Thong tin khoa hpc c6ng nghe m o
mti DUNG TIN HOC PHAN TlCH TINH TOAN ON DjNH BOT MO LO THIEN
Analyzing pit slope stability is complicated and time-cause work, as it includes defining geological and geotechnical model, selecting methods of analysis, giving variants, especially in discontinuous media like rock mass. The paper introduces application of professional software to model the geology, creating geological section, analyzing pit slope stability for coal pit in Quang Ninh, with the results as rapid and right answers.
PGS TS. Kieu KIM TROC T$p doin CN Than - Khoing sin Vi$t Nam
Biin t$p: TS. Lwu Van Th\pc
1. Tdng quan v l phan tich, tinh toan do I n djnh bo* mo lp thien
Cong tac nghien cuu, thiet ke va phan tich tinh toan dg on djnh b6' mo bat dau theo cac buo'c sau: 1. Phan vung khu vyc bo* mo theo tinh ding nhIt tuang doi v l c l u true dja chit. 2.
Xay dyng mat cat dja chat vai vigc xac (^nh c l u true (^a chit va hinh dang bd' mo; 3. Xac djnh tinh chit ca ly va biln dang dIt da; 4. Xac djnh dieu kien thuy van tung khu vyc; 5. Phan tich, tinh toan (hay danh gia) on <^nh ba ting, nhom tang va toSn bg b6' mo theo cac mat truyt tilm nSng, 6. Dua ra cac bign phap dam bao on dinh ba mo hyp ly, k l ca dilu chinh hinh dang b6' ting, b6' mo va lap lai cac tinh toan tren cho den khi dam bao on djnh theo yeu c l u .
Thiet k l b6 mo la qua trinh xay dyng hinh hgc va tinh toan on djnh lien tyc vdi nhilu phep thu va lya chpn, c6 khoi luang cong vigc lan.
Theo quan diem dan gian v l ca hgc. I n djnh bo" mo la ti s6 giCra sue b i n d I t da truac ung suit trong bd- mo, duyc phan tich, tinh toan th6ng qua vigc xac tSnh he s6 on (^nh n (hay he so dy tru' n, hg so an toan F - Factor of Safety) cua cac khii tnj'yt dy doan.
Ly thuylt dau tien y l trang thai can bing gi6'i han moi tru6'ng rai dang huo-ng duac Colomb dua ra tCr t h i ky 18 (theory of general limit equi- librium), liic d6, coi mat trugl la mat phang. Cac tac gia khac sau d6 phat trien d l i vo'i cac mat yeu dang cong, dang gap khuc trong moi truang khong lien tyc, bat dong nhIt, m6i truo'ng lien kit c6 ma sat nhu m6i truo'ng dat da vai nhilu phuang phap tinh to^n khac nhau. Ben canh do, do sy phat trien nhanh chong cua ky thuat tinh toan, huo-ng nghien CCKU dya tren ly thuylt Phan tu hi/u han (The Finite Element Method) cung duac phat trien manh me. Phuang phap Phan
t u hij-u han thuo'ng duyc dung trong cac bai toan ca hgc (ca hgc k i t cau, ca hgc m6i tru6ng lien tyc) d l xac djnh trud'ng ung suit v^ biln dang cua v|t the.
Tuy nhien, vai tinh d| huang cua moi tnj'ang khong lien tyc nhy dIt da mo thi hudng nghien cuu theo ly thuylt Can bang giai han vIn c6 nhieu Crng dyng thyc te han.
Dilu kign ca ban can bang giai han theo mpt dign tich bit ky trong mai doc dIt da mo c6 dang;
T = F(ON). (1) Trong do: T va ON - ung suit tilp tuyin va phap tuyIn theo dien tich da cho.
Trong mai doc dong nhIt, dign tich mat irirqit dan vj xult hign tip chieu sau:
^ M " 0 -^"^ i 45=
- ! ) • (2) Trong m l i doc khong dong nhIt, chung xult hi$n vo'i ilpng suit;
CT, = o, = 2 C c t g ( 4 5 ° - - j , K O / c m 2 (3) Trong do: ao - Dp ben n i n dIt d l don toic, KG/em'; C - Lu'c dinh k i t dIt da; qj - Goc ma sat trong cua dat d l , dg; y - Trgng lugng dgn vj khoi lugng dat d l (trgng lugng the tich), tan/ m^.
BO b i n v l dilu ki^n the nim cua dIt da, hugng mat y l u t y nhien 16'n trong khoi dIt da tugng doi vgi du'o'ng phugng m l i doc quylt dinh d i e diem bien d?ng bg mo lp thien, hinh d^ng m|t topgt dip kiln v l vi$c lua chpn so do tinh toln dp on djnh cua chung.
C i c phugng phIp tinh toln dya tren 19 thuylt eIn bang gio'i han dygc phin biet phy thupc vIo huong canh ranh gloi cua elc khIi (bloc) tinh tolr. cac Iyc v l phygng phIp ting hgp Iyc cua Chung. Ngyo'i ta thygng phin bl$t hai phygng
KHCNM SO 6/20l6> CNKT LQ THIEN
Chao m y n g 91 nam Ngay Bao chi Cach mang Viet Nam
/H ,.
Hinh 1. Tdng dai s6 cic luc giO vi luc tntvt theo
phap chinh sau d l y [9]:
1. Phteang phap rJai so tuyen tinh (cgng dai si) dya tren tong d^i so elc Iyc giy v l Iyc trygt thep m|t tnj'gt y l u nhIt (hinh 1).
Khi dp nhyng Iyc sau dygc dya vIo tinh toln:
M, 7 / - tygng yng thanh phin phIp tuyen v l tilp tuyIn cua trpng lygng bloc dygc tinh;
Nl = P, cos j,; Tf = Pi sin jr,
Dl - Ap Iyc thuy tinh, hygng cua n6vu6ngg6c vgi day bloc tinh toan v l bang tich g i l trj trung binh I p Iyc thuy tinh yslos vgi chilu d l i phin bloc nglp nyo'c I'l.
Di = TBHt,iil'i,Mpa (4) Trong d6:
y.g.p, = y / ' ' - ; ' ' ' " . (=) FTI - Iyc chIng cat (truyt) theo day bloc:
F-n = Nitgcpi + CI,, KG/cm^ (6) Trong d6: (pi, Ci - c^c chitieu tinh to^n dp ben dIt da.
Phuang phap can bing chung duyc xac djnh la higu so cac Iyc giO va cac Iyc tnjyt theo mat truyt y l u nhIt, theo phuang phap cgng dai so cac Iyc CO dang:
AJ = z [(A', - £',)tgtp, + C/, - T\ , (7) Neu nhu theo mat tru-yt yeu nhIt higu so cac Iyc giu' va Iyc tru-yt AT bang khong, thi khIi b6' mo a trang thai c3n bang gio-i han.
Hg s6 dy tru' on d\nh suan doc n theo phuang phap cgng dai so cac Iyc duyc xac d\r\h cho mat truyt yeu nhIt theo cong thi>c :
Hinh 2. So dd da giic luc I Li/c tic dung len khii dit di; b. Da giic li^.
Phuang phap cgng dai so c6 the duyc su dung, neu nhu mat tm-yt yeu nhIt c6 dgng mat cong tran deu. Phuang phap nay khong tinh phan Iyc giua cac bloc va coi rang, lang try truyt bien dgng nhu la mot khoi dong nhlt. Dilu nSy chung to rang hg so an toan duyc tinh bang phuang phap cdng dai so nho han thyc t l , muc dg kh6ng phu hyp nay phu thudc vao chieu cao sud-n doc, goc d i e cua no va g6c ma sat trong cua dIt da, va sai so c6 t h i t u 3% d i n 20%. Khi chieu cao suo-n d i e kh6ng lan (duai 100m) va gia tri goc ngi ma sat khong 16'n (cp < 200) phuang phap nay cho ket qua du tin cay.
2. Phuung phap tong hop hon di danh gia d0 on djnh bo mo, mai doc trong dieu ki$n dja chat mo thuv te la phmyng phap d^i so vec to I{K (phuang phap da giac Iyc), c6 tinh d i n phan Iyc giij'a cac bloc, ma cac bloc nay duyc phan chia trong lang try truyt theo dau higu dja chit kT thuat cu t h i . Khi tinh toan bang phuang phap da giac Iyc, dp chinh xac tinh toan phy thugc vao vi tri ranh giai giua cac bloc va huo'ng cac phan Iyc giu'a chung. Dp chinh xac day du cua cac tinh toan dat duyc khi ma bien gio'i gJOa cac bloc tuang ty vj tri hg mat truyt thu hai, trong tinh toan bang phuang phap trgng thai ung suit giai han, nghTa la v6'i g6c (90° - <p) so vai hg mat trupl dau ti§n (hinh 2).
Tren ca so' cac nguyen t i c nay, cac tac gia khac nhau phat trien cac phuang phap tinh toan phong phu, nhu phuang phap Bishop cho mat truyt cong, phuang phap Spencer-Wright cho mat truyt da dang, phuang phap Sarma cho mat
mm Q-
KHCNM SO 6/2016* CNKT L O THIENThong tin khoa hoc cong nghe m o
truyt da giac vo-i cac khoi tinh khong chia theo lap dijng va phCrc hyp... [5, 6, 7].
Qua cac trinh bay tren day cho thay cong tac thiet ke, phan tich I n djnh bo- mo la cong vigc phiic tap vai khIi luyng hinh ve va tinh to^n 16'n.
Do do, vigc ung dyng cong nghg thong tin vai cac phin mem chuySn dyng d l giai quyet la lya chpn hyp ly va higu qua, trong do ung dyng cIn khic phyc khau quan trgng va kho khan nhlt la xdy dyng mat cat 3\a chit va tinh toan I n Qinh bamo.
2. T i n g quan v l cac phin m I m dia ky thuat
Cac phin mIm Crng dung trong ITnh vyc dia ky thuat CO the duyc chia ra lam nhilu loai. Neu xet v l tinh dpc lap cua chung thi c6 2 nhdm chinh: Cac phin mem ehuyen sau mgt ITnh vyc ehuyen mon hoac cac phan mIm tich hyp da chi>e nang cua nhilu ITnh vyc ehuyen mon. Xet v l tinh ehuyen mon cua chung thi c6 cac phin mIm fdiao sat ^ a chat, phan mIm tinh toan on
^ n h mai doc, phan mIm moi tord-ng, phin mIm m6 hinh h6a, phin mem xay dyng ca so' dO"
ligu...
Hien nay, da c6 nhieu phin mIm ung dyng trdn t h i giai nhu TECHBASE, ROCKWARE.
MAPINFO, SURFER (My), PAMAP (Canada), MINEMAP (Australia)... ii§n quan d i n <^a ky thuat. Chung c6 nhung chuc nang gilng va khac nhau, va cung the hign nhu-ng diem manh yeu khac nhau, ke ca gia ca.
Phin mIm TECHBASE c6 nhilu chuc nang nhu lap m6 hinh 3 chieu, ve cac loai do thj, phan tich , thong ke, thilt ke mo, v6'i ca so" die ligu 16'n hang ti diem, c6 toe dO xu Ii nhanh, dong thd'i cho phep tinh on ^(nh ba mo theo phuang phap Iyc nIm ngang Log Angeles County. TECH- BASE la phan mIm tich hyp da chuc nang nen CO gia thuang mai trong pham vi rgng; Phan mIm ROCKWORK r i t phu hyp vai cong tac khao sat dia chit, trac dja vi duyc thiet ke ehuyen dyng cho ITnh vyc nay. Trong nhilu chuc nang cua n6, phai k l den truy nhap du li^u khao sat trac dja, tinh toa dp diem do, lap mo hinh ve cac dud-ng ding muc, lap ca sa du lieu i^a chit va ve cau taic ^ a chit; Phan mem SiJRFER c6 chCpc nang tign lyi trong lap mo hinh du- ligu 2-3 chilu, ve hien thj eac dud-ng ding tri, tinh khoi
luyng va dac bigt rIt linh hoat vd c6 giao dign th^n thign vai nguo-i dung; Phin mini ARCINFO. MAPINFO, ARCGIS Id he qu^n tri thdng tin d\a ly GIS cho phep quan ly, phSn tich, xu ly thong tin khong gian va phi khdng gtan (si ligu, tinh chit, thong ke...), lap ca sa du ligu cho nhilu lap thong tin va hiln thi linh hoat. ChCing CO t h i duyc tich hyp vd h6 try s6 hda xay dyng m$t elt trong chuyin ddi d l hga giua cac phin m i m tinh toan. CAc phin mem tinh toan I n d^nh mai d i e rieng bigt eon eo GEOSLOPE cua Canada, SLIDE cua My, GALENA cua Aus- tralia... vai nhieu phuang phap tinh todn phong phCi.
Trong khu6n k h i bai bao, dudi day la trinh bay nguyen tac, phuang phap va mgt so kit qua xy ly di> li0u ve xay dyng mat elt, hiln thj mo hinh 3D, trnh toan on i^nh ba md vai vigc ung dyng cac phin mIm Surpac, GeoLynx, Mapinfo vd Galena.
3. Xay du*ng mat e l t dja chit
Cac phin mIm tinh toan on djnh ba md hign nay su dgng phuang phap edn bang gi6'i han tren ca so- hinh hgc 2 chilu tren ede mgt elt dja chit tai khu vyc c6 dg b i n y l u nhlt.
Cae phin mem (^a ky thuat hign dai cho phep xay dyng m|t eat dja chit nhanh chong, ty dgng vd-i vai thao tac. Tuy nhi§n cdng tac ehuin bj truac do phai day du va chinh xac. Tuc la phai CO duyc cac ca sa va cdng eg nhu: c|p nhat kit qua khao s^t tham d6, xay dyng ca sa du ligu d\a chat, md hinh hda c l u true ^ a chat va t i t ca dyyc luTj giu va tnjy c$p thuan tign.
- Xu Ii so do tham d6 khao sat: May tinh tilp nhan cac so ligu hign truo'ng tCr so do dign \Cf, ban phim, tinh tga dp, ve ban d l , xay dyng eac tai ligu dja chit...
- Xay dyng ca sd' du- ligu (CSDL): Xay dyng cy so- d u lieu (^a chit quan he (relational geo- logical database) la nOi dung quan trgng va e6 y nghTa thiet thyc. Nhap 1 l l n va su dung nhilu lln, xay dyng t u cac phan mIm tich hyp, trong d6, du lieu duyc sap xep thanh eac truang va ban ghi, lien k i t chat che vo'i nhau qua eac bang va tryyng khoa (key field). Chi> "quan hg' (rela- tional) a day the hign tinh lien quan logic va khong gian trong ca so- du li§u. vi du nhu, nlu CO du ligu 1 l5 khoan mdi thi cac mat cat qua do
KHCNM S 6 6/2016* CNKT LO THIEN
Chao mifng 91 nam Ngay Bao chi Cach mang Viet Nam
se t y thay doi, khong t h i c6 16 khoan trung ten nhau, hay cac doan chieu sau khoan tnJng nhau trong 1 Io khoan ...
- Mo hinh hda c l u true khoang sang: Day la khau kho khan va quan trgng nhlt trong i>ng dyng tin hgc, bo'i khIi luyng tinh toan lan vd ti$n ich phong phu. Ding tho'i, day cung la ca sd" cho vi^c phat trien cac Crng dyng khac nhu thilt k l mo, tinh higu qua kinh t l . . . tren mdy tinh mgt each lien hoan va tich hyp. Mo hinh hoa d u li$u bing may tinh dign t u la qua trinh biln d l i tCr tap hyp m l u rg'i rac thanh mgt tap hyp gia tri bang s6 lien tyc. Mang gia trj so nay (an-ay of values) c6 the hien thi bang hinh anh, ban d l , mat cat [3].
Tren ca sa xay dyng m6 hinh c l u tnjc, phin mem cho phep lap cac mat elt b i t ky theo giai han va phuang vj yeu cau. Vi dy duyc minh hga trong tru'6'ng hyp mo Deo Nai, khi da d l y du CSDL vai cac 16 khoan tham dd (hinh 3) [2]., thdng so dja ky thuat, mo hinh dja hinh, bien giai k i t thuc, via than, dut gay... Mat cat dja chat duyc xay dyng dan gian bang each ke 1 net tuyIn tren ban do va khai bao cde thong s i eIn hien thj:
Thyc hign Ignh ve mgt cat dia chat "COM- PUTE > CROSS SECTION" va chgn tuyen b i t ky (vi dy tuyen Eb ngoai cung ben trai, hinh 4) [2]., chpn pham vl anh huyng, m l u sic, gdc d i e vd hien thj tren do cac thdng s i . Id khoan nhu dp sau tnj lap da, dg tro m l u than, phan bd cac via than, dja hinh vd dut g l y kien tac-(hlnh 5).
San phIm nhan duyc la m^t eat tuyIn Eb nhu tr§n hinh 6 [2] vdi edc c l u trCie dut g l y kiln tao, via than, dja hinh cdc nam, k i t thOe PA2 vd k i t thuc khai thac via Day (khac vd'i cac mat cat tnjyen thong, tren m$t cat do may tinh lap ra ban d I u ede lyp d I t da chi the hi§n la nam ngang nhu trge 16 khoan).
4. Tinh toan dn djnh bo* mo
Cac phin mem Geoslope, Slide, Galena hay Roekwork... la cdc phin mIm ehuyen nghigp phan tich tinh toan I n djnh mai doc ddp ung yeu c l u eua nhilu chuySn gia dja ky thuat, trong do Geoslope c6 nhilu chuc nang phong phu, k l ca phuang phap Phin t u hu-u han. Slide su dyng d l dang. Galena thuan tign xay dyng mo hinh d I t da b i t d i n g nhlt... Cac bu6c thyc hign ehinh khi xay dyng mo hinh tinh toan bao gim:
Hinh 3. Dja hinh 3D b& md Dio Nai cOng cic l5
khoan thSm dd. Hinh 4. L$p tuyin mit cit trin dja hinh bd md Ddo Nai vdi cic l5 khoan.
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Hinh 5 Dwa thdng tin cin thiSt vio m$t cit (dia hinh, duigiy. via than, iSkhoan...).
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Hinh 6. Kit qui xiy di/ng m$t cit dia chit bif md (Tuyin Eb. Dio Nai)
ta| ^
KHCNM S 6 6/2016'' CNKT L O THIENThdng tin l<hoa hoc cong ngh^ mo
Hinh 7. Giao di$n vi cic budc thuv hiin lip md hinh, tinh toin 6n dinh bdmd [5].
mat cat m l xlc djnh tga d0 XY phii hgp. D l i vgi mat cat Eb nhy tren thi chpn 1500 v l 2000m.
- Khai bio ten dy I n (Project Title), vi dy "On dinh Bo mo", ten noi dung tinh t o l n (Analysis Title), vi du "Eb tl<" (bg mo thilt k l kit thuc tai - 285m) - (hinh 7, 9, 10).
- X l c djnh tinh chat eg ly d l v i dja chit thuy van (Maternal and Water Properties): Bao gom Iyc dinh kit C (Cohesion), G6e ma s i t trong (Phi). Trgng lygng t h i tich (Weight), Chi so d i n hoi (P.I), H$ so Ru... IVluc Description c6 t h i mo ta elc ddi dia chit lien quan d i n tinh chit eg ly eua ehCing, vi du nhy doi dipt gay Anfa, dipt gay A4, Igp than, dIt d l chung (Rnck general)... Nen chpn hg dgn vj do iyong quic t l SI thong nhlt (chilu dai I I met, gdc I I dg, Iyc tinh la kPa), du h$ do lygng cua My, Anh (inch, radiant...) cung chip nh|n (hinh 8, 9, 10).
- X l c djnh cau true dIt d l (Material Profile):
Nhap elc clu true dja chit nhy elc dyt gay, Igp d l khIc nhau tCr mat cat hinh 6. C6 t h i su dung chCfc nang chuyin doi file do hoa (Graphic Inter- change) d l xult va nhap d l hga, ho|c trich dilm tpa dp elc b l m|t eIn thilt.
- Xac djnh b l mat dia hinh (Slope Surface):
Be m|t dja hinh cCia cle phygng I n khac nhau (3 phygng In) ti> hinh 6 cIn dygc nhap vao m6 hinh tinh toln, tuy nhien, do mat c i t lap kep d l i cho _cl bg tm v l bg vIch, m l phan mem chi tinh dp 6n djnh cho tipng bg nen eIn nhip tCfng dygng dja hinh cua bg vIch, chu y hygng m|t elt giipa elc phin mIm.
- Xac djnh myc nydc nglm (Phreatic Sur- face, Piezometric Surface); Ve dygng dang I p hay b l m|t thuy tTnh trong khIi da bg mo, vgi elc dieu kign thIo kho khac nhau.
Hinh 8 Khai bio cic chl tidu dd bSn ao If di (Tuyin Eb)
Hinh 9. Kit qui tinh 6n dinh bd tiy bio B4o Wat tuyin Eb, Kit thOc mCrc -285m - Xac djnh Iyc t i c dpng (Load&Forces); Dya g i l trj vIo n l u c6 tai trpng cua duo'ng 6t6, nha xyo'ng, dpng dIt... t i c dgng len bg me.
- X l c dinh m|t trygt tilm nang (Failure Sur- face); Dya vIo c l u true dja chit x l c djnh m|t trygt tilm nang, hole chi djnh d l phin mem xlc djnh theo c l e dilu kien cung tm tr6n.
- Xac djnh elc io'p chia khoi Sarma, khe nW (Sarma Slice, Tension Crack).
- X l c djnh d o Crng suit tygng ho nlu c6 (Multiple Analysis Strain).
- Chpn phygng phIp tinh toln I n djnh (Analysis Method); chgn mpt trgng c l e phygng phIp Bishop, Spencer-Wright hole Sarma cho c i c d?ng mat trygt khIc nhau.
- Tinh ngyge tim e l c th6ng s i eg ly da nhu C, Phi (Back Analysis); Si} dgng Ignh nly trong tryo'ng hgp tinh ngyge x l c djnh tinh chit eg \i d l trong trgng t h i i c I n bang gigi hgn.
- Chgn cya s6 t h i hi$n khi lyu hinh ve (Image Windows).
- Ghi ehCi bien t i p (Anotation); Biln t i p , sogn thao c i c ghi chu c l n thilt.
n KHCNM S 6 6/2016' CNKT L p THIEN
Chao mCrng 91 nam Ngay Bao chi Cach mang Viet Nam
oiai^iHioiijiaarrzai •fiiMm^m£mM\ eliatciidseiS) djUrrtal -i-i-j jfl itUil sisl^
Hinh 10. Kit qui tinh 6n dinh bir tiy 63c BSo Nai, tuyin Eb mdc 7Sm vi 150m - Thyc hign c l e tinh t o l n mgi (New Analysis);
Chi djnh elc noi dung tinh t o l n moi, hgic eo thay doi khai bio.
- Th6ng b i o hoan thien l|p m6 hinh (Model Definition Complete): K i t thuc phin lap mo hinh tinh toln.
- Thyc hien tinh t o l n (Proccess); Tinh t o l n x l c djnh hg so I n djnh n.
- Hiln thj k i t qua (Result); Xem ket qua tinh toln ting hgp hole chi t i l t (hinh 9,10).
Kit qua tinh toln cho t h I y bo' mo thilt k l K i t thuc khai thic via Dly mipc -285m khong on iflnh (n = 0,97), bo' mo thiet k l K i t thuc khai thac via G rniic 75m I n djnh (n = 1,38), v l bg mo hign trang myc 150m biln dang a myc do c l n bang gio'i hgn (n = 1).
Kit q u i tren d l y chi I I mpt trong s i rIt nhieu phep chpn tinh t o l n khIc nhau nhyng e6 g i l trj I n djnh be nhat. D l y chinh I I tinh yu vigt cua cdng nghe thong tin khi d i ding thay d l i elc lya chpn v l phin tich k i t q u i . Tren co sg d6, tiep tuc dilu chinh thilt k l hinh dang v l elc bign phIp dim bao I n djnh bo' mo t l i yu./.
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KHCNM S 6 6/2016' CNKT LO THIEN