energies

The fat content, protein content and chitin content of stage 5 and 6 BSFL were determined. One hundred BSFL were collected from two different stages of the stage, namely the fifth and sixth stages.

Figure 1. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) egg under magnification power of 40× through optical light microscope.

Conclusions

Larval age and mouth morphology of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (diptera: Stratiomyidae).Int. Bioconversion of dairy manure by the black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) for biodiesel and sugar production. Waste management.

Safflower Biodiesel: Improvement of its Oxidative Stability by Using BHA and TBHQ

Introduction

In the case of fuel biodiesel, no studies were found for improving its oxidative stability, making the fulfillment of this requirement an important aspect for the valorization of this biofuel. The aim of this research work was to evaluate the effectiveness of BHA and TBHQ on the oxidative stability of safer biodiesel, in order to comply with the UNE-EN 14214 standard [39], especially regarding the oxidative stability (with a lower limit of 8 hours).

Materials and Methods

To assess the quality of the obtained biodiesel, its characterization was carried out according to standards [39]. Flash points and combustion points were obtained using the Cleveland open cup method, according to the EN 51023 standard [55].

Table 2. Antioxidant addition to safflower biodiesel.

Results and Discussion

As can be seen in Figure 7, the combined use of TBHQ and BHA did not show any additive or synergistic effect on the oxidative stability of safiower biodiesel. The use of BHA and TBHQ was effective in increasing the oxidative stability of safiower biodiesel.

Table 4. Safflower biodiesel. Characterization and comparison with the EN-14214 standard.

Biogas Potential from the Anaerobic Digestion of Potato Peels: Process Performance and

Kinetics Evaluation

Biogas production started rapidly on the first day of digestion in all the digesters. The effect of the pretreatment on the cumulative biogas production (A), the daily biogas production (B), the pH (C) and the TVFA accumulation (D).

Table 1. Experimental conditions of the batch tests.

Investigation of Temperature Effect on Start-Up Operation from Anaerobic Digestion of Acidified

Material and Methods

The high concentration of VSS at the end of anaerobic digestion was found by Teng et al. This study highlights the role of VFAs and total alkalinity in monitoring the stability of the anaerobic digestion process.

Table 1. Characteristic of substrate.

Application of Biochar Derived from Different Types of Biomass and Treatment Methods as a Fuel Source

This could be attributed to the higher lignin and cellulose content of raw rubber wood compared to rice husks. Marked changes were observed in rubber wood biochar compared to raw rubber wood. The rubber wood biochar produced a higher power density compared to the rice husk biochar.

Table 1. Biochar yield from woody and non-woody biomass pyrolysed under different temperature.

Modification of a Direct Injection Diesel Engine in Improving the Ignitability and Emissions of

Methodology

Figure 9 shows the graph of the pressure in the cylinder and HRR against the crank angle of the D50E25B25 blend using different injection times. Therefore, increasing the compression ratio can solve the ignition problem of high ethanol content mixtures. Figure 16 shows the emission results of the D50E40B10 mixture at various inlet temperatures at 1600 rpm.

Table 2. Engine and injection system specification [15].

Product Characteristics of Torrefied Wood Sawdust in Normal and Vacuum Environments

By subtracting the mass percentage of solid and liquid, we get from the total value. In contrast, the HHV of low-volatile compounds from the nitrogen system started to rise only above 300 ◦C. In summary, the moisture content of vacuum system liquid products is lower than nitrogen system products in general.

Figure 1. The experimental setups for the (a) nitrogen and the (b) vacuum systems.

Potential of Rice Industry Biomass as a Renewable Energy Source

Advantages of Biomass

As one of the largest palm oil producers, Malaysia could make an important contribution to renewable energy from biomass [40,41]. The use of biomass in the power generation industry basically follows the principle of the carbon neutral cycle. In the decomposition process of organic material methane gas is released indirectly; burning the biomass to produce energy could control the release of methane gas.

Agricultural Residues from Rice Crops

49] states that for every ton of rice grain obtained, at least 1.35 tons of rice straw residue remains in the fields. According to Zhiqiang Liu [50], rice straw waste represents about 62% of rice production in China, and it is not properly utilized for energy generation. Different researchers have reported different residue ratios of rice straw and rice husk, varying from 1.0 to 3.96 and 0.2 to 0.33, respectively.

Figure 2. The potential application of (a) rice husk and (b) rice straw for fuel and power generation.

Characteristics of Rice Crop Residues

The Conversion Process of Rice Crop Residues into Power

Studied the role of various parameters on gasification performance using rice husk biomass in force. Physicochemical and toxicological characteristics of rice husk pyrolysis (RH) and rice husk ash (RHA). Studied the effect of pyrolysis of rice straw biomass in a microwave-induced reactor for the production of.

Figure 3. A typical rice husk power plant.

Current Rice Crop Residue Management

The influence of different working conditions and methods on the production of biogas using rice straw was studied. The variation of anaerobic digestion efficiency using rice straw with variation of solids concentration at. The incorporation method mainly uses rice straw and stubble with plowing (wet soil during soil preparation or dry soil during the fallow period).

Challenges in Rice-Crop-Residue-Based Power Generation

This is the easiest method, involves no additional management costs, and is one of the fastest ways to dispose of all rice straw at harvest time. A system must be established for each process, including collection, processing and transportation of rice straw to the power plant. These systems can ensure that the cost of using machinery for harvesting and the amount of rice straw can be determined.

Logistical Analysis

Due to the density discussed earlier, the use of rice straw for electricity production has problems related to transportation costs. The cost of running a rice straw power plant depends entirely on the harvesting, processing and transportation costs. In addition, the most decisive criterion for baling is that the moisture content of the rice straw in question must be below 20%.

Table 5. Main parameters impacting logistical costs [134].

Conclusions

Amount, availability and potential use of rice straw biomass (agricultural residues) as an energy source in Japan. Bioenergy of biomass. Effects of prepared iron-based catalyst on energy yield in rice straw gasification. Int. Effect of temperature and solids concentration on anaerobic digestion of rice straw in southern China. Int.

Optimization, Transesterification and Analytical Study of Rhus typhina Non-Edible Seed Oil as

But the industrial expense, especially raw feedstock, is the biggest obstacle to monetizing biodiesel from edible oil [9]. The presence of metals in RTSO FAMEs was investigated using inductively coupled plasma spectrometer (Spectro-blue, Kleve, Germany) and Elemental Analyzer (Vario EL CUBE, Hanau, Germany). The oil and FFA contents were related to the polarity of the extraction solvent in the order of petroleum ether

Figure 1. Transesterification reaction.

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When 1 H NMR was used, the methyl ester produced was used to monitor the product using the protons of the methylene group adjacent to the ester moiety of the TAG and the protons of the alcohol moiety. The characteristic proton methyl ester peaks were detected to be a singlet at 3.663 and triplet of the α-CH 2 proton at 2.308 ppm respectively. The appropriate indications chosen for incorporation are the methoxy group in the methyl ester at 3.66 ppm and the methyl ester group in the α-carbonylmethylene proton at 2.308 ppm.

Figure 8. 1 H NMR spectrum shows RT FAMEs.

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From the results, it is confirmed that the concentrations of elements in RT seed oil biodiesel were reasonably lower than that of high speed diesel (HSD). Increasing the proportion of hydrogen in the fuel mix means that the fuel burn rate will be better and cleaner. The structural content of oxygen in the fuel improves its combustion efficiency due to the increase in the homogeneity of oxygen with the fuel during combustion.

Table 5. RTBD EA (Elemental Analyser) analysis in comparison with other plant seed and shells biodiesel.

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Technological, technical, economic, environmental, social, health risks, toxicological and policy considerations of the production and use of biodiesel. Refresh. Process optimization and kinetic study for biodiesel production from non-edible marine mango oil (Cerbera odollam) using response surface methodology.Chem. Optimization and characterization of the biodiesel production process to assess the suitability of the product for a variety of environmental conditions. Refresh.

Factors Affecting the Performance of Membrane Osmotic Processes for Bioenergy Development

Osmotic Membrane

The choice of material also depends on the purpose of the membrane, as the operating parameters of FO and PRO are quite different. Therefore, improved TFC membranes have been developed to maintain the high water flux obtained by CTA membranes and improve the mechanical robustness of the membranes [25]. As a result, the impurities that penetrate through the support layer attached to the impurities accumulated on the active layers cause the membrane pores to become blocked.

Figure 1. Cross-section SEM micrographs of (A) commercial CTA-HTI and (B) TFC membrane.

Feed Solutions

Therefore, AL-FS orientation is recommended by most researchers for FO application to avoid unwanted internal fouling [70], although there is relatively higher water flow in PRO mode, as cross-flow shear on the membrane surface can reduce diluting ECP [18 ]. The water flow increases when pretreatment is performed as the suspended solids in the nutrient solution are removed. 86] presented similar findings where the initial water flow with pre-treatment (8.5 l/m2h) was lower, but the water flow of pre-treated whey slowly decreased and the final flux (4 l/m2h) was the same as the non-pre-treatment flux.

Draw Solutions

When the DS concentration increases, the osmotic pressure difference also increases, resulting in greater water flux. Furthermore, increasing DS concentration results in a greater loss of digestates due to RSF, despite being less significant compared to increasing Jw. Therefore, it is critically important to develop attractive solutions that can produce high water flux at low concentration as this can lead to significant energy and cost savings.

Operating Conditions

An increase in both flow rates causes a simultaneous reduction of the CP effect on both sides of the membrane [98]. There was a reduction in water fluxes when the flow rate was further increased to 10,000 mL/min. Additionally, there is a requirement for additional pumping energy for high cross-flow rates, but the increase in water flow may be limited.

Figure 4. Factors affecting osmotic membrane processes.

Conclusions

A study of water permeation using glycerol as a drawing solution with thin film composite membranes in forward osmosis and pressure retarded osmosis configurations. Effect of Drawing Solution Concentration and Operating Conditions on Forward Osmosis and Pressure Delayed Osmosis Performance in a Spiral Wound Module.J. Combined influence of temperature and flow rate of feedstocks on forward osmosis performance.Desalination.

Nanomaterials Utilization in Biomass for Biofuel and Bioenergy Production

• Fundamental of Nanomaterials
• Biomass
• Impacts of Nanomaterial for Enhancement of Biofuels Production
• Bioelectrochemical System (BES)
• Future Works
• Conclusions

Basal microbial fuel cells (MFC), photosynthetic MFC, plant MFC and biophotovoltaic cells [66] are examples of different forms of BES. Anode modification with formic acid: a simple and effective method to improve the power generation of microbial fuel cells.Appl. TiO2nanotube arrays modified titanium: a stable, scalable and cost-effective bioanode for microbial fuel cells.Environ.

Table 1. Advantages and disadvantages of magnetic nanoparticles [19].

Organic Carbonate Production Utilizing Crude GlycerolDerived as By-Product of Biodiesel

Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel

To replace the conventional non-renewable petroleum diesel, biodiesel and renewable diesel are being introduced (Figure 1). The production process of renewable diesel and petroleum diesel is the same, and thus they are chemically similar to each other. However, the greenhouse gas emissions from renewable diesel (also known as hydrotreated vegetable oil or HVO) and traditional biodiesel are both smaller than those from fossil diesel.

Crude Glycerol – By-product of Biodiesel Production

The transesterification process is typically catalyzed by sodium methoxide (CH3NaO) for a single-feed biodiesel plant and potassium hydroxide (KOH) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for a multi-feed biodiesel plant. As an important source of sustainable energy fuel, the annual production of biodiesel has been increasing year by year. Crude glycerol is the main by-product produced in the production of biodiesel through the transesterification reaction.