KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
KHAO SAT SIJ TAIXIG TRUOIVG TRAI DUA [Ananas camasus (L.) M e r r . ) DUQC CAM LnVG RA HOA BAIXIG
ETHEPHOIXI
Le van UtS Vo Thi Bgch Mai^
T6MTAT
Trong nghien cuu nay, su tang truong cua trai diia {Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. cv. Queen) duoc danh gia thong qua su thay ddi ve dac diem hinh thai va giai phlu ciia trai. Qua trinh tang tnrong ciia trai dira Queen tir khi 50% hoa kho den chin duoc chia thanh bdn giai doan: dau giai doan tang truong, giai doan tang truang ch|im, giai doan tang trudng nhanh va cudi giai doan tang truong. Vai tro ciia cac chat dieu boa tang tnrong thuc vat noi sinh (auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin va acid abscisic) trong su tang truong trai duoc phan tich. O dau giai doan tang truong, khdi luong va kich thiroc trai tang manh do sir gia tang sd luong te bao boi boat dong kich thich tang truong cua auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin. O giai doan tang tnrong cham, acid abscisic hien dien 6 ndng do cao can sir phan chia te bao mo thit trai. O giai doan tang tnrong nhanh, te bao gia tang kich thuoc va tich luy dSn den sir gia tang manh khdi luong va kich thuoc trai. O cuoi giai doan tang tnrong. trai tich luy duong khi chuydn sang giai doan chin. Trong mdi giai doan tang tnrong cua trai dua. khdi lugng tuoi cua phan thit trai tang rat nhanh v6i sd lan gia tang ciia giai doan sau so voi giai doan tnroc lan luot la 5,42; 1,71 va 1,23; trong khi phdn vo c6 sd lan gia tang lan lirot la 3,69; 1,27 va 1,20; phan loi CO sd lan gia tang ldn luot la 3,09; 1,32 va 1,13.
Tir khda: Trai dua (gidng Queen), tang trudng trai, chat dieu boa tSng trudng thuc vat, binh thai, giai pbiu.
l.nWDAU
O Vifet Nam, diia la mpt trong ba loai cay an trai hang dau (chudi, diia, cam quyt). Viet Nam hien cd 34.642 ha trdng diia vdi tdng san lupng dat 555.047 tan [13]. Gidng diia duoc trdng chu yeu d nude ta la diia Queen va Smooth Cayenne. Ve mat dinh duong, trai diia duoc xem la "hoang hau" cua cac loai trai, vi huong vi thom ngon va giau chat dinh duong. Ngoai ra, trai diia cdn chua mpt lupng ldn bromelin (mot protease) va khoang chat, dac bidt la ddng, sat, kali, kem, canxi, magi6, idt vk mangan [4, 9]. Nhirng hieu bidt ve dac diem tang trudng cua trai la rat can thidt cho cac nghien ciiu va ting dung cac ky thuat vao trong viec phat trien va nang cao hidu qua san xuat dtia. Hidn nay, xu ly ra hoa b cay dua bang phuong phap hda hpc duoc ung dung mot each rpng rai. Do vay, da tien hanh nghifin cuu ve su tang trudng cua trai diia Queen {Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) dupe cam ling ra hoa bang ethephon nham lam co- sd cho ckc nghien ciiu tmg dung sau nay.
2 . VAT LIEU VA PHimiUG PHAP NGHIBU CUU 2.1.V$tli§u
' Tmdng Dai lioc Quoc te Hong Bkng
"Tnrang D^i hoc Khoa hoc T\f nhien, Dai hoc Quoc gia thdnh phfi H6 Chi Minh
Email: [email protected]
Cay diia {Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.), gidng Queen, dang mang trai d dau giai doan tang trudng (50% hoa kho), duoc trdng tai vudn diia d huyen Vinh Tliuan, tinh Kien Giang. Cay diia dupe xu ly ra hoa bang 20 mL ethephon 525 mg.L^ 2 Ian (each nhau 2 ngay).
2.2. Bd tri thi nghidm ngoai vudn
Chpn va danh dau cac trai dira tai vudn. Cac trai duoc chon (tuan 0) dang b dau giai doan tang trudng (50% hoa kho) la nhung trai cd cung kich thudc cua nhung cay me cd kich thudc tuong tu. Str thay doi khdi lupng tuoi, ti le chat khd, kieh thudc va cudng dp ho hap; pH, ham luong dudng va duong lupng gam a xit thit trai dupe theo doi tai cac thdi diem tuan 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 va 11 cung vdi cudng dp trao ddi khi cua la D. Sd heu duoc thu tai mdi thdi diem cua trai la 20 trai.
2.3. Do khdi lugng tuod, kich thuoc, khdi lirpng khd vk cudng dO hd hap ciia trai diia
Trai dtra duoc eSt bd phan chdi va cudng de xac dinh khdi lupng tuoi va kich thudc trk\\ trong dd, dudng kinh trai dupe do tai phan gdc trai (dudng kmh ldn nhat). Ben canh dd, phan vd trai (man xanh), thit d-ai va loi trai (true mang hoa) dupe can de xac dinh khdi luong tiroi va do dp day rieng tung phln.
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 5/2020 17
KHOA HOC CONG N G H l
Cat khoanh diia day 0,5 cm b gitia trai dem can de tinh khdi luong tuoi, sau dd say d 100''C trong 2 gid va 70"C cho den khi khdi lupng khdng ddi de xac dinh khdi luong kho va ti le chat khd (%).
Hd hap trai dupe do bang luong CO2 thoat ra hi trai, theo nguyen tac ddng khi md. Don vi tinh la mg CO2 thoat ra/kg khdi lupng hroi/gid d-ong didu kien nhiet dp phdng [3].
2.4. Do pH, hkm lupng dudfng va duong lupng gam axit cua thit trii dua
Mo thit trai dupe nghidn nhuydn de xac dinh pH cua dich trai bang pH ke.
Chat trich cua trai trong cdn dupe cho phan iing vdi phenol 5% trong acid sulfuric dam dac. Sau dd, mat dp quang duoc do d dp dai sdng 480 nm, va lupng dudng tdng sd duoc xac dinh bang each so sanh vdi dudng cong chuan cua dung dich saccharose cd ndng dp 1 -100 mg/I [6].
5 g mo thit trai dupe nghidn nhuyen trong nude eat, dun each thuy va loe. Dich trich duoe dinh chuan bang NaOH 0,01N de tinh duong lupng gam axit cua mo thit trai [3].
2.5. Ly trich va do ho?it tinh chat di^u hda tang trudng thuc vat nOi sinh cua ihit trai
cac chat dieu hda tang trudng thuc vat: auxin (AIA), gibberelhn (GA3), zeatin va acid abscisic cua md thit trai diia d cac giai doan tang trudng dupe li trich va phan chia tren ban mong sac ky silicagel vdi dung moi di ehuyen (chloroform : methanol : acid acetic, ti le 80:15: 5 theo the tich) d nhiet do 25"C. Vi tri cac chat dieu hda tang trudng thuc vat npi sinh tren ban sac ky dupe xac dinh bang each ddi chieu vdi chit chuan dudi tia UV 254 nm. Hoat binh cac chat dieu hda tang trudng thuc vat dupe do bang sinh trac nghiem; diep ti&u liia {Oryza sativa L.) cho auxm va acid abscisic, hi diep dua chupt {Cucumis sativus L) cho cytokinin va cay mdm xa lach {Lactuca sativa L.) cho gibberellin [1].
2.6. Quan sat c^u tnic giai phau cua trai va x^c dinh kich thudc t^ bao md thit trai diia
Md thit trai b vdng thu 4 cua h-ai b cae giai doan tang hTJong dupe eat bang tay, xii ly Javel, iiia sach va ngam trong acid acetic 10% h-ong 5 phut. Sau dd riia sach, hiit khd va nhudm bang thudc nhudm hai mau aeetocarmiiwod trong 15 phiit. Rua sach va quan sat mhi dudi kinh hien vi quang hoc trong mot
gipt nude, cac lat cat (theo chieu ngang va theo chidu dpc) cua vimg mo mem thit trai ed kich thude dn dinh dupe diing de do kich thudc a i a td bao.
Thanh kich thudc (scale bar) tren hmh chup dupe xac dmh nhd trdc vi ndn va trac vi thi kinh. Kieh thude td bao duoc xae dinh bang phdn mdm Screen Ruler 3.0.
2.7. Do cudng db quang hpp vk cudng dp ho h^p c u a l i D
cac loai la cua cay diia dupe goi ten theo thii hJ hi gdc den ngpn la A, B, C. D va F. La D la la ti-udng thanh "non" nhat, cae true phien la lech mot gdc 45"
so vdi true than va thudng la nhdm la dai nhat cua cay diia. 10 cm^ a giiia cua la D duoe do eudng do quang hpp bang may Hansatech d nhiet dp 27°C, dudi anh sang 2000 lux. Kdt qua duoe tinh bang lupng O2 thoat ra (pmol O2/phiit/em^. 10 cm^ d giiia cua la D dupe do ho hap bang may Hansatech b nhiet do 27''C trong tdi. Ket qua duoe tinh bang lupng O2 hap thu (|amoI)/phut/g khdi luong tum.
2.8. Xuly sdlieu
Cae sd lieu thi nghiem dupe xu ly thdng ke bdng phdn mem Statistical Progam Scientific System (SPSS) dimg cho Window phien ban 16.0. Su sai biet cd y nghia d miic p = 0,05.
3. KET QUA NGHIEN CUU VA THAU LUAN
3.1. Su tang trudng trai diia Queen dupe c ^ ling ra hoa b ^ ethephon 6 ngoai vudn theo thdi gian
Nhin ehung, khdi luong tuoi va kieh thudc ciia ti-ai tang hen tuc theo thdi gian ke bi khi hoa nd (50%
hoa kho). Trong dd, khdi lupng tuoi cua trai tang manh d hai tuan dau, hai tudn tiep theo tang cham, sau dd tang rat nhanh cho den hude tuan 10 va tii tijdn 10 ti-d di thi khdi lupng trai tang rat it. Chieu dai trai tang manh d hai tudn ddu ke tir khi 50% hoa khd, hai tuan tiep theo thay ddi rdt it, tang Uen hie tir tuan 4 den tuan 10 va thay doi rdt it sau do. Dudng kinh gdc trai tang manh b hai tudn ddu va giai doan tir tudn 4 tdi tudn 8, iing voi giai doan tang nhanh khdi lupng tuoi cua trai (Bang 1, Hmh 1). Ti le chat kho tang hen tuc, chi ngoai tni b tuan thii 4 cd su suy giam tam thdi. Khdi lupng rieng cua trai tang 0 hai hian ddu, bdn tiidn tiep theo co xu hudng giam va hi tudn 6 ti-d di thi tang lien tiJC. Ham lupng duong thit trai dira dupe cam ung ra hoa bang ethephon tang Uen t^ic tii tudn fhu 2 ti-ong qua trinh tang trudng trai;
I^ NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 5/2020
su gia tang nay ngay cang manh khi cang vd sau trong qua trinh phat trien, d^e biet tang rat manh d tudn 11. Duong luong gam axit khong thay ddi b hai tudn dau tii khi 50% hoa khd, rdi giam xudng b tuan thii 4 ddn tuan 6 trude khi vao giai doan tang manh tir tuan 8 cho ddn tudn thii 10, sau dd lai giam xudng khi sang tuan 11. Trong khi do, pH dich thit trai giam
Uen tiie eho ddn tuan 8 va duy tri tdi hidn 10; sau dd tang ten d tuan 11. Cudng dp ho hap ctia trdi d raiic cao trong giai doan sdm. Trong dd, eudng dp ho hdp cua trai tang b hai tudn dau ke tii khi xu ly ra hoa bang ethephon, sau dd cudng do ho hap trai cd khuynh hudng giam Uen tuc eho ddn tuan 10, rdi tang len khi den tudn 11 (Bang 1).
Thoi gian (tuan)
0 2 4 6 8 10 11
Banff 1. Str tSng tnrans Khoi
luong tuoi
(g) 179 ± 06"
342 ± 0 9 ' 453 ± 07' 578 ± 0 8 ' 897 ± 10' 1016± 15' 1 0 5 7 ± 1 8 '
T i l e chat kho
(%)
10,55+0,04' 10,90 ± 0,05' 10,21 ± 0 , 0 6 ' 13,01+0,05'' 13,57 + 0,04' 13,49+0.04' 13,81 +0,05'
c u a t r ^ diia Q u e e n nero^ vudn d u o c c a m l i n g ra h o a b a n g e t h e p h o n Chieu dai
(cm)
9 , 1 + 0 , 2 ' 12,4 + 0,5' 12,8 + 0,6'' 13,8 + 0,2' 15,1+0,3"
16,1+0,4' 16,2 + 0 , 1 '
D u o n g kinh goc
(cm) 6.2 + 0.3"
7.2 + 0.5' 7.6 + 0.6"
8 . 1 + 0 . 3 ' 9.9 ± 0.4"
10.2 + 0,4' 1 0 3 + 0 , 5 "
Duong thit trai (mg.g') 6,43 + 0,12"
6,52 + 0,07"
6,98 + 0,04' 8.87 + 0.05' 9,89 + 0,06' 11,94 + 0.08' 15,24 + 0,11'
Acid thit trai (liep. g ' )
3 2 , 2 5 + 0 . 5 1 ' 33.18 + 0.58' 27.10 + 0.53"
27.07 + 0.51"
39.87 ± 0.53' 65.43 + 0.68"
31.85 + 0.54' pH thit trai
4,97 ± 0,05' 4,63 + 0,07' 4,59 ± 0,04' 4,55 + 0,06' 4,36 + 0,08"
4,28 + 0,07"
4,94 + 0,05'
Ho hap (ragCO,.kg-'.h-')
49,72 + 0,6' 56.73 + 0.5"
24.98 + 0,8' 16,96+1,3"
17,51 +0,7"
17,38+ 1,1"
25,24 + 0,8' Cac so' tnmg binh trong cdt vdi cac mdu tu khac nhau thi khac biit cd y nghia & mucp=0,05
Hinh 1. Trii diia ngoai vudn dupe cam ihig ra hoa bang ethephon b cac tu4n (A-Tuin0;B-Tudn2:C-Tuin4:D-Tuin6;E-Tuin8;F-Tuinl0:G-Tuinlt)
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 5/2020
KHOA HOC CONG NGHfi Nhu vay, su tang trudng trai dua kd tii khi 50%
hoa nd den gdn chin (dua vao hinh thai va su gia tang khdi luong va kieh thudc trai) cd the dupe chia thanh bdn giai doan:
- Dau giai doan tang trudng (tiian 0 ddn tiidn 2):
khdi lupng va kich thudc trdi tang manh, dac bidt la chidu dai trai.
- Giai doan tang tru'dng cham (tuan 2 den tudn 4); khdi lupng vd kich thudc trai tang cham va cd su suy giam tam thdi cua ti le chat kho.
- Giai doan tang trudng nhanh (tuan 4 den tudn 10): trai tang khdi lupng nhanh cimg vdi su gia tang kich thudc trai; dae biet, tang manh dudng kinh gdc trai.
- Cudi giai doan tang trudng (tudn 10 trd di): trdi tang khdi lupng rat it eho den khi phdn gdc trai bat dau xuat hien mau vang nhat.
3.2. Su thay ddi kich thudc va khdi lupng ckc
Khdi lucmg tuoi cac phan cua trai gia tang h^'^
tuc cimg vdi tudi cua trai diia. Dac biet, la su gia t ^ S khdi lupng cua phdn vd (tang gap 3,69 ldn) va thit trai (tang gap 5,42 lan) trong giai doan sdm (ket thuc dau tang trudng sang giai doan tang trudng cham) Ng<^'^
ra, khdi lupng tuoi cua loi trai d giai doan cudi tang trudng khong khac so vdi giai doan tang tnjdng nhanh cua trai. Dp day eiia phan vd trai diia b dau giai doan tang trudng khong thay ddi cho den giai doan tang trudng cham va giai doan tang trudng nhanh vd mat thdng ke; cudi giai doan tang trudng cd gia tang so vdi dau giai doan tang trudng nhung khong khac so vdi cae giai doan con lai. Dp day cCia phan thit trai gia tang trong qua trinh phat trien trai, ehu yeu b giai doan tang trudng nhanh. Trong khi dd, dp day cda loi trai chi tang d giai doan ddu tang tnrdng sang giai doan tang trudng cham va khong ddi sau dd. Do day cua phdn vd trai thap hon cac phdn cdn lai trong qua trinh tang trudng va phat trien trai diia (Bang 2, hinh 2).
p h ^ ciia trai d cac giai dogn tang trudng
Bang 2. Khdi lupng tiroi va kich thudc cac phdn ctia trai diia Queen ngoai vudn dupe cam iing ra hoa b ^ ethephon
Giai doan
Dau tang truong T a n g tniong chjim T a n g truong nhanh Cuoi tang truong
Khoi lugng tuoi cac ph4n cua trai (g) V o t r a i
58,1+7,8*
214,6 ± 6,4' 272,7 + 10,5' 327.9 + 8,3"
Thit trai 31,8 ±9,3"
172,4 + 7,4' 294,5 + 9,8' 362,3 + 10,3"
Loi trai 15,7 ± 2 , 6 ' 48,5 + 3.9' 6 4 . 1 + 4 . 1 ' 72.3 ± 5.7'
Kich thuoc cac p h i n ciia trai (mm) Vo trai
09,97 + 0.83' 11.81 + 1.22"
1 2 . 2 5 + 1 . 0 7 "
13.21 ± 1 , 1 6 ' Thit trai
17,41+0,91"
19,55+1,37"' 22,47 + 0,94' 3 3 , 7 4 + 1 , 1 0 '
Loi trai 14,08 + 1,24"
22,93 ± 1,07' 23,01 + 1,15' 2 3 , 1 2 + 1 , 3 3 ' Cac sd trung binh trong cot vdi cac mau tu khac nhau thi khac biet cd y nghia dmiicp=0,05
Hinh 2. Trii diia cit doc a cic tuIn 1, 3,6 v410 M tir khi 50% hoa khe (A - Tudn 1: B - Tuan 3: C - Tuan 6; D - Tuan 10)
3.3. Su thay ddi v4 kich thudc ciia t^ hka md Kich thuoc t^ bao thit trai tang tir giai doan dau mfai thit trii a cic giai dosn tang truong tang tniong den giai doan ting trucmg nhanh va 20 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 5/202o
KHOA HOC CdNG NGHl khong gia tang khi bude sang giai doan cudi tang
trudng, dac biet tang rat manh khi trai phat trien tii giai doan tang trudng cham sang giai doan tang trudng nhanh (Bang 3, hinh 3). Mat khac, hinh dang
va kieh thude te bao kha ddng deu d giai tang trudng (Hinh 3. A, B-1). Ngoai ra, d tang trudng cham, mpt sd te bao md rong tu d cac giai doan tang trudng sau dd (Hinh / A-1
I
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lOOjim
lODum
lOCLurp
i^S /
Hinh 3. Giai phSu md thit trai diia
(A'La cit ngang; B - Lat cat doc; 1 - Tuan 1; 3 - Tuan 3; 6 - Tuan 6; 10 - Tuan 10) Bang 3. Su thay ddi vd kich thudc t^ bao d cac giai
doan tang trudng cua trai Giai doan tang
tmcmg
Dau tang truong CTudn 1) Tang trudng cham CTudn 3) Tang truong nhanh (Tuan 6) Cudi tang tnidng (Tuan 10)
Kich thuoc te bao (um1 Chieu ngang 55,07 + 2,71"
62,I8± 1,18"
81.25 + 2,82' 82,76+ 1,45'
Chieu dpc 72.81 ±3.43'
83,12 ±2,76"
121.73 ±3,38'-' 124.35 +2.57' Cac so' trung binh trong cdt vdi cac mSu tu khac nhau thi khac biit cdy nghia &mucp^0,05
Dua vao su thay ddi vd cau tnic va md hpc eho thay:
- Dau giai doan tang trudng: md thit trai dang b giai doan phan chia. Hinh dang va kieh thudc te bao m6 thit trai tuong ddi ddng deu.
- Giai doan tang trudng cham: td hao cd su md rpng kich thude, dae biet la su md rpng cua day td bao ben trong khoang rdng eiia md thit h-ai don.
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 5/2020
- Giai doan tang trudng nhanh; ed su md rong kich thudc va gia tang tich luy ciia td bao mo thit trai rat manh (tang ti le chat kho, ham lupng dudng, duong luong gram acid).
- Cudi giai doan tang trudng: kich thude dat dinh diem va khong thay ddi nhidu so vdi giai doan tang trudng nhanh va chuan hi sang giai doan mdi (giai doan chin) trong qua trinh phat t n & cua trai.
3.4. Ho?it tinh cac chat didu hda tSng trudng tiiuc v^t ndi sinh cua md thit trai b ckc giai doan tang tnrdng
Nhin chung, cae chat didu hda tang trudng thuc vat ndi sinh trong thit trai diia cd hoat tinh kich thich tang trudng nhu auxm, gibberelhn va cytokinin thay ddi vdi chieu hudng tuong tu nhau, trong dd: d ddu giai doan tang trudng cao hon eae giai doan khac, giam xudng khi sang giai doan tang trudng cham, sau dd tang len b giai doan tang trudng nhanh va thap nhat vao cudi giai doan tang trudng. Ngupc lai, ham luong acid abscisic b dau giai doan tang trudng va giai doan tang tiirdng nhanh thap tuong tu nhau, d dau giai doan tang trudng cd su gia tang va dac biet ham lupng rat cao b cudi giai doan tang trudng
:4).
21
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
Bang 4. Hoat tinh chat didu hda tang tiTidng tiiue vat npi sinh ciia m6 thit t r ^ d cAc giai doan t a n g _ m g ^ Giai doan
Ddu tang trudng Tang trudng cham Tang trudng manh Cudi tang trudng
Hoat tinh tiiong duong cae chat dieu hda tang trudng thuc vat (mg.L'0_
0,69 + 0,03'
Acid abscis 0.80 + 0,09^
0,87 + 0.06^
2,15 + 0.12'
Gibberellin
0.73 +0,1 r
Cytokinin____
1,65+0.12^
0,52 + 0,04-' 1,09 + 0,14 0,47 + O.OV Ghi chu: Cac so tivng binh trong cdt vdi cac mau tukhac nhau thi khac biit cd y nghia a mm: p=0,05.
3.5. Cudng dd hd hdp va ctrdng dp quang hpp cua la D cung vdi cac t u ^ tudi ciia trdi
Nhin chung, cudng dp ho hdp ciia la D d muc thap d giai doan sdm va d mire eao hon trong giai doan mupn hon. Trong dd, cudng do hd hap la D khong gia tang b hai tuan dau (tuan 0 den tudn 2 ke tir khi hoa no), tiep theo tang khi sang tudn 4 va sau dd khong ddi d cac tudn tiep theo; trong khi dd, cudng dp quang hpp Id D gia tang Uen tuc cho den trude tudn 10 (ngoai tni su suy giam tam thdi d tudn 4) vd eudng do quang hop giam dtudn 11 nhung vdn b miic cao (Bang 5). Nhu vay, cudng dp quang hpp la D gia tang tuong ung vdi su gia tang khdi lupng tuoi va kich thudc ciia trai dua ngoai vudn.
Bang 5. Cudng dp hd hap vd cudng dd quang hpp ciia la D cimg vdi cac tuan tuoi ciia trai Thoi
gian (tuan)
0 2 4 6 8 10 11
Cuong do ho hap (lunol O2 / phiit/gTLX)
26.1 ±1.8' 25,6 + 2.1' 33,4 + 3,9' 35,5 + 2.1' 35.1 +2.3'' 34.3 + 2.1' 34,9 ± 2.2'
Ctrong do quang hop (nmol O2 /phut
latf) 43,3+1,9"
64,2 ±1,7' 53,8 ±1.4' 68.5 ± 2.4' 77.1 ±2.2"
78.2 ±2.7"
67.6 ± 2.6' Cac so trung binh trong cdt vdi cac miu tu khac nhau thi khac biit cd y nghia dmucp^0,05
3.6. Thao lu|n
Q diia Cayenne, trai cd su gia tang lien tuc cua khdi lupng, kich thudc trai va ham luong dudng trong qua trinh tang trudng va phat tnen [7], Tuong tu, trai diia Queen duoe xu ly ra hoa bang etiiephon cung gia tang lien tiic khdi luong, kich thude ti-ai va ham lupng dudng trong qua trinh tang trudng ti-ai sau giai doan hoa nd (50% hoa kho) (Bang 1, hinh 1).
6 b-di diia Cayenne va cac bd phan cdu thanh cua nd Ooi, trai don. thjt trai, vd trai) tuong tu nhau ve kieu tang ti-udng [4]. Trong khi dd, d trai dua Queen, khdi
lupng tuoi cua phan thit trai tang rat nhanh (Bang 2) vdi sd lan gia tang cua giai doan sau so vdi giai doan trude (tir dau tang trudng den cudi tang trudng) Idn luot la 5,42; 1,71 va 1,23; trong khi dd, phan vd cd sd ldn gia tang lan lupt la 3,69; 1,27 va 1,20; phan loi cd sd lan gia tang lan lupt la 3,09; 1,32 vd 1,13. Su tang trudng cua cac bp phan cau thanh trai ddn den tang kich thudc va khdi lupng trai tuoi. Trong do, su tang khdi cua thit trai gitr vai trd quan trpng [8]. Tuy nhien, trong mdi giai doan khae nhau, toe dp gia tang khdi lupng trai, hinh dang va kich thude te bao, su tich luy dudng trong mo thit trai cung nhu boat tinh cua cac chat didu hda tang trudng thuc vat la khac nhau.
O ddu giai doan tang trudng (tudn 1 vd tudn 2), khdi lupng tuoi cung nhu kich thude trdi gia tang rat manh (Bang 1). Ddng thdi vdi su gia tang nay, ham lupng eac chat didu hda tang trudng thuc vat ndi sinh cd hoat tinh kich thich nhu auxin, gibberellin va cytokinin d miic cao, trong khi hdm lupng acid abscisic b mirc thdp (Bang 4). Auxin cd vai trd kich thich phan ehia te bdo va kich thudc te bao; cytokinin kich thich su phan ehia va phan hda te bao [2, 5,11].
Gibberellin cd hoat tinh kieh thieh tang tiirdng phan chia va keo dai td bao [2, 10, 11]. Do do, trong giai doan sdm eua trai diia, hdm lupng auxin, gibberellin va cytokinin npi sinh cao kich thich su phan chia cita te bao mo thit trai ddn tdi ket qua Id su tang khdi lupng tuoi cua trai. Chinh vi vay, te bdo mo thit h-ai diia Queen kha ddng deu d giai doan ddu tang trudng (Hinh 3. A, B-1). Ben canh dd, cudng dp ho hap ti"ai tang manh ddp iing nhu cau nang luong cho hoat dpng phan ehia te bao va tang tnidng trai trong giai doan dau tang trudng cua trai (Bang 1). Tuy nhien, ti le chat kho ed sir gia tang va ham lupng dudng khong thay ddi. Dieu nay cho thay nguyen lidu (dudng) cho ho hap b txki dupe nhan tu noi khae va ngudn nguyen lieu nay cd the dupe lay tu la nhd qua trinh quang hpp. Thuc nghiem, eudng dp quang hpp la D tang manh ti-ong qua trinh nay (Bang 5)_ gjj
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 5/2o2o
tuong quan nay la do mdi quan he "Source - Sink";
su gia tang quang hpp b \k (Source) dap iing cho su tang trpng cua trai (Sink).
0 giai doan tang tiirdng chdm (tuan 3 vd tuan 4), khdi lupng trai tang cham va su thay ddi kich thudc trdi rdt it (Bang 1). Cd the hdm lupng npi sinh ciia eac chat cd vai ti-d kich thich tang tiirdng nhu auxin, cytokmin va gibberellin thap va hdm lupng acid abscisic cao da lam cham hoac can su phan chia te bao ddn ddn tang trudng trai chdm ti-ong giai doan nay. Ti le chat khd co su suy giam d tudn thii 4 nhung hdm lupng dudng bat dau gia tang. Nguyen nhan ciia su thay ddi nay cd thd gia tang ham lupng dudng ddn den gia tang dp sudt tham thdu de chuan bi cho su tang trudng md rong ciia te bdo. That vay, te bao thit trai bat dau cd su md rpng (day te bao phia bfin trong canh khoang rdng cua trai don - ngudn gdc la khocmg cua bau nhuy) (Hinh 3. A-3).
O giai doan tang tnrdng nhanh (tudn 5 den trude tuan 10), khdi lupng vd kieh thudc ti-ai tang manh (Bang 1) cung vdi ham luong auxin, cytokinin va gibberellm noi sinh eao va ham lupng acid abscisic ndi sinh thap (Bang 4). Theo Taylor va Cowan, 2000, ti sd cytokinin va acid abscisic cung nhu ti sd auxin va acid abscisic cao ddn den su gia tang kich thude td bao d trai. Do vdy, ham lupng auxin, cytokinin va gibberellin npi sinh eao va hdm lupng acid abscisic npi sinh thap b giai doan tang trudng nhanh da lam gia tang kieh thudc te bao (Hinh 3. A, B-6), tii dd dan den su tang manh khdi luong trai. Ngoai ra, su gia tang ham lupng dudng giiip tang nhanh kich thude te bao thong qua viee tang dp suat tham thdu ma kdt qua ciia nd ed the ddn den gidm ti le chat kho. Tuy nhien, ti le chdt kho cua trai tang trong giai doan tang tmdng nhanh (Bang 1) eho thay ti-ai cdn gia tang tich luy trong giai doan nay. Nhu vay, su gia tang tieh luy va md rdng te bao thit ti-ai giir vai trd chii dao trong su gia tang khdi luong cua trdi d giai doan tang trudng nhanh. Dd dap ling dupe nhu cdu ciia trai, cudng dp quang hpp ctia la D gia tang rat manh (Bang 5) vd sir tieu hao ngudn eac bon do ho hap te hao suy giam (Bang 1).
6 cudi giai doan tang trudng (tuan 10 trd ve sau), su gia tang khdi luong trai it gdn lien vdi su suy giam ti so giua cac chat ed vai trd kich thich (auxin, cytokinin vd gibberellin) so vdi acid abscisic (Bang 4). Su thay ddi ti sd vd ham lupng giira cae chat dieu hda tang trudng thuc vat nay cd the da ddn ddn ngimg su gia tang tich iQy (ti le chat kho khong ddi -
Bang 1) ciing nhu ngimg su md rong te bao (Bang 3;
hinh 3. A, B-6,10). Tuy nhien, ham lupng dudng vd hd hap trai gia tang la mot bieu hien eho su chuyen tii trang thai tang trudng sang giai doan chin trai (Bdngl).
Nhu vay, su tang trudng trai diia Queen b giai doan sdm chu yeu la do su gia tang sd lupng td bao, trong khi d nhimg giai doan sau chu yeu la do su tang tiirdng md rpng va tieh liiy ciia te bao. 6 giai doan te bao phan chia manh (ddu giai doan tang trudng) va giai doan te bao gia tang kieh thudc va tich luy manh (giai doan tang trudng nhanh) thi ti sd giua cae chat cd vai trd kich thich tang trudng (auxin, cytokinin va gibberelhn) so vdi acid abscisic eao.
4 . KET LUAN
O trai diia Queen duoe cam iing ra hoa bang ethephon:
- Su tang trudng trai duoc ehia lam 4 giai doan:
giai doan dau tang trudng (tit khi 50% hoa khd den tuan thii 2 sau 50% hoa kho), giai doan tang trudng cham (tuan thu 2 den tuan thii 4 sau 50% hoa kho), giai doan tang trudng nhanh (tudn thii 4 den tudn thii 10 sau khi 50% hoa kho) va giai doan cudi tang trudng (tuan thii 10 trddi).
- Khdi lugng trai tang hen tuc tinh tir khi hoa nd den cudi giai doan tang trudng va manh nhat b giai doan tang trudng nhanh, dac biet phan thit trdi tang nhanh hon phdn loi va vd.
- Hoat tinh chat dieu hda tang trudng thuc vat noi sinh mang tinh kich thich tang trudng (auxin, cytokinin va gibberelhn) hien dien d miic cao trong dau giai doan tang trudng va giai doan tang tnrdng nhanh cdn cde chat co tinh lie ehe (acid abscisic) hien dien d miic thap; su tuong quan nay theo chieu nguoc lai d giai doan tang trudng cham va cudi giai doan tang trudng.
- Te bao mo thit trai d cac giai doan tang trudng thay ddi khdc nhau: phan chia manh d dau giai doan tang trudng; gia tang kich thudc d giai doan tang tnidng cham; gia tang kieh thude va tieh luy (chdt kho, dudng) d giai doan tang trudng nhanh; gia tang tich liiy (dudng) dgiai doan cudi tang tnrdng.
TAI LIHJ THAM KHAO
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KHOA HQC C6Ne NGHE
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3. Biii Trang Viet, Nguyin Thi Ngpc Lang, pineapple by enlarging flesh cells without negaove Nguyin Du Sanh va Vo Thi Bach Mai (2002). Thuc effects on fruit quality. Acta Physiol Plant, 33.1715 - tap Sinh ly thuc vat. NXB Dai hoc Quoc gia thanh 1722.
pho Ho Chi Minh. 9. Muntari B., Amid A., Mel M., Jami M. S., and 4. Bartholomew D. P., PauU R. E., and Rohrbach Salleh H. M. (2012). Recombinant bromelain K. G. (2003). The pineapple: Botany, production and production in Escherichia coir, process optinuzadon uses. CAB intemational. in shake flask culture by response surface
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acid in rice cultivation. Current Science, 110 (1), 52 - 10. Pramanik K., Das S. P., Acharya L K. and 56. Jayapuria (2017). Role of gibberrellic acid on growth, 6. Cooms J., Hind G., Leegood R. C, Tieszen L. yield and quahty of tomato: A review. International L, and Vonshak A. (1987). Technologies in /ournalofChemicalStudies.i (,6),i26-S30.
bioproductivity and photosynthesis. In: 11. Taiz L, and Zeiger E. (2002)./Vaaf PA^s/o/
Measurement of starch and sucrose in leaves, S"" edition, Sinauer Associates, Surderland, Mass, Edicted by J. Cooms, D. 0 . Hall, S. P. Long, J. M. 0 . 690p.
Scurlock.Pergamon Press, 219-228. 12. Taylor N. J., and Cowan A. K. (2000). The 7. Dull G. G., Young R E., and Biale J. B. (1967). role of cytokinin, auxin and abscisic acid metabolism Respiratory patterns in fruit of pineapple. Ananas in the control of Hass avocado fruit size. Agricultural comosus, detached at different stages of Sciences, 23,79-81.
development. Physiologia Plantarum, 20,1059-1065. 13. http;//www,faa.org/faostaJ:/en/#da.ta.
SURVEY ON THE GROWTH OF PINEAPPLE FRUTT (Ananas comosus (L) Merr.) INDUCED FLOWERING BY ETHEPHON
Le Van W , Vo Thi Bach Mai'
^Hong Bang International University
^University of Science, VNU-HCM Emaih [email protected] Summary
In this study, the growth of pineapple fruit {Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. cv. Queen) is evaluated through some morphological and anatomical changes in structure of the iruit Pineapple fruit growth during the period from 50% dned flowers to fruit-ripening is devided mto four phases: early growth, slow growth, rapid growth and late growth. Roles of endogenous plant growth regulators (auxin, gibberellin, cytokinm and abscisic acid) m pineapple fruit in different growth phases are discussed. At the early growth phase, fruit weight and fruit size increase sharply due to the increase m the number of cells by the growth-stimulaUng activities of auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin. At the slow growth phage, abscisic acid is present in high concentraUons that inhibit cell division. At the rapid growth phage, the increasing of cell size and cell accumulation increase in fruit weight and fruit size. At the late growth phase, the Ituit accumulates sugar when it goes to the npe. In each stage of pineapple ituit growth, the fresh weight of the fniit flesh increased very quickly with an increase of the ratio of the later period compared to the previous penod of 5.42, 1.71 and 1.23 respectively; while die fruit shell has a number of increases of 3.69,1.27 and 1.20 respectively; and the friin core has an increase of 3.09, 1.32 and 1.13 respectively.
Keywords: Pineapple (A. comosus (L) Merr. cv. Queen), fruit growth, phytohormones, morpliology.
anatomy.
NguM phin bien; PGS.TS. Nguyfa Qu6c Himg Ngiy nhjn bSi; 27/3/2020
Ngiy thftng qua phan bi^n: 29/4/2020 Ngiy duyet dang: 6/5/2020
24 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG T H 6 N - KY 2 - THANG S/2020
