NGHIEN CVU - TMO DOI
SUY NGAM VE NHUNG KHAI NIEM CAN DUOC GHI NHAN V l MAT LAP PHiiP TRONG
PHAP LUAT HlNH SU VIET NAM 1U0NG u u '
L £ VAN CAM**
Tom tat: TVong bai viet ndy, tac gia trinh bdy ket qua nghiSn cihi vd dua ra nhung dinh nghia phdp ly ciia cdc khai niem (thudt ngir) vl mat lap phdp ein da^c ghi nhan trong cdc quy dinh tmrag ihig theo 04 che djnh Ion: T$i pham, trach nhi^m hinh su, cdc bifn phdp cufing che hinh sw, cac hiin phdp tha miln trong l|p phdp hinh su Vi^t Nam tvong lai (tii-c sau phdp dien hoa lan thu tu).
Tie khoa: Toi phgm; cdc bien phdp cuang che hinh su; cdc bien phdp tham mien;
trdch nhiem hinh su; hdnh viphgm toi.
Ngdy nhgn bdi: 20/9/2018; ngdy bien tap xong: 10/10/2018; ngdy duyet bdi:
02/11/2018.
A. DAT VAN DE
1. Nhu chung ta da biet viec ghi nhan nhung dinh nghia phdp ly - DNPL (cdn gpi la sy giai thich ve mat lap phap) cita cac khdi niem (thuat ngie) tuong iing vdi cac che dinh ldn frong Phdn chung phap ludt hinh sy (PLHS) thuc dinh ciia mdt Nha nude la mpt van de rpng ldn da dgng, phiic tgp vi nd cd rit nhieu quan dilm (y kien) khac nhau vi cd phgm vi rpng ldn. Nen trudc mat, khi phdp dien hda ldn thii tu theo ehiing tdi nha lam ludt edn xay dung nhirng DNPL (gidi thich) tuong iing theo 04 ehl dinh l&n da dugc thira nhdn chung
sau day cua PLHS thuc dinh la: 1) Tdi pham; 2) Trdch nhiem hinh sy (TNHS); 3) Cac bien phdp cudng che hinh sy va; 4) Cac bien phap tha mien (BPTM).
2. Dac biet, frong de xuat dudi day cd 03 dilm ein luu y la ddi vdi mdi khdi niem
*Bii viet niy dum thwc hien tren ca s& Di tii nghiin c(eu khoa hoc cip Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Ngi (Ma s6: QG17.49) cua Dai hoc Quoc gia Hi Ngi do Giao sw, Tien sT khoa hoc Le Vin Cam chu tri.
**Giio sw, Tien sT khoa hoc, Khoa Luit tnjc thuQC Dai hoc Quoc gia Hi Noi.
So 22 (thang 11/2018) \
Tap chi _KIEM SAT I 2 7
NGHIEN Cmi - THAO DOI
{thuat ngie) nhan dugc sy giai thich ve mat lap phap thi: 1) Chi nhung tir nao dugc vilt bing font chir Times New Roman (va in nghieng) thi mdi dugc coi la thude ve noi hdm cua DNPL vl khdi niem (thuat ngir) tuong iing; 2) Cdn nhung tir nao eiing dugc vilt bdng font chir bang font chir Times New Roman (vd dugc in dieng) vd dit d ngoai hay d frong diu ngoac dan ( ) thi chi la nham mue dich giai nghia hoac binh ludn dl lam cho rd hem ma duang nhien khong thupc ve noi hdm cua DNPL vl khdi niem (thuat ngii) tuong iing.
3. Tuy nhien, dudi ddy khi ndi "PLHS cam" hay "trdi PLHS" la chi ngu y vl BLHS ndm 2015 hien hdnh; ddng thdi thuat ngir "Phdp nhdn" pham tpi hay bi ket dn theo ngir canh rieng ciia BLHS nam 2015 thi ngy y Id chi ndi din phap nhan thuang mgi "PNTM" vi lam nhu vay la dl bao dam su nhit qudn vdi lugt hinh thirc (vi frong BLTTHS nam 2015 nha lam luat Viet Nam chi quy dinh ngan gpn la "Phdp nhdn" ma sau 02 tir ndy khdng cd thuat ngii
"thuong mgi" nhu teong BLHS). Nhu vay, can cii vao thue tien lap phdp hinh su (LPHS) Viet Nam kit hpp vdi viec nghien ciiu thuc tiln dp dyng PLHS hon 30 nam qua kl tir khi PLHS nude nha da dupe phap dien hda lan thii nhat (vdo nam 1985) din nay, ddng thdi fren co sd cac luan diem eiia khoa hpc lugt hmh su (LHS) (cd tinh din cac tri thiic ciia ngdn ngii hgc Viet Nam) dudi day chiing tdi tam dua ra mpt sd DNPL (gidi thich ve mat lap phap) tuong ling vdi cdc khai niem can dugc ghi nhdn PLHS thyc dinh nude nha tuong iing vdi 04 che dinh Ion da neu cua PLHS (va dugc sap xep theo thii ty timg che dinh nho trong
che dinh ldn ma khong theo thic tu chu cdi ddu tir nhu A, B, C, D, D,...) va; 3) Ky hieu (diu) nggch ngang (—) lien sau timg thuat ngir (khdi nidm) thi dugc hilu (bilu thi) ngan ggn cua eae tir "Id", "tuc Id" hoac "co nghia Id". Trir mpt sd DNPL frong BLHS nam 2015 ma vl mat KTLP cd thi dugc coi la dat rdi thi chiing tdi khdng dl cap frong bdi viet ndy nua.
B. N O I D U N G VAN DE
1. Cac khai nifm thude ehl dinh ldn ve t^i ph^m
1. Chii the (Tiiy timg trudng hgp cy thi dugc quy dinh tai Dilu tuong irng frong BLHS nam 2015 d ddy ngu y bao gdm chii thi cd lien quan din tpi pham va TNHS) — cd nhdn (the nhdn) hogc/vd phdp nhdn.
2. T§i pham — hdnh vi nguy hiem cho xd hoi duae quy dinh trong BLHS do cd nhdn nguoi CO ndng luc TNHS vd dd tuoi chiu TNHS thuc hien (bang hdnh dong hoac khong hdnh dong) mpt cdch co loi (co y hogc vd y), xdm phgm den nhirng ca sd cua che do hien dinh, nhdn thdn, cdc quyen vd tu do cua con ngudi vd cua cong ddn, cdc lai ich kinh doanh hap phdp cua phdp nhdn, ding nhu hda binh vd an ninh cua nhdn logi md theo lugt dinh phdi bi xie ly hinh su.
Toi phgm cdn Id hdnh vi nguy hiem cho xd hgi dug^c quy dinh tgi Dieu Bg lugt ndy (tlic Dilu 76 BLHS nam 2015) trong nhung truang hap cu the xdm phgm den mgt so khdch the nhdt dinh cua trat tu qudn ly kinh te, cung nhu moi trudng hogc an todn trgt tyc cong cong do ngudi dgi dien cho phdp nhdn hogc/vd duae phdp nhdn uy quyen da nhdn danh phdp nhdn thuc hien (bang hdnh dgng hogc khong hdnh dong) vi
Tgp chi
2 8 i KIEMSAT_ /So 22 (thang 11/2018)
NGHIEN Cim - THAO DOI
lai ich cua phdp nhdn do, vdi sv chi dgo, dieu hdnh hogc chdp thuan cua phdp nhdn do vd doi voi toi phgm dy vdn con thdi hieu truy euu trdch nhiem hinh sv theo quy dinh cua Bo lugt ndy.
3 . Tinh t^i pham cua hanh vi (blng hanh dpng hogc khdng h m h dpng) — tinh chdt nguy hiem cho xd hgi vd mice dp nguy hiem cho xa hgi cua hdnh vi tuang irng md cdn cu vdo chung hdnh vi do hi PLHS cam.
4. Hanh vi pham tdi (cdn gpi Id "Hanh vi hi PLHS cam" hay "Hdnh vi frai PLHS") - 01 trong 03 (hogc cd 03) hdnh vi nguy hiem cho xd hgi sau ddy dugc quy dinh trong BLHS:
a) Hdnh vi toi phgm hodn thdnh duae quy dinh trong cdu thdnh tgi phgm cu the tgi Phdn rieng;
b) Hdnh vi tgi phgm chua hodn thdnh tuang irng (chudn bi phgm toi, phgm toi chua dgt) duae quy dinh trong Phdn chung;
c) Hdnh vi co y cirng tham gia vdo viec thuc hien tgi phgm do dong phgm duae quy dinh trong Phdn chung.
5. Pham toi (cdn ggi la "Thyc hien tpi pham") — thuc hiin 01 trong 03 (hogc cd 03) hdnh vi nguy hiem cho xd hpi duae quy dinh trong BLHS Id:
a) Hdnh vi phgm tgi hodn thdnh duae quy dinh trong cdu thdnh tgi phgm cu the tgi Phdn rieng;
b) Hdnh vi phgm toi chua hodn thdnh tuang irng (chudn bi phgm tgi, phgm toi chua dgt) duae quy dinh trong Phdn chung;
c) Hdnh vi co y cung tham gia vdo viec thirc hien toi phgm do dong phgm duae quy dinh trong Phdn chung.
6. NguM (ca nhan, the nhdn) pham toi (cdn gpi la "thuc hien tdi phgm", "thyc hien
hanh vi trai PLHS", cdn gpi la "thyc hipn hanh vi hi LHS cam") — ngudi co nang Itic TNHS. du ttidi chiu TNHS vd da co ldi (co y hogc v6 y) trong viec thuc hien 01 trong 03 (hogc cd 03) hdnh vi nguy hiem cho xa hgi dugrc quy dinh trong BLHS Id:
a) Hdnh vi phgm tgi hodn thdnh dugc quy dinh trong cdu thdnh tgi phgm cu the tgi Phdn rieng;
b) Hdnh vi phgm toi chua hodn thdnh tuang ieng (chudn bi phgm tgi, phgm toi chua dgt) dugc quy dinh trong Phdn chung;
c) Hdnh vi co y ciing tham gia vdo viec thifC Men toi phgm do dong phgm dugc quy dinh trong Phdn chung.
7. Phap nhan phfm tdi
7.1. Phuong an I (ngan gpn - dan gidn):
Phap nhdn thuong mai (PNTM) da de cho ngudi dgi dien hogc/vd nguai duae uy quyen ciia phdp nhdn nhdn danh phdp nhdn, vi lai ich cua phdp nhdn vd vdi sie chi dgo, dieu hdnh hogc chdp thuan cua phdp nhdn thuc hien tgi phgm do BLHS quy dinh, 7.2. Phuong dn II (cu the - chi tiet):
Phdp nhdn thuang mgi da de cho ngudi dgi dien hogc (vd) nguoi duae iiy quyen cua minh nhdn danh minh, vi loi ich eua minh vd vdi su chi dgo, dieu hdnh hogc chdp thudn cua minh thuc hien 01 trong 03 (hoac cd 03) hdnh vi nguy hiim cho xa hoi tuang ung vai 01 trong 33 CTTP dwac quy dinh trong BLHS (Phuong an nay khang dinh rd rdng la chi cd 33 CTTP dugc quy dinh tai Dilu 76 BLHS nam 2015 ma phdp nhan phai chiu TNHS).
8. Chuin bi pham t§i — hdnh vi tim kiem, sua sogn cong cu, phuang tiin thuc hien tgi phgm, cUng nhu tim kiim nhirng ngudi ddng phgm, cdu kit vdi nhau hogc co
S622(thang11fl(n8)\
Tap chi _KIEMSAT 1 2 9
NGHIEN CirV - THAO DO!
y tao ra nhirng dieu kiin cdn thiet khde de thuc hiin toi phgm hogc thdnh lap, tham gia nhdm tgi phgm nhung da khong thuc hien duae din ciing vi nhirng nguyin nhdn ngodi y muon ciia ehd the phgm tgi, trie cdc trudng hgp cu thi khi hdnh vi thdnh lap, tham gia nhdm toi phgm cdu thdnh cdc tgi phgm doc lap duae quy dinh tgi cdc dieu tuang ung cua Phdn rieng BLHS.
9. Pham t^i chira dat — hdnh vi cd y de thuc hiin tgi phgm nhung dd khong dugc thuc hiin din cung vi nhirng nguyen nhdn ngodi y muon cua chu thi phgm toi.
10. Tir nguyfn cham dirt toi pham — trudng hgp md trong do mdc du chu thi phgm tgi cd ddy du dieu kien khdch quan di thue hiin dugc tgi phgm den ciing nhieng dd tu minh dinh chi hdnh vi chudn biphgm tgi hogc hdnh vi coy de thuc hiin tgi phgm, tuy khong co gi ngdn cdn.
11. Toi pham hoan thanh — hdnh vi phgm tgi co chua day dii cdc ddu hiiu cua cdu thdnh tgi phgm cu the tuang ung dugc quy dinh trong Phdn riing Bg ludt Hinh su.
12. Tpi pham chua hodn thanh — hdnh vi chudn bi phgm tgi vd phgm tgi chua dgt tuang ieng dugc quy dinh trong Phdn ehung Bg ludt Hinh su.
13. Pham nhieu tpi — khi tgi phgm dugc thuc hiin thuoc 01 trong 03 truang hgp sau ddy vd chu the phgm tgi chua bi xet xu ve toi ndo trong so nhirng toi da phgm: a) Phgm tie 02 tgi trd lin md nhirng toi dy dugc quy dinh tgi cdc dieu khde nhau ciia BLHS; b) Phgm tie 02 tgi tra lin md ddi tugng ciia nhimg tgi dy Id khde nhau vd dugc quy dinh tgi cdc khodn khde nhau trong ciing 01 Dieu cita BLHS; c) Trong cung 01 hdnh vi cd cdc ddu hiiu cua
tie 02 tdi tra lin md nhimg tdi dy dugc quy dinh tgi cdc dieu khde nhau eua BLHS.
14. Pham tpi nhilu lan — th\cc hien tgi phgm tie 02 lan trd lin md cdc tgi dy dugc quy dinh tgi cung 01 Dieu hogc eung 01 khodn cua cung 01 Dieu trong BLHS.
a) Doi vdi nhirng trudng hgp thue hien tgi phgm tie hai ldn -tra len md nhieng toi dy dugc quy dinh tgi cdc diiu khde nhau ciia BLHS, thi chi khi ndo do cdc dieu tuang ieng trong Phdn riing quy dinh mdi phdi bi coi hogc cd thi bi coi la phgm tgi nhieu ldn.
b) Doi vai tgi dugc thuc hien truac ddy md chu thi phgm tgi da dugc mien trdch nhiem hinh su, miin hinh phgt, miin chdp hdnh hinh phgt, xda dn tich hogc dd chdp hdnh xong hinh phgt theo cdc quy dinh cua Bg ludt ndy, thi khong dugc tinh di coi Id phgm tgi nhiiu ldn.
15. Pham tpi co tinh chat chuyen nghiep — phgm toi nhieu ldn nhung co tinh chdt lien tuc vd nhdm mgc dich vu Igi hay Idm gidu bdt chinh md hoat dgng phgm tgi da trd thdnh hi thong vd tao nen nguon thu nhap ca bdn hogc nguon song chu yeu cua chu the phgm tgi.
16. Dong pham — hinh thiec phgm toi do CO y dugc thuc hiin vai sif cd y ciing tham gia eiia tie 02 chu the phgm tgi trd len.
Can luu y rang, dudi gdc dp nhdn thiic khoa hpc cym tir "cd y ciing thuc hien"
teong ca 03 BLHS Viet Nam (1985, 1999 vd gdn ddy nhat la 2015) dudi gdc dp KTLP rd rang la chua chat che ve mat cdu trite, chua chinh xdc ve mat khoa hgc va cung chua phu hpp vdi thyc tien. Vi chi cd teong hinh thuc ddng phgm khdng cd sy thdng muu trudc (don gian), thi tdt cd mai diu Id ngudi thuc hiin tgi phgm. Cdn
Tap chi
JO I KIEM S A T - / S o 22 (thang 1 1 ^ 8 )
NGHIEN CVU - TRAO DOI
teong 02 hinh thiic ddng pham cd sy thdng muu trudc (phiic tap vd pham tpi cd td chiic) thi chi cd 01 loai ngudi duy nhit la
"thuc hien" tdi pham dd la ngudi thyc hanh, cdn nhirng ngudi ddng pham khac (nhu: ngudi td chiie, ngucri xiii giyc va ngudi giiip siic) la "co y cung tham gia"
vao viec thyc hien do ma thdi.
17. Cdc hinh thu-c d i n g pham — cdn cir vdo tinh chdt vd mire do co y ciing tham gia vdo viec thuc hien tgi phgm do co y cua ede ehu the phgm tgi, ddng phgm dugc phdn thdnh 03 hinh thuc Id: Phgm tgi khong cd thong mieu trudc, phgm tgi co thdng muu trudc vd, phgm tgi cd td chuc.
a) Phgm tgi khong co thong muu trudc Id hinh thuc ddng phgm dan gidn vd cd su cdu ket khong chat che cua cdc chu the ciing thifC hiin tgi phgm.
b) Phgm tgi cd thdng muu trudc la hinh thuc ddng phgm phiec tgp vd cd su cdu kit tuong doi chat ehe cua ede ehu the cung tham gia vdo viec thuc hiin tgi phgm.
c) Phgm tgi co to chuc Id hinh thuc dong phgm dac biit vd cd su cdu kit chat che cua cdc chu thi ding tham gia vdo viec thuc Men tgi phgm hogc cua nhimg thdnh viin thuoc cung mgt td chiec tgi phgm.
18. To chuc tdi pham — mgt nhdm cdc ehd thi cd td chuc hogc la mgt lien minh (hgp nhdt) cua cdc nhdm chii thi ed td chire, duge thdnh lap dua tren su nhdt tri vd cdu ket chat che vai nhau nhdm muc dich thuc hi^n tdi phgm rdt nghiim trgng, cUng nhu tgi phgm ddc biit nghiem trong.
19. Ngirdi dong ph^m — nguai true tiip thuc hiin tgi phgm vai tu cdch Id ngudi thuc hdnh (1), cUng nhu nhimg ngudi khde tham gia vdo viec thirc Men tdi
phgm vdi tu cdch Id ngudi td chiec (2), nguai xui giuc (3), ngudi giup sue (4) trong vu dong phgm.
a) Ngudi thuc hdnh Id ngudi true tiip thuc hiin tgi phgm, cUng nhu trifc tiip tham gia vdo viec thuc Men tgi phgm cung vdi nhieng ngudi khde hogc thuc hiin tgi phgm bdng thu dogn su dung nhieng ngudi md theo cdc quy dinh cua BLHS khong phdi chiu trdch nhiem hinh su.
b) Ngudi td chuc Id ngudi ehd muu, cam ddu hay chi huy viec thuc Men toi phgm hogc thdnh lap hay lanh dgo to chiec tgi phgm.
e) Ngudi xui giuc Id ngudi kich dgng, du dd, mua chuge. de dga hogc bdng cdc thu dogn khac thuc ddy nguai khde thuc Men tgi phgm.
d) Ngudi giiip sue Id nguoi tao diiu kiin cho viec thuc Men tgi phgm bdng cdch cung cdp thdng tin, phuang tiin hay cdng cu thuc Men tgi phgm, hiea ken trudc vi viec che gidu ngudi phgm tgi hay cdc ddu vet cua tgi phgm hogc nhieng tdi sdn hay do vat do phgm tgi md cd, cdng nhu hua hen trudc vi viec mua, bdn hogc tiiu thu nhirng tdi sdn hay do vat do.
20. T y nguyen cham dirt toi pham — trudng hgp md trong do mac dii chu the phgm tgi co ddy du diiu kiin khdch quan di thuc Men duge tgi phgm din ding nhung dd tu minh dinh chi hdnh vi chudn bi phgm tgi hogc/vd hdnh vi cd y di thuc Men tgi phgm, tuy khdng co gi ngdn cdn.
21. Hanh vi thdi qud cua ngudi thuc hanh — viec tu thuc Men tgi phgm cda bdn thdn ngudi do md khdng cd su co y cung tham gia cua nhimg ngudi ddng phgm khac.
22. L6i trong vide thuc hi^n t^i pham
Sd22(thangll/2018)\
Tap chi -KIEM SAT I 3 1
NGHIEN COV - TRAO DOI
— trgng thdi tdm ly cua ngudi phgm tdi dugc bieu Men duoi hinh thuc ed y hogc vd y ddi vdi hdnh viphgm tgi do minh thuc Men vd doi vdi hau qud do hdnh vi do gdy ra.
23. C h u t h i CO loi trong viec t h y c hi^n tpi p h ^ m
a) Cd nhdn (thi nhdn) dd cd y hogc vo y thuc Men hdnh vi nguy Mim cho xd hgi md BLHS quy dinh Id tgi phgm.
b) Cd nhdn ngucri dgi diin cho phdp nhdn (hogc dugc uy quyin cua phdp nhdn) da nhdn danh phdp nhdn, vi Igi ich cua phdp nhdn vd vdi sif chi dgo, dieu hdnh hogc chdp thudn cua phdp nhdn da cd y hogc vo y thuc hiin tgi phgm duge quy dinh tgi Diiu... Bg ludt ndy (tiic Dieu 76 BLHS nam 2015) va vi tgi phgm dy phdp nhdn phdi lien ddi chiu TNHS ciing vdi cd nhdn do.
24. P h a m toi do co y (Ca 03 BLHS nam 1985, nam 1999 va nam 2015 eiia Viet Nam deu gpi la "cd y pham tdi") — phgm tgi trong trudng hgp chu thi thuc hi^n (bdng hdnh dgng hogc khdng hdnh ddng) hdnh vi trdi PLHS voi su co y true tiip hogc co y gidn tiip.
O ddy eiing can phdi ca the hda frong PLHS de phan biet ro 02 trudng hgp (dgng) phgm tdi do cd y Id:
a) Phgm tdi do co y true tiip Id phgm tgi trong trudng hgp chu thi nhdn thuc ro tinh chdt trdi PLHS cua hdnh vi md minh thuc Men (bdng hdnh ddng hogc khdng hdnh dgng), thdy trudc khd ndng gdy nin hogc tinh tdt yiu gdy nin hdu qud nguy Mem eho xd hoi cua hdnh vi do vd mong mudn hgu qud xdy ra.
b) Phgm tgi do cd y gidn tiep Id phgm tgi trong truang hgp chu the nhdn thiec ro
tinh chdt trdi PLHS ciia hdnh vi md minh thuc Men (bang hdnh dgng hogc khdng hdnh ddng), thdy trude khd ndng gdy nin hdu qud cua hdnh vi dd vd tuy khdng mong muon nhung vdn cd y thuc di mac cho hgu qud xdy ra hogc cd thdi do thd a (dieng dimg) ddi vdi hdu qud.
25. P h a m t^l do vo y (BLHS nam 2015 quy dinh la "vd y pham tdi") — phgm tgi trong trudng hgp hdnh vi nguy hiim cho xa hdi trdi PLHS dugc chu thi thuc Men (bdng hdnh dong hogc khdng hdnh dgng) vi su chu quan hogc vi su cdu thd.
6 ddy ciing can phai ca the hda teong BLHS d l phdn biet ro 02 trudmg hgp (dang) pham tdi do vd y la:
a) Phgm tgi do vo y vi su ehu quan Id phgm tgi trong trudng hgp chu the thdy trudc khd ndng gdy nin hdu qud nguy Mem cho xd hgi cua hdnh vi trdi PLHS md minh thuc hi^n (bdng hdnh dgng hogc khong hdnh dgng) nhung thiiu cdc cdn cu md chu quan tin vdo viec ngdn ngiea dugc hdu qud do.
b) Phgm tgi do vd y vi su cau thd Id phgm tdi trong trudng hgp chu thi tuy khong thdy trudc khd ndng gdy nin hgu qud nguy Mim cho xd hgi cua hdnh vi trdi phdp lugt hinh sif do minh thuc Men (bdng hdnh dgng hogc khdng hdnh dgng) mgc dii vai su chit y cdn thiet phdi thdy trudc vd cd the thdy truac hgu qud do.
26. P h a m t$i vdi hai hinh thvc iSi (cdn gpi id pham tdi do hdn hgp ldi) —phgm tgi trong trudng hgp chu thi cd ldi cd y ddi vdi viec thuc Men hdnh vi trdi PLHS vd ldi vd y ddi vdi hdu qud nghiem trgng xdy ra. Vi ca bdn, phgm tgi vdi 02 hinh thirc ldi cung hi coi nhu phgm tgi do coy.
Tap chi
OC I KIEM SAT_ / S o 22 (thang 11/2018)
NGHIEN CttV - TRAO DOI
<3 ddy e i n cd thi hda frong BLHS de phdn biet ro 02 trudng hpp (dgng) pham tpi do hdn hpp loi la:
Niu do hdnh vi phgm tgi co y md hdu qud nghiem trgng xdy ra vd vi vdy, diiu tuang ung tgi Phdn riing BLHS quy dinh hinh phgt tdng ngng, thi vdn di TNHS cua chu thi phgm tdi dugc gidi quyit nhu sau:
a) Niu ldi cua chu thi phgm tgi ddi vdi hdu qud xdy ra edng Id cd y, thi chu thi phgm tgi phdi chiu TNHS trin nhimg casd chung theo ludt dinh.
b) Niu ldi ciia chu thi phgm tgi ddi vai hdu qud nghiim trgng xdy ra Id vo y, thi chit thi phgm tgi phdi cMu TNHS tdng ngng hem theo ludt dinh.
II. Cac khdi nif m cua 02 c h i dinh l&n
~ TNHS (1) va cac bi§n p h a p c u o n g che hinh su- ( g l m hinh p h a t + bi§n p h a p t u p h a p hinh syr) (2)
27. Trach nhif m hinh s y — hgu qud phdp ly eua vi^c thifC hi$n tgi phgm vd dugc thi Men trong bdn dn kit tgi cua Tda dn da cd hieu lifc phdp ludt bdng viec dp dung ddi vai chu thi bi kit dn mgt hogc nhiiu bien phdp euang che hinh su do BLHS quy dinh.
28. Cff sd cua TNHS — viec thuc Men hdnh viphgm tgi dugc quy dinh trong BLHS.
29. Nhirng dieu ki?n chiu T N H S (Khi quy dinh van de nay can phai phan biet ro rang va cu the ranh gidi TNHS giua ca nhdn va phap nhan nhu sau):
a) Chu thi cua TNHS Id cd nhdn chi phdi chiu trdch nhiem hinh sie khi cd du nhOng dieu kiin sau ddy: Cd ddy dd ndng luc TNHS; dii tudi chiu TNHS vd; da cd ldi (cdy hogc vdy) trong viee thue hi^n hdnh vi phgm tgi do BLHS quy dinh.
b) Chu thi cua TNHS la phdp nhdn phdi lien dai chiu TNHS cdng vdi cd nhdn niu dd di cho cd nhdn la ngudi dgi diin hogc ngudi dugc uy quyin cua minh nhdn danh minh thuc Men tgi phgm tuang ung cu thi do BLHS quy dinh (tiic 01 frong 33 tdi phgm neu tai Dieu 76 BLHS Viet Nam nam 2015) vi Igi ich cua minh vd vdi su chi dgo.
diiu hdnh hogc chdp thudn cua minh.
30. P h d p n h a n chin t r a c h nhifm hinh s y —
• Phuang an I: Phdp nhdn thuang mgi bi liin ddi xie ly hinh su do da di cho ngudi dgi diin hogc/vd ngudi dugc uy quyin nhdn danh minh, vi Igi ich cua minh vd vdi sif chi dgo, diiu hdnh hogc chdp thuan ciia minh thuc Men tgi phgm do Bd ludt ndy quy dinh.
• Phuang an II: Phdp nhdn thuang mgi do da de cho ngudi dgi diin hode/vd ngudi dugc uy quyen nhdn danh minh, vi Igi ich cua minh vd vdi su chi dgo, diiu hdnh hogc chdp thuan cua minh thuc Men tgi phgm do Bg ludt ndy quy dinh nin bi liin dai xie ly hinh su.
3 1 . Thdi diem bat dau va thdi diem c h i m dirt cua TNHS - TNHS dugc bdt ddu (phdt sinh) ki tie thdi diim Tda dn tuyin bdn dn kit tgi cd hieu luc phdp ludt ddi vai chu the bi kit dn vd dugc ehdm diet (kit thuc) ki tie thai diim chu thi do dugc xda dn tich theo quy dinh cua BLHS.
32. Hinh thirc t h y c hien TNHS - viee thi Men ngi dung cua nd trong bdn dn kit tdi cd hiiu luc phdp ludt eua Tda dn.
Cdc hinh thuc thuc Men TNHS trong bdn dn kit toi cd hiiu luc phdp lugt cua Tda dn theo quy dinh eua BLHS bao gdm:
a) Khi ngi dung TNHS dugc thi Men
So22(thang11^18)\
Tap chi _K1EMSAT I 3 3
NGHIEN Ciru - TRAO DOI
bang viec chii thi bi kit dn bi Tda dn dp dung hinh phgt nhdt dinh vd cd (hogc khong) kem theo BPTP hinh su nhdt dinh trong bdn dn kit tgi cd Miu luc phdp ludt.
b) Khi ngi dung TNHS dugc thi Men bdng viee chu the bi kit dn duge Tod dn miin Mnh phgt nhung vdn bi dp dung BPTP nhdt dinh trong bdn dn kit tgi ed hieu luc phdp ludt.
33. Nang lye TNHS — trgng thdi binh thudng cua ngudi trong thai gian tgi phgm do Bg ludt ndy quy dinh hodn todn nhdn thiec dugc tinh chdt thuc ti vd tinh chdt phdp ly eua hdnh vi do minh thuc Men vd hodn todn diiu khiin dugc hdnh vi dd.
34. Nang lye TNHS han che — trgng thdi binh ly tdm thdn hogc mdt benh ly khde Idm cho ngudi trong thai gian phgm tgi do Bg ludt ndy quy dinh nhdn thiec khong dugc day du tinh chdt thuc ti vd tinh chdt phdp ly cua hdnh vi do minh thuc Men hogc khong hodn todn diiu khiin dugc hdnh vi dd.
35. Ngudi du tuoi chiu TNHS — cd nhdn md tgi thdi diim phgm tgi dd dgt din do tudi do BLHS quy dinh di cd thi cd khd ndng nhdn thiec dugc hodn todn tinh chdt thuc te vd tinh chdt phdp ly cua hdnh vi do minh thuc Men, ddng thdi hodn todn diiu khiin dugc hdnh vi dd.
36. Tiili chiu TNHS - Id tudi do BLHS quy dfnh vd dugc tinh tgi thdi diim ngudi dd thuc hi^n igi phgm.
37. Phan hda TNHS cua nhirng ngudi dong phatm — viec nghien ciru thyc tiln xet xii hinh su d Vipt Nam cho thiy thdng thudng thi:
1) Ngudi thifc hdnh trong da sd cdc trudng hgp ddng phgm diu phdi chiu
TNHS vdi muc eao han cd.
2) Ngudi td chiec vd ngudi xui giuc cd thi khdng phdi chiu TNHS niu bang cdc biin phdp md kg dp dung da ngdn ehan dugc viec thue Men tgi phgm din cung cua ngudi thiec hdnh.
3) Niu hdnh vi cua ngudi to chiec hogc ngudi xui giuc do ludt dinh da khdng ngdn chan dugc viec thuc toi phgm den cung cua ngudi thue hdnh, thi cdc bien phdp md hg dd dp dung cd the dugc coi Id tinh tiit di miin TNHS hogc gidm nhe hinh phgt.
4) Ngudi giup siec khdng phdi chiu TNHS niu dd tich cifc dp dung tdt cd cdc biin phdp phu thude vdo minh di ngdn chan viec thue Men tgi phgm
38. Hinh phat — biin phdp cudng chi nghiim khde nhdt cua Nhd nude dugc dp dung trong bdn dn kit tgi cd hiiu luc phdp ludt cua Tda dn theo cdc quy dinh cua BLHS nhdm tude bd hogc hgn chi quyen vd tu do cua cd nhdn bi kit dn, cUng nhu lpi ich cua phdp nhdn bi kit dn.
39. N§i dung cua hinh phat — su lin dn vi mat phdp ly Mnh su ciia Nhd nude ddi vdi chu thi bi kit dn vd dugc phdn dnh bdng su trung phgt ddi vdi chu thi do vi dd cd ldi (cd y hogc vd y) trong viee thuc hi^n tgi phgm dugc quy dinh trong Bg ludt ndy.
40. Cdc muc dich cua hinh phat—gop phdn phuc hoi Igi cdng ly; gido d^c cdc chii thi bi kit dn vd ngdn ngiea hg phgm tgi mdi;
ngdn ngiea cdc chu thi khde khdng phgm tgi, cdng nhu gido due hg y thiec tdn trgng, Mdn thu vd chdp hdnh nghiim chinh phdp lugt; ddng thdi hd trg eho viec phdng ngiea vd ddu tranh chdng tgi phgm.
41. Bi^n phdp cudng chi hinh sy (cdn gpi la bi^n phap "xir Iy hinh su" hay bipn
Tap chi
3 4 I KIEM SAT_ /So 22 (thwg 11/2018)
NGHIEN CUV - TRAO DOI
phdp "tdc dgng v l mat phdp ly hmh su").
— hinh phgt, bi?n phdp tu phdp (BPTP) hinh su hogc/vd bdt ky bien phdp cudng che ndo khde vephdp ly hinh su duge quy dinh trong BLHS.
42. Bi^n phap tw phdp hinh s y — biin phdp cudng ehi hinh su cua Nhd nude it nghiim khde han hinh phgt dugc quy dinh trong BLHS vd do ca quan tuphdp hinh su cd thdm quyen cdn cu vdo giai dogn td tgng hinh stf cu thi tuang ieng dp dung ddi vdi chu thi phgm tgi hogc/vd bi kit dn nhdm hgn chi quyin, tu do cua chu thi dd hogc hd trg hay thay the cho hinh phgt.
III. Cdc khdi ni^m thuoc chi dinh ldn v l cac bifn phdp tha miin
43. Bifn phap tha mien — BPTM trong PLHS Id quy phgm (hogc chi dinh) phdn dnh nguyin tdc nhdn dgo cua PLHS vd su khoan dung vi con nguoi cua Nhd nude, dugc dp dgng khi cd day du (cdc) cdn de vd (nhieng) diiu kiin tuang irng dugc ghi nhan ddi vdi chu the phgm tgi hogc/vd chu thi bi kit dn nhdm muc dich hudng thien vd sdm trd hg ve vdi cuoc sdng binh thudng.
44. Mien TNHS — viee ca quan tu phdp hinh su cd thdm quyin huy bd phdp ly Mnh su cua viec thifc Men toi phgm tuang ieng cho chu thi phgm tdi khi cd ddy du (cdc) cdn eu vd (nhimg) diiu kiin do BLHS quy dinh.
45. Hau qua phap ly cua miln TNHS
— chu thi phgm tdi dugc miin TNHS thi duang nhien khdng phdi cMu bdt ky biin phdp cuang chi hinh su ndo do BLHS quy dinh, tuy nhien cdn eu vdo cdc tinh tiit cu the cua tieng trudng hgp mien TNHS tuang ieng, trudc hogc sau khi duge (hogc ed thi dugc) miin TNHS ehu thi do van cd thi bi
dp dung bien phdp cuang chi phdp ly phi hinh su hogc biin phdp ky lugt.
46. Mien hinh phat — viec Tda dn quyit dinh huy bd biin phdp cuong ehi hinh su nghiem khac nhdt cua viec thuc hiin tgi phgm tuang ieng cho chu thi bi kit dn khi cd day dii (ede) cdn cu vd (nhieng) diiu kiin do BLHS quy dinh.
47. Mien chap hanh hinh phat — viec Tda dn quyit dfnh huy bd md khdng huge chu thi bi kit dnphdi chdp hdnh bien phdp cuang che hinh su nghiem khde nhdt dugc tuyin trong bdn dn kit tdi cd hiiu lue phdp lugt khi cd day du (cdc) cdn cu vd (nhimg) diiu kiin do BLHS quy dinh.
48. Gidm muc hinh phat da duyc tuyen — viec Toa dn quyit dinh rut ngdn thdi hgn cua viec chdp hdnh phdn cdn Igi (cua logi hinh phgt cd thai hgn) hogc miin viec tiip tuc chdp hdnh phdn hinh phgt cdn Igi (ciia logi Mnh phgt khdng cd thai hgn) cho chii the bi kit dn khi cd ddy du (cdc) cdn de vd (nhirng dieu kiin do BLHS quy dinh.
49. An treo — biin phdp miin CHHP td CO thdi hgn do Tda dn quyit dinh dp dung ddi vdi ehu the bi kit dn logi hinh phgt do khi CO ddy du tdt cd 04 diiu kiin sau day:
a) Thdi hgn tii do Tda dn quyit dinh khdng qud 03 ndm (ddi vdi tgi phgm do ed y) hogc khong qud 05 ndm (ddi vdi tgi vd y);
b) Tdi phgm md chu thi bi kit dn da thuc Men phdi thuoc logi tgi it nghiim trgng hogc logi toi nghiim trong;
c) Chu thi bi kit dn phdi ed nhdn thdn tdt vd nhiiu tinh tiet giam nhe md trong dd bat huge phdi cd it nhdt 01 tinh tiit do Bg lugt ndy quy dinh;
d) Niu theo niim tin ndi tdm, Tda dn xit thdy khdng edn bdt ehu thi bi kit dn
S622(thmgll/2018)\
Tap chi _Kl£MSAT I 3 5
NGHIEN CUV - TRAO DOI
phdi chdp hdnh hinh phgt td cd thdi hgn dd dugc tuyen.
50. Tha tu trudc thm han cd dilu kifn —
• Phuong dn I: Tha tu trude thoi hgn cd dieu kien Id viec Tda dn cd thi quyit dinh tha trudc thai hgn cho ngudi bi kit dn dang CHHP tu md trudc do da dugc gidm thdi hgn CHHP tu ve toi phgm nghiim trgng, tgi phgm rdt nghiim trgng hay tdi phgm dge biit nghiim trgng hogc ngudi dang CHHP td vi tgi phgm it nghiim trgng khi ngudi ndy cd ddy dii nhimg diiu kiin do BLHS quy dinh.
• Phuong an II: Tha tu trudc thdi hgn cd diiu kien Id viec ngudi bi kit dn dang CHHP til vi tdi phgm nghiem trgng, tdi phgm rdt nghiim trgng hay tgi phgm ddc bi$t nghiim trgng (md trudc dd da dugc gidm thdi hgn CHHP tii vi tgi phgm tuang ung) hogc dang CHHP tu ve tgi phgm it nghiim trgng duge Tda dn quyit dinh tha trude thai hgn vd khong phdi tiip tuc chdp hdnh phdn hinh phgt tu cdn lai niea niu ngudi ndy ddp ieng dugc day du nhimg diiu kien do BLHS quy dinh.
• Phuong dn III: Tha tu trude thdi hgn cd diiu kien la viec Tda dn cdn cu vdo cdc quy dinh cua Bd ludt ndy de ed thi quyet dinh tha viec tiep tuc chdp hdnh phdn hinh phgt tii cdn Igi vd dn dinh thai gian thu thdeh bdng phdn hinh phgt tu tuang irng cdn lai cho ngudi dugc hudng chi dinh nhdn dgo ndy niu ngudi do dap ung dugc day du cdc diiu kien dudi ddy:
a) Dang CHHP tii vi tgi phgm nghiem trgng, tgi phgm rdt nghiim trgng hay tgi phgm ddc biet nghiim trgng md trudc dd da timg dugc gidm thai hgn CHHP tit vi logi tgi phgm tuang irng.
b) Dang CHHP tii vi tdi phgm it nghiim trgng.
• Phuong an IV: Tha td trudc thdi hgn cd diiu kiin Id viec Tda dn cd thi quyit dinh tha trudc thdi hgn cho ngudi bi kit dn dang CHHP tu khi ngudi ndy thugc 01 trong cdc trudng hgp sau ddy:
a) (Nhu Phuong an III da ndu fren).
b) (Nhu Phuong dn EI da neu fren).
• P h u o n g an V (gom 02 khodn):
1. Tha til trudc thai hgn cd dieu kiin Id viee Tda dn can cu vdo cdc quy dinh tgi khodn 2 Diiu lugt ndy di ed thi quyet dinh mien viec tiep tuc chdp hdnh phdn Mnh phgt til cdn Igi vd dn dinh thai gian thir thdeh bdng phdn Mnh phgt tu cdn Igi dd cho ngudi dang CHHP tu md dugc hudng chi dinh nhdn dgo ndy.
2. Cdc dieu kiin di nguai bi kit dn dugc tha td trudc thdi hgn cd diiu kiin la:
a) (nhu phuong an III da neu fren).
b) (nhu phuong an III da neu teen).
51. Hoan chip hanh hinh phat tii — viec Tda dn cd thi quyit dinh tgm dimg Igi trong mgt thai hgn nhdt dinh viec CHHP td cd thdi hgn da dugc tuyin ddi voi ehu thi hi kit dn niu chua CHHP do vd dap irng dugc day du (cdc) cdn cu vd (nhieng) diiu kiin do BLHS quy dinh.
52. Tam dinh chi vifc chip hanh hinh phat th — viec Tda dn cd thi quyit dinh tgm dimg Igi trong mgt thai hgn nhdt dinh viec CHHP tu cd thai hgn dd dugc tuyin doi vdi chu thi bi kit dn neu dang CHHP til dd vd ddp ung duge ddy dd (cdc) cdn eu vd (nhimg) diiu kiin do BLHS quy dinh.
53. An tich — hdu qud phdp ly eua viee dp dying hinh phgt theo bdn dn kit tgi cd
Tap chi
KIEM SAT_ /So 22 (thang 11/2018)
NGHIEN CVU - TRAO DOI
hieu lifc phdp ludt do Tda dn tuyin vd dugc thi Men trong viec nguai bi kit dn mge du da chdp hdnh xong cdc ndi dung cua hdn dn dy nhung theo eac quy dinh cua BLHS ngudi do vdn chua hit dn tich hogc chua dugc xda dn tich.
54. H i t dn tich — tinh trgng cua ehu thi tuy bi kit dn theo bdn dn kit tgi cd Miu life phdp lugt cua Tda dn nhimg niu thugc mgt trong nhieng trudng hgp duang nhiin dugc xda dn tich cdc quy dinh cua BLHS.
55. Khong c6 dn tich — tinh trgng cua chu thi tuy bi kit dn theo bdn dn kit tdi cd Miu lue phdp lugt cua Tda dn nhung dudng nhiin dugc cdng nhdn Id chua bi kit an niu can cie vdo cdc quy dinh eua BLHS chu the do:
a) Dugc miin hinh phgt;
b) Dd het dn tich;
c) Dd dugc xda dn tieh.
56. Hdu qua phdp ly cua h i t an tich hoac xoa dn tich — cdc hdu qud liin quan din dn tich se khdng cd gid tri phdp ly vd duang nhiin dugc huy bd hodn todn ddi vai ngudi da hit dn tich hogc dd dugc xda dn tieh theo cdc quy dinh cua BLHS.
57. Cac thdi dilm bat dau va cham dut cua dn tich — thai diem bat ddu co dn tich cua ngudi bi kit dn dugc tinh tie ngdy bdn dn kit tgi cua Tda dn cd Miu lue phdp lugt vd ehdm diet khi nguoi dd hit dn tich hogc dugc xda dn tich theo cdc quy dinh cua BLHS.
58. Dai xa — quyit dinh cua Qudc hgi ddi vai riing mgt phgm vi khdng nhdt dinh chu thi hi coi Id ed ldi trong viec thifc hiin tgi phgm vd ed thi dugc tuyin bd nhdn dip CO su kiin Ifch su dac bi^t quan trgng cua ddt nie&c. Bdng vdn bdn dgi xd:
a) Chu thi phgm tdi cd thi dugc miin TNHS;
b) Chu thi bi kit dn cd thi duge mien hinh phgt, gidm mire Mnh phgt da dugc tuyin, mien CHHP, tha tu trudc thdi hgn hogc gidm thdi hgn CHHP;
c) Chu thi dd chdp hdnh xong Mnh phgt vd cdc quyet dinh khde eua Tda dn cd the dugc xda dn tich.
59. Dac xa — quyit dinh cua Chu tieh nude ddi vdi riing chu thi bi kit dn nhdt dinh vd cd thi dugc tuyin bd nhdn dip ngdy Qudc khdnh hdng nam cua ddn tgc, nhieng ngdy li ldn cua ddn tgc hay, cung nhu khi cd su kiin ddc biit khac hogc theo dan xin dn gidm cua chu thi bi kit dn, cua thdn nhdn hay cua ngudi dgi diin cho chu thi do. Bdng vdn bdn ddc xd:
a) Chu thi bi kit dn hogc/vd dang CHHP ed the dugc gidm muc hinh phgt da dugc tuyin, miin chdp hdnh hinh phgt. tha tu trudc thdi hgn hogc gidm thdi hgn CHHP;
b) Chu the da chdp hdnh xong hinh phgt vd cdc quyit dinh khac cua Tda dn ed thi duge xda dn tich.
C. KET LUAN VAN DE
Tren day la phuong an khoa hpe ciia chiing tdi ve nhirng DNPL ciia cac khai niem (thuat ngu) ve mat lap phap) cdn dugc ghi nhan frong cdc quy dinh tuang irng theo 04 chi dinh ldn frong LPHS Viet Nam tuang lai. Vdi tinh thin cau thi hgc hdi chung tdi rat hoan nghenh vd mong mudn cdc luat gia hinh sy hpc nude nha hay cung nhau suy ngdm de dua ra cac phuong an khae vi mdt n i n khoa hgc LHS ehan chinh vdi su da dang, phong phu cua cdc quan dilm, y kiln khac nhau de nha lam luat lua ehgn phuang an nao tdi uu nhat.[II
Sd 22(thwg 11/2018)\
Tap chi -KIEMSAT I 3 7