda dang theo gia tri kinh te ciia viec sir dung theo Dieu 31(h) cua Hiep dinh TRIPS.
De dam bao nhiing san pham dugc nhap khau theo li-xang cudng birc dugc sir dung chi cho nhiing muc dich vi sire khde cdng ddng, nhung thanh vien dii dieu kien nhap
Dugc quy djnh tai khoan 2 diem b Quyet djnh ngay 30'8/2003 va khoan 2 Phu luc Hiep djnh TRIPS.
•^' Ngudi dupc cip li-xang cd the sir dung website rieng ciia hp cho muc dich nay hoac vai sir giup da ciia Tdng thu ky WTO, tren trang web ciia WTO dugc danh rieng cho Quyet djnh nay.
•*" Dugc quy djnh tai khoan 2 diem c Quylt djnh ngay 30/8/2003 va khoan 2 Phu luc cua Hiep djnh TRIPS.
PHAP LUAT QUOC TE VE ...
khau phai thuc hien nhirng bien phap phii hgp vdi kha nang kinh te ciia hg, tuang xung vdi nhirng kha nang quan ly hanh chinh va can nhac den mire do riii ro ciia su chech hudng thuang mai de ngan chan sir tai xuit khau nhirng san pham ma tren thue tl da dugc nhap khau vao lanh thd ciia hg theo dung ca che tren.
4. C a hoi va thach thiic doi voi Viet Nam khi van dung cac quy djnh ciia phap luat quoc tl vl BBCGQSDSC
4.1. Quy djnh vl BBCGQSDSC trong cac van ban phap luat qudc te tren da mang lai rat nhieu ca hdi cho Viet Nam ciing nhu cac nudc dang va kem phat trien khac vi:
Thir nhdt, cae dieu ude qudc te da chinh thirc thira nhan quyen eua cac qudc gia thanh vien trong viec BBCGQSDSC, tao ca sd phap ly vQng chac cho cac qudc gia trong viec dieu ehinh phap ly ciing nhu sir dung cac quy dinh nay. Sir thira nhan ve mat phap ly qudc te van de nay cd y nghTa rat quan trgng. Nhu da phan tich, trong qua trinh dam phan Cdng ude Paris va Hiep dinh TRIPS, BBCGQSDSC la vin dl gay tranh cai nhilu nhat. Chinh vi vay, trong ca hai dieu ude qudc te tren, trong phien ban dau tien deu khdng true tiep quy dinh ve BBCGQSDSC.
De dat dugc su thira nhan qudc te ve quyen eiia cac qudc gia trong BBCGQSDSC la ca mdt qua trinh dam phan qudc te lau dai.
Cimg cin nhin manh, BBCGQSDSC la mgt trong nhiing trudng hgp ban che quyen ciia CSH sang che nhung lai cd anh hudng to ldn khdng chi den ngudi nam ddc quyen sang che ma cdn den ea he thdng phap luat SHTT, den sir phat trien kinh te, xa hdi nen viec thira nhan quyen cua cac qudc gia thanh vien trong viec BBCGQSDSC tir phia phap luat qudc te la het sire quan trgng.
Thir hai, cae quy dinh trong cac dieu irdc qudc te ve cae can cir BBCGQSDSC chi la cac quy dinh khung mang tinh dinh hudng ma khdng cd bat eir gidi ban nao ddi vdi phap luat ciia cac qudc gia thanh vien. Do
dd, cae nudc thanh vien cd quyen tu do xac dinh cac can cir BBCGQSDSC phii hgp vdi thue tien ciia nudc minh. Day la ca hdi rat ldn cho Viet Nam ndi rieng, cac nudc dang va kem phat trien ndi ehung trong viec BBCGQSDSC, dac biet trong nhirng trudng hgp nham phuc vu lgi ich cdng cdng, phi thuang mai, phuc vu an ninh qudc phdng, phdng, chira benh cho nhan dan.
Thir ba, neu dugc sir dung hieu qua, BBCGQSDSC mang lai rat nhieu lgi ieh eho cac nudc, trong dd ed cae nude dang va kem phat trien. BBCGQSDSC duge eoi la cdng cu quan trgng nham giai quyet cac tac ddng tieu cue tir viec bao hg quyen SHTT. Chiing ta can nhin nhan tinh hai mat ciia viec bao hd quyen SHTT. O mat tich cue, bao hd quyen SHTT nham khuyen khich sir sang tao, tao ddng lire phat trien kinh te - xa hdi mdt each ben virng, tao dugc mdi trudng kinh doanh lanh manh. Tuy nhien, viec bao hd quyen SHTT cd nhirng tac ddng tieu cue den kha nang tiep can cac ddi tugng SHTT dugc bao hd, vi de tiep can ddi tugng nay cd the phai tra phi rat cao, dac biet ddi vdi cac nudc dang va kem phat trien thi day la mdt khd khan ldn. Han nira, do chenh lech ve trinh do phat trien khoa hgc, ky thuat va tiem nang tai chinh nen phan ldn cac sang che quan trgng thudc ve cdng dan, phap nhan ciia cac nudc phat trien. Dieu nay cang gdp phan lam tang khoang each giau ngheo giira cac nudc phat trien va cac nude dang, kem phat trien. Trong trudng hgp nay, BBCGQSDSC cd tbi dugc sir dung nhu mdt cdng eu quan trgng trong viec giai quyet cac tac ddng tieu cue cua viec bao hd sang che, dac biet trong cac ITnh vue dugc pham hay dinh dudng cho nhan dan vi:
- BBCGQSDSC cd thi dugc coi nhu la mdt cdng cu hiru hieu nham dam bao can bing lgi ich khdng chi ciia chii SHTT vdi lgi ich xa hgi, lgi ich ciia Nha nude ma con giup can bang lgi ieh giila cac nudc cd dieu kien kinh tl, xa hdi khac nhau;
- BBCGQSDSC la cdng cu hiru hieu de kiem soat su lam dung doe quyen ciia ngudi nam dgc quyen sang che, tang kha nang canh tranh cho san pham va la cdng cu de duy tri mgt mdi trudng canh tranh lanh manh giira cae ddi thii canh tranh.
- BBCGQSDSC la cdng eu thuc diy viec chuyen giao cdng nghe qua cac hgp ddng chuyen giao tu nguyen.
4.2. Nghien cim thuc tien cho thay, cae nudc phat trien la nhirng nude ed be day kinh nghiem trong viec sir dung li-xang cudng birc va phan ldn sd lugng li-xang cudng birc dugc cap d nhirng qudc gia nay chir khdng phai la d cac nude dang hoac kem phat trien'*^ Trong khi dd, tai cac nude dang va kem phat trien, sd lugng li-xang cudng birc dugc cap cdn rat ban che. Chi cd mdt sd nudc da cap li-xang bat bugc nhu Zimbabwe nam 2002 (tinh trang khan cap qudc gia), Malyasia nam 2003 (sir dung Chinh phii), Mozambique nam 2004 (tinh
Vi du tai Canada, ttr nam 1935 din nam 1970, 53 don yeu cau cap li-xang bat bupc da dugc giri den ca quan cd tham quyen theo Phan 65 cua Dao luat sang che tren ca sa sang che khong dugc sir dung hoac chii sd hiru sang che tir chdi ky hgp dong li-xang tu nguyen. Tir nam 1970 den 1989, cd 43 dan xin cap li- xang bat budc theo Phan 65 ndi tren, 6 trong sd dd da dugc cap li-xang cuang birc, 6 don bj tir chdi, 25 dan da dugc riit hoac coi la bj bd rai (trong sd do, 4 trudng hgp da thoa thuan ky ket dugc hgp ddng li- xang tu nguyen. Vao nam 1969, Luat Sang che ciia Canada da dugc sira ddi va cho phep cap li-xang bat budc ddi vdi cac dugc pham quan trgng. Tir nam 1969 den nam 1992, cd 1.030 dan yeu ciu cip li- xang bat budc lien quan den nhap khau hoac san xuit dugc pham, va li-xang bit bupc da dugc cip trong 613 trudng hgp.
Tai Hoa Ky, li-xang bat bupc khdng dugc dilu chinh bdi Luat SHTT ma dugc dilu chinh bdi Luat Chdng ddc quyen. Can cir theo Luat Chdng ddc quyen, li-xang bat budc da dugc cip trong rit nhilu trudng hgp. Rieng trong trudng hgp ciia Hiep hpi cac nha san xuat may bay Hoa Ky da cd khoang 1.500 bang sang che da chuyen giao quyen sir dung theo li- xSng cuang birc (Xem Correa, Carlos M., Intellectual Property Rights and The Use of Compulsory Licenses, tldd).
trang khan cip qudc gia), Zambia nam 2004 (tinh trang khin cip qudc gia), Indonesia nam 2004 (sir dung Chinh phii), Ghana nam 2005 (su dung Chinh phii). Thai Lan nam 2006, 2007, 2008 (sir dung Chinh phu)''\
Nhieu qude gia trong dd ed Viet Nam chua cap mdt li-xang cudng buc nao ddi vdi sang che, mac dii cac nudc dang va kem phat trien dang phai ddi mat vdi rat nhieu cac van de xa hdi nhu cac dai dich benh trong khi gia thudc vugt qua kha nang chi tra ciia da so ngudi dan, nan ddi ngheo trong khi gia cac thuc pham dinh duang cdn rat cao. Trong khi dd, cac nudc dang va kem phat trien chiu rat nhieu sire ep ve bao hd quyen SHTT tu cac nudc phat trien. Dieu nay cho thay, mac dii quy dinh ciia dieu ude qudc te ve BBCGQSDSC da dem den eho cac nudc dang va kem phat trien rat nhieu ca hgi nhung de van dung cd hieu qua cac quy dinh dd lai la thach thirc ldn vdi cae nudc nay vi cac ly do sau:
Thir nhdt, day la ITnh vuc mdi ddi vdi cac nudc dang va kem phat trien, cac nudc nay thieu kinh nghiem khdng chi trong viec dieu chinh phap luat ma cdn trong viec van hanh cd hieu qua cac quy dinh ve BBCGQSDSC. Vi du tai Viet Nam, chiing ta chi mdi dimg lai d viec ndi luat hda quy dinh ciia Hiep dinh TRIPS, Cdng ude Paris va phap luat trong nudc chir chua van dung mot each linh boat va manh me ban cae quy dinh nay. Mac dii quy dinh ciia phap luat Viet Nam hien hanh vl BBCGQSDSC da cd mgt sir phat trien manh me so vdi quy dinh ciia Bd luat Dan su 1995 va Nghi dinh 63/CP quy dinh chi tiet ve sd hilu cdng nghiep nhung van cdn bdc Id kha nhieu vudng mac, bat cap.
Thir hai, Viet Nam ciing nhu cae nudc dang va kem phat trien thieu ngudn nhan lire cd chuyen mdn sau ve ITnh vuc nay. Ngudn nhan lire thieu hut khdng chi tir cac ca quan
(Xem tiep trang 65) ''*' Word Health Organization, Briefing Note Access to Medicines, February 2008.
VE MOT SO YEU TO CUA ...
va mdi trudng de thdng nhit viec quan ly he thdng dang ky va thdng tin dit dai.
Ddi vdi Viet Nam, nhan thirc van de ca ban nay se giiip chung ta cd dugc cai nhin tdng quat ve he thdng dang ky dat dai, xac dinh nhirng muc tieu ban dau dinh hudng cho viec cai each he thdng dang ky dat dai tren phuang dien phap ly lan phuang dien ky thuat. Nd cho thay viec cai each can duge
tiln hanh khdng chi ddi vdi rieng bd may, thii tyc dang ky dit dai, hoac chi ddi vdi viec ung dyng cdng nghe thdng tin vao boat dgng dang ky, ma cdn phai dugc thyc hien ddng bd vdi cai each cae boat dgng lien quan nhu quy hoach sir dyng dat va dinh gia bat ddng san nhim dam bao tinh day dii va sy lien ket, hd trg lan nhau ciia thdng tin dat dai sau khi dang ky.
(Tiip theo trang 48 - Phdp ludt quoc te vi ...)
cd tham quyen ra quyet dinh BBCGQSDSC ma cdn tir ca quan tu phap trong viec xem xet lai cac quyet dinh BBCGQSDSC hoac quyet dinh ve khoan tien den bii khi cd khieu nai.
Thir ba, chinh sach ve SHTT ciia cac nude phat trien nhu Hoa Ky va EU ciing la van de ma Viet Nam va cac nudc dang phat trien can can nhac khi ra quyet dinh BBCGQSDSC. Vi du, theo Luat Thuang mai nam 2002 eiia Hoa Ky, nguyen tac thuang lugng cac myc tieu chinh ciia Hoa Ky ve SHTT la de thiie day ban nira viec bao ve day dii va cd hieu qua quyen SHTT, va dam bao cac quy dinh ciia bat ky thda ihuan thuang mai da phuang hay song phuang ve quyen SHTT dugc Hoa Ky ky ket, tham gia phai phan anh tieu chuan bao hd tuang tu nhu trong luat phap ciia Hoa Ky;
qui dinh viec thirc thi manh me quyen SHTT nhanh chdng, hieu qua thdng qua ca che dan sy, hanh chinh, hinh su"*^. Trong Bao cao dae
biet 301 nam 2004, dai dien thuang mai ciia Hoa Ky tuyen bd rang: "Hoa Ky cam ket mdt chinh sach thiic day tang cudng bao ve sd hiru tri tue" va thdng qua khudn khd thda thuan FTA va thuang mai, dau tu (TIFAs) nham tim kiem "trinh do cao ban ve bao ve SHTT trong mdt sd ITnh vyc thudc Hiep dinh TRIPS ''^' Dilu nay cho thay, trong quan he thuang mai vdi Hoa Ky, viec van dyng quy dinh ciia Hiep dinh TRIPS ve li-xang cudng birc khdng phai la van de de dang.
Thir tir, trinh do phat trien khoa bgc kT thuat d cac nudc dang va kem phat trien Cling la thach thirc ldn trong viec van dyng cd hieu qua cac quy dinh ciia dieu ude qudc te ve viec cap li-xang cudng birc. Viec cap li-xang cudng buc khdng bao gdm viec chuyen giao cac kT thuat hoac bi mat thuang mai, do dd, neu trinh do phat trien khoa hge kT thuat d nude cap li-xang cudng birc chua dii de cd the san xuat san pham thi viec cap li-xang khdng mang lai hieu qua.
*'' Musungu, Sisule F. and Oh, Cecilia, Tlie Use Of Flexibilities In Trips By Developing Countries, tldd.
""' Musungu, Sisule F. and Oh, Cecilia, The Use Of Flexibilities In Trips By Developing Countries, lldd.
