Nguyfin Duy Hoan va Dtg Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 134 (04); 29-35
EFFECT OF ORGANIC SELENIUM AND ZINC ON EGG PRODUCTION AND QUALITY OF JAPANESE QUAILS SUBMITTED TO HEAT STRESS
Nguyen Duy Hoan', Nguyen Thi Hai^
'College of Agriculture and Forestry - TNU 'institute of Life Sciences - TNU SUMAMRY
The present study aimed at evaluating the effect ofthe dietary inclusion of organic trace minerals selenium and zinc on the performance, intemal and external egg quality of Japanese quails submitted to heat stress. Total of 432 birds (144 x 3 replicates) were distributed according to a randomized block experimental design into four groups, 36 birds/group (I) control; (2) 0.3ppm Se;
(3) 60ppm Zn and (4) 0.3ppm Se + 60ppm Zn per kg completed feed. Experiment bird was evaluated for 112 days (from 60 to 172 days of age) divided in eight cycles of 14 days. Data on egg production, feed conversion, egg weight, egg specific gravity, eggshell thickness, Haugh unit, yolk index, albumen index and mortality of quails were evaluated. The result as follows: There were no differences (p> 0.05) in egg production (%), egg wei^t (g), feed conversion per egg mass (kg/kg), feed conversion for egg production (kg/10 eggs), egg specific gravity, eggshell thickness and weight (g), Haugh unit, yolk index, albumen index and mortality (%). However, quails fed the combination of Se and Zn presented feed intake (28.73 g/hen/day) higher than other groups (p <
0.05). Those fed only organic selenium had higher average daily egg production (30.17 eggs/day), and those fed the diet only supplemented with zinc presented higher mortality (p < 0.05). The results of the present study suggest that the supplementation of organic trace minerals in Japanese quails diets submitted to heat stress does not significantly influence quail performance and interna! egg quality, whereas the supplementation ofthe combination of organic Zn and Se increases feed intake.
Keywords: Colurnix, Japanese quails, performance, quad eggs.
INTRODUCTION
Presenting high profits and low initial investments, quail production has steadly grown. Egg production has yearly increased, and consequently, the search for new technologies. Feed corresponds to about 70%
of quail production costs and it is responsible for final product quality eggs (Hoan N.D., 2012) [5] Among feed ingredients, trace minerals are highlighted, as they are essential for the maintenance of the physiological metabolism of animals. Trace minerals in general act as catalysts of a wide variety of enzyme systems (Jaboticabal, 2007) [15].
Some trace minerals protect and/or mitigate oxidative stress, such as when animals are exposed to high environmental temperatures.
Studies showed that selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) added as organic complexes to the feed of layers submitted to high environmental
Tel: 0913 377255. Email- ndhoan@lrc-lnu edu v,
temperatures significantly increase feed intake, egg weight, and eggshell quality and weight.
The environmental impact caused by excessive mineral excretion in the soil has been frequently studied by researchers. This contamination is caused by the waste of production animals, which are commonly supplemented with mineral levels quite above their actual requirements. This is particularly the case in poultry and pig production. One of the solutions currently available is the supplementation of organic trace minerals.
Many studies demonstrate that the higher bioavailability of organic trace minerals results in lower losses and better utilization by poultry, and consequently, better product quality. Organic trace minerals are absorbed faster as their transport through the intestine is easier, promoting better egg quality, higher weight gain, higher grovrth rate and, at tbe same time, reducing the effects of stress (Reddy etal., 1992) [11].
29
Nguyen Duy Hoan vd Dtg Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE Research on trace minerals for poultry and
swine has not received attention in the last few years. Most studies were published 30 to 40 years ago, and often used purified diets and certainly animals which genetic potential is completely different from the modem strains. Due to tbe limited number of studies on trace minerals for Japanese quails, the objective ofthe present study was to evaluate the performance and intemal and external egg quality of Japanese quails {Colurnix japonica) fed diets supplemented with Se and Zn as an organic complex and submitted to heat stress.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was carried out at the household of Thai Nguyen City. In this trial 144 female Japanese quails divided by 4 groups, (6 cages/ group, 6 birds/cage) with 3 replicates. The experimental layout (table I).
The control group was supplementL-o control diet (CD); The Tl group was supplemented CD + 0.3ppm organic Se; The T2 group: CD + 60ppm organic 2n and the T3 group; CD + 0.3ppm organic Se + 60ppm organic Zn per kg completed feed. The experimental bird was housed from 60 days of age to 172 day of age in a conventional quail house with 2 batteries of 24 cages made of galvanized wire, Cages were 0.17m high x 0.35m wide x 0.35m deep. Feed was offered in a trough feeder in the morning and in tbe evening.
Water was also offered in nipple drinkers. A lighting program of 19 hours of light was adopted. Intemal house temperature was daily recorded using a maximum-minimum thermometer placed at the center ofthe bouse, and ranged between 32 and 34 °C and 20 and 24 °C, respectively.
Table I. Experimental layout
Parameters Control T l T2 T3
Number of hen 36 36 36 36 Experimental time (day 60-172 60-172 60-172 60-172 of age)
Replicate 3 3 3 3 Experimental factor Control diet (CD) CD + 0.3ppm Se CD + 60ppm Zn CD + 0.3ppm Se +
60ppm Zn Table 2. Percentage and calculated composition ofthe control diet supplied during day
Ingredients, % Com Soybean meal Salt/NaCI
Mineral and vitamin supplement Calcitic limestone Dicalcium phosphate DL-methionine Lysine Selenium Zinc Total
Control diet 63.51 27.62 0 40 0.50 4.86 2.60 0.17 0.34 0 0 100 Calculated composition
Crude protein, (%) ME (kcal/kg) C a ( % )
Available phosphorus (%) Methionine + cystine (%) Lysine {%)
18.0 2800 2.50 0.55 0.76 1.3
Nguyen Duy Hoan vd Dig Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 134 (04): 29-35 The control diets were based on com and
soybean meal, and formulated according to the recommendations of Murakami & Ariki (1998) [8], and diets were balanced according to tbe ingredient composition tables of Rostagno etal. (2005) [12].
The following performance parameters were evaluated; FI (feed intake), EP (egg production), AEW ( average egg weight), EM (egg mass/hen/day), FCREM (feed conversion per kg egg mass), FCRDZ (feed conversion per 10 eggs), DEP (daily egg production) and mortality of quails from 60 to 172 days of age. Mortality was daily recorded. Feed intake and feed conversion (kg feed/10 eggs and kg feed/kg eggs) data were analyzed at the end of each 14-day cycle and for total experimental period (eight cycles). In order to calculate daily egg production per group, eggs were daily collected and recorded per replicate at tbe end of each cycle (14 days) totaling eight cycles for the entire experimental period.
At the end of each 14-day cycle, total daily egg production of each experimental unit was submitted to analyses to determine specific gravity, albumen index, yolk index, albumen height, Haugh unit and eggshell thickness and weight.
Intact eggs were individually identified and weighed in a balance digital scale (BK 3000) with 0.00Ig precision. Egg specific gravity was determined by the method of immersion in saline solution, according to tbe methodology described by Jaboticabal (2007) [15] . Seven solution with densities between 1.060 and 1.072 were prepared, with 0.002 increase per solution. Egg specific gravity was verified using a densimeter (Incoterm - OM-5565).
Albumen height was determined by breaking the previously identified and weighed eggs onto a completely black and smooth surface and measured between the extemal edge and yolk using a paehymeter (DIGIMES, 0-150
mm). Average albumen height values were applied to the formula of Card and Nesheim (2000) [2], to calculate Haugh unit as HU = 100 x log (H + 7.57 - 1.7 W""), where H = albumen height (mm) and W = egg weight (g). Albumen index was calculated as the average between the highest and the lowest diameter.
Yolk index was determined by the method proposed by Solomon (1991). Yolk height (YH) and diameter (YD) were measured with the yolk still inside the albumen, and used to calculate yolk index as YI YH/YD.
Eggshells were washed under running water, and were exposed to environmental temperature for 48 hours for drying, after which they were weighed in a balance digital scale (O.OIg precision). Average eggshell thickness was determined measuring three points ofthe eggshell equatorial region using a digital micrometer (DIGIMES, 0-25 mm precision).
Data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA- 2005). Mean were compared by tbe test of Tukey at 5% probability level.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effects of organic selenium and zinc on growth performance and egg production The indicators to be monitored; FI (feed intake), EP (egg production), AEW ( average egg weight), EM (egg mass egg weight/hen/day), FCR/kg egg (feed conversion ratio per kg egg), FCR/10 eggs (feed conversion per 10 eggs), DEP (daily egg production) and mortality of quails from 60 to 172 days of age. The average performance results of quails fed diets with different trace mineral inclusion levels during the 112-day lay period showed at tbe table 3.
The result at table 3 show that: FI (feed intake), DEP (daily egg production) and Mort (mortality) were significantly (p - 0.05) influenced by the inclusion of the organic trace minerals selenium and zinc in tbe diet.
31
Nguyen Duy Hoan vd Dtg Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG N G H $ 134 (0-'
Table 3. Effect of organic Se andZn on metabolize feed ability and egg production
Fl (g/hen/day) EP (%)"*
A E W ( g ) " ' EM (g/hen/day)"'' FCRAg eggs (kg/kg)"*
FCR (kg/10 e g g s ) " ' SG(g/cm3)'"'^
DEP (egg/group) Mort (%)
2 6 , 4 8 "
70.86 9.73 8.77 3.15 0.313 1.066 29.13"''
4 . 1 4 '
2 5 . 9 9 "
74.00 9.95 9.29 2.95 0.310 1.068 30.17"
4 . 1 4 '
2 5 . 3 6 ' 71.03 9.90 8.75 3.03 0.309 1.066 2 9 . 6 3 "
4.98"
28.73"
72.49 10.00 9.15 3.25 0.319 1.066 2 8 . 7 0 ' 4 6 6 " '
19 70 18.44 21.72 21.72 23.77 21.47 4.43 12.15 14.44 - a and b: means folio-wed by different letters in the
The results obtained for egg production, average egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion per kg eggs and per 10 eggs, and egg specific gravity were not different among treatments, which is consistent with the findings of Saldanha (2008)[I4].
Birds fed the diet containing Se+Zn (T3) presented the highest feed intake, which was not different (p>0.05) from the birds fed the diets control and Tl(Se), but higher (p<0.05) than that ofthe diet containing only Zn (T2).
Different results were obtained by Paton ND (2000) [10], Albuquerque R. (2004) [1] and Rutz F. (2008), who found that the supplementation of diets with organic or inorganic trace mineral sources individually and/or combined did not have any effect (p>0.05) on the feed intake of chickens.
On the other hand, in agreement with the present study, Paton ND (2000) [10] and Albuquerque R. (2004) [1] also did not observe any improvement in feed conversion in Babcock layers supplemented with organic trace minerals as compared to inorganic.
Paton ND (2000) [10] also did not find any influence of organic or inorganic trace minerals (Zn and Mn) on the feed conversion ratio of 40 to 60 week of age Babcock layers.
Rutz F. (2008) [13] also reported that the feed conversion of layers did not improve when these were fed organic trace minerals.
Kienholz EW. (1992) [6] evaluated the supplementation of organic selenium in layer
Notes:- CV*. Coefficient of variation;
same row are different by the lest of Tukey (P< 0 05):
NS^ nonsignificant by the test of Tukey (P> 0.05) diets and also did not observe significant difference in egg specific gravity.
Treatments significantly influenced daily egg production, with the quails fed the treatment including only Se (Tl) producing 30.17 eggs/day, which was significantly difference from tbe egg production of birds fed the diet containing Se+Zn (T4), which produced 28.70 eggs/day. However, the egg production by Tl and T3 birds were not statistically different (p>0.05) from birds in tieatments control and T2 (control and Zn inclusion, respectively).
These results are consistent with tbe findings of Lundeen (2001) [7], who reported an interaction between organic trace minerals and calcium levels in the diet. That author included 3.5% calcium in the diet supplemented with organic trace minerals and confirmed their poshive effect on egg production when comparing this freatment with the diet with no organic trace mineral supplementation and 4% calcium inclusion.
Kienholz (1992) [6] found higher egg production in layers fed a diet with organic Zn supplementation and submitted to stiess due to low dietary calcium level (3%), which was not observed in the present experiment.
Quails supplemented only with Zn (T2) presented the highest mortality raie. which, however, were not statistically different (p>0.05) from those fed the diet with Se-f-Zn inclusion (T3). The lowest mortality rates
Nguyin Duy Hoan va Dig Tap cbi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 134 (04): 29-35 were obtained in the quails fed tbe confrol
diet and only with Se (Confrol and Tl, respectively), but these were not different (p>0.05) from tiie birds fed Se+Zn (T3), Effect of organic selenium and zinc on egg quality
Tbe indicators to be monitored; eggshell thickness (EST), eggshell weight (ESW), Haugh unit (HU), yolk index (YI) and albumen index (AI) of quails from 60 to 172 days of age.
Treatments did not influence (p>0.05) eggshell thickness and weight, Haugh unit, yolk index, or albumen index (4). This resuh demonstrate that, independently of the dietary supplementation with organic frace minerals, there were no changes in egg intemal or extemal quality, possibly because the inclusion of organic trace minerals was calculated relative to the inclusion levels of inorganic frace minerals, that is, organic trace mineral supplementation was excessive or deflcient in relation to tbe requirements.
However, when figures are examined, they show that the diets containing only Se (Tl) or in combination with Zn (T3) promoted good HU values, of 87.43 and 87.25 respectively, suggesting a positive effect of organic Se on the absorption and protection of fat-soluble compounds.
Ludeen T. (2001) [7] evaluated organic selenium supplementation in layer diets and did not And any significant differences in Haugh units, yolk index, albumen index, egg specific gravity and eggshell thickness, which is consistent with the present study.
Conversely, Paton at al (2000) [10] observed higher eggshell strength in the eggs of 80- week-old Babcock layers supplemented with organic selenium (p>0.05). Ludeen (2001) [7]
verified better eggshell quality In the eggs of layers fed chelated Mn and Zn from 20 to 60 weeks of age (p>0.05).
The present study also obtained different results from those observed by Paik (2001) [9], Coi at al. (2013) [3] , who evaluated the inclusion of organic Zn, Cu and Mn sources in layer diets, and obtained higher egg specific gravity and eggshell percentage in the eggs of layers fed organic tiace minerals and that the association of organic Zn and Mn improved eggshell sfrength, showing the influence of Zn on the synthesis of the enzyme carbonic anbydrase.
Saldanha ESPB.(2008) [14] also observed that the dietary inclusion of individual or combined organic trace minerals did not have any influence on Haugh units or yolk index.
The study of Albuquerque R. (2004) [I] with layers showed that birds fed diets containing Zn and Se bound to an organic molecule presented higher HU, which was numerically observed in the present study.
The supplementation of tbe combination of organic Mn, Zn and Se to Isa Brown layer diets tended to promote higher eggshell weight (Rutzet al., 2008) [13]. According to these authors, the dietary supplementation of layer diets with organic trace minerals improves egg,sheli quality, provided organic Mn and Zn are added in combination.
Table 4. Effect of organic selenium and zinc on egg quality Parameters
EST (mm)"^
ESW (g)"' HU^' Y|NS
Ar'
Control 0.243 0.83 86.29 0.37 0.38
0.254 0.83 87.43 0.35 0.37
T l 0.245 0.81 86 99 0.37 0.37
T2 0.248 0.84 87.25 0.37 0.38
T3 C V *
20.51 16.90 6.09 23.70 10.95 CV* Coefficient ofvuriation
NS^ iion-signiftcant (P"- 0.05)
Nguyen Duy Hoan vd Dig T^p chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE l j 4 vOt;. ^7 The resuhs o f t h e present study are consistent
with the findings of Saldanha (2008) [14], w h o did not find any differences in average egg quality results of semi-beavy layers in their second production cycle and fed diets supplemented with different trace mineral sources and levels (Zn, Fe, M n , Cu, I and Se).
Although organic trace minerals are more bioavailable, promoting better performance, no improvements in intemal or extemal quality of tbe eggs or in tbe performance of quails when their diets were supplemented with organic selenium and zinc.
These results suggest that the studied supplemental levels of trace minerals may be higher than those required by quails for optimal performance, because selenium and zinc requirements were calculated based on the supplementation of inorganic sources of these trace minerals. It must be noted that the heat stress to which the birds were submitted was also higher than that found in other studies (Doan B. H. at al., 2010)[4].
Therefore, further studies are required (in quail production) as to the use, requirements, absorption, and bioavailability of chelated trace minerals. It must be noted that the heat stress to which the birds w e r e submitted was also higher than that found in other studies.
Therefore, further studies are required as to the use, requirements, absorption, and bioavailability of chelated tiace minerals, C O N C L U S I O N
Tbe results of the present study suggest that the supplementation of organic frace minerals in Japanese quails diets submitted to heat stress in genera! does not significantiy influence quail performance and intemal egg quality, but FI (feed intake), D E P (daily egg production) and Mort (mortal ity) were significantly influenced (p < 0.05) between confrol group compared treatments groups and between the freatment groups compared together.
R E F E R E N C E S
I. Albuquerque, R. (2004) Produ9ao e qualidade da casca de ovos de galinhas poedeiras recebendo microminerais organicos em sua dieta.
Pirassununga Universidade de SSo Paulo.
2 Card LE., Nesheim, MC. (2000) Producion avicola. Zaragoza: Ediloral Acribia. de Zoolecnia; 29 (5):1440-1445
3. Coi, N. Q, Gioi, P. V. (2013) To smdy the effect of inbreeding pattems to fertility of Japanese quail in Northem Vietnam. The scienlific and technical journals of livestock- Vietnam, 8:68-70 4. Doan, B. H, Thanh, H. (2010) Productivity of Japanese Quails Raised by Household in Tu Son - Bac Ninh, Science and Development Journal.
Hanoi Agricultural University, 8 vol. (1). 59-67.
5. Hoan, N. D (2012) The optimal level of energy and protein in the diet for laying quails. The scientific and technical journals of livestock- Vietnam; 2: 28-32
6. Kienholz, EW. (1992) Zinc and methionine for stressed laying hens. Poultry Science, 71.829-832.
7. Ludeen, T. (2001) Mineral proteinates may have positive effect on shell quality. Feedstuffs;
73(14)10-15
8. Murakami, AE., Ariki, J. (1998) Produgao de codomasjaponesas. Jaboticabal, Funep-, p. 79 9. Paik, 1. (2001) Application of chelated minerals in animal production. Journal of Animal Science;
14:191-198.
10. Paton, ND., Cantor, AH.(2000) Effect of dietary selenium source and storage on intemal quality and shell strength of eggs. Poultry Science;
70:116.
I I . Reddy, AB., Dwived, JN., Ashmead, AD.(1992) Mineral chelation generates profit, Misset. World Poultry iowT., 8:13-15.
12. Rostagno, HS., Albino, LFT., Donzele, JL., Gomes, P C , Oliveira, RF., Lopes, D C , Ferreira, AS., Barreto, SLT. (2005) Tabelas brasileiras para aves e suinos, composi9ao dos alimentos e exigencias nufficionais. 2nd ed. Vigosa (MG):
UFV-DZO.
13. Rutz, F., Pan, EA., Xavier, GB.(2008) Efeilo de minerals organicos sobre o metabolismo e desempenbo de aves, P 121-124.
14. Saldanha, ESPB.(2008) Efeitos de minerals organicos no desempenbo, qualidade de ovos e qualidade ossea de poedeiras semi-pesadas no segundo ciclo de produ9ao. Universidade Estadual Paulista. P 222-226
15. Jaboticabal (2007) Egg and eggshell quality, Universidade Estadual Paulista. P153-172
Nguyen Duy Hoan vd Dig Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 134 (04): 29 - 35
TOM TAT
ANH HU'dNG CUA BO SUNG SELEN VA KEM HtJtJ CO DEN NANG XUAT VA CHAT LU'QNG TRlTNG CHIM CUT NHAT TRONG M 6 I T R U ' 6 N G NHIET © 0 CAO
Nguyin Duy Hoan'', Nguyin Thj Hai^
'Trudng Dai hge Nong Ldm - DH Thdi Nguyen, 'Vien Khoa hoc Sif song - DH Thai Nguyen NghiSn cuu nhSm danh gia hifu qua ciia vice b6 sung 2 lo?! khoSng vi luong selen \k kem hitu co dan nang suat vt chdt lugng tning ciia chim ciit Nhat Ban trong diSu kien stress nhi^t. Thi nghiem dugc b6 tri tren 144 chim cut mSi giai doan 60 din 172 ngay tu6i, dugc chia thanh 4 16, moi Id 36 con, nhac lgi 3 ISn. Lo 1: D6i chimg (sii dung khiu phin c a so (KPCS); 16 TN 1: KPCS b6 sung 0.3ppm Se; 16 TN2: KPCS b6 sung 60ppm Zn \k 16 TN3; KPCS b6 sung 0.3ppm Se + 60ppm Zn).
Chim cut thi nghiem dugc theo dei trong 112 ngiy cua chu ky sinh san va dugc chia th^nh tim chu ky nh6, moi chu V.^ 14 ngay. Cdc s6 lieu dugc tinb toan tren c a sd 8 chu ky ciia mot ISn thi nghifm va s6 li§u cua 3 ISn lap lai. Cdc chi tieu theo dDi bao g6m: Ty If d^, nang xudt triing, chuyfin hoa thiic an, kh6i lugng trirng, do ddy vo, don vj Haugh, chi so long do, chi s6 I6ng trSng, ty le chdt Ket qua nghign ciiu cho thSy khong c6 su khac bift (p> 0,05) giiia c i c 16 vk cic chi tieu tJ le de, khdi lugng tning, tieu ton thiic an cho sin xult ming, d6 day v6 triing, d6 ehju luc, don vi Haugh, chi sd 16ng do, chi so I6ng trang va ty le chet. Tuy nhiSn, ti6u thu thiic an ciia chim ciit tai 16 TN3 (bd sung ca Se va Zn) dsit 28,73 g / mdi / ngdy, cao ban cdc 16 kbdc (p <0,05). L6 TNI (chi bd sung selen bOu co) c6 sdn lucmg trung trung binh dat 30,17 tning/16/ngay cao hon cdc 16 c6n lai.
Lo TN2 chi bd sung kgm c6 ty 16 chdt cao nhdt vd c6 su kbdc bift ddng tin c^y so vdi cdc 16 kbdc (p <0,05). T6m lai: vifc b6 sung khodng vi lugng hihi c a trong khdu phan an cho chim ciit Nhat Ban trong moi trudng stress nhift khong dnh hudng dang ke den nang suat vd chat lugng trimg, neu bo sung ket hgp ca Zn va Se sS lam tang lugng thiic Sn tieu thu.
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Tet 0913 377255. Email ndlu)an@lrc-tnu edu v.