Ea.
KHONG GIAN TAM LINH TRONG TifeU THUYET
"COI NGlTOI RUNG CHUONG TAN THE" CUA HO ANH THAI The psychic space in novel
"The Realm of Human being is ringing apocalypse" of Ho Anh Thai Cao Thj Nggc Ha'
Tdm tit Abstract Trong liiu thuyit "Coi ngucri rung chuong The novel "The Realm of Human being is
tdn thi" cua Hd Anh Thdi co mgt khdng gian tdn ringing apocalypse" of Ho Anh Thai recognizes tgi bdng niem tin tdm linh cua nhdn vgt, cua nguai the appearance of the psychic space, existed by viit vd ed ngu&i dgc, duac ggi Id khdng gian tdm the sacred belief of the characters, the writer and linh. Tdt cd diu tin rdng ed mgt khdng gian dn the reader The space is believed to be occupied chua ndng luc sieu nhien cita ngie&i da khudt, mgt by the supernatural power of dead souls which khdng gian cho su gap gd, giao tiip giiia ngu&i can connect and communicate with living people, sdng vd linh hdn nguai chet. Qua khdng gian tdm Through the psychic space, the writer demonstrates linh dy nhd vdn the hiin niem tin vdo con ngudi dii his belief in men although the realm of human CO! ngu&i cd nhieu nhuang nhiiu cdi dc vd khdng being has many evil things and asserts values of dinh gid tri ciia vdn hod tdm linh trong dai sdng cua spiritual culture in human life.
con ngu&i ^^^ ^g^^^. .. j - ^ ^ ^^^^^ of Human being is Tic khod: "Coi ngu&i rung chudng tan thi ", ringing apocalypse ", Ho Anh Thai, psychic space, Hd Anh Thdi, khdng gian tdm linh, tiiu thuyet, vdn novel, spiritual culture
hod tdm linh
1. Dat van de
Khdng gian trong tac phim nghd thuat vita la yeu td hinh thiic vira la yeu td ndi dung. Nd khdng don thuan mang tinh khach quan ma cdn la klidng gian dugc quan nidm, dugc gan cho mdt y nghTa nhat dinh. Ciing vdi thdi gian nghd thuat, khdng gian nghd thuat la mgt ki hieu dac biet bidu dat nhiing cam thiic, bgc Id quan nidm cua tac gia vd the gidi, vd con ngudi. Khdng gian trong tac pham van hgc thudng la khdng gian vat thd va khdng gian tam tudng (ciia nhan vat). Nhung trong Coi ngudi rung chudng tan thi ciia Hd Anh Thai, chung tdi cam nhan cdn cd mgt khdng gian khac, vd hinh, bao bgc liy nhan vat, tdn tai ciing vdi nhan vat, Iam ndn tang y nghTa khac nira ciia tac ph5m, am anh ngudi dgc. Chiing tdi ggi dd la khdng gian tam linh. Tim hidu khdng gian dac biet nay frong tac pham se giup ta hieu dugc quan nidm CLia nha van ve thd gidi va con ngudi.
2. Giai quyet van de
Tam linh la mdt pham tni bao gom nhiing I Thac sT, Tnrdng THPT chuyen Ly Tu Trgng - C k Tho
gia trj tinh than phong phii, gin vdi nidm tin thieng lieng ve cai cao ca, thugc vd thd gidi tam hdn ciia con ngudi. Trong tac phim Coi nguai rung chudng tan the, khdng gian tam linh khdng phai la nai dat ban thd, nai thd ciing hay khdng gian chiia chidn, den mieu, nha thd - diy la nhiing khdng gian dugc td chirc, bai tri de hudng con ngudi vd nhirng dieu linh thidng, vd thd gidi ma hg ngudng vgng. Ciing khdng phai la khdng gian dien ra cac Id hgi dan gian, nghi thilc tin nguong. Cung khdng phai la thd gidi tam linh trong y niem ciia dan gian vdi nhiing Giang, Than. Khdng gian tam linh ma chiing tdi cam nhan dugc la khdng gian an chira niem tin vd kha nang dac biet ciia con ngudi, ve nai nang lye sieu nhidn ciia con ngudi dugc the hien. Viing khdng gian iy khdng nhin thiy dugc, khdng nim bat dugc, chi cam thay bang linh cam, tam linh.
2.1. Khdng gian tam linh vd Coi kha nang ciia con ngiroi
Cdi ngu&i kn chira nhieu cai xiu, cai ac thi ty eoi ngu&i day minh vao tan thi. Cugc diu franh giira cai tdt - cai xau la cudc diu franh khdng
" So 16. thdns 12/2014 %iM
- d
ngimg nghi, nhung cd dau tranh thi mdi nhan ra coi nguai khdng the hoan hao bdi coi ngu&i la nai ciia nhirng phiic thd CON - NGU6l vdi diy du tinh ty nhien va tinh xa hdi, nhung "coi ngudi cung bao dung lam"', hay cii tin nhu the. Day mdi chi la y nghTa dugc nhin thay tii nhan vat hiru hinh va nhiing dieu dugc tran thuat frong khdng gian cua coi ngudi. Cd mdt cdi khac coi ngu&i tdn tai song song coi ngudi va chi phdi coi ngudi Uong tac pham, do la coi khd ndng cita con ngudi. Cdi khd ndng, trong each diing cua chiing tdi, la nang lye sidu nhien ciia nhirng ngudi da ehdt tdn tai frong nidm tin tam linh ciia nhiing ngudi dang sdng, khac bidt vdi kha nang hidn thyc ma con ngudi da thd hidn frong khdng gian sdng ciia minh.
Ba cai chet md dau tac pham chi la nhung gdp nhat hien tugng cho thay nhiing ai cd hanh vi,
^ do xau lien quan ddn nhan vat Mai Trirng ddu bj chet khdng If do. Nhiing cai ehdt bat thudng ay xay ra trong nhirng khdng gian khac nhau nhung ddu la khdng gian hidn hiru. Coc ehdt tai bai tam Binh Son. Bdp bi freo cd frong phdng tam cua khach san Apocalypse. Phu chet vi phdng xe may hdt tdc lye trdn dudng phd Sai Gdn. Mai Trirng xuat hidn ciing luc vdi nhimg nhan vat ay, frong ciing khdng gian ay, la myc dich truy dudi ciia nhiing con ngudi ay, nhimg van binh ydn vd sy. Mai Trimg nhu dugc bao ve ngam bdi mdt thd gidi vd hinh nao dd vay.
Qua toan bd tac pham, ngudi dgc nhan ra nha van da tao ndn xung quanh nhan vat cua minh mgt khdng gian an chiia xung nang cd kha nang nhan bidt va trimg phat cai xiu. Xung nang ay bao bgc, chd che nhan vat frong mgi hoan canh.
Con be hgc cung Idp vd Idng cua Mai Trimg vi bit cd phai lam "linh" cho nd, khe nd dm cap cho nd rdi cdn "xdng vao turn tdc Mai Trimg dinh danh", nhung "chua kjp danh thi con be nga vat ra.
Mat frgn trimg. Mep siii bgt." Ong can bd td chiic nganh didn goa vg dam md midng ndi Mai Trimg li "diia con hoang" thi "dang ndi dd cau thoa ma, mi?ng dng bdng ciing dd, rang Igi nhu hoa da. Ong da hoan toan cim khiu."^ Cdn gia dinh lang gidng quyet bien hanh lang chung giiia hg va nha Mai Lan Anh (thuc hien). 2002. Coi ngu&i cung bao dung lam..., xem 12.10.2002<http://nld.
com.vn/van-hoa-van-nghe/coi-nguoi-cung-bao-dung- lam-55396.htm>.
2 Hd, Anh Thai. 2009. Coi nguai rung chuong tan thi. H:
NXB Lao dpng. Ctc trich dan trong bai deu lay tir sach nay.
Trimg thanh can phdng rieng cua hg, Mai Trimg khdng chiu dugc, chay ra "diing ngay giiia noi bgn ngudi dang hi hue xay dyng phdng tuydn", "ca bdn ga frai phat khiing. Cha le chiing chju thua mgt dira con gai mudi lam tudi? Chiing vd lay nhimg khiic fre khiic niia, nhat loat quat cho con be mgt fran tai bdi. Vii khi die khac tudt khdi tay chiing. Mdt cai gay tre vang len cao, rai xudng, dap danh bdp vao dau mdt thang. Mdt cay nOra vdt nhgn ty quay dau, xien vao bap diii mdt thang khac. Hai thang kia nga vat ra giay danh dach nhu dong loat tning gid.
Bdn thing con trai to con rdn ri gao thet vang nha."
Ngay ca khi ngudi ta chi mdi cd y nghT lam hai cd,
"cai ac vira mdi manh nha Uong y thiic, chua can phai tryc tidp va tryc didn hanh ddng" thi ciing da
"gap qua bao nhan tidn". Nhirng Ian chuan bi danh ghen Mai Trimg ciia vg giam ddc Qude Dai hay cai ehdt cila Bdp va Phu la nhirng minh chiing. Cd thd hinh dung: dii Mai Trimg dang d giiia coi ngu&i nhimg cd dugc each li vdi coi nguai day ray cai ac bdi mdt khdng gian trong veo day ap nang lye sieu nhien bao bgc quanh minh, chang cai ac nao cd the cham vao dugc cd. Nhung xung nang iy nam ngoai Mai Trimg, khdng thudc vd y thiic cila cd. Cho ndn, ban than nhan vat Mai Trung khdng hd cd bat cir hanh vi nao tac ddng ddn ddi tugng nhung ddi tugng van bi dau ddn, bj tai ucmg. Tham chi, cd cdn bat ngd khi ddi phuong bj trimg tri.
Didu nay khac bin vdi hien tugng con ngudi cd nang Iyc sieu nhien - con ngudi thudng lam chii nang Iyc ki la ciia minh va nang Iyc ay tac ddng den thd gidi vat chat khdng phan bidt tdt - xau.
Vdi nhirng didu nhu thd, rd rang, Hd Anh Thai da tao cho ngudi dgc cam giac cd mdt khdng gian an chira nang Iyc dac bidt phii quanh nhan vat trung tam, ddc lap vdi nhan vat.
Didu dang ndi la nha van tao ndn khdng gian an chiia nang Iyc sieu nhien bao quanh nhan vat Mai Trung khdng phai tir mdt luc lugng sidu nhidn (nhu thd truydn cd thd trd thanh tidu thuydt vidn tudng hay tidu thuyet gia tudng) ma tir chinh con ngudi ddi thudng da chet (vi thd cd ngudi ggi day la tidu thuydt hidn thyc - tam linh). Dd la nhan vat Hoa, nhan v^t ngoai vi so vdi nhan vat trung tam la Mai Trimg. Hoa dugc gidi thieu dan gian:
"Gan mudi bay tudi d mdt lang qud chat phac, cd di bd dgi rdi vao chien frudng ngay, nao da kip nhin ngd gi xung quanh", cho ndn "Hoa thudng nga So 16, thdng 12/2014 K £ |
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ngac trude mgi chuyen, nhu the mdt diia tre len nam, nhu thd cd chua sdng bao gid". Phai chang vi thd ma khi yeu Hoa ydu say dim, ydu nhu thd dugc sdng, ydu vj tha va bao dung. Nhin thay ca the can ddi va cudng trang ciia Hung "Hoa bat chgt cd y nghT nhu mdt ngudi me. Cd san sang chiu nghin lan thuang tich va tai hoa ma chidn tranh dang ddi xudng dau minh, mien sao nhung chang Uai nhu thi kia dugc dua ngay vd hau phuong, dugc giii di hgc nude ngoai. Hdt chidn tranh, dat nude thyc sy can nhimg chang frai nhu vay." Trong sang, ngay tha, dep Uong suy nghT ndn phai chiing kidn cai ehdt tham khdc cua ngudi ydu lam cho Hoa that than, didn loan. Cd da sdng ngay tha nhat, dang yeu va dugc ydu say dam nhat, dot nggt bi mat mat dau ddn nhat song hanh ciing Idng cam phan tdt do. Tat ca lien tiep ddi vao cudc sdng cua cd gay nen mgt chan thuang tinh than, chan thuong tam hdn sau sac, den ndi trude khi chet cd cdn dan lai chi em ddng ddi cua minh: "Cac chi khai sinh cho chau la Nguyen Thi Mai Trimg. Mai ngay chau Idn, chau se di Uimg phat nhiing ke ac...". Ldi trang trdi iy Ud thanh Idi nguydn, Idi thd cua chinh Hoa. Mai Triing khdng cd kha nang trimg trj cai ac ma chinh ldi trSng Udi cua Hoa (me Mai Trirng) linh ling ddi vdi cd. Ldi frang frdi cua cd gai giir kho quan luong thdi chidn ngay tha, that dia, ludn cd cai ve nga ngac tdi nghiep la sy don nen cua tinh yeu frong sang, cua dau thuang tdt ciing trude cai chet cua ngudi minh ydu thuang nhit, cua ghd ran hai hiing tnrdc hanh vi ciia cai ac, va khat vgng vd thi gidi cila nhimg didu tot dep. Khat vgng cao ca ciia Hoa manh liet ddn ndi no bidn thanh nang lye dac biet, vugt thoat khdi thd gidi vat chit. Cai viing nang lye sidu nhidn bao bgc quanh Mai Trung chinh la vimg kha nang, vimg cd thd ciia Hoa. Mai Trimg chi la hinh tudng, hinh sic dd "nhir" cai ac Id didn. Mai Trimg khdng di trimg phat nhimg ke ac ma la chinh Hoa di frimg phat cai ac trong cudc ddi ciia Mai Trirng. Hoa cd thd trimg tri cai ac ngay khi the phach cd khdng cdn.
Phai chang Hd Anh Thai dang vidt vd cai hoang dudng? Hay dang ke chuydn cd tich thdi hign dai? Khdng, theo chiing tdi, nha van vidt bing nidm tin tam linh vao nang Iyc ciia con ngudi.
Chang phai khi budc vao the ki XXI, cimg vdi sy phat tridn nhay vgt cua khoa hgc Uuyen thdng, ngudi ta cung dang dat ra van dd ve kha nang sidu
nhien cila con ngudi dd sao? Va thyc ra, khdng can chd ddn did ki XXI, tii xa xua, ngudi ta da tin ring cd sy phii hd, do tri. Ngay Uong van chuong, nhieu nha van, nha tha cung timg khing djnh cd nang luc sidu nhien giup d& non sdng dat nude nay.
Ching han, Nguyin Trai vidt frong Binh Ngd dgi cdo: "Xa tac tir day vimg bdn -Giang son tii day ddi mdi - Kidn khdn bT rdi lai thai - Nhat nguyet hdi rdi lai minh - Mudn thud nen thai binh viing chac - Ngan thu vdt nhyc nha sach lau - Au ciing nhd frdi dat td tdng khdn thidng ngam giiip dd mdi dugc nhu vay"; Nguydn Dinh Chidu tri an tinh thin nghTa sT Can Giugc: "Sdng danh gi|c, thac ciing danh giac, linh hdn theo giiip ca binh, mudn kiep nguydn dugc tra thu kia; song thd vua, thac cung thd vua, Idi du day da ranh ranh, mgt chii im dii ddn cdng dd"; Nguydn Dinh Thi trong bai tha Ddt nu&c ciing khdng qudn siic manh tmh thin tir Uuydn thdng dan tdc: "Nude chiing ta - Nude nhung ngudi chua bao gid khuit - Dem ddm ri ram trong tieng dat - Nhirng budi ngay xua vgng ndi ve." Day cung chinh la nidm tin tam linh vao kha nang sidu nhidn cua con ngudi vay. Con ngudi chi "khuat bdng" chii khdng mit di. Y chi, tinh ydu thuang, khat vgng cua hg van d lai frong khdng gian thudc vd ddi sdng tinh thin ciia eoi ngu&i va trd thanh nang lye sidu nhidn bao bgc quanh nhiing ngudi ma hg frSn quy. Nidm tin iy dS 3n sau frong tiem thiic mdi ngudi Viet Nam, frd thanh tin ngudng thieng Hdng cua dan tdc Viet. Nhung Uong sy hidu bidt cua chiing tdi, Hd Anh Thai khdng chi vidt vd nang lye sieu nhidn cua con ngudi bSng sy tram tich van hoa tam linh frong anh ma cdn vidt frong mau sic cua Phat giao Tay Tang. Chung tdi thay thap thoang frong dd quan nidm vd "can tii:
nghiep", "nang lugng vi te", "tam vi td", "tri Uiiic tinh td" va "anh sang trong suot" ma cac Lat-ma da giang giai^ Cd dieu, Hd Anh Thai khdng bidn nhimg didu iy thanh giao ii frong truydn ma thd hidn nd thanh mdt quan nidm vd nang lye cua con 3 Xem them:
Can tir nghifp. 2014. Xem 26.9.2014, <http://
vi wilcipedia.org/wiki/C§n-tir-nghiep >.
- Hoang, Phong. 2013. YnghTa cdi chil theo quan ni^m Phgt gido, xem 5.4.2013<http://thuvienhoasen.org/
al7146/y-nghia-cai-chet-theo-quan-niem-phat-giao>.
- Vdn ddp ca bdn vi nghiep vd tdi sinh. 2014. Xem 26.9.2014, <http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/vi/
archives/approaching_buddhism/introduction/baslc_
question_karma_rebirth.html>.
So 16. thdng 12/2014 IrTl
ngudi: Nang tyc cila con ngudi la khdng gidi han.
Day la mgt each nha van the hien nidm tin vao kha nang ciia con ngudi. Dac biet hon niia la, con ngudi, trong cai nhin ciia nha van, ludn hudng vd nhiing didu tdt dep ngay ca khi hg khdng cdn trdn cdi ddi. Hoa khi sdng thi ludn nghT va mong nhung didu tdt dep cho nhiing ngudi ben canh minh, khi chet thi di diet trir cai ac bang nang lye sieu nhien cua minh. Phai chang day cung la nidm tin ciia nha van vd chidu sau van hoa cua dan tdc?
Tin rang con ngudi cd nang lye sidu nhidn va ludn hudng thidn, Hd Anh Thai da dat coi khd ndng song song vdi cdi ngu&i, de coi khd ndng chi phdi cdi ngu&i Cai ac d cdi ngu&i nhu hanh vi dam dang ciia Cdc, y dinh bdp cd Mai Trimg ciia Bdp, y djnh dam xe gidt Mai Trimg cua Phii,... bi coi khd ndng trimg fri. Nhan vat tdi nhan ra kha nang sieu nhien bao quanh Mai Trimg va linh cam ve sd phan cuaininh ndu anh ta cii mudn fra thii, mudn gidt Mai Trimg, anh lo sg, ndn d anh didn ra mgt qua trinh sam hdi va mdt hanh Uinh dd dugc ty thil, dd dugc sdng. Rd rang, khdng gian tam linh chiia dung niem tin ve linh cam sieu nhien cd d Mai Trimg ciia nhan vat tdi da khien anh phai ty dieu chinh minh, tir bd han thii va ddc dugc, sdng hudng thidn. Cd le Hd Anh Thai ciing cd nidm tin nhu the, cdi khd ndng ludn bdn canh cdi ngudi, thanh lgc cdi ngudi, nhac nhd con ngudi phai dieu chinh ban than, hudng ddn nhihig didu cao ca, tdt dep. Nhidu ngudi cho rang tdn tac phim la Cdi ngu&i rung chudng tan the thd hidn sy bi quan ve con ngudi; nhung chiing tdi cho rang day la sy len tidng ciia the gidi tam linh canh bao vdi coi ngu&i ve sy tdn tai ciia cai ac do con ngudi tao nen. Hanh ddng rung chudng khdng phai la sy cao chung cua coi ngudi ma la sy ty thiic tinh minh ciia con ngudi. Chudng chiia Bao San khdng cdn cung nhu coi khd ndng bao quanh Mai Trimg da quay ve vdi hai cdt cua me cd nhimg am thanh tieng chudng van vang trong tiem thiic cdi ngudi va con ngudi van tin vao thd gidi cua sy giac ngd. Tac pham mdt mat vidt Idn cai hien thyc rat trin trui ciia eoi ngudi - cai ac la do con ngudi tao ndn, do dd, chinh con ngudi tao cho con ngudi ndi hoang mang, hoai nghi vd sy tdn thi. nhung mat khac lai an chiia nidm tin sau xa rang con ngudi se hudng thidn bdi ai ciing cd mdt ddi sdng tam linh, ciing cd nidm tin thieng lieng vd coi khd ndng. Didu iy gdp phan li giai tai sao van hoa tam linh da va dang
wa
gdp phan giao due con ngudi long vi tha, nhan ai va y thiic hudng thidn.
Viet ve kha nang sidu nhidn cila con ngudi nhung Hd Anh Thai khdng trugt sang khdng gian sieu hinh ma ludn d frong khdng gian cua coi ngieai, khdng gian hidn thyc. Diing d hien thuc, nha van da nhan ra sy venh nhau giiia coi khd ndng va coi ngu&i Chi tidt ngudi ydu Mai Trimg bj "tai nan" khi ydu cd cho thiy nhan thirc ve bidu hidn yeu thuang trong coi ngudi khac vdi nhan thirc vd cai ac de triing tri cua coi khd ndng. Trong cdi khd ndng, Hoa cir thay ai muon cham ddn cugc ddi Mai Trimg thi ddu cho do la cai ac phai trimg ui. Nhung frong eoi ngu&i, hinh tudng ciia yeu thuang va tdi ac ddi khi rat gidng nhau, chi cd li Ui va cam nhan ciia ngudi trong cudc mdi phan bidt dugc. Hoa thudc ve qua khii. Mai Trimg thudc ve hidn tai. Thdi chiin tranh cua Hoa, mgi thii dan gian, yeu thuang - cam thii rat rach rdi. Thdi binh cua Mai Tning, mgi thir phiic tap, nhiing bidu hidn thien - ac ddi khi bi lan vao nhau, ranh gidi giira chiing mong manh, rat khd nhan ra. Chinh sy khac nhau ay tao ndn sy vdnh nhau trong nhan thiic cua qua khii va hien tai. Trong qua khii, Hoa nghT vd mgt the gidi khdng cd cai ac, cii nhu hdt chidn franh la mgi thii ddu tdt dep; cho nen khi da khdng cdn tdn tai Hoa van cii: di triing phat cai ac. Nhung cai ac nay bj trirng phat thi cai ac khac nay sinh, hdt Cdc rdi den Bdp, den Phii, va van cdn kia cai mam tra thii ciia Yen Thanh. Trong hidn tai, Mai Trimg nhan ra: "chirng nao cdn cdi ngudi thi cdn cai ac, cung nhu cai thien vay thdi". Ro rang la hai nhan thiic hoan toan khac nhau nen cd hai each hanh xii khac nhau. C) day, chung tdi nhan thiy, Hd Anh Thai khdng tuyet ddi hoa vai frd ciia coi khd ndng frong cudc sdng thuc ciia con ngudi, nha van da nhan ra sy han chd cua nd so vdi coi ngudi.
Va dii cd niem tin vao cdi khd ndng ciia con ngudi nhung kha nang sidu nhidn ay cd la hidn thyc khdng, didu ay la thii yeu, khdng nam frong sy quan tam cua ngudi vidt truyen. Didu quan trgng la hieu con ngudi, hidu coi ngu&i. Con ngudi, trong mgi hoan canh, ddu dugc dat vao mdi quan he vdi coi khd ndng. Trong mdi quan he iy, nha van nhan ra "con ngudi chua ddn ndi phai bi trimg phat dau ddn nhu thd. Con ngudi dii sao van cd the cam hoa va cai bidn dugc bang con dudng giao dye."
Con ngudi, trong mdi quan he vdi con ngudi, ludn bao dung vdi ngudi khac va chi mudn binh thudng
Sdl6, thdng 12/2014
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nhu mgi ngudi di biet dugc tit ca hi, nd, ai, d, ai, lac, bi cua cdi ngudi Vay ndn, Mai Trirng khdng muon minh mai cd mdt khdng gian bao bgc de phai each li vdi cdi ngu&i, cd "phai di cho khuat cai coi ngudi chi mudn gay tai hoa cho cd, va ddn lugt minh, cd lai gieo tai hoa trd lai cho chinh hg".
Chinh la Mai Trimg mudn thoat ra khdi khdng gian in chira nang Iyc sieu nhidn cua Hoa dang quan quanh cd. Dieu nay mdt lan nira khang djnh cd mgt khdng gian ciia niem tin ve nang lye sidu nhien ciia con ngudi dugc tac gia xay dyng ndn dang bgc lay nhan vat, vira bao ve nhan vat, vua tao ra nhung tinh hudng cudc ddi cho nhan vat. Nhung dieu de lai in tugng vdi ban dgc la: con ngudi, trong mdi quan he phirc tap cua minh, nhan ra coi ngu&i, dti nhidu nhuang nhidu cai ac, nhung vin la coi sdng, cdi CON - NGUCJI. Va da la CON N G U 6 I , de vuan tdi hanh phiic, thi phai bidt chip nhan mgi sy trong coi ngu&i, "tat ca nhirng gi thudc vd con ngudi deu khdng xa la vdi tdi".
2.2. Khong gian tam linh ve sy tuong lien ciia con ngudi vol coi khd nang
Freud, trong cudn Ludn gidi nhung gidc ma, da dinh nghia: "Giac ma la sy thyc hidn tra hinh cila mdt udc mudn bj kim nen"''. Dieu nay cd the dung de li giai trudng hgp giac ma ciia Mai Trimg Uong tieu thuyet Coi nguai rung chudng tgn the. Tir khi Mai Trirng tir bd do thi vd viing Ciia Ldn, mgt viing nua ndng nghiep nua ngu nghiep, xin vao lam cdng qua cho chiia Bao Son thi cd lidn tyc nam ma nhirng giac ma gidng nhau.
Cai udc mudn dugc giai thoat khdi sii menh di trimg phat cai ac, khat vgng "trd vd lam diia con gai binh thudng, mudn yeu va dugc yeu" da an vao suy nghTva ddi sdng tinh than cua cd, dau dau, tha thiet ddn ndi bidn thanh nhirng giac ma lap di lap lai vdi hinh bdng mdt ngudi dan dudng. Cau ndi ciia ngudi dan dudng day ham y: "Con da tim ra dudng rdi diy, Idn dudng di con." Bdng ngudi din dudng, cau ndi cua ngudi ay phai chang la sy ggi md Idi giai thoat cho Mai Trimg? "Len dudng" la sy thiic giuc tir chinh mong udc cua Mai Trimg hay la su sai khien cua mdt quyen nang vd hinh nao khac? Cd le la ca hai. NghTa la udc mudn cua Mai Trirng ludn canh canh, va Uong vd thiic cua cd cd ca mdt chidu sau van hoa tam linh da djnh
4 Lieu, Tmong. 2011. Phdn ldm hoc vd phe binh van hoc. H- NXB Phu na.
hudng y thiic dd tin ring mudn bidn udc muon thanh hidn thyc chi cd each tim cha me, ngudi da ban ldi nguydn cho cd, ngudi da chd che cd, xin thao gd Idi nguydn. Nhu vay, cd phai len dudng.
Nhung dong thdi, giic ma cua Mai Trimg cdn la khat vgng ciia eoi khd ndng. Khdng ai mudn khi ehdt se trd thanh nhiing Imh hdn vat vudng. Dd la li do tai sao ngudi phuang Ddng ngay khi cdn song ngudi ta da Io cho phin hau sy cua minh. 0 day, phai chang nhiing ngudi frong coi khd ndng mudn Mai Trimg tim thiy hg, dua hg ve yen dn d mdt nai nao do? Khdng the thi tai sao mgt cd gai 26 tudi, chua timg di qua vimg rirng nao lai cd the cd giac ma ti mi vd mdt vung dat nhu the? Giac ma khidn cd tinh day "phap phdng va hoang mang.
Cam thay mdt dieu linh bao ma khdng hieu thyc sy cd chuyen gi." Didu ki la nua la khi da cd y thiic ve giic ma ciia minh, mong mudn kham pha tan cung giac ma ay thi Mai Trimg lai cd the mo ndi tiep giic mo, nhin thay tan tudng tram quan luang nai me cd va hai ngudi ban da timg cd nhiem vy canh giii. Ndu khdng phai la khat vgng cua coi khd nang dan dudng thi tai sao Mai Trimg lai cd thd bang bang di trong khu rirng chang chit "cd mgc cao va day leo bd ngdn ngang", "cd nhu ngudi d3 bi nhap ddng, cii lao diu ve phia trude. Di nhu ngudi mgng du. Di nhu cd ngudi cam tay dan di thi diing hon."? Trong nidm tin tam linh cua chiing tdi, khi udc muon cua con ngudi gap gd vdi khat vgng ciia ngudi da khuat thi se cd su tuong thdng. Giac ma la sy giao tidp, lidn he ki la vay. Trong quan ni?m ciia dan gian, ngudi ehdt va ngudi sdng khdng the gap gd hay nhin thay nhau dudi anh sang mat frdi dugc. Chi khi di vao giac ngu, ay la liic phan am thiic va phin ducmg ngu thi se cd sy giao tidp. Vay ndn mdi cd bao mdng. Cd quan nidm vd bao mdng la bdi cd quan niem ve linh hon, vd kha nang sieu nhidn cda con ngudi. Chiing tdi cho ring, frong tidu thuydt nay Hd Anh Thai cung dang dua ngudi dgc vao khdng gian cila giic ma, cila sy bao mgng - khdng gian cua sy tuong lidn giiia ngudi sdng va nang lye cua ngudi ehdt.
Khdng chi tdn tai trong giic ma, khdng gian tucmg Iidn iy cdn dugc nha van thd hidn qua each nhin cila nhan vat tdi vd nhiing bidu hign ciia Mai Trimg khi di tun md cha me. Day la nhan vat cila sy chiem nghiem va ciing la nhan vat nhay cam vdi ddi sdng tam linh. Qua ba cai ehdt cua So 16. thdns 12/2014 BrTM
nhung ngudi ban trd, anh tin Mai Trimg cd linh cam sieu nhien, tin cd sy linh ling. Va anh ciing tin Mai Triing "se tim ra ldi cu dd thu lugm dugc diu tich cua cha cila me" trong nhiing giac ma.
Nidm tin iy chi phdi each nhin ciia anh. Hay so sanh hai doan van sau: mgt doan van nhan vat tdi kd lai cau chuyen ma ba Midn da kd ve cai ehdt cila Hung: "Cudi ciing, didu Hoa khdng ngd da ddn.
Cd chi nghT rang bgn tham bao se Idi Himg di lam tiJ binh dd tidp tyc lay khau cung. Nhung thing cam con dao gam ciia anh da ciii xudng rach mdt dudng thanh thgo fren byng Hung. Anh quan quai het len mdt tieng riing ran. 0 tren cao, Hoa nghien chat rang gan nhu ngat di. Hai thang kia de chat chan tay Hiing cho thang md byng moi tim gan ra. Chung ndi liia nudng tim gan an ngay tai chd.
Hai hot tinh hoan thi dugc phan chia cho hai thang chac la cap cao hon."; mgt doan van la sy chung kien cua nhan vat tdi ve Mai Trimg khi cd tim dugc den con sudi da chiing kidn cai chet cua cha cd: "Dang chay, bat do cd vap mdt cai, tung minh len rdi nga vat xudng ciing mdt tieng thet vd toang Idng ngyc. Cd nam ngira trdn mat dat, than ngudi quan qu^i, thd hdng hoc nhu mdt ngudi dang bj rach byng, bi moi sach tim gan. Chan tay cd bat ddng nhu bi giir chat." Cd gi dd rit gidng nhau d hai doan van. Khdng phai ciu true cau, khdng phai sy vide. Ma dd la trang thai an dang sau ngdn tir - trang thai quan quai dau ddn cua ngudi dang bj moi tim gan. O doan van trude, frang thai dd hidn hien frong hinh dung, cam nhan cua ngudi dgc khi ngdn ngii tnrdc mat dang midu ta hanh vi da man cila bgn tham bao. O doan van sau, trang thai do hidn hidn trong cam nhan true tiep cua nhan vat tdi, truydn ddn ngudi dgc qua hinh anh so sanh ciia nhan vat. (3 day, nha van da dd cho nhan vat tdi kd l^i cugc tim mg ciia Mai Trimg mii chinh anh dang cd mat Uong cugc tim kidm do, dieu do ngu y rang day la hidn tugng cd thyc dang xay ra. Cd dieu, khi kd lai hidn thyc dang xay ra vdi Mai Trimg thi nhan vat tdi da cd sy lien tudng, so sanh. Chinh each kd so sanh cila anh da khidn ngudi dgc lidn h^ vdi doan van tnrdc dd vd cai ehdt ciia Hiing, cha cua Mai Trimg. Hang loat cau van so sanh tidp theo cua nhan vat tdi da ndi Uudng lien tudng ciia ngudi dgc vdi cac nhan vat thudc coi khd ndng. Dd cd phai chi la sy kd lai khach quan cila nhan vat tdi hay la mdt kieu din dit ban dgc cua Hd Anh Thai?
Nhung dii the nao thi ciing da nay sinh niem tin vd sy tuong thdng giira coi duang va cdi dm.
Ben canh ldi so sanh, nhan vat tdi cdn dua ngudi dgc budc vao ciing khdng gian tam linh vdi anh bang nhiing tii ngii mang mau sac cam nhan chii quan. Chang han nhu: "Khdng cdn la cd gai ay nira. Dd la mdt linh hdn dang lao vut vd phia thugng ngudn." Neu thay tir "linh hdn" bang tir
"bdng ngudi", "bdng ma" hay mdt tir nao khac thi ddu khdng keo trudng lidn tudng cila ngudi dgc ddn vdi nhan vat Hoa khi dgc nhirng ddng tidp theo: "Cd bang qua nhirng byi cay, dam diu vao mdt gdc cay rdu phii xanh ri. Cd nga xudng, rdi diing day ngay. Rdi re trai, lao ve phia mdt biic tudng thanh bing da. Chay qua dau tich mdt cai lan Uanh do sap da lau, chi cdn ngdn ngang nhirng canh tre niia b&n giap, Mai Trimg ciing khdng dirng lai. Cd chay thdm mdt quang niia. Cudi cimg cd hdn hen dimg lai bdn mdt khoang dat trong, cd ngap day." Hien len nay la Hoa dang that than chay sau khi chiing kidn canh Hiing bj giet da man, nay la mai lan nai ba chi em sinh hoat, nay la khoang dat da chdn cat Hiing. Tdi do rang khi nhan vat tdi da diing tir "linh hdn" thi anh cung dang nghi den nhirng hinh anh ay! Va tir "linh hdn" cung da chi phdi cam nhan cua ngudi dgc. Khdng thd khdng nghT ddn hidn tugng nhap than frong tin ngudng dan gian khi dgc thay hinh anh Mai Trirng rung lac dii dgi: "Hai tay sd soang vd phia trude nhu mdt ngudi mil. Mai Trimg lam bam dieu gi dd. Ngudi cd run idn. Run nhe nhe. Con rung lac manh dan.
Rdi ca than ngudi rung len ban bat. Cd do vat xudng, nam sip fren mat dat." Da vay, trong khdng gian riing thieng, nhan vat tdi lai sir dyng rat nhieu tir ngir ciing trudng nghTa vdi tu "linh hdn", dd la
"md", "hai cdt", "di hai", "qua cd", "khan vai". He thdng cac tir ngii ay md ra cam giac cd mdi lidn he vd hinh giiia cdi sdng va coi chet.
Dac bidt, khdng gian tam linh vd sy tuang thdng ciia con ngudi vdi coi khd ndng dugc hien hien ro nhat trong canh ddi thoai cila Mai Trimg vdi nhu cha me qua cd. Khdng bidt khi viet doan ddi thoai nay Hd Anh Thai cd nghT ddn hanh vi ciing bai, cau khan thudng didn ra trong nghi thiic tin ngudng hay trong ddi sdng tam linh dan gian khdng? Khi ciing bai, cau khan la liic con ngudi dang giao tiep vdi the gidi khac, dang thdng tin ve hoan canh hien tai ciia minh va chia se nhiing udc nguyen ca nhan vdi td tidn, than phat hay Sd 16. thdng 12/2014 WHM
Ea
ngudi khuit mat khuat may. Cd didu khac d day la nha van da dung nen mdt cudc trao ddi song phuang chti khdng phai la sy chia se va cau xin don phuang. Cudc trao ddi ki la giiia huu ngdn ciia coi nguai va vd ngdn cua cdi khd ndng. Ngudi dgc nhan ra dd la cudc trd chuydn nhd vao nhiing ldi hiiu ngdn cila nhan vat Mai Trimg nhu "Nhung me ai", "con xin nghe theo ldi cha me" hay nhffng cau hdi cua cd vdi khdng gian vd ngdn. Va nhan vat tdi, bing tinh Imh, da cam thay cd sy dap tra trong tidng gid. Cii mdt ldi cd cat ldn la mdt lan nhan vat tdi cam nhan dugc tieng gid, ludn thay doi sic thai. Chic chan nhan vat tdi da nghT va tin ring tieng gid tram am la Idi ciia cha Mai Trimg va tieng gid thanh thanh la Idi ciia me cd. Van la ldi ndi so sanh de truyen cam nhan den ngudi dgc.
Chiing tdi cung tin con ngudi trong coi nguai va con ngudi thudc eoi khd ndng da cd sy giao tiep de hidu nhau. Tao nen cudc ddi thoai cd mgt khdng hai nay la nha van cila Coi nguai rung chudng tdn the da keo the gidi ma hd, thd gidi cua nhung linh hdn xudng ngang hang vdi cdi byi tran, nghTa la giai thieng cho cdi khd ndng, pham Uan hoa thd gidi sidu nhidn. Tat ca cac ddi tugng dugc de cap Uong tac pham ddu binh dang, dan chii. Tinh ddi thoai ciia tac pham, vi the, dugc md rdng.
Nhung didu quan frgng hon la nha van da thd hien quan niem cdi khd ndng ludn vi hanh phiic dich thyc cua con ngudi trong coi nguai Trude ldi le tha thiet cua Mai Trimg vd hanh phiic thyc sy frong coi nguai, coi khd ndng nhu thau hidu va da giai Ihoat cho cd, cd nhu trd thanh mdt cd gai khac,
"guong mat rang rd, vd tdi va hdn nhien". Nhu thd dil de thay rang dii la coi nguai hay edi khd ndng con ngudi ludn nhan ai, nhan dao, bao dung - Nhan chi satinh ban thien.
Cd thd ndi, canh ddi tho^i nay thau tdm gan nhu toan bg tu tudng cua tac phim. Vd mdi quan he giira cai thien va cai ac u? Mai Trimg da ndi thay cho nha van: "Chimg nao cdn cdi ngudi thi cdn cai ac, ciing nhu cai thidn vay thdi". Phat giao cho ring, cdi ngudi la mdt trong sau cdi sdng luan hdi. Nhung chi Uong cdi ngudi mdi cd thu qua bao vui, chju qua bao kho, mdi cd phan bidt thidn ac. Theo gdc nhin tridt hgc thi thidn - ac cung nhu hai mat ddi lap, ludn tdn tai trong cudc song xa hdi. Vay ndn cau ndi cila Mai Trirng vira la sy chidm nghiem vira mang tim quy luat: khdng thd
"sach" cai ac trong cdi ngudi, cai ac la mat dau
franh ciia cai thidn de cdi ngudi tdt hon. Nhung
"diu tranh" nhu thd nao? "Diet Uir cai ac la vi?c cua mgi ngudi". Quan niem nay gan vdi nha rh?Lt.
"La viec ciia mgi ngudi" nghTa la ai ciing phai cd frach nhiem lam frong sach cdi minh dang sdng.
Nhung d day khdng phai la di diet cai ac d ben ngoai con ngudi, ma diet cai ac ty tam mdi ngudi, bdi thien hay ac ddu tir tam thuc ma ra. Nang lye sidu nhien ciia Hoa ndu cd diet cai ac thi cung la nhiing cai ac "ddng" ddn Mai Trimg thdi, van cdn nhidu cai ac nhidu nhuang day thdi, cai chet cua chj Gieng cung la bidu hidn ciia cai ac vay - sy thidu luong tam, frach nhiem cua y bac sT. Cdi ngudi khdng thd tdt han, hanh phue hon ndu ty cdn ngudi khdng thanh lgc tam cua minh, tii dd djnh hudng va cd trach nhiem vdi hanh vi thidn - ^c ciia ban than. Muc dich cua vide diet ac la vi hanh philc ciia con ngudi. Hanh phiic thyc sy cua con ngudi la gi? Mai Trirng ciing da ndi: "Xin cha me cho con trd ve lam mdt dira con gai binh thudng. Con ciing mudn yeu va dugc ydu", "hanh phiic chi thyc sy cd chimg nao cha me cho con thoat khdi sii mdnh ay". Nhu vay, hanh phiic khdng phai la mang sii mdnh diet trir cai ac ma dcm gian chi la dugc song dung nghTa la minh vdi tinh ydu dich thuc. Sdng dich thuc vdi ban thd ciia minh trong coi ngu&i khdng hd dan gian, vi cdi ngu&i rat nhidu san h$n, con ngudi phai ban ITnh va phai cd didm tya viing vang. Didm tya ay la dau? La khdng gian tam linh trong ddi sdng ciia mdi con ngudi, la niem tin vao ngudn cdi, vao td tidn - chidu sau van hoa tam linh gdp phan tu chinh y thirc va hanh vi ciia ngudi dang sdng. Mdt frong nhung bidu hidn cy the cua nidm tin tam linh ay la sy thd cilng nhirng ngudi da ydn nghi vTnh vidn cung nhu Mai Trirng da xin phep dua cha me cd vd chiia Bao Son dd thudng xuydn huong khdi. Day la ve dgp thidng Hdng ciia van hoa Viet. Va vi thd van hoa tam linh trd thanh chd dya tinh than, dem lai niem tin vao nhiing didu tdt dep, cao ca.
3. Kdt luan
Bang nhiing cau chuyen kd cd "dinh dang" tdi nhan vat trung tam, Hd Anh Thai da tao nen nai ngudi dgc cam giac ve mdt khdng gian in chiia nang lye sieu nhidn tdn tai frong tac phim.
Bing viec thd hien qua trinh sam hdi ciia nhan vat tdi va qua trinh di tim ban thd, tim sy giai thoat khdi nang lye sieu hinh cila nhan vat Mai Trimg nha van da dd cho ngudi dgc budc vao mgt khdng
'o. 16, thdng 12/2014~W^
gian tam linh vd sy tucmg Hen giira cdi nguai va coi khd ndng. Tuy vd hinh nhung khdng gian ay giiJp ngudi dgc hieu rang: Tac gia Hd Anh Thai cd nidm tin sau sac vao con ngudi - con ngudi frong coi khd ndng. tao nen chidu sau van hoa tam linh va con ngudi dang sdng trong coi ngu&i. Kha nang cua con ngudi la vd ciing. Con ngudi dii d coi nao cDng ludn hudng ddn nhiing didu tdt dep.
Day la didm tya dd dii cd hoai nghi tren ca sd nhirng hidn tugng cd thyc: "Cdi nhan gian nhu dang ke ben bd vyc huy diet. Dgng dit d Nhat.
Lut ldn d Trung Quoc. Sdng thin d Bangladesh va
Ddng Nam A. Nhung tran ndng kinh hdn va bat thudng d nhiing xii nhu Phap, Anh, tham chi ca d My, lam ehdt hang nghin ngudi. Vay thi chang phai cai hd den diet vong da bat diu hien ra rdi sao?" nhung tac gia khdng bi quan vd sd phan con ngudi (hay loai ngudi?), khdng day ngudi dgc vao sy tuydt vgng frong coi nguai. Coi nguai tuy rung chudng tan the nhung con ngudi vin khdng thdi khat khao hanh phiic, van khdng thdi khat khao ydu thuang nen hay tin vao con ngudi. Con ngudi vdi tam thiic cao d^p, hanh vi hudng thidn se ciiu rdi eoi ngu&i....
Tai lieu tham Idiao
Can ticnghiep. 2014. Xem 26.9.2014, <http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can_tu'_nghidp>.
Hoang, Lan Anh (thuc hien). 2002. Cdi ngu&i cUng bao dung lam..., xem 12.10.2002, <http://
nld.com.vn/van-hoa-van-nghe/coi-nguoi-cimg-bao-dung-lam-55396.htm>.
Hoang, Phong. 2013. Y nghia cdi chet theo quan niem Phgt gido, xem 5.4.2013, <http://
thuvienhoasen.org/al7I46/y-nghia-cai-chet-theo-quan-niem-phat-giao>.
Ho, Anh Thai. 2009. Coi nguai rung chudng tan thi. Ha Ndi: NXB Lao dgng.
Lidu, Trucmg. 20\\. Phdn tdm hgc vd phi binh vdn hgc. HaNgi: NXB Phu nir.
Vdn ddp ea bdn vi nghidp vd tdi sinh. 2014. Xem 26.9.2014, <http://www.berzinarchives.com/
web/vi/arch ives/approaching_buddh ism/introduction/basic questionkarmareb irth.htm 1>.
Sd 16. thdng 12/2014 MM
