Dau tranh doi cai thien doi song cho cong nhan tren bao chi each mang Bac ky giai doan 1936-1939
Tran Thf Thanh Huyen'*'
Tom tat: Thdi ky 1936-1939, d Bdc ky, bdo chi cdch mgng phdt triin mgnh me vd cdng khai, day chinh la diiu kiin de tieng ndi cua qudn chung dugc phdn dnh day du. chdn thuc. Qudn triet chi dgo cua Ddng vd cdn eu vdo tinh hinh cu the cua phong trao edng nhdn, mot mat bdo chi cdch mgng Bdc ky tich cue tuyin truyen cho cdng nhdn hiiu ve nhiing diim co bdn cua Ludt Lao dong, mat khde ludn bdm sdt phdn dnh vd ddng hdnh vdi phong trdo ddu tranh ddi cdi thien ddi sdng cho cdng nhdn tren khdp cd nude. Su tham gia tich cue cua cua bdo chi cdch mgng Bdc ky ldm cho cugc ddu tranh cdi thien ddi sdng cua cdng nhdn trong giai dogn ndy thu dugc nhieu kit qud. Qua viec tim hieu nhirng bdi viet lien quan din ddu tranh ddi cdi thien ddi sdng cho cdng nhdn tren bdo chi cdch mgng Bdc ky giai dogn 1936-1939', bdi viet ldm ro vai trd, sue mgnh cua bdo chi cdch mgng trong cudc ddu tranh ddi quyin lgi ca bdn cho nhdn ddn.
Tu- khda: Bao chi each mang Bdc ky, Phong ttdo ddu ttanh, 1936-1939
Abstract: In the period of 1936-1939, in Tonkin, revolutionary press developed strongly and openly which, as a consequence, facilitated a full and truthful reflection ofthe voice ofthe masses. Following the Party's directions and based on the specific situation of the workers movement. Tonkin's revolutionary press actively carried on propaganda to workers on the basic points of the Labor Law and provided a close look into their movement for a better life across the country. The active participation of Tonkin's revolutionary press brought about various achievements to the struggle. Based on an analysis on articles related to the struggle on Tonkin's revolutionary newspapers during the period of 1936-1939, the article uncovers the role andpower of revolutionary press in the struggle for basic rights of the people.
Key words: Tonkin's Revolutionary Press, Workers Movement, 1936-1939
<•* ThS., Vien sii hpc, Vien Han lam Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam; Email: [email protected] ' S6 lieu bai vi^t duoc tac gia t6ng hpp tii cac bao nhu: Ban ddn. Tin tiic, Dai nay. Ha Thdnh thoi bdo. The giai, Tdn xa hot, Ngdy mdi tai Bao tang Lich sis Qu6c gia.
Mddau
DAU ttanh ddi cai thien ddi sdng cho cdng nhan d Viet Nam xudt hien tir khi cd nhiing bdc lot tu ban. Cupc dau ttanh nay diln ra Hen tyc d khap noi vdi cac hinh thiic khac nhau. Din giai doan 1936-1939, khi Mat ttdn Nhdn dan Phap ra ddi (thang 5/1936), nhilu dgo ludt mang tinh "nhan dao", "xa hpi" ttong chinh sach cai tri thudc dia da dugc ban bd, cudc dau ttanh nay da phdt trien manh me tten ca nude. Bao chi each mang Bdc ky da tham gia true tilp vao phong trao dau ttanh, yeu cau nha cam quyen gidi quyet ddi hdi cua cdng nhdn va van dpng qudn chiing noi khac iing hp. Nhd sy tham gia tich cyc ciia bao ehi each mang ndi chung va bdo chi each mang d Bdc ky ndi rieng, phong ttao nay da dat dugc nhieu ket qud.
1. Nhirng yeu to tac dpng den phong trao dau tranh doi cai thiSn ddi song cho cdng nhan tren bao chi each mang Bac ky
Phong trao ddu tranh ddi cai thien ddi song ciia cdng nhdn tten bdo chi each mang Bac ky giai doan 1936-1939 chiu anh hudng cua nhieu yeu td, ttong do cd the ke den nhihig nhdn td eo ban nhu:
- Suphdt triin ciia bdo chi cdch mgng Bdc ky giai dogn 1936-1939
Tir ndm 1936, khi dieu kien khach quan va chii quan cd nhieu thudn lgi cho phong ttao dan sinh dan chu thi ty do bdo chi ttd thanh mot phong ttao sdi dpng chua tiing cd va day la ldn ddu tien tieng ndi cua nhiing ngudi Iao dgng dugc cdng khai tten cac dien dan bao chi. Ket qud la sy gia tang ve sd lupng cac bdo cd cdng khai vd bi mat, ca hgp phdp va khdng hgp phap.
Trong dd, bao chi each mang d Bdc ky phat trien manh, tieu bieu phai ke den cac td bao nhu: Hdn tre tgp mdi, Le Trgyail, Rassemblement (Tap hgp). En avant, Tdn
xa hdi, Tieng tre, Tieu thuyit thd ndm, Hd Thdnh thai bdo, Bgn ddn, Thdi thi. Tin tuc, Ngdy mdi, Thi giai. Dad nay, Notre Voix, Ngudi mdi. Ngoai ra, d Bac ky cdn co td Khde vdn hoat dgng theo hudng khac, tuy nhien khi dugc nhung ngudi cdng san van dpng chuyen hudng sang phyc vy each mang lai bi thyc ddn Phdp cdm xudt ban tmdc khi ra sd ddu tien (Xem them: Trdn Thi Thanh Huyin, 2019).
Sy phat ttien nhanh chdng vl sd lugng cae bdo cdch raang d Bdc ky chinh la co sd quan trpng de truyen tai nhimg y kien, nguyen vgng ciia cdng nhan. Ben canh dd, lyc lupng nhiing ngudi lam bdo cung tdng len ve sd lugng vd chdt lupng. Thdi ky 1936-1939, nhihig nha bao each mang the he thii hai - the he Mat ttdn Dan chu Ddng Duong, la nhiing nhd boat dpng chinh tri, coi bao chi la mdt gidi phdp, mot phuong thiie boat ddng, mot vu khi ddu ttanh. 6 Bac ky, giai doan nay cd the ke den mot so cdy biit tieu bieu nhu: Tmdng Chinh, Trdn Huy Lieu, Vd Nguyen Giap, Trdn Dinh Long, Khudt Duy Tien, Hoang Qudc
\^et. Dang Chau Tue... Ngodi ra, bao each mang Bac ky cdn cd mot lap thanh nien radi dugc gidc ngd each raang, tham gia phong ttao hang hdi, sdi ndi, cd kha nang trd thanh nhftng nhd bao, da dupe tap hgp lai, dugc tdng cudng cho ddi ngii nha bao each raang ngay mdt ddng dao nhu: Trdn Minh Tudc, Dao Duy Ky, Nhu Phong, Hpc Phi... (NguyinThanh, 1984: 191).
- Ddi sdng cua giai cdp cdng nhdn giai dogn 1936-1939
Trong giai doan nay, ddi sdng cdng nhdn gap nhieu khd khdn, chiu nhieu dp biic cimg chinh la nhan td ddn tdi sy phdt trien raanh cua cupc dau tranh ddi cai thien ddi sdng cho cdng nhdn tren bao chi each raang Bdc ky.
46 Thong tin Khoa hpc xa hpi. so 9.2019 Sau mdt thdi gian phuc bli, din ndm
1937, nin kinh tl trong till gidi tu ban lai roi vao khung hodng, kmh tl Ddng Duong ciing vi the bi anh hudng vd khung hoang ttd l^i. Tir nam 1938, cudc khiing hoang kinh te mdi cung ddng thdi Id thdi ky dl quoc Phdp chudn hi chien tranh da tac dpng tryc tiep den ddi song ciia giai cdp cong nhdn.
Theo dd, cdng nhdn hi sa tbdi, thdt nghiep ngay cdng phd biln. "Ngdy 14/6/1937, tai Sai Gdn, dp 2.000 ngudi thdt nghiep vira dan dng, dan ba vd con nit, keo nhau din tda doc ly xin viec, xin gao. Nhiing ngudi that nghiep da bj canh sdt xua dudi va khong dupe gidi quylt gi" (Bgn ddn, so 9, ngdy 24/6/1937).
Mac du thyc dan Phdp da dua ra nhung quy dinh ve sd gid lam nhung khdng thyc hien hoac chd cac nha may da tim mpi each tti hoan hoac thay ddi cdch tinh tien cdng de khdng dnh budng den Igi nhuan ciia hp, dd la tta theo gid. Dieu nay cd nghTa Id gidm gid lam keo theo luang ciia cdng nbdn cung giam. Theo bdo cdo cua Dang Cpng san Ddng Duong ve ddi sdng cdng nhan, tien luong cd khac nhau theo timg vung, timg ddi tugng nhung vl ca ban tdt ca cac noi deu thap.
Sd heu bang 1 cho thay, thdi ky 1936- 1939, luang cdng nhan tten ca nude du cd tang nhe nhung hdu bet deu thdp ban luong
cdng nhdn nam 1931. MEIC dii vdy gia ca smh boat lai tdng manh, cao hon so vdi thdi ky tmdc, do do ddi sdng ciia cdng nhan ciing ngay cang khd khdn. Theo sd lieu ciia Dang Cdng san Ddng Ducmg, d Bdc ky, gia smh boat thdng 6/1939 tdng 40% so vdi tiidng 9/1938 vd so vdi ndm 1914 tdng 117%;
ttong khi dd, tiln luong chi tang tii 10 den 12%, vi vay mdt lan sdng bai cong da nd ra
^ang Cpng san Viet Nam, 2002: 488).
- Chu truang cua Ddng Cong sdn Ddng Duang trong viec ddu tranh ddi cdi thien ddi sdng cho cdng nhdn
Tmdc nhung thay ddi ciia tinh hinh ttong vd ngodi nude. Dang da chu tmong ddy manh phong ttao ddu ttanh ddi nhimg yeu cdu biic thiet, myc tieu tmdc mdt ciia cac tdng Idp nhan dan, ttong dd cd cdng nhdn. Nghi quyet cua toan the hpi nghi Ban Tmng uong Dang Cdng sdn Ddng Duong (khda I) da xdc dinh: Ddng ta la dang each mang ttiet de thi le tat nhien la ta mudn cho dan chiing dugc cdi thien sinh boat vl hit cde phuong dien, tuy nhien chiing ta nen tiiy thdi, tiiy hoan canh ma ra nhung khdu hieu hpp vdi quyen lgi cdn kip va cd thi thyc hien dugc, ddi tihimg yeu cau thap ay rdi dua quan chiing ddi nhiing yeu cdu cao hon, nhu the thi se anh hudng ttong cae Idp dan chiing va tranh dugc nhiing thdt bai to tat. Ddng ta phdi biet lien lac cdc khau hieu
Bang 1: Ti^n luong coni
Nam
1931 1936 1937 1938 1939
nhat cua cdng nhan
Ltning dan ong Bac ky va Trung ky
0,38 0,25 0,29 0,32 0,36
Sai Gon-Chc Lan 0,71 0,53 0,61 0,63 0,75
cac xir trong nhirng nam 1936-1939 Don vi: done Lucmg 3iin b^
Bac ky va Trung k^
0,22 0,17 0,19 0,20 0,25
Sai G6n-Chg Lan 0,45 0,39 0,42 0,42 0,41
Ngudn: Tran Huy Lieu, 1957: 35.
(Ddng Cpng san Viet Nam, 2002: 294).
Nam 1938, ttong Nghi quyet cua toan the hdi nghi Ban Tnmg uang Dang Cong sdn Ddng Duong, Ddng tiep tuc chi dao ve cdng tac lanh dao cdng nhdn ddu tranh:
Ludt Lao dpng nhieu noi chua thi hanh, Luat thi hanh chua diing, ddng thdi bon chu tun rapi each ddi lara thang ra lam ngay hoac lam khodn, de viec thi hanh Ludt khong dem lai lgi ich gi cho qudn chiing.
Vi vdy, cac dang bg phdi ke tiep ldnh dao cho cac dang phai ddi thi hanh Luat Lao ddng, chdng muu md pha hoai ciia bgn chu.
Trong cudc xung dot cua thg thuyin ddi vdi chii nhd, cdng nhdn nen lien hiep hp d l chdng lai bon dai tu ban... khdng nen d l ra khdu hieu qua cao khien hg khdng the giai quyet dupe, rdt cue phai chiu ddng ciia ma phd san; dieu nhudng nhin chinh dang dy tuyet nhien khdng cd gi keu la giai cdp thda hiep ma ttdi lai la can thiet de thanh lap va Cling cd khdi ddng minh thg thuyen va tiiu chu vdi tieu tu bdn nhd... (Dang Cong sdn Viet Nam, 2002: 354).
2. Bau tranh ddi cai thien ddi song cho cong nhan tren bao chi each mang Bac ky giai doan 1936-1939
Thdm nhuan tu tudng chi dao cua Ddng, cac bao each mang d Bdc ky thdi ky 1936-1939 thudng xuyen ddng nhiing bdi viet phan anh ve viec thuc thi Ludt Lao ddng ttong ca nude va dau ttanh ddi thyc dan Phap thi hanh nhiing quyen ty do, ddn chii, thyc thi ludt nay. De giiip cdng nhdn hieu rd ban chat cua Ludt Lao dpng, bao Ddi nay (sd 1, ngay 01/12/1938) dang bai
"Tai sao lai cd Ludt Lao dpng" de giai thich ve sy xuat hien ciia cdc dao luat ve Iao ddng d Ddng Duong. Bdo Ban ddn lien tuc dang cac bai viet gidi thich ve Luat Xa hdi va nhiing quy dinh chung ve Ludt Lao
ngay 29/7/1937); "Quy ludt chung v l Luat Lao ddng" (sd 15, ngdy 12/8/1937 va sd 16, ngay 19/8/1937); "Thi hanh luat luong tdi thilu" (sd 23, ngay 20/10/1937). Ben canh do, ttong myc Ddi song ddn chiing, bdo Tin tuc dua tin ve Ludt Lao dpng tai Tmng Ky, ttong dd neu rd "d Trung Ky, Ludt Lao dpng dudng nhu khdng dugc tdn ttgng lam. Ngay tai Hue, cac hieu budn van chua dong ciia ngdy chii nhdt..." (sd 9, ngay 04-11/6/1938).
Ciing vdi viec keu gpi tu san Phap thi hdnh Luat Lao dpng, cdc bao each mang Bac ky cdn keu gpi cdng nhdn d nhiing noi chua dugc thyc hien Luat Lao ddng ddu ttanh ddi chii thyc hien. Trong Idi keu ggi anh em thg giat, bao Bgn ddn viit: Tur khi Chinh phii ban haiih Luat Lao dpng den gid, vi tinh dodn ket, vi long phdn ddu nen cae nganh thg thuyen d xii ta ciing dugc cai quyen lgi ve Ludt Xa bdi. Duy cd anh em ehiing ta van cdn rdi rac, chua cd tinh thdn dodn ket, phdi chu van bdc lot ehiing ta rapt each tan nhan, khdng ndi ldng cho chiing ta mdt chiit quyen Igi gi ve Luat Lao dpng ca, anh em ehiing ta phai td tmh dodn ket... (sd 27, ngay 17/11/1937).
Mdt ttong nhung npi dung quan trpng ciia cac bao each mang d Bac ky la phan anh phong ttao dau tranh cua qudn chiing, nhdt la cdng nhdn. Hdu het tren cac sd bao deu ddng tin phong trao ddu tranh ddi quyen dan sinh ddn chii, cai thien ddi sdng ciia cdng nhan. Bao Tin tuc ddng tin "Cudc bieu tinh ciia anh em thg Thiiy Tinh" (sd 9, ngay 04-11/6/1938); Bdo Ddi nay cung tiiudng xuyen dua tin ve phong trao dau tranh ciia cdng nhan nhu: "700 phu dinh cdng dupe thang lgi", "Bieu tinh d Sdi Gdn" (sd 1, ngay 01/12/1938). Dau tranh 'ciia cdng nhdn, ndng ddn la mot trong nhiing chuyen
48 Thong tin Khoa hpc xa h6i. s6 9.2019
muc tren bdo Ddi nay tap mdi, ttong do tin hie ciia tat cd cac cupc dau ttanh ciia qudn chiing deu dugc phan anh mdt cdch ddy dii nhdt. Theo do, sd 8 eda bao nay (ngay 19/01/1939) dua hang loat tin vl phong ttao dau ttanh tten khdp ca nude nhu: "Cudc bai till ciia 200 ban hang", "115 cu Ii sd Hdi dinh edng", "Thg giat dinh cdng", "Hem 500 nhdn cdng Id gach dinh cdng"; hoac sd 31 (ngay 20-27/7/1939) ciing dua nhieu thong tin ve phong trao ddu ttanh cua cong nhdn nhu: "Hem 100 phu sau kho biiu tinh",
"250 ngu phii dinh cong xin tang tien hoa hong len 35%", "2.000 thg d Udng Bi dinh cong", "Ve cupc bai cong cua anh em thg mdy d lang Cd Nhue". Tren bao Bgn ddn, tin tiic ve cac cudc ddu tranh ddi quyen ddn sinh, ddn chu, cai thien ddi sdng ciia cdng nhdn chiem phdn Idn npi dung ciia bao. Ddi vdi nhiing phong trao ddu ttanh ldn, rdng rai, Bdo thudng ddnh ca sd de dang cac bai lien quan den phong trdo dd va du ludn d cac noi ung hd nhu: cupc bai thi d Hd Ndi nl ra ngdy 25/5/1937, din ngdy 27/5/1937, Bao ra sd dac biet de cap ve cudc dau tranh nay. Khi phong trao cdng nhan Trudng Thi vd hda xa Sai Gdn bung nd, bdo Bgn ddn da ddng hanh vdi phong ttao Hen tiep qua cac sd, ttr s6 12 ngay 22/7/1937 din sd 14 ngdy 05/8/1937 vdi phdn ldn npi dung xoay quanh cdng nhdn hda xa.
Khdng chi dua tin phdn dnh, bdo chi each mang Bdc ky cdn tham gia dau tranh ciing cdng nhdn va trd thanh nhan td dua den thang lgi cua edc cudc ddu tranh. Cac bao ludn bdm sat cdc phong trdo ddu tranh cua cdng nhdn de phan anh rapt each nhanh chdng, kip thdi. Ciing vdi viec phdn dnh, cdc bao dong loat len tieng phan ddi, yeu cau nhiing ngudi cam quyen phai giai quyet nhu cdu chinh dang cua cdng nhdn.
Khi phong ttao phat triln len cao, thyc ddn
Phap tim each tti hoan bode khiing bo, do dd cac bao each mang dd keu ggi nhdn dan khdp noi, dac biet la cdng nhan diing len iing hp cudc ddu ttanh. Chinh nhd sy tham gia nhiet tinh cua cac bao each mang ma nhilu phong ttdo ddu ttanh ciia cdng nhdn da phat trien hon ve chdt.
Tieu biiu la phong ttao cdng nhan nha may Tmdng Thi vd Sd Hda xa Sai Gdn dien ra vdo thang 7/1937 tten ttiyin dudng Ha Npi-Sai Gdn, thudc Sd Hda xa Ddng Duong - mdt edng ty tu ban ddc quyen nhd nude. Vdi sy tham gia, van dpng cua cdc bao each mang Bdc ky, cupc ddu tranh da Idi keo dugc 1/2 tdng sd cdng nhdn vien Sd Hoa xa (Iiic dd sd lugng nhdn vien Sd Hoa xa gim khoang tren 8.000 ngudi) keo ddi tren 5 tudn le, dien ra tten dia ban tir Vinh din Sdi Gdn - My Tho (Cao Van Biln, 1979:230). Cudc ddu tranh da thu hiit dugc sy ung hd rdng rai cua cac tdng Idp Iao ddng khdng chi d Viet Nam ma cdn ea Iao dpng Phap va gdy nen phong ttao phan ddi manh me nha edm quyen Ddng Duang liic dd. Day la mdt trong nhiing cudc bai cdng Idn nhdt ve quy md, gay go, gian khd va lau nhat ttong ljch sii phong ttao cdng nbdn nude ta.
Bdo each mang Bac ky thudng xuyen dua tin ve dien bien cupc ddu tranh. Ngdy 24/8/1937, Bao Bgn ddn dang bai viit vl nguyen nhdn cudc khdi nghTa nhu: gid ca sinh boat ddt do ddi vdi sd lugng khdn khd ciia chiing tdi khdng du nuoi sdng gia dinh chiing tdi; Sd chia nhilu ddng cdp mdi sinh ra nhieu dieu bdt cdng; Chinh phii hiia thdng 7 ban bd Ludt Nghiep doan ma chdng thdy hinh dang gi cd. Vi nhiing le dd, chiing tdi phdi manh dan nam tay nhau quylt liet dau tranh (Cao Vdn Biln, 1979: 231).
Ddng hanh vdi phong trdo bdi cong ciia cdng nhan nha may Tmdng Thi, cac bao
each mang Bdc k^ mdt mat thudng xuyen ddng tin ve dien biln cugc ddu ttanh, mat khac phat dgng mgt phong ttao iing hp tten' khdp ca nude de phong ttdo khdng bi dap tdt. Cudc bai cdng dd nhan dugc sy ung hp nhiet tinh, Hd Thdnh thdi bdo (sd 15, ngay 23/7/1937) da dang biic thu cua cdng nhdn nha may Tmdng Thi va dua tin ve cac noi cdng nhan cd nhiing hanh dpng thiet thyc ung hp cdng nhan nha may Tmdng Thi. Hudng iing sy keu gpi eda cac bao, cong nhdn dudng sat Nam ky va edng nhdn doan dudng Da Ndng-Phan Rang cung dau ttanh. Tir cupc bai cdng ciia cdng nhdn Tmdng Thi da phat ttiSn thartii cupc tong bai cdng eda cdng nhan dudng sdt tu Vinh den Sai Gdn.
Tmdc siic manh doan kit eua cdng nhdn dudng sat, sy tham gia nhiet tinh cua bao chi va phong ttao iing hd cua giai cap cdng nhan, Toan quyen Brevie da budc phdi gdp dai bieu cua cdng nhdn, hiia giai quyet 5 ttong sd 8 yeu cau de ra. Tuy nhien, do thieu td chiic chat che va chi dao thdng nhdt, nSn phong ttao cudi ciing da khdng thu dugc nhieu ket qua.
Nhin lai toan bd phong ttao ddu ttanh ciia nhdn ddn, ddc biet la eua cdng nhdn trong thdi ky 1936-1939, cd till thdy bdo chi each mang da trd thanh mdt bp phdn quan ttpng cua cac phong ttao. Trong cae phong ttao bai cdng ldn, bao chi khdng chi lam nhiem vu tmyen tai tin ttic, len an thyc dan, tu san ma cdn tich cyc van dpng iing hp nhiing ngudi biiu tinh...
De thdi thiic cdng nhdn cac noi diing len dau ttanh, bao chi each mang d Bdc ky cung thudng xuyen dang nhiing tin bai ve nhiing noi cdng nhdn gianh dugc thdng lgi.
Chang han, bao Tin tire ddng tin ve "Vu An Thinh", trong dd neu "Toan the thg nha m An Thinh dinh cdng tii 17/6 vdi khau hieu:
phai thi hanh Luat Lao ddng, dd dao tui bdy muu cho chii tdn cdng tiig. Kit qud la: 10 gid ngay 21 juin tmdc mat nhdn vien tda thanh tta Iao ddng, chii da ky nhan: Thi hanh diing Ludt Lao dgng; Cho hai ngudi thg bi dudi vao lam; Thu ky Hoan khdng cd quyen true tiep vdi ngudi thg va sai bao dieu gi; Sau khi thg vao lam khdng dugc kiem ed dudi ai" (Bao Tin tuc, sd 12, ngay 25-29/6/1938).
Bdo Bgn dan ciing thudng xuyen dua tin ve nhiing thang lgi ma cdng nhan d cac nai thu dugc nhu: "Hon 100 phu lam tten nui Ba Vi (Son Tdy) dinh cdng, ket qua la nha binh phdi chiu theo yeu cdu cua phu"
(sd 27, ngay 17/11/1937); "Anh em thg may Doan Thanh-Tao thang lgi (Sai Gdn)"
(sd 12, ngay 22/7/1937); "Thuy tiiii va boi tau Cap-padaran dinh cdng thdng lgi" (sd 20, ngdy 29/9/1937); "Thg mdc hieu Phii My tiidng lgi" (sd 16, ngdy 19/8/1937).
Nhflng tin tiic nhu vdy da tao dpng lyc ldn cho cdng nhan tten ca nude tiep tuc ddu ttanh ddi cac quyen lgi co ban eho minh.
3. Mot vai nhan xet
Qua viec tim biSu ve phong ttao cdng nhan tten bao chi each mang Bdc ky giai doan 1936-1939, cd the thay rang:
- Ddu ttanh ddi cai thien ddi song cho cdng nhan la mdt npi dimg quan ttpng tten cdc bao cdch mang Bac ky. Trong cupc ddu ttanh nay, bao chi each mang da the hien vai ttd vd cimg quan ttpng ttong viec dinh hudng, van ddng va lien ket cdng nhdn d cac noi. Bao each mang d Bdc ky ttd thanh tieng ndi ciia cdng nhdn ca nude. Nhd cd sy van ddng, ddu ttanh cua cdc bao, tu san Phdp da thyc thi nhieu yeu cdu eua cdng nhan va de dat hon khi tien hanh nhiing bien phap manh tay ddi vdi nhdn ddn Iao ddng.
- Sy lien ket chat che giiia cdng nhdn va bao chi each mang la mot nhdn to lam
50 Thong tin Khoa hpc xS hpi. s6 9.2019
cho phong trao cdng nhdn trong giai doan nay phat triln manh v l sd lupng va chat lugng. Theo Cao Van Biln, ndm 1937 cd den 400 cudc bai cdng, tdng bai cdng, nhilu hon nam 1936 (hon 300 cudc bai cdng), ndm 1938 (ti'nh tir thdng Gieng d i n cudi thdng 11) cd 135 cudc bai cdng. Ndm 1937, phong ttao cdng nhdn len cao nhdt vd cd nhieu cupc bai cong keo dai nhdt (Cao Van Biln, 1979: 213). Cac cudc bai cdng ciing lien ket rdng rai hon, mang tinh chinh tri ro rang. Trong bao cao gui Ban chdp hanh Qudc te cdng sdn, Dang Cdng san Ddng Duong tong ket: so vdi trudc thi cdc cudc bai cdng ndm 1939 cd to chiic va ky luat han. Cdc cudc bai cong ay deu dua ra nhiing yeu cau cu the ban nhu: doi tang luong, ngay lam 8 gid, bdo hiem xa hdi, cong nhdn cac dai bieu, tu do nghiep doan.
Do la nhiing yeu sach co bdn. Hau het cac cudc bdi cdng deu dugc sy iing hd tinh thdn va vat chdt ciia cdng nhdn cac nganh khac, cua ndng dan va tieu thuang; ddi khi ngay cd tii chinh tri ciing dong gdp vao cdc cupc lac quyen ung hd. Nhiing ngudi bai cong da ra ldi keu ggi Iao ddng trong ca nude va nhdn dugc thu td tinh doan ket.
Moi lan thdng lgi, hp lai ra nhung tuyen bd ddng vien toan the cdng nhdn doan ket lai, dong thdi ciing nhdn dugc nhieu dien mimg giri tdi (Ddng Cpng sdn Viet Nara, 2002: 488).
- Nhd su tham gia tich cue ciia cac bao each mang, phan ldn cac cupc ddu tranh ttong thdi ky nay deu gianh thang lgi: trong sd 361 cudc ddu ttanh ciia cdng nhan nd ra trong niia sau nam 1936 thi da cd tdi 189 cupc gianh thang lgi hoan toan, nhieu cudc khac gianh thang loi bd phdn - chii chap nhdn mot phdn yeu sdch cua hg; trong sd ban 400 cudc ddu ttanh ciia cdng nhan nd ra trong ndm 1937 cd khoang tren 50%
gianh thdng lgi hoan todn (Tran Van Giau, 1962: 103).
Ket luan
Viec tuyen tmyin, van ddng vd lanh dao phong trao cdng nhdn dau ttanh ddi cai thien ddi sdng cho giai cap minh ttong giai doan 1936-1939 tren bdo chi each mang Bdc ky da thu dugc nhilu thdng lgi. Dieu nay khdng dinh su lanh dao sang sudt cua Dang Cdng sdn Ddng Duong va vai trd quan trpng ciia bao chi trong ddi sdng xa hdi. Day chinh la bai hpc kinh nghiem cho bdo chi trong tbdi dai ngdy nay de phat huy bet gid tri cua minh •
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Bdo Bgn ddn, sd 9 ngay 24/6/1937.
2. Cao Van Biln (1974), "Tiln luong ciia cdng nhan thdi ky 1936-1939", Tap chi Nghien ciiu lich su, so 156.
3. Cao Van Bien (1979), Giai cdp cdng nhdn Viet Nam-1936-1939, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, Ha Ndi.
4. Dang Cong san Viet Nam (2002), Vdn kien Ddng todn tap tap 6 (1936-1939), Nxb. Chinh tti qudc gia, Ha Npi.
5. Trdn Thi Thanh Huyin (2019), "Bao chi cdch mang Bdc ky thdi ky 1936-1939", Tap chi Lich sic Qudn su, sd 6.
6. Trdn Van Giau (1962), Giai cdp cdng nhdn Viet Nam tap 2, Nxb. Sd hgc, HdNpi.
7. Trdn Huy Lieu (1957), Tdi lieu tham khdo lich sic cdch mgng can dgi Viet Nam tap 7, Nxb. Van - Sir - Dia, HdNpi.
8. Nguyin Thanh (1984), Bdo chi cdch mgng Viet Nam 1925-1945, Nxb. Khoa hpc xahoi, H a N g i .
9. Nguyen Thanh (2005), Hogt ddng bdo chi cua dgi tudng Vo Nguyen Gidp, Nxb. Ly ludn Chinh tti. Ha Ndi.