TAP CHI KHOA HOC D.M HQC \ .AN I J V N G Ftian iiu.> ^ ^ ^ J ^ - ^
XA\ DVNG DIE.M DEN HAP D.\N THU HOT DU KHACH Ql 6C TE
BUILDING THE ATTRACTIVE DESTINATIONS TO ATTRACT ISTERSATION.AL TOURISTS
r d A / TAT: Xdy dung diem den hap ddn di thu hut khdch du lich qudc te Id mpt muc tieu khong chi cua neng ngdnh du lich md con Id nhiem vu cda mdi quoc gia. Thdng quo hin J dnh diem den. vi the vd thucmg hieu qudc gia Viet Xam duac ndng cao tren tiic&ng quae te.
Vi4t Nam cd mpt so diem den du Uch dd dut^c bgn be tren the gi&i ca ngai hogc len ke hogch du hch Vi?t \iim Chung ta can xdy dung them diem den m&i hdp ddn ciing nhu duy tn nhimg hinh dnh diim den da gd\ dn tu^g trong long du khdch quoc te. Bdi viet bdn din kiidi ni4m diim din. tinh hinh. thuc trgng. nhtmg thdch thuc cdng nhu mpt so gidi phdp giiip xdy dung diem din hdp ddn mang dgc thii Vi^t Nam hien nay.
Tirkhda: diem den; diim du Uch. diim tham quan.
ABSTRACT: Building an attractive destination to attract international tourists is not only a goal for the tourism industry but also a duty for each country. Through image of destinations, position and national brand of Vietnam is enhanced in the international arena. Vietnam has a number of tourist destinations that have been praised by friends around the world or planned to travel to Vietnam. We need to build more new attractive destinations as well as maintain the destination images that has impressed the hearts of international visitors This article discusses the concept of destination, situation, reality status, challenges as well as some solutions to help build attractive destinations with Vietnamese characteristics today.
Key words: destination; tourist destination; sight seeing places.
I. DAT \ ' . \ N DE lich Viet Nam ma cdn la nhiem vy va Idng Xay dyng diem den hap dan de thu hiit ty hao cua ngudi Viet Nam vi thuang hieu du khach qudc t l ludn la moi ban tam Idn d tim qudc gia la tai san va trach nhiem ciia ciia tat ea cac qudc gia phat trien du lieh. Nha nude va toan dan,... Thuong hieu qudc Viet Nam la mdt qudc gia ed tiem lue Idn gia la mdt chilu kich khdng thi thieu trong ve du Iich. bieu hien qua eanh quan thien nd luc nang cao hieu qua ciia hgi nhap quoc nhien dep va phong phu, van hda ban dia t l eua Viet Nam [3, tr.86-87]. Nh4c den da dang va dae sac eua eae tde ngudi. Xay Viet Nam, du khach nude ngoai biit d i n dyng diem den hap dan khdng chi la trach Sapa, vinh Ha Long, Pho cd Hdi An, Da nhiem \ a thuong hieu rieng cua nganh du Lat, hang Son Dodng, bien dao Nha Trang,
'•* PGS TS.GVCC. Tmong Dai hpc Van Lang, [email protected].\n. Ma so. TCKHl8-06-2019 '••' ThS Tnrcmg Dai hpc JChoa hgc Xa hgi va Nhan van. vonhanchi@gmail com
TAP CHi KHOA HQC DAI HQC VAN LANG So 18, Thang 11-2019 Mui Ne, Phii Qudc,... Dd khdng chi la
thucmg hi?u neng eiia nganh du Hch Viet Nam ma edn la hinh anh qudc gia tdn nhieu tri tue, cdng siic, tien bac eiing nhu thdi gian ciia nhieu the he vun dap mdi eo dupe.
Bai viet de cap vkn de xay dyng diem den hap dan dl thu hut khach du lich qudc te vdi mpt so npi dung ve khai niem diem den, tinh hinh, thuc trang va thach thirc ciia diem den Viet Nam. Chiing tdi de xuat mgt sd y kien de xay dyng va duy tri diem den hap dan d Vi?t Nam.
2. NQI DUNG
2.1. Kh^i nifm diem den du ljch Tiiy theo quan diem va pham vi tiep e^in ciia cac td chiic va ca nhan cac nha nghien cuu du ljch, quan nipm ve diem den (Tourism) hay rd hon la diem den du lich (Tourism Destination) cd dp chenh nhat dinh ve npi ham. Trudc tidn, ehiing tdi cd gang lam ro mpt sp thuat ngu: dugc de cap den trong bai viet nay nhu: Destination, Tourism Destination, Tourist Attraction.
Destination thudng dugc dich sang tieng Vipt la diim den va hau nhu mgi ngudi dieu hieu do la diem den du lieh.
Tourism Destination dupe dich sang tieng Vi^t mgt each ro nghTa la diem din du Uch.
Tourist Attraction dupe dich sang tieng Vi?t la diim tham quan mang y nghia cy the, la noi thu hiit du khach vdi mdt hoac mgt td hpp dang tai nguyen du lieh nao do.
Diem den la gi? Bdch khoa todn thu ve Du lich - Encyclopedia of Tourism - cdng trinh ed y nghla ve du lieh hpc ciia tap thi 352 nha nghien eiiu va hpc gia vl Du lich hgc thugc 51 qudc gia khac nhau tren thi gidi. Cdng trinh do GS.TS. Jafar Jafari, giao su ehuyen nganh Du lieh thude Trudng Dai
hpc Wisconsin-Stout, Hoa Ky lam Tdng bien tap vdi su giiip sue eua 24 bien tap vien chuyen nganh du lich thudc eac qudc gia ed nganh cdng nghiep du lich phat trien bac nhit tren the gidi nhu My, Canada, Uc, Anh, Ai Cap, Phap, Tay Ban Nha,.,.). Cdng trinh nay dua ra muc tu diim den (Destination) thay vi diim den du lich (Tourism Destination) nhu khai niem dupe hieu va phd bien rdng rai bdi Td chiic Du lich Thi gidi - UNWTO (2005).
"Diim din, khdc biet v&i diem xudt phdt hay ihi tru&ng, do la noi khdch du Uch
CO y dinh ddnh th&i gian trong luc xa nhd.
Dan vi dia ly ndy duac khdch du Hch ghe thdm CO the la mpt trung tdm khep kin, mpt ngoi lang, mpt thi trdn hodc mpt thdnh pho, mpt khu vuc hogc mot hon ddo hogc mpt quoc gia. Han the nira, mpt diim din co the Id mpt dia diim duy nhdt, mpt tap hpp nhiiu diim den nhu mpt phdn cua chuyen tham quan hogc thdm chi la mot diem den di dpng nhu mpt hdnh trinh trin bien " [5, tr.l44]. Nhu vay, theo Bdch khoa todn thu ve Du lich, diem den ehinh la "diem den danh eho khach du lich" hay ndi each khac la
"diem den du Iich".
S. Medlik, tae gia Dictionary of Travel, Tourism and Hospitality ddng nhat muc tir Destination [6, tr.53] vdi mye tir Tourism Destination [6, tr.l65] la mdt. "Diem din du Uch Id cdc quoc gia, khu vuc. thi trdn vd cdc khu vuc khdc thu hut khdch du lich. Id nhimg dia diim chinh cua hogt dpng du lich vd co xu hu&ng chiem phdn l&n th&i gian vd su chi tieu cua du khdch. Diem den du Uch Id ncri tap trung chinh cua cdc diim du lich, cho & vd cdc ca s& vd dich vu du Uch khdc, ncri dien ra cdc tdc dpng chinh
TAP CHl KHOA HQC D A l HQC V.\N LANG Phan Huy \ u . . I g k a i a du Uch ve phucmg di^n kinh te. xa hpi
vd the chat" {(>,\x.\(i5\.
Trong tap tai lieu A pratical guide to tounsm destination management ciia UNWTO dua ra dirUi nghia Tourism Destination (diem den du lich) nhu sau:
"Diim den du Uch Id viing khong gian md du khdch a lgi it nhdt mat dem, bao gdm cdc sdn phdm du lich. cdc dich vu cung cdp. cdc tdi nguyen du Uch thu hut du kiidch, cd ranh gi&i hdnh chinh de qudn ly va cd su nhdn di^n vc hinh dnh de xdc dinh khd ndng cgnh tranh tren thi tru&ng " [4. tr. 128]
Nhu vay, diem den (Destionation) hay dicm den du ljch (Tourism Destination) la ncri du khach nham den trong chuyen di ciia hg. Dicm den/ diem den du lieh ed the la mpt chau lyc, la lien qudc gia, la mpt qudc gia, la mpt viing du lich cy the ciia mpt qudc gia, mpt thanh phd ldn / nhd hoac mdt khu du ljch/ khu nghi mat dupe quy ho^ch mang tam ed qudc gia eiing dupe xem la mpt diim din. Nhu vay. de trd thanh mpt diem din/ diem den du lich trong ke hoaeh/
hanh dinh eua du khach hien tai va tuong lai, noi do phai sd him mdt td hop cac dich vy du Ijch. san pham du lieh, ea sd ha tang ky thuat va ea sd vat chat du lich hoan chinh de du khach cd the luu tni it nhat mdt dem trong chuyen di cua hg. Quan trpng hon, diem den thudng mang y nghia bieu trung va dupe quang ba/ tiep thi mang hinh anh. Diem den la "mpt dia diem duy nhdt, mpt tap hap nhieu diem den nhu mpt phdn ciia chuyin tham quan hogc thdm chi Id mpt diem den di dpng nhu mot hdnh trinh tren bien" [5, tr 144], diem den la "nhimg dia diim chinh cua hogt dpng du Uch vd cd xu hucmg chiem phdn l&n th&i gian ^d su
ehi lieu cda du khdch " [6. tr. 16.^] N'.»«' "^
theo UNWTO. diim din con phai "cd W'"
nang eanh tranh tren ihi truang " [4. tr. 128j.
DiJm tham quan (Tourist Attraction), Iheo tai lieu Tourism deslinaliom management la -.yfot diim ihu hul khdch du lich. nai khdch </./ lieh Iham quan, Ihudng CO cdc gid tri vin cd eiia no lioac tnmg bdy ede gid Iri vdn hoa. i nghia iich su hoae duac .xdy dung, eung edp cdc dieh UI ve phieu luu. mao hiim. vui chai gidi tri hodc khdm phd. trdi nghiem nhung dieu mdi la" [8].
Ludt Du lieh 2005 va Ludl Du lieh 2017 (hien hdnh) dua i^ dinh nghia diem du lich, theo nhjn dinh ciia chiing toi lai thien v6 diim tham quan (Tourist Attraction).
"Diim du lieh la nai cd tdi nguyen du lich hap ddn. phue vu nhu edu tham quan cua khdch du Uch " (Khodn 8, Diiu 4, Ludt Du lieh, 2005) [1]. "Diem du lieh Id nai co tdi nguyen du lich duac ddu tu, khai thdc phue vu khdeh du lieh " (Khodn 7, Bieu 3. Ludt Du lich, 20IT) [2].
Theo Ludt Du lich, dieu kien cong nhan diem du lich bao gom: a) Co tai nguyen du Iich, co ranh gicri xac dinh; b) Co ket cau ha tang, dich vu can thiet bao dam phuc vu khach du lich; c) Dap ung dieu ki?n ve an ninh, trat tu, an toan xa hpi, bao ve moi trucmg theo quy dinh ctia phap luat (Dieu 23). Diem du lich co nhieu loai, tuy nhien loai diem du Uch dang quan tam nhat la diem du lich quoc gia.
Tom lai, chung toi dong thuan voi cac tac gia di truoc: diem Iham quan (du lieh) ve CO ban co nhung diem gi6ng nhu dinh nghia ve diem den du lich, nhung khac c a ban voi diem den du lich do la khach chi
TAP CHi tCHOA HQC DAl HOC VAN LANG So 18, Thing 11-2019 den tham quan sii dyng cac dich vy tai day,
nhung khdng luu l^i dem. Han nua, diem tham quan du ljch thudng nam trong mgt diem den du Uch va diim tham quan du ljch rat da dang, phy thude vao sy sang tao cua nhiing ngudi lam du Iich.
2.2. Tinh hinh va thuc trang diem din du ljch Viet Nam
Theo dng Ha Van SiSu, Tong cue Phd Tdng cyc Du lich Viet Nam, tai Ld trao giai thudng Qudc te "Diim den du Uch hdng ddu Chdu A vd Australia ldn thic 25 nam 2018", Hongkong. Viet Nam la diem den hang dau chau A. Giai thudng nay khdng phai la hu danh, khdng phai chung ta ed gSng danh dupe chi de trung bay ma vi mdt muc tieu phat huy tiem nang du lich Viet Nam trd thanh diem den an toan, than thi?n, hap dan. Diem ddn du lich hang dau chau A la danh hi§u danh gia, tdn vinh nganh du lich Vi?t Nam, nhung d khia canh khac ciing tao ra siic ep, trgng trach va quan trpng la tao dpng lye de chiing ta phan dau nhieu hon nira,... Vi the, nganh du lieh se xay dyng cac chien lupc cy the de giii gin thuang hieu du Hch Viet Nam, tao ra lan sdng de tiep tyc dau tu vao chat lupng san pham, ddng thdi phat huy cac the manh de dua du lich Viet Nam thanh nganh kinh le mui nhgn [7]. Lupng khach du lich ndi dia tang rat manh tir 20,5 trieu lupt nam 2008 len 80 trieu lupt nam 2018. Lupng khach du lich qudc te nam 1995 khoang 1 trieu lupt da tang Ien 15,5 trieu lupt nam 2018. Din nay, Viet
>Nam da dudi kip hidonesia vl tdng lupng khach qudc te va dang thu hep khoang each vdi Malaysia va Thai Lan [12].
Cac tae gia tdng hpp tir Thdng ke du Hch eiia Tdng cue Du lich 2019 cho thdy.
nua dau nam 2019, Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh ddn 4,25 trieu lupt khach qudc te (chua tinh khach npi dia); Ha Npi ddn 14,4 trieu lupt khach qudc te va ndi dia, Quang Ninh ddn 8,5 trieu luat; Khanh Hda 3,4 trieu lupt; Ba Ria - Viing Tau ddn 8,46 trieu lupt; Kien Giang ddn 4,29 trieu lupt.
Nam 2009 phat hien hang Son Dodng.
Cd 400 hang ddng trong Vudn Qudc gia Phong Nha - Ke Bang, bai bien dep, nhilu di san van hda nhu md Nguyen Huoi Canh (chan thac Ro) va mg Dai tudng Vd Nguyen Giap (Vung Chiia, dao Yen).
Quang Binh trd thanh diem du Hch hap dan. Phong Nha - Ke Bang hai lan dupe UNESCO cdng nhan la Di san Thien nhien The gidi. Ngudi dan d day than thien va biet gin giir di san thien nhien. Tgp chi National Geographic danh gia "Vi^t Nam nam trong top dep nhdt thi gi&i v&i hinh dnh San Dodng" [9]. Td New York Times chgn "Qudng Binh Id diem den d?p nhdt chdu A" [U].
Theo Tdng eye Thdng ke; Nganh du lieh dang tang trudng tde do nhanh chdng nhung se eon nhanh va manh ban niia neu Viet Nam xay dung them nhiing diem den mdi, tao ra cac cue tang trudng mdi,...
Cling vdi Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh va Ha Ndi, nhieu diem den thu hiit du khach dac biet du khach qudc te. Ndi bat nhat trong eac diem den thu hut khach nude ngoai la Nha Trang, dirng top thii 3 the gidi ve du Iich bien dao (ehi sau Phuket va Bali va cao hon ca Maldives,...). Giai doan 2010- 2017, sd lupng du khach den Khanh Hda tang manh d miic 17%/ nam, khach du Iich qudc te tang khoang 27%/nam, khach trong nude tang 13%/nam. Trong nua dau
TAP CHI KHOA HQC DAl HQC \'AN LANG Phin HUVXH-^ itgk nam 201s lupng du khach qudc te tang
manh d muc 47^0 so vdi ciing ky nam ngoai,... \ d ] ha tijig du lich kha phong phu, sd lupng ca sd luu tni \a dich vy vui choi giai tri da dang. Da Nang la diem den mdi dac biet hap dan vdi du khach Ddng Bac A nhu Trung Qudc, Han Qudc, NTiat Ban. Giai doan 2010- 2017, sd lupng du khach den Da Nang tang manh d muc 20%/nam. Trong dd, khach du lieh qudc te tang vdi 30%/nam. Nira nam dau 2018, lupng khach du lich den Da Nang dat tren 4 tneu lupt, tang 29% so vdi eung ky nam 2017, khach du hch qudc ic ude dat hon 1,6 tneu lupt, tang gan 50% so vdi ciing k\ nSm 2017.... Tdc dg tang trudng trung binh ciia lupt khach den Quang Ninh giai doan 2010-2017 dat 17%/nam. N5m 2017.
Quang Ninh dat 10 tneu lupt khach, tang manh d mirc 20% so vdi nam 2016, dat 4.3 tri?u lupt. Nira nam dau nam 2019, lupng du khach du ljch qudc te tang 14% so vdi Cling ky nam ngoai, dat hon 2.4 tri^u lupt, dirng thii 3 sau Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh va Ha Npi. Nam 2019, Viet Nam ed them cang hang khdng Qudc te Van Ddn chuyen van ehuyen khach den Ha Long. Tii 01-9- 2019, Quang Ninh xay dyng dd thi thdng minh dau tien eiia ea nude se thu hut, hap dan du khach nhieu hon nira. Phii Quoe tiep tyc vuon Ien trd thanh mdt diem den yeu thich ciia khach qudc te. Nam 2017, sd lupng du khach den Phii Qudc tang manh d miic 52° 0, trong dd, khach du hch qudc lc tang 27%. Khach du Iich trong nude tang SS^o. Nlia dau nam 2018, lupng du khach qudc te tang manh d miic 70,9% so vdi cimg ky nam ngoai, dat gan 0,3 trieu lupt \ a cd khoang 1.4 trieu lupt du khach
tang, xap xi 19% so vdi eung ky nam trudc. Phu Qudc trd thanh diim den moi nhung van chua tuong xiing \^^' "^"^
nang. Day la nhirng eon sd 3n lupng t?i cae diim din ma ehung tdi tdng hpp di^^c tir cac phuang ti?n truyin thdng d?i chiing.
Ngoai ra, nude ta ed nhilu diem den hip dan ndi tiing nua nhu Hgi An, Trang An, Sapa, Da Lat, Binh Thuan, Nirili Thu9n,... ed nhilu eanh quan thien nhien mypt dep va nhieu di san van hda ban dia dae s k da va dang hdp dan du khdeh quoc tl va trong nude. Hi?n nay, ed 15 diem den ludn thu hut khach quoe tl: Ha Ngi, Thanh phd Ho Chi Minh, Sapa, Ninh Binh, Ha Long, Quang Binh, Co dd Hue, Da N5ng, Hpi An, Nha Trang, Bk Lat, Phan Thilt, Cii Chi, Phu Qudc, Ddng bSng sdng Cim Long.
Theo bao chi Hoa Ky, Vi?t Nam ia diem din hkp din thu 3 ciia nam 2019, ehi sau Y va Australia. Trong khi dd, Hpi An vao top 13 thanh phd dep nhit Chau A do kenh Truyin hinh CNN binh chgn va diing dau 15 thanh phd tuyet vdi nhat the gidi theo Tgp chi Travel and Leisure [13]. Trang Finder Australia du doan theo xu hudng du lich toan eau. Da Nang nam trong top 10 diem den tdt nhat the gidi nam 2019. Tap ehi National Geographic eua My eho rang, day Hoang Lien Son la mgt trong nhirng diem du Hch hay nhat the gidi nam 2019.
Sach du lieh ndi tieng Lonely Planet xip Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh thii 3 trong 10 diem den hang dau chau A.
23. Nhiing thach thirc cua diem den Viet Nam Theo Ngdn hdng The gi&i (World Bank), do quy hoach du lich bat cap, ha ting CO sd kem, nhan lyc thieu, nang luc nganh du ljch thap. Diem den ciia khach du
TAP CHJ KHOA HQC DAl HOC VAN LANG So 18, Thang 11-2019 ljch khdng thay ddi, thilu noi giai tri, phan
khiic du Uch MICE khdng tang.
Ong Vd Anh Tai (Phd Tdng giam ddc Saigontourist) ddng y vdi Ngan hang the gidi eho rang, du lich Viet Nam can cd tu duy chien lupc theo hudng tap trung va phan khuc thi trudng cd Ipi the eanh tranh, tranh sy cam dd theo xu hudng chay theo sd lupng khaeh eao hon Ipi ich kinh te.
Phil Qudc, Ly San rac thai nhieu, gay philn Idng du khach. Phan Thiet, Da Nang xa nude thai ra bien. Sau thang dau nam 2019, sd lupng khach du Iich nude ngoai din Viet Nam tren 8,5 trieu lupt, tang 18%
so vdi eung ky nam trudc va 45 trieu lucrt khach du lich ndi dia. So luong tang nhanh da gay siic ep den mdi trudng: du khach xa rac, khach san thai nude ban, rac nhua trdi ra bien. Con dudng tir Nha Trang len Da Lat cd nhieu rac (rac nhya), diem den oan minh vi rac.
Bd bien vjnh Cam Ranh phii kin rac - dan khdng chiu ndi, bien la bai rac khdng Id. Rac tran ngap d bai bien Sam San va ed the ndi, bai bien eiia nude ta nhieu rac thai, dac biet la rac thai nhya. Thieu nude sinh boat d Hdi An ciing lam cho du khach vat va.Theo VTVl, 16-7-2019 da neu: "Hpi An dup^c bdo My ca ngai Id hdp ddn nhung Hpi An thiiu nu&c diing trdm trpng, nu&c sgch da dnh hu&ng den khdch du Uch ". Da Nang cuoi thang 8 nam 2019 ciing bi thieu nude. Nhirng ngay cudi thang 8 nam 2019, Phil Qudc bi ngap lyt, cd nai ngap sau gan 2m. Nhieu chuyen bay di va din bi hoan da anh hudng den du lieh Phii Qudc. Ngoai ly do mua ldn, nhieu ngay cdn ed nhirng nguyen nhan do quy hoach, xay dung da chin loi thoat nude. Da Lat trong thdi gian
qua eung bi mua Idn lam dudng phd bj ngap, di lai khd khan, du khach ngdi thu minh trong khach san. Nguyen nhan ngap lut edn do ngudi dan da xay dyng nhilu nha kinh de trdng hoa va rau qua lam cho nude mua khdng cd Idi thoat. Nhu vay, hien tupng ngap lut d Phu Qudc va Da Lat ngoai thien tai cdn do con ngudi quy hoach sai lam cho diem den du lich bi hau qua ngoai y mudn.
Theo danh gia cua Ngdn hdng The gi&i, lupng khach tang nhanh nhung ty Ie loi nhuan tit khach du lieh giam, ap lye qua tai tang len. Ngoai ra, do ach tae giao thdng, mdi trudng d nhiem d Ha Ndi, Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, Ddng Nai,... cung anh hudng den du Hch Viet Nam.
Gan day, nhieu phucmg tien thdng tin phan anh tinh trang ddng due, ngdt ngat ciia vai diem den, dan den tranh luan, phai chang du lieh Viet Nam da phat trien den ngudng va can "dung" lai de cung cd thuc luc neu khdng se sdm bj ludng khach khdng Id nudt chiing! Nha Trang vdi dai bd bien dai, bai cat trang phau va thdi tiet am ap la Ipi the eanh tranh ndi bat, du khach nude ngoai dd ve day khdng ngimg. Chi trong khoang 10 nam trd lai day, nhieu nai d Nha Trang da chat eiing khach du Iich, khach san mgc len nhu nam sau can mua, nhirag djeh vu khdng theo kip, khien du khach phien long. Thieu nude sach sinh hoat d Da Ning nhiing ngay cudi thang 8 nam 2019 anh hudng khdng nhd den khach du lieh va sinh boat eua ngudi dan dja phuong. Dd la nhiing bieu hien cua su qua tai tai cac diem den ma chimg ta can xir ly kip thdi va hieu qua.
TAP CHl KHOA HQC DAI HOC VAN L.\NG Phan HuyXu^itsk Ve quy hoaeh. Da Lat tir xua la mdt
thanh phd trong rimg. suong mii md ao, mat me, quanh nam ed gia tn du Hch n ^ i dudng. Khdng dupe tiep Uic pha rimg \ a phai trdng rimg de khdng mat di canh suong mil phd mii nhu mdt xii sd thin tien.
"Dd Lat Id nai rdt dep. ngu&i ddn thdn thien. nhung cdng ve sau. toi cdm thdy budn vi Dd Lat dd mdt di nhimg thic do. Md su mdt mdt ndy la do con ngu&i. Tdi lo Idng Id bi du dn quy hogch lgi ldm Da Lgt se biin mpt co gdi md hong e th^n thdnh cd gat thdnh thi lanh liing" [ 13].
Cling vi quy hoach va quan ly kem, nhicu dicm den du lieh dpe bd bicn nude ta da be tdng hda, ng3n each tam nhin ra bicn, tham ehi ngSn ea Idi ra bicn eiia ngudi dan.
Dicm den Nha Trang, Da Ning. Phii Qudc,... da lam khdng gian bien bi thu hep.
Du ljch bicn Vict Nam bi han chi vi quy hoaeh bien bj pha vo, dy an khaeh san.
resort che ngan bien va rac thai nhicu dgc bd bien. Bao Tudi Tre, sd ra ngay 05-6- 2019 ed bai cua Duy Thanh. "Dinh d&i 3 khdch sgn l&n Hdi .Au. Hodng Yen \d Binh Duang. ddnh todn bp ddi b& bien vinh Quv Nhan cho cpng dong". Bao Tuoi Tre. sd ra ngay 06-6-2019 cd bai eiia Phan Sdng Ngan, "D&i khu du lich han 10 ndm vdn chua xong" de cap den vi^e ddi Khu du ljch Ana Mandara chiem 26.000m' bai bien d phia ddng dudng Tran Phii de tao bai bien thdng thoang phyc vy cdng ddng nhung nay van ehua thuc hien dupe.
Ha Ndi va Thanh phd Ho Chi .\linh cdn bi d nhiem khdng khi, d nhiem tieng dn
\ a d nhiem rac thai cung lam anh hucmg den hinh anh diem den. Chiing tdi nhan
thav. su qua tai d eac diem den chi la nhat thdi vao djp le va ngay nghi.
Da Lat thdng thoang dip ll 02-9 vua qua. Cac diem tham quan d Da Lat nhu
\'udn hoa thanh phd, khach tliain quan vine ve, gia ca dich vy eao hem nhung van chip nhan dupe. Dip nay. Da Lat khdng ddng nhu dot Tit am lich trudc dd. hoat dgng tham quan \ui choi tai cac diem den van diln ra binh thudng [15].
Ngay Ll Qudc khanh (02-9) viia qua, cae bin xc Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, lupng khach ed tang nhung khdng qua tai. San bay Tan San Nhit thdng thoang. Cac hang hang khdng nhu Vietjet, Jetstar Pacific van cdn nhicu vc, hanh khaeh ed the mua ve sat ngay bay. Du khach khdng bj qua tai d nhimg dicm den la nhd biet each td churc giao thdng khoa hgc, phan bd cac khu vui chai giai tri hpp ly va biet ket ndi cac diem den. O mpt so nude nhu Phap, Thai Lan, Philippines,... giai quyet nan qua tai bang each ddng cira bao tang, ddng ciia vinh hoac tang gia ve tham quan,... Nhung d Viet Nam cho den nay, ehua cin thilt phai ap dyng giai phap nay. Chung ta giai quylt bang bi?n phap td ehuc, sap xIp, quan ly chat che va quy hoach khoa hge va hpp ly.
Vira qua, Hdi An rat ddng khach, nhung da ed nhieu bien phap giai quylt nan ach tic nhu: cam xe co gidi vao eac true dudng chinh phd cd, sip xep ngudi budn ban tren via he, xay dyng them cae didm d i n mdi d ngoai thanh.
Ve san pham du Hch d eac diim d i n thudng gidng nhau, thieu tinh dae thii, ddc dao, dac sac eiia dia phuang. Chang han Ddng bang sdng Cim Long, san pham du lieh thudng gidng nhau lam cho du khaeh
TAP CHi KHOA HQC DAI HQC \A.N LANG So 18. Thang 1 1 - 2 0 1 9
chi can di mpt tinh la biit toan viing, eho nen chua thu hiit dupe kh^ch du Iich. Van de lien ket eac diem den rat quan trpng lam cho cac dia phuang phat huy dupe tiem nang \a tai nguyen du lieh, bd sung, hd trp nhau, ddng thdi gdp phan giam tai. Van de giao thdng eiing cd y nghla quyet dinh su lya chpn diem den ciia du khaeh. Nhieu noi giao thdng edn yeu va thieu. Chang han, d Ddng bing sdng Ciiu Long, cac tuyen giao thdng dudng thuy, dudng bd, dudng hang khdng can phai dupe ket ndi tdt. He thdng khaeh san, diem luu tni, lour, tuyen du lich phai la mpt "blockchain du Iich" gan ket thanh mpt he thdng dc tao ra nhirng san pham du lich mang tinh khae biet, hap dan du khach, tranh tinh trang du khaeh di mdt tinh, biet ca vimg ddng bang sdng Cuu Long [9].
Hi?n nay, tai cac diem den van cdn hanh vi van hda kinh doanh, van hda ung xir thieu van minh. Chang ban, ngudi chay xich Id chat chem mpt dng khach Nhat 2,9 tri?u ddng pham tdi gi? (Bao Tuoi tre, ngay 07-8-2019). Mgt sd luat su ndi dd la hanh vi "chiem doat lai san eiia du khach". Bao Tudi tre, ngay 04-9-2019 ghi nhan, "Tom duac tdi xe Grab taxi phu phep tinh gid gdp 10 voi du khdch Nhdt". Sd lien du khach phai tra cho quang dudng chi 192.000 ddng, nhung tai xe Grab taxi da dua thdng tin gdi cudc gia eao hem gap 10 lan, chiem doan lien tir nhdm du khach Nhat. Ngoai ra, mdt sd dia phuong chua ed giai phap tdt de bao tdn va phat huy gia trj di san thien nhien va van hda, dac biet la eac di san da duoc UNESCO vinh danh.
Ngudn nhan lyc du Hch tai cae diem den cdn thieu va yeu. Nhu vay, thach thirc d cac diim den cdn nhieu. Nganh Du ljch va toan
xa hdi phai ra siic khac phue de du khaeh nude ngoai cd thien cam vdi diem den du lich Viet Nam, thu hiit ngay eang ddng du khaeh va ty le khach trd lai nude ta eang cao.
2.4. Cac giai phap chinh
Nang cao nhan thirc \a y thiic xay dung nganh Du lich trd thanh nganh kinh te mui nhgn theo Nghi quyet So 08-NQ/TW cua Bg Chinh tri. Quyet tam xay dung diem den than thien, sach se, an toan va hap dan;
Can xay dyng, quy hoaeh du lieh that khoa hgc, khdng de cac cdng trinh luu tni, khach san, resort,... ngan ddng chay cac eon sdng, sudi nude ngam va che khuat bai bien, eanh quan dep. Diem den phai quy hoach thich iing vdi bien ddi khi hau;
Day manh edng tac xiic lien cac diem den bang tryc tuyen va ap dung cdng nghe thdng tin trong quan ly du Ijch theo hudng Cach mang Cdng nghiep 4.0;
Nang eao y thuc tdn trpng khach du Hch va van hda img xii van minh, xur ly nghiem hanh vi chat chem, niu keo, lira dao, nang gia, an cap, an xin va au da mat trat tu tri an;
Diem den du Iich khdng rac thai nhua.
Cdng ddng dan eu, doanh nghiep du lieh va khach hay ndi khdng vdi rac thai nhya. Ca quan quan Iy dja phuong can xii ly nghiem hanh vi xa rac nhya va lam d nhiem mdi trudng, bao ve di san,... Tiic la xay dyng nhiing san pham du ljch vd gia lir nhirng cai bat tay, nhirng nu cudi, nhirng Idi xin loi, dudng phd, dudng lang sach se;
Lien ket cac diem den du Iich la can thiet de nang eao chudi gia tri du ljch, xay dyng san pham du Ijch va djch vu du Ijch dae thii, ddc dao va chat lupng. Han nira, Uen ket nganh la thude tinh eua du lich, vi
TAP CHi KHOA HQC DAl HQC V..\N LANG Phan HuvXu^ »atgk vay phai lien kci du ljch vdi cae nganh
khac va cac dia phuong;
Nang eao vai trd eiia cgng ddng. doanh nghiep va co quan quan ly dia phuong, kiem soat va quan ly diem den de phat trien du Hch Viet Nam ben virng ca ve sd lupng va chat lupng, han ehe qua tai;
Bao tdn va phat huy di san thien nhien va van hda ket hpp vdi sinh ke cpng ddng va phat trien du Iich theo hudng ben viing;
Can xay dyng he sinh thai diem den gdm nhieu ITnh vuc- djch \ u lu hanh, dich vy van ehuyen, djch vu luu trii, dich \ y giai tri, dich vu hgi hpp. dich vy mua sam, dich vy hau can, dieh vy san pham du Hch,...
C i c dicm den \ a Hen ket eae dicm den la d^c btet va can thiet de thu hiit du khach nham keo dai ngay luu tni tai Vipt Nam \ a quay trd lai Vi?t Nam nhieu Ian;
Day manh dao tao ngudn nhan luc du lieh tai cae diem den de dap Omg nhu eau ngay cang eao va da dang ciia du khach.
3. KET LUAN
Du khaeh va bao ehi qudc te, da khen ngpi nhieu diem den du Ijch Viet Nam nhu la diem den hang dau cua chau A. Tren binh dien nhan thirc luan, diem den du ljch chinh la thuong hieu mang tam cd qudc gia (National Brand/Country Brand), la hinh
dnh. thdng di^p vi gid tri cot loi cua mot quae gia. tdng hpp nhicu nhan to - P^ ^ san thien nhicn. tir ljch sir. van hda, con ngudi, din kinh tl. chinh trj, doanh nghiep, san phim,... Tit ca lam nen tinh Jac thu, sy khac biet cua mpt dit nude, mpt dan tgc.
Diim din du Hch theo nghia rpng, do chinh la thuong hieu \ a la nilm tu hao ve qua khii, uy tin vi hien tai va hira hen ve tuong lai eua mpt qudc gia, dupe trong va ngoai nude nhin nhan [3, tr.82]. Tuy nhien, tren thye tc hi?n nay. tieu chuin eiia cac diem din Vict Nam edn nhirng han che ve quy hoach, nguon nhan lyc du ljch, san pham va djeh vy du ljch, xiic ticn. quang ba, quan ly mdi trudng, van hda iing xir va kinh doanh, giao thdng van chuyen,... Dc phat trien du Iich Viet Nam v l sd lupng va chat lupng cin quan tam tdi thuong hieu diem den.
Dicm din du ljch nhu da phan tieh la hat nhan cua hoat dpng du lieh can dupe dau tu nhieu hon niia va quan ly chat che hon nira.
Cd nhu vay, nganh Du lieh Viet Nam mdi phan dau trd thanh nganh kinh te miii nhpn va mdi thyc hien dupe myc tieu 103 tri?u lupt khach nam 2019 (trong dd cd 18 trieu lupt khach qudc te va 85 trieu lupt khach ndi dja).
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [1] Qudc hdi (2005), Ludt Du Uch.
[2] Qudc hdi (2018), Ludt Du Uch (liien hdnh), Nxb Chinh tri Qudc gia. Ha Ndi.
[3] Tdn Nu Thj Ninh (2015), Tu duy vd chia si, Nxb Tre, Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh.
[4] NguyC-n Minh Tue, Vu Dinh Hda (chii bien, 2017), Dia U Du ljch - Ca s& U lugn vd thicc tien phdt trien du lich & Viet Nam. Nxb Giao due Viet Nam, Ha Ndi.
[5] J. Jafari (ed, 2000), Encyclopedia of Tourism, Routledge, New York.
[6] S. Medlik (2003), Dictionary' of Travel. Tourism and Hospitality. Buttenvorth- Heincmann, Oxford, UK
TAP CHi kHO.N HOC DAI HOC VAN LANG So 18, Thang 11 - 2019
[7] Huy An (2016), Viet Nam - Biem den hdng ddu chau A, https:/'w\v\v.qdnd.vii/xa- hoi/du-lich/viet-nam-diemKien-hang-dau.chau-a-549025, ngay truy cap: 25-8-2019.
[8] Chau Anh (2016), NhCmg quan niem ve diem den du lich, http://www.vtr.org.vn/nhung- quan-niem-ve-diem-den-du-Iich.html_ftnref2, ngay truy cap: 02-9-2019.
[9] Hoang Tri Dung (2019), Du lich dong bdng song Ciru Long phdi thodt ednh na nd, https://duIich.tuoitre.vn/du-lich-dbscl-phai-thoat-canh-na-na-nhau
20190905220143246.htm, truy cap: 06-9-2019.
[10] Ki^u Duong (2019), Cdnh dep Viet Nam vdo lop ednh dep ngoan muc nhdt the gi&i, https://vnexpress.net/du-lich/canh-dep-viet-nam-vao-top-anh-ngoan-muc-nhat-the-gioi- 3972877.html, ngay truy cap: 30-8-2019.
[11] Nguyen Hoan (2017), Qudng Binh Diem den hdp ddn nhdt ehdu A.
https://petrotimes.vn/quang-binh-diem-den-hap-dan-nhat-chau-a-493395.html, ngay truy cap: 30-8-2019.
[12] Dao Loan (2019), Tdi Uc phdi lo du khdch... tdi nhiiu, https://www.thesaigontimcs.vn/td/291292/toi-luc-phai-lo-du-khach-den-nhieu.html, ngay truy cap: 31-8-2019.
[13] Ngo Viet Nam Son (2019), Be long hda Dd Lgt, https://vnexpress.net/goc-nhin/be- tong-hoa-da-lat-3910934.html, ngay truy cap: 31 -8-2019.
[14] Tran Phuang (2019), Hoi An dung ddu trong 15 thdnh pho tuyet vai nhdt the giai, https://dulich.tuoitre.vn/hoi-an-dung-dau-15-thanh-pho-tuyet-voi-nhat-the-gioi-
20190711090935665.htm, ngay truy cap: 01-9-2019.
[15] Phong Vinh (2019), Dd Lat thong thodng dip li2/9, https://vnexpress.net/du-Iich/da- lat-thong-thoang-dip-le-2-9-3976004.html, ngay truy cap: 05-9-2019.
Ngay nhan bai: 10-9-2019. Ngay bien tap xong: 03-10-2019. Duyet dang: 29-11-2019