NHONG e i i M Mdi ve L? LUAN H A N G H 6 A SCrC LAO OdNG CCiA C.MAC TRONG DI^U KI6N CCiA TH^ GI6I HI$N BAI VA
VAN DUNG 6VIETNAM
TS, Nguyen Minh Quang Vien Kinh te
Hoc vien Chinh tri - Hiinh chinh Quoc gia Ho Chi Minh
1. Dat v a n d e
Thdi dgi ngdy nay, vdi su phat tricn nhSy vgt vfi chat ciia Igc lugng sSn xuat nhd nhu"ng thSnh tuu vugt bac ciia eSch mgng khoa hgc - cdng nghd trong nhieu ITnh vuc da tgo ra nhiing tifin de vat chat - ky thugt cho nfin kinh tfi tri llnic ra ddi d cdc nudc tu ban chu nghTa. Su phdt trifin nay ndy sinh tren nhifiu khia cgnh khac nhau, vira co ban, vira van dung trong dieu kifin lich sii mdi, Igi vira phai dau tranh phfi phan cac tu ludng hoai nghi, mo hd, thdm ehi Igi dung dfi xuyfin tgc eua cac the lue thu djch phSn ddng. Chinh Lfinin ciing da chi ra: "Chiing loi kltong coi ly ludn eua Mdc la cdi gi hodn chinh vd bdt khd xdm phgm. Nguac lgi chung ldi khdng djnh rdng nd moi chi Id nen tdng cua mot nen khoa hoc md nhOrig ngudi xd hgi chu nghTa phdi ddn di xa han theo tdi cd moi huong neu ho khong muon lac hdu vai cuoc song". Vi vgy, cdn ldm rd thfim nhimg ddc dicm mdi, nliting van de cd tinh thdi su ciia ly ludn hdng hda siie lao dgng trong difiu kifin ciia the gidi hifin nay.
Difiu kifin eiia cudc cdch mgng khoa hgc - cdng nghe hifin dai vS nfin kinh tfi tri thiic, van dung vao qud trinh phat trifin kinh te tlii Irudng djnh hudng xa hdi chu nghia d nudc la.
2. Ve khiii niym sue lao d^ing
Khi ndi ve siic lao dgng, Mae da chi ra:
"Chimg tdi hieu sue lao dgng hay ndng luc lao dgng la loan bg nhirng ndng luc the chdt vd tinh thdn ton tgt trong mdt ca the. Irong mgt con ngu&i dang song vd dugc ngudi do dem ra van dung mdi khi sdn xudt ra mot gid tri su dung ndo da ". Trdi qua hem mdt thfi ky xa hdi loai ngudi cd nhieu bifin ddng vS ddi thay, vdi quan niem ve siie lao ddng, ndng lue thfi chat vS tinh Ihan da bao quat todn bd nang lue ciia con ngudi.
Tuy nhifin, hifin nay cd nhiing quan difim mo hd khi eho rang hgc thuyet eiia MSc duge ra ddi trong difiu kifin lich sir khi ma cugc cdch mang khoa hgc cdng nghe ehua phdt Irifin, lao ddng sdn xuat ciia con ngudi chii ycu dua vdo sire co bap lao dgng gian don. Ngay nay, trong dieu kien phat Irifin vugl bdc cua each mang khoa hgc - cdng nghe vd mdt sd nudc tu bSn dang timg budc phdt trien kinh tfi tri thiic thi ngodi siie co bap, van dfi quan trgng cd y nghTa quyfit djnh hon Id nang luc linh than, tri tue, tri luc ciia ngudi lao dgng ddng vai trd quyet dinli ddi vdi tang ndng suat lao ddng. VS difiu nay hgc
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NGHllN CCfU C H S U A U • EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°7 (1421.2012thuyet gii tri lli5"e dir (t dc c(ip ticn, do d6 dang liic h^u trong xa hpi liicn dpi vOn minh nen kliong can thict phii lioc kip, nghi6n aiu. ThCit gian dtm niu quan niijni h(;p hoi nhir vay doi vdi nhttng lujn dicm ni4 Mdc d:1 trinh bay. C) day can dirng liC-n binh di^n tong quat nhat dc xem xil. danh giii vii suy ngam. Nhttng luan dicm m4 Mdc da trlnh bay, khang dinh cung llhir du b.io vc vi tri.
vai trd ciia ning luc tinh than, tri luc tri tuc trong x5 hpi vin minh ngay ciing quan trgng, tra nen bcl sire can tbict vii dong vai tro quyet dinh nhat. Co the chung minh ngay tir phan dau trong bp Tu hdn khi trinh bdy vc hgc thuyet gia tri lao dgng; Pban noi vc lao dpng phirc tap, Mac da chi ra rdng: Neu lao dgng la su tieu phi sue lao dgng gidn don trung binh thi bdt ky mgt con ngucii binh thudng ndo, mgt cgn ngudi khong cd mot su phdt tricn dae biet ndo. eung deu cd trong ea thd eua hg. Mae du bdn than lao dpng gidn dan trung binh eung thay ddi tinh chdt eiia nd trong eac nudc khde nliau vd trong nhttng
thdi ky vdn minh khde nhau, thi trong mpt xa h§i nhdt dinh nd van Id cdi gl dd dupc xac dinh. Lao dOng phire t?p chi Id lao dpng gian don dupc ndng Icn luj thira, hay ndi dung him. Id lao ddng gidn don dupc luy thira len, n6n mpt lupng lao dpng phiic tap nhd hon tuong duong vdi mpt lupng lao d^ng Idn han.
Dong thdi. Mac cdn du bao: "Khoa hgc .•il ngdy cdng Ira thdnh lytc lufrng sdn xudl true tiep" khi ndi vc vai Ird ciia lao dpng tri luc. Oicu nay dd dupc chimg minh bdng nhttng thdnh tuu ciia khoa hpc dupc vat chit hod trong tu lieu sdn xual hodc thdng qua kj ndng. trlnh dp lao dpng cd hieu suat cao Hon.
Cd nhieu tieu chl de ddnh gia dieu ndy, trong dd tieu chi quan trpng nhdt la thdi gian tir phdt minh khoa hpe den san xuat sdn phdm duac rut ngdn lgi. Trong bdi tham ludn tai I lgi thdo A'/;i/j te tri thuc. m^l ca hoi mdi cho nudc la suu hai thdp ky 6/2000, GS. Chu 1 l.ui dd thong kc. tong kel trong bang sau:
Phat minh ky thugt Nguyfin ly chup anh Nguyen ly may dien Thudc khang sinh Nguyen ly phan hach Nguyfin Iy cap quang Y tudng da chirc nang
Ndm 1872 1831 1910 1938 1966 1987
.San MifiC thifit bj NUivanhO'J-**) M.iv pli.'it dien 1872 Thude khani> sinh 1940 Bom niiuyeii Iu 1945 Chfi tao cap quang 1970 May vi linh da chirc nang 1991
Q u a trinh thai nfihcn 56 nam 41 nam
30 nam , 7 nam
4 ndm 4 nam Vd ngdy nay, trong ITnh vuc edng nghe
thdng tin, trong cimg mdt thdi gian, ngudi ky su lap trinh vira sdng lao vira san xuat ra phan mem dugc lien hanh ddng thdi vS du bao ciia CMac da trd thanh hifin thue.
Vc lao ddng td chirc va qudn ly, Mac da chi ra: "Mgi lao dgng xd hoi trite tiip, hay lao dgng chung ndo tiin hdnh tren mot quy mo tuang doi lan thi it nhieu cUng can Sn mgt su chi dgo de dieu hod nhitng hoat dons.
QViii'iuj. ifteiu tudi tie hj tiiiht 41
cd nhdn vd thuc hien nhirng chirc ndng chung",
Trong difiu kign hi^n nay, cimg vdi sg phdt tricn ciia san xudl vd iih&ng moi lifin h?
kinh le trong xa hdi, van de td chirc, qudn ly ngay cSng cd vai trd quan trgng, ISm ehiic ndng niQt thii lao dgng sSn xuat, dd IS chiic ndng hudng dan. difiu hoS, phoi hgp boat ddng san xuat nhdm dgt hieu qud kinh te cao hon. Hon nira, ban than lao dgng qudn Iy dd trd nen het siic phiic lgp, cung ddi hdi sg phan edng thdnh cac chiic nang, nhiem vu rifing cd tinh chat chuyfin mdn hoa nham phuc vu va dSm bSo chirc nang quSn ly chung. Mac vifit: "Neu sdn xudt xa hgi vi nhu mgt ddn hgp xuang. neu ddn hgp xudng cdn phdi cd vai trd dieu khien cua ngudi nhge truang thi trong cong nghiep phdi cd nhitng sT quan cdng nghiep vd nhirng hg sT quan"
Nhung can chii y khdng duge nhdm lan khodn thu nhgp ciia nhS tu ban vdi tu cdch Id nhd qudn Iy vdi thu nhap ciia nhd tu bdn vdi tu each Id chii sd hiiu. Su nhdm Idn ndy dan dfin quan niem thu nhap eiia nhd tu ban, su giau cd cua hg IS do lao ddng quSn ly dem lgi. Trong nen kinh le thi trudng djnh hudng XHCN d nudc ta hifin nay, nhifiu ngudi tu cho rang minh giSu cd dugc IS do cd dau dc td chiie kinh doanh. Tien de ra lifin. Hg khdng bdc lot ai cd va do IS cdng lao ddng cua hg. Dieu nSy C.Mae cung da de cap rang: Can phan biet nfiu tu bSn IS nhS quSn ly, lao ddng true tiep lao ra gia tri thang du
thi thu nhgp ciia hg IS lien cdng. Lao dgng qudn Iy IS lao dgng phirc lap, do dd thu nhgp cao ban lao dgng gfSn don. Nhung trong nghifin ciru bdng phuong phdp trim tugng hda khoa hgc bign chiing MSc dd chi rd: Cai phan tu bdn md nhd tu ban bd ra dc nd djch lao dgng eiia ngudi khSe mdi IS bdc Igt lao dgng ISm thufi.
Nhu vgy, Irong hgc thuyet C.Mdc da cho rdng: Lao dgng tri tu^, lao dgng phirc tgp, lao dgng qudn Iy dfiu tgo ra lien edng, eung mang lai thu nhgp eho nhS tu bSn, IS thu nhap chinh dSng. VS du bSo cac logi lao dgng nSy cd xu hudng ngSy cSng chifim mdt ly Ifi Idn trong giS trj sSn pham. Difiu nay da dugc bifiu hifin rat rd trong difiu kifin each mang khoa hgc - cdng nghe hifin nay vS trong difiu kifin ciia nfin kinh lfi tri thiic.
3. Vc dieu kifin dc sue lao dong trd thanh hang hoa
Khi phan tich difiu kifin siic lao ddng trd thanh hSng hoa, MSc viet: "Sue lao dgng chi ed the xudt hien tren thi Iruang vdi tir cdch Id hdng hod khi nd dugc dua ra thi trudng vd chi trong chiing muc nd dugc dua ra thi truang, hay ngay dugc chinh ngudi chu cda nu, tuc bdn thdn ngudi cd sue lao dgng do, dem bdn. Mudn cho ngirdi chu sue lao dgng dy cd the dem bdn dugc nd vai tu cdeh la hdng hod thi nguai do phdi ed khd ndng chi phdi dugc sue lao dgng dy, do do ngudi dy phdi la ke tu do sd hiru ndng luc lao dgng
CMdc, Angghen toan tap, t,23, tr 480,
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NGHllN CCrU CHAU A U - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°7 (1421.2012cita mmh. thdn the minh"^.
Anh ta vS ngudi chu tim g?p nhau Irfin llij irudng vS quan he vdi nhau vdi tu cdch IS nlithig ngudi chii hSng hod binh dang vdi nhau, chi khde nhau d ch3 ni^l ben ihl mua, mgt bfin thi bdn vS vi the cS hai deu IS nhthig ngudi binh ddng vc mJjX phdp ly. Mudn duy Iri moi quan h? dy, nguiri sd hthi siic lao dgng bao gid cung chi bdn siic lao dgng dd Irong mgl thdi gian nhal djnh, bdi vi neu anh ta bdn diil bdn toSn bg sire lao dgng ay trong mgl lan thi anh ta sC tg bSn cS than anh la vS lir ch«' la mgl ngucri tg do, anh la sfi Ud thSnh ngudi nd I?; lir cho IS ngudi chii hSng IioS anh ta sfi trd IhSnh mdt hSng bod.
Vific bSn siie lao ddng trong mgl thdi gian nhat dinh theo hgp dong hi^n nay d nude ta nhifiu doanh nghifip, ddc bifit IS cSc doanh nhifip FDI nhd va \ ira. chii doanh nghifip lgi dgng khdng ky hgp dong dSi hgn vdi ngudi lao ddng dfi trdn trdch nhiem bdo hifim cho ngudi lao dgng. Theo bdo cao ciia Tdng lifin dodn Lao dgng Viijl Nam (9/2011), ehi cd 3 8 % ngudi lao dgng trong eSe doanh nghifip I-DI dugc ks' hgp ddng lao dgng.
Vfi difiu kifin thir hai de sire lao dgng ira IhSnh hSng hoS. Trudc day. khi giai thich vfi difiu kien nSy, ngudi ta hay \ icn dan tir cho ngudi lao dgng "Iran nhu nbgng""' theo each ndi eiia Mac. Nfiu hifiu theo nguyfin nghia ciia tir ay d vSo Irgng IhSi dgc lap ihi hoSn
C.MAc, Angghen, sdd.
' N t .
loSn sai ldm. Trfin thgc tc dS khdng it ngudi mo his, c6 tlnh vien dSn theo cSch lgp luan iy vS cho rang, MSc ndi nhu vgy IS khdng dung vS cSng khdng dung vdi xS hgi lu ban hi?n dgi ngSy nay. Bdi hg cho rdng cdng nhao ngiiy nay cd cA phdn trong cdng ly nhung van bdn sire lao d^ng. lir dd c6 tinh xuyfin t^c hgc thuyet ciia C M a c IS khdng phan Snh dugc sg v$n dgng xS hgi lu bSn hien dai, khdng thgc t^ khdch quan. Vfi van dfi nay, phSi xual phSt tir cSch hieu tong quat, phai dga trfin quan dicm Ijch sir eg the ciia lir ay dc hieu dung nghTa. Thgt \ ay. d trang 252 - 253, Mac - Angghen. Todn lop, lgp 23. Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia, IIS Ndi. 2002, khi Uinh bSy difiu kien thu hai dfi sue lao dgng tro ihSnh hSng hoa. C. M.ic \icl: "Nguai dm sue lao dgng khdng eon cd khd ndng bdn nhimg hdng hod trong do lao dgng cda anh ta dugc vdt hod. md trdi lgi anh ta bugc phdi Jem bdn vdi tir cdch la hdng hod. chinh ngay cdi sire lao dgng chi ton tai a trong ca the son^
cua anh la thoi". Va dieu ay dd dugc Mac giai thich rd thfim: \ l o i ngudi ndo dd cd kha ndng bSn nhflmg lu lifiu san xuat. vi du nhu nguyfin lieu, cong eg lao dgng \ . \ Ngudi ta khdng thfi lam giay dng niS khdng ed da thugc. Ngoai ra anh ta can phSi cd tu Ii?u san xudt nira Toan bg nhirng dan lieu tren dav ed the hifiu rdng. ngudi lao dgng dugc tudo.
van cd tu lieu sSn xudt nhung tu lieu san xu^
it di cua hg chua du dfin miic cSn thifit dfi ket hgp vdi sire lao ddng cua anh ta..., vS vi vay anh ta di ISm thuc thi kfit qua tdt hon. Tir do.
MSc da nhan manh rang: "Vd mdi khac fl"'' ta khong cdn co mgl hdng hod ndo khdc\&i
Qtlift'tig. dietu laa'i oe Id latin..,
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ban, noi mgt cdch khac Id "Iran nhu nhgng ", hodn loan khdng cd nhiing vgt cdn thiel de thirc hien sue lao dgng cua minh". Dieu ay hoan loan dung trong xa hgi duong thai niS Mdc dang sdng. Chinh Angghen dd cung cap tu lieu cho C.MSc vifit ve \an dfi nay khi md tS tinh canh khdn cimg ciia giai cap cdng nhan Anh thfi ky XVllL Cach hifiu nhu vgy la hoan loSn khoa hgc va eSng dc dang ban khi chung ta giai thich dugc vi sao trong xS hdi tu bSn hifin dgi, edng nhan cd co phan, co phifiu nhung van bdn sire lao dgng. Bdi le, ngdy nay thdng qua chfi dg sd hiru cd phan lu bdn chii nghTa cho phfip gidi chu tu ban Idn
\ ira huy ddng duge ca nhirng ngudn vdn nhd trong ddn eu dfi sir dung, \ ira giii dugc quyfin lue khdng chfi qua vice nam giu: cd phdn phii quyfit, ddng thdi che day mdt each tinh vi ban chdl bde lot ciia tu bdn chu nghTa dudi biic mSn dan cbii gia hifiu vfi kinh tfi vdi eSi ggi la "chii nghTa tu bSn nhan dan".
Theo sd lifiu thdng kfi nam 2010 eua Ban lin Thdi su Qudc tc: "Thuy Dien 29%
ddn cu CO cd phieu; Phdp 6 trieu ngudi Id cd ddng: Anh 8 trieu, My 35 - 40 trieu"... Tuy I nhien, sd hiru ciia cdc nhS tu ban van la chii
yeu. Theo sd lieu thdng kfi qudc tc, toSn bd
; cd phan mS ngudi lao ddng d My cd dugc , chi chifim 1% todn bd gia trj cd phieu. Ban , tin Thdi su Qudc tfi 31-1-2010 cho bifit, den , nay 84% dan sd Thuy Difin cd cd phifiu j nhung chii yfiu IS ngudi giS, duong Ido, khdng true tiep tham gia giao dich cd phifiu.
5 Ve vdn dfi nay eung can phdi hifiu ro rang:
Khi cdng nhan cd cd phan thi ho dugc phan
chia Igi nhudn (2 nSm m^t idn nhu Cdng ty Co phan Nh|it Bdn chdng han), nhung dd chi IS sg phan chia lgi cSi do chinh giai cdp cdng nhan tgo ra md thdi. Cdi khoi lugng gid tri th^ng du do giai cdp lu san tudc dogl van y nguyen nhu trudc, chi cd sg phdn ph6i gid trj ihdng du la thay d6i, nhung sg thay doi dd khdng dang la bao vi; So co phieu eiia cdng nhan khdng dang kc so vdi sd c^ phifiu eiia nhd lu ban, vi thfi cd cd phifiu cung chua phai la ehii sd hu:u dieh thgc, van phai ban sire lao dgng, Nhung so vdi sd cdng nhan khdng cd cd phifiu thi bg phgn cdng nhan ed ed phifiu sfi cd ty suat bj bdc Igl thap ban.
Tdm lai, mdc du gan hai thfi ky qua di vdi bao ddi thay, bifin ddng nhung nhirng gia iri kinh difin ma C.Mac dfi lai van giir nguyfin giS trj ISm gdc ly luan cbo vific ludn gidi vd cdt nghTa cdc van de mdi trong qua trinh phdt trifin kinh tfi thj trudng dinh hudng XHCN vS hdi nhap qudc tfi eua Vifit Nam.
Tai lifiu tham khao i Dang Ilii-u (2004), Tri thirc Viet Nam trudc yeu cdu phdt trien ddt nudc, Nhd xudt bdn Chinh trj qudc g i a , Ha Ndi.
2. Ho Nggc Lugt (2004), Phdt triin khoa hgc vd cdng nghe tirng budc phdt trien kinh te Iri thuc, Hdi ihSo khoa hgc: "Kinh te tri thiec vd cdng nghiep hda, hien dgi hoa rdi ngdn d Viet Nam ".
3. C. Mae - Angghen, Todn tap, lap 23, tap 24 (1993), NhS xudt bSn Chinh tri quoe gia, Ha Ndi.
4. Lenin, Todn lap, tap 18, 19, Nha xudt bSn Tien bo - Matxcova, 1978.