CAC CO CHE QIOC TE. KHI \ L <^ ^ ^ QIOC CIA
\ E BAO \ F QL \ EN CI A NCil OI BI HAI
Dinh Thi Miii
Oat van dc d i d bao dam quxdn bau cu... Cling co the Khdi mem eo chi hao vi qitvin con "ghien cim eo chd bao xd quydn eon nguiri n-iroi duerc dunu phd bidn nhat xeVi nghTa theo timg ddi tucmg. nhu: ca d i e bao dam chl bd max eae ca quan chuxen it aeh xd hd quydn cua phu nfr. tre em hoac ccr d i e bao thdno eae'qux uie x u su. ea'e thu tuc duix" dam quxdn eu.i nguiri hi biic)c tdi hoac eua i h i d t ^ d r dd bao dam xa bao xe. thue dax nguciri hj hiii uong r i H S . Nhu x ; i \ . khi ban quxdn eon nguin. Midn lai. trdn ITnh xue den eo chd bao dam xa bao xd quxen eua noiiidii euu xd quxdn eon nuucri thua nhan; "gucn bi h,ii ehmh la xiee dd cap den mot
""ni:odi eo ehd qudc id (ndng edi Id ea che each loan didn eae bidn phap mang tmh dong eua I idn hcrp qudc) con eo eo ehd khu xue be) l u xax dimg phap kuit ddn to ehue. thuc xd eo ehc qucre gia xd hao xe quxdn con hidn phap kuit vd xdn hanh eae be) max. eo noirdi"' " xjuan ehuxdn triich eo lidn quan den btio xe.
" Nuucri bi hai eo the la nan nhan eua tdi "^"^ J^> MU>>^n eua nguai hi hai. Dd lam rd pham:nan nhan cua chidn tranh. thidn lui. ^^' ^^d bao dam quxdn eua ngucn b, lii,i. uie dich K-nh x.v. lux nhien. trono pham xi hai ^ i ' ' »'«^T ^•'^" P'^^'" "^•'^- ^^' ^^'"'^ ^"' ^'^f '^;'.*"
X idl mix. uie siia ukri han su d u n - khdi niem J ^ " " MU> dn eua ngua, b| hai tren e.i .1 cap do ngu.n hi btn\cn~nghia ki mm nhtin eua tdi ca d i e quoc le. eo ehc khu xue xa eo die ph.uii. la ngtroi hi htii trong e.ie xu an hinh " - l " ' ' ^ ^''^"
- u . ngucri hi hai nong Ici lung hinh su 1. Ccr che qudc tc bao dam quvcn cua (xictimsorerime). ngu"di bj hai
C"a che bao dam quydn cua ngudi bj hai / • ' • Qui djnh cua phdp lugt qudc te vi trong tci lung hinh su ( i r i l S i Id khdi nidm quyen cua nguiri bi hqi
diing de chl eae ea quan chuxen trdeh. eae Q cap do quoe id. ndu nhu Tuxen ngdm he thdng qu\ Lie. thu tuc xd qui djnh eua xe quxen eon nguiri duac Lidn hcrp qui'ie phap ludt eo lien quan ducye thidt liip dd thue thdng qua xao thdng 12 1448 thi I uxen ngdn diix. hao xd quxen eua nhfmg ngucii bj hai xe eae nguxdn Uie ecr ban eua t u phap hinh (nan nhiin) trong e.ie xu iin hinh sir sir xd nan nhan eua idi phiiin x.i l;im dung Xet xe ban ehdi. khi nghien cim xe eo quxdn luc (Dedaration ol' Basic Principles ehd bac> dam quydn con ngiriri eo thd nghidn olMustiec tor x ictinis o l C r i m c and \buse ol ciru theo Idl cat ngang gom: eo ehd qucic td. Poxxer) ducre Dai hdi ddng l i d n hcrp qucK eo chd khu xire. eo chd qucic gia btio dam didng qua ngay 24 11 1485. Dii la mucin quxcn eon ngiroi. Cling eo the nghien eim niang (ra de^i sau luxdn ngdn nhiin quxen timg eo ehd bao xd eae nhdm quxdn. xi du: gan 411 mini), song day dinrc xem Id nic)t dau eo die hao dam quxdn ndp ctin thdng tin. ea md^c lieh vu danh ddu sir ghi nhdn eua I ien
hcrp qucic xe quxdn cua ngucrj hj hili. la nen uing xil ea sa ph.ip ly quan trgng de thidt lap ca chd bao vd quvdn cua nuircVi hi hai ircn I hs khi'.i Luiil. HiK X ien Khoa luK-xa hcii. , . . , ; " . . . ....; 'T , ' . '
. . . . 1'. 1, I -. ; • pham VI loan the iiicTi. I lep theo iixennuon Ciiao innh IX luan V J phap luat ve quxen con nsiirai. ' • ^ ' . • - Khiw 1 u.ii. Dai h.v qmW gia Ha N>ii. 2009. Nxb "av- xao niJm 20(16. Dai hdi ddng Lidn hap I'hiiih tri qtiiv gia. tr. 12S qiidc tidp tuc ra I uydn bd \ e eac nguydn tiic
CACCaCHF.QVOCIT...
xd hudng dan co ban xd xiee ddn bii xa bdi ihuirng cho ntin nhdn bj xam phtim nghiem trgng quydn con ngirdi (The 2006 Basic Principles and Ciuidelincs on the Right to a Rcmcdx and Reparation for Victims of Ciidss Violations of international Human Rights l.axx and Serious Violations of Inlernational llumanilarian l.axx). Dtix Id 2 van kidn qudc id ciuan trgng ghi nhdn vd bao ve quydn cua nguc'ri bj htii. trong dd nhdn iniinh den ccr chd thirc hidn quydn ducre bdi thuimg eho niin nhdn. Cii thd. ede quxdn cua nguai bj htii dtii.rc ghi nhtin vd bao xe trong luxen ngdn 1985 eua Dili bdi ddng Lidn hcrp qudc xd cdc nguxdn tac ccr ban eua lu phap hinh sir xd iitm nhdn cua lc)i pham xd Itim dung quxen lue (sau ddx ggi tat la luydn ngdn 1485) gdm:
;'/ Shdm quyen duoe liep can edng ty vd edng hdng. bao gdm:
l/(i/ td. quxdn •"ducre ddi xu tdn trgng.
ducre tidp ctin cdng lx mc)l cdch nhanh chdng. ducre khtic phue htiii c|ua kip thiri""
(Didu 4);
llai Id. c|uxeii ""du'ci'c ed mdi he thdng ccr quan tu phdp x d hanh chinh dd giup ede ntin nhdn dircre bdi thirirng thdng qua cdc thu luc id lung chinh thire bode khdng ehinh thire nicil cdch nhanh chdng. edng bang, khdng tdn kem xd dd tidp ctin. Nan nhdn phai ducre ihdng btio xd cdc quxdn cua hg Irong xiee khidii nai bdi thuimg thdng qua ctic ccr ehd.
ihu ttic id tung"' (Didu 5);
THI td, quxdn ducre hd Iter tu phdp trong qud irinh tham gia td lung, bao gdm: ""(a) Quxen ducre thdng bdci xd xai trd. pham xi ijuxdii eua hg. thiri gian xd lidn trinh id tung.
dae bidt Id thdng tin vd xiee giai quxdi xu an vd ncri ma luin nhdn cd thd xdu edit eung cap ihdng tin: (b) Nhfrng x kidn xa quan ngtii eua iiiin nhdn duerc trinh bdx xd ducre xem xet cr nhfmg giai dotiii nhdt dinh eua qud Irinh td lung khi ma quxen Icri cd nhdn eua hg bj anh hirong. theo ct'ich khdng anh hucrng ddn cdc bj eao xd plui hcrp xcii hd thdng tu phdp hinh
su cua qudc gia; (c) Ntin nhdn ducre quxdn hd trcr sudt qud trinh td lung; (d) Nan nhan ducre Nha nirc'rc dp dung ctic bien phdp can thidt dd giam thidu sir bill tidn. bao xe quxdn bi mat diri tu vd khi edn thidt. ntin nhdn eiing nhu gia dinh ntiii nhdn. nguc'ri liini ehung eho min nhan. ducre bao dam an todn khoi sir de dga xd tra thii; (e) Ducre trdnh mgi sir In hoan trong thu tue giai qux dt v u dn efmg nhir ddn bit eho nan nhdn" (Didu 6):
Bdn td. ""Cdc eir ehd khdng ehinh thire trong xiee giai quxdt tranh chdp. bao gdm:
hda giai. trgng tdi. tiie Id hax uip qudn phdp.
ndn duerc su dung ndu li,io didu kidn thudn lgi cho hda giai xd bdi tliirimg ed Icri eho mm nhdn"" (Didu 7).
ii) Oiiyen diroe den hit ihiel hai lir ngudn lien cua ngirdi pham ldi Ireslilulioni bao gdm;
\ldi td. ""ngiriri hi hai. thdn nhdn hode gia dinh eutt nguiri hi hiii dircre ngudi phitm Igi hode bdn thir ha chiu lideh nhiem xe hdnh xi eua hg bdi llurcrng xd eiic thiet htii xe tdi san. Ihanh lodn chi phi phai sinh lir xiee phiim tc)i. bdi hodn cdc ehi phi tham gia id lung" (Didu 8);
//((/ td. ""qudc gia thdnh x ien edn xem xet liii phdp kuit hinh sir qudc gia minh dd btui dam xiee gidi quydt ddn bii ddn sir ndx nhu Id mdt phdn eua ban dn hinh su ben ctinh he thdng cdc bidn phdp irirng Irj tdi phtim bang hinh phiit"" (Didu 9):
Ha td. ""trong truimg hgp lgi phtim cd gdx Ihiel hiii ddng kd eho mdi Inrirng thi edn xdu can ngiroi gdx thiet hiii phue hdi mdi trucrng. hodn tra ede ehi phi xdx dirng Itii ccr SO' hit tdng. ihue hidn ede thax ihd. di doi edn thidt" (Didu 10).
Hi) Omen dinre hdi llurirng lir ngudn quy edng leoiiipensalion)
""Khi X iec ddn bii eho nan nhdn khdng du tir nguc'ri phiim te)i xd tir nhfrng ngudn khdc.
Nhd nuc'rc edn nd lire bii dap tdi chinh eho;
(a) Ntin nhdn Id nguc'ri bj lliidt hai ddng kd xe thd chat, linh thdn do ede tc)i pham nghidm
\ / / . \ \f (/( \.\PH\Pl.t AT SO.I 2012
trgng gav ra; (bl Ihdnh xidn gia dinh xd nhfmg nguiri sdng pht,i thude xdo nguc'ri dd ehdl hoac ngircri bj mat nang lire x e the chdt.
tinh thdn do tdi pham gax r;i"" (Didu 12).
ivi .\hdiii quvcn duoc nhdn sir hd Iro edn ihiel lir .\tid nirirc va edng itdng
lir Didu 14 ddn Dieu 17 qui dinh nguiii bi hili dircre nhdn sir hd trg edn Ihiel lir Nhd nuc'rc xd edng ddng xe ede dich xu x id. eiru li'cr khdn edp. djeh xu irg giup phue hdi idm lx. eung nhu eae ngudn xien trcr nhdn daci khde lir Chinh phu. id ehirc phi ehinh phu xa edng ddng. Ciie nhdn xien cua Chinh phu nhu canh sal. nguiri lidn hdnh td tung. ddi ngii bde sx. _x i.i xd eae nhdn xidn Chinh phu khdc eii lidn quan edn ducre ddo lao. hucrng dan xd eii nhfmg irg giup thich hcrp dd xii lx nhanh chdng. kip thoi nham eiru giup xd hd Ircr eho ede n.m nhdn eua tdi phtim.
1.2. Co' che huo ve quyen cda ngiriri hi hid ciia Lien hop qudc
Ihtie hidn ban luxdn ngdn 1485 cua Dtii hdi ddng Lidn hcrp qudc xe cdc nguydn tde ecr ban eua lu phdp hinh sir xe nan nhdn eua ldi phiim xd liim dimg quxen lire, ticmg kx hop thu 44. ngax 28 1 1 448. Hdi dcing kinh id xa xa hdi ilC'OSOC) eua Lidn hcrp qudc da nhdm hgp xd thdng qua Nghi quyet sd 1948 21 xe Cite lidu ehudn cua Lidn hcrp qudc trong cdng Uie phdng chdng tc)i phtim xd tu phdp hinh sir (Nghi quxet ,sd 1998 21 Lniled Nations standards and norms in crime prexenlion and criminal justice). Nghi quxdi 1448 21 ndu rd;
Dili hdi ddng Lidn hcrp qucic cd trdeh nhidm td dure nghidn eiru xd thdng qua cdc kien nghj. Nghi quxdi... xe thidt lap cdc cliiuin muc qudc id xe btio xi! xd thiic day quxdn cua nguiri bj hai. xdx dung, didu hdnh.
id chire thuc hien quxen cua ngircri bj bai.
I-COSOC' eo xai trd trung tdm trong X ice td ehirc thue hidn eo chd bao xe xd thiie dax quxdn eon nguc'ri ndi ehung. trong dd X lee tridn khai bao xd xd thue ddx quxdn eua nguiri bj htii duerc giao true tidp eho I 'x ban
ngan ngira tdi tic xd tu phap hinh su ( C C ' P C J V
i Tda dn hinh sir qudc td (ICC). Vdn phdng Lutlt su cdng ddnh cho niui nhan (OPCN) Id ncri cung cap xa hd trg. giup dd eho luin nhdn xd ngircri diii didn eho ede niin nhan tham gia id lung ciing nhu eo xdu edu bdi thucmg. Didu Id eua ICC eho phep nan nhdn eua tgi phiim qudc Id iham gia v do qua trinh id lung, ncri md ehinh e;ic nan nhdn Id trung tdm cua qua trinh td lung hinh sir.
• Chuong trinh bdi thucmg ntm nhdn uii phiim qudc td ilCX'CPD) hotil dc)iig dudi sir hd trcr xd phdi hcrp ehal die xcii \'an phdng ntm nhdn tdi phimi hinh sir eua Mx (LS Oi'lice for \ ietim ol" Crime). Ddx Id mc)l nd lire dd xac djnh each lliire bdi thucrng nan nhdn Irdn todn ihe gicii. hidn Uii da thidt lap duerc 14 ehi nhdnli cr ttii 19 qudc gia x d x ung lanh thd cd ede chirc nang; thidt lap cdc bien phdp lien be: xcii ede m.in nhdn ducre bdi thucrng ttii eae chi nlidnh. dua ra cdc >eii edu bdi thucmg vd gicii hiin bdi thucrng cho cdc ntin nhan.
' Irung tdm phdng chdng tdi phtim hinh sir qudc id cua Lidn hcrp qudc (I NCICP) Cling ducre xem la mdt mat xieh quan trgng trong xiee didu hdnh vd td ehue ede hoiU de)ng hd trg nan nhdn trong tu phdp hinh su.
I Td chirc nan nhan hgc thd gicii (W'SV) Id mdt Id chirc phi chinh phu ducye thdnh lap xd hotil ddng theo qui chd dac bidt cua I-COSOC cua Lidn hcrp qudc. I'lidm \i\o dd.
cdc thdnh x idn eua \\ SV dtii didn eho nhidu Id chirc khoa hgc qudc id vd 1 lc)i ddng tu vdn ciia Lidn hgp qucic (ISP.VC) xd Chucrng trinh phdng chdng tdi pham hinh sir qudc td. \\'S\' boat ddng dua xdo mang lucri ctic nhd khcia hgc xd nan nhdn hgc khap todn edu xd chu xdu lidn quan ddn cdc hgc thuxdt. cdc chuang trinh nghidn eiru lx thuxdt xa thirc hdnh hd trcr ntm nhan.
+ I rung tam nghidn ciru xd luu tru thdng tin xd ntin nhan eua tdi phiim hinh sir qucic tc dugc dat a Ha Lan. dudi sir bao trg eua IK'
( \( cociiiijnx ri:.
Tu phap I Id 1 an Id ncri luu trii xd td chirc cdc bat buc)c ddi xcii till ea et'ie qudc gia thdnh hoiit ddng nghidn eiru vd nan nhan cua tiii vien l i L ke tir ngdx 22 ."i 2001 '
pham. xdi muc dich phat tridn luxdn ngdn '["hire hdnh bao xd xa phdt tridn qux'dn 1985 cuu Dtii hdi ddng Lidn hcrp qudc xd ctic cua ngirdi hi hai cr chdii Au ndng ec'il Id I d nguxdn ttic ecr ban euti ttr phdp hinh su xd nan ehirc hei trg nan nhan chau .\u (\'S1 |. I d nhdn eua ldi phtim xa liiin dung quxdn lire. chire ndx duerc thdnh liip nam 1990. dudi sir 2. C"(r che k h u vuc biio ve quvcn ciia tdi trg tdi chinh xd didu hanh eua Lx ban ngm'ri bj hai chau \ u . l o n g gidm dde phu trtich xe edng
2.1. Cit che chim .lu '>• Ur do xd an ninh chau A u . V S l ' Id inc)t l i r eifra nhfrnu nam 1970. tai ctic eudc n^^'"" ' i ' ' " ' '^"'' -^' "'' '•'h"'-' P'^' ^''^'"'^ P'^^' h "
hop ctip Ciio eua minh. I Idi dcino chau .Vu da "•'•' "^^'^ "^dn Uii 21 nude d i d u . \ u . Miie dich thao ludn xd cdc bidn phdp bdi Ihuc'mu eho '-''^'"'^ '-'^''' ^ " ^ ' ' I'' ^ ' " " ^ ^•'"'P ^'^'^'^^ " " ' ' ' '^"
nan nhdn. Ddn mim i 98.v Cdim uc'rc chdu .\u '^'-^ ^•''^' "'•'" "'^^'^ '-•^''' '^" P'^'""' ' ' ' ^•'^^'•'•' "'^>
vd hcii thirdim thidt hai cho mm nhdn eua tdi ""'"'^'^ ^'''^"^ ^ ' " '"^ ^''^"^'^ ^'''"^S^ "^^'^^ ^'''> ^'^"^^
pham xd lam dung quxdn luc" da ra diri xdi "^^'"'^ '^P ^'' P'^''' tridn eae quxdn eua nan sir ddng X tham gia cut. 26 nucic thdnh xidn "^T ' ' ' . ' " ' ' ' ' " ' ' ' ' ' '''^ "'"' " ' " " ' " ' ^ " ' " "
ehiiu .\u lite dd (trir Phdn Lan khdna tham l-'^^'P ^"li^m ^n-
gia). Hep stmCdnoirc're ndx. Hdi dcin''i: ehiiu 1 ' " " ^ "H'ng krc'n btio xe quxen eua .\ti da thao ludn xa thdnL: qua 2 Khuxdn imhi "y^f^"' ^'- '^'-'i chau A u . ede xdn phong hd trg qutm trong xd bao xd quxdn eua nuudi bi hai. ' i ^ ' " "'''"'" ''•" ' ^'' '^'" '^'"i ^''x'^''^' ''li-'P- Anh.
do Id Khuxdn nghi sd R(85)l 1 xd xai trd. xj Ibmgari. I tix Ban Nha.. Id nhfmg nhan to tri cua iiiin nhdn trong tu phdp hinh su (nam ^ ^''^'"
1985) xd Khuxdn nghi sd R(87) 21 xd hii Irg \':^'' ^'dt trong sir hgp Uie chtit ehc xcri ntin nhdn xa cdng tde phdng ehcuig thidt htii " d i ddng Lidn minh chdu .\u xa id chirc cho min nhdn (ntiin 1987). ••''^'" '^dP q u d c cd cdc chirc nang chinh .sau;
Tu sau nam 199.1. khi Lidn minh chau ' rhuc ddx sir phdt tridn cdc dich xu bci All I ' l ! ducre thdnh lap thax cho Cc)ng dcing T*-' "x'" "^an cua tdi phiim trdn todn chdu chdu '\u l i e . IIc)i ddng Lidn minh chdu Au '
Cling da ed nhieu eudc hgp thao ludn xd . * 'buc ddx qud trinh bdi llurcrng edng quxen eua ede mui nhan. Ddn 15 'i 2001 bang xa binh dtmg eho ciie nan nhdn eua ldi Cdng live chiiu iu vi vai trd. vi tri cua pl^d'" ^' '•"hdu \ u . khdng kd den qudc tieh ngirifi hj hqi trong td tung hinh sir da dirge ^^''^ " d " nhan.
thdng qua bai I lc)i dcing Lidn minh chdu Bao dam xd thiie day quydn cua cdc
\ i i ' Ihuc hidn Quxet djnh khung ndx. mdt nan nhdn cua tdi phiim a chdu Au vd sir tham Chl thj X'C bcii thucmg nhd nucie cho cdc ntin giii cua hg xao lidn trinh giai quxet \i,i dn nhan eua tgi phtim dd la diri va ed hidu lire binh su.
+ frao ddi kinh nghidm xa thdng tin gifra eae td chirc thdnh xidn dd chia se kien thire xa kinh nghidm.
1 uropean Convention on Ihe Compensation of
\'iciim'. ol'Violenl ( i imes. 19X3. - - Lranievvork Decision of March l.s. 2001. on Ihe
standing of viclims in criminal proceedings, adopted ' Monila Sajkcmska. Institute ol' Applied Social hx the I'lnincil ol the 1 uropean l'nion and binding on Science. W.iisau tlniveisilv 1!\V. Ba Lan. "Cac all meinhcr sUile-. ^ince March ^"1. "1001 chuiin muc quoc te hao dam quxc'n cua ngiriri hi hai"
MIA Vf (/( 1,1 PHAPI.HTSO.V20I2
Cimg xcri mang lircii hd tier min nhdn rdng khap chau .Au. Ida dn quxdn con ngucri chdu -Vu dat U^ii Phdp ciing Id mc)l thidt chd quan trcuig hc"> trcr xd thiic ddx phdt tridn quxdn con ngirdi ndi chung. quxen cua nguc'ri bj hili ndi ridng trdn pham vi todn chdu \u.
Vidn ntm nhdn hgc qudc id (IN 1 I : R \ I C I ) duc.rc ddt ti^ii Dtii hi.ie lilbuig.
Ha Lan ducre xem la irung tdm nghien ciru.
bao xe xd lluie ddx phdt trien quxen cua nguc'ri bj htii. ddng gdp tieh cue cho ccr chd bao xd ngucri bj hai xd hd trcr ntui nhdn eua tdi phiim xd kim dimg quxen lire trdn phtim xi qucic id xa chdu .\ii.
tdm tai. ed thd ndi. Uii chdu \ti. ccr did bao xe quxen eon ngucri ndi chung. quxdn eua nguiri bj htii ndi ridng rdi ducre eiui Irgng phdi trien. 1 ux nhidn. mde dii he thdng ede eo quan bao xe quxdn eon nguiri o eliau .Au
"duoe .xem td tie itidiig hodn itiien. jitidl Irien vd lueii qua nihil trong tdt ea ede etidii tuc' ihi lid thdng eiic ea die bao xe quxdn cua nguiri bj hili xdn dang trong qud Irinh hinh thdnh xa lirng buoc duerc eung ed. hoan thidn xcii ljch sir mai gdn 10 nam (2001 ddn mix), xcri tdng sd 27 ecr quan. id ehirc (bao i;dm VSl- xd 26 to ehirc thanh xien duerc dat liii 21 qudc gia thdnh xidn lil'). I lidn tiii. ban luxdn ngdn xd quyen eua nguc'ri bj hiii ducre Lx ban Lidn minh chdu .\u dir thao Idn dau X do nam 2008'' x d dang ehuan hi direyc thdng qua. () thiri didm hidn Uii. Lx ban Lien minh ehdti .\u dang tridn khai chucmg trinh kd hotieh 05 nam (2010 2015) ddx mtinh edng lac nghidn etm xd ap dung ede qui djnh xd qiixeii eua ngudi bj htii xiui ihiie td dp dung
' Cii.io trinh 1 v luiin va phap luiit vc quxen con ngucri.
Khoa lu.il. D.n hoc quiic gi.i Ha Noi. 2009. Nxh Chinh iri quiic gi.i. tr. IS 1
" \ iclini^' Rights Bill 2008 as initiated and 1 xplanalorx Memorandum, http, vvvvvv.oireachlas.ic view doc .isp'lii doeiimenls bilK2S bills 2008 (1108 document l.hlni
phdp ludt tci tung hinh sir cua ctic nucie thdnh vidn IT'
2.2. Cir che chau .My
Xet xd Ijeh su efmg nhu qui md phiit tridn thi quxdn con nguiri o chdu M> eo be ddx thdnh tieh cd phdn thua kem chdu Au. \'i dii:
I X ban quydn con nguc'ri chdu Mv (1.\C11R|
ducre thdnh kip nam 1959 (irong khi Lx ban quxdn eon nguc'-ri chdu Au ra diri nam 1954).
Cdng ucic chau Mx xd quxdn eon ngiriri (American Conxcntion on Human Rights) ra diri nam 1969 (ehdin hern 19 nam so xdi Cdng uc'rc chdu .Au xe btio xe quxdn eon ngirdi va ede quxdn tu do ccr ban The b.ui'opean Conxcntion for the Protection o\' llunian Rights and I iindermental Ireedoms. 1950).
lux nhidn. eae nhd hcuil dc)ng xd nhan qu>dii chdu Mx Itii Id niuing nguoi ddu lien Idn lidng bao xe quxdn eua nguiri bj hiii.
ntm nhdn xa nhdn chirng trong ede xu dn hinh su. Irdn thd gicii. ehmh ede nhd nhdn quxdn Mx la nhfmg nguc'ri lidn phong keu ggi bao xd quxdn eiui nguc'ri hi htii xiio nhfrng nam eudi 1970. Sau do. liii Mx.
quyen eua nguiri bi htii da ducre khang dinh nhu Id mdt quxdn hidn dinh xao luini 1482' xcii Bd lual ddu tidn xe quxdn eua ngudi hi hai Ihc Victim Rights Act.
liia dn quxdn eon nguiri chdu Mx Ihirc hicjn hai chire ndng xet xu xd tu xan. xa cr ca hai be) mdx ndx ddu ed I 'x ban tidp nhiin thdng tin xd bao xe ngiic'ri hi htii. mm nhdn.
nhdn chirng. Khde xcii Ida an quxdn eon nguiri chdu \u. Ida dn quxen con nguc'ri chdu Mx eho phdp ea nhdn hoac niiii nhan
http: vvvvvi.v ictimsiippoileurope.cu liles uploads nie Manilesto lor l-urope 2022008.pdC
http: vvvvvv.ncxc.org neve main aspx'.'dbName DocumentV'ievver&Documenlin "i2163: Ihe lirsi piihlic call lor ••> crime viclims rights eonsliuitional aniendmenl was in 1982. when a nine-member task loice appointed hv I'lesidenl Ronald Reagan recommended that the Sisih Amendment olthe I S Conslitulion be augmented to include Ihe nvhis ol crime victims.
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true tidp gui khieu nai den Lx ban quydn con ngudi chdu Mx dd xem xet kha nang thu ly. \'d trcmg sudt qua trinh thu lx vu an. cdc min nhan. nhan chirng ddu dugc dat dueri sir hao xd tdi da. hg ducre tir xdn dd ed dugc sir hdi ihuirng lir phia ngircri pham tc)i hoac cd the Id nhfrng bdi thuc'mg lir phia nhd nude cho cdc tdn thdi ma hg phai gdnh chju.
2.3. C(f che chdu ,1
Niim I99.'i. trong cuc)e hgp diudii bj cho Hdi nghj the gicri lan thir hai xd quydn con nguc'ri. ct'ic qudc gia chau .A da nhdm hgp tai Bdng C'de xa dira ra luydn bd Bang Ccic xe quydn con nguc'ri (Ihe Bangkoc Declaration of Human Rights). Nam 1947. inc)l td chire phi chinh phu ed tdn I 'x ban quxdn con nguc'ri chdu A (.Asitm Human Rights Commission) ducre thanh liip. lux nhidn. ea van kidn xd Id chirc ndx khdng ducre thira nhdn xd mang tinh phdp lx trong khu x uc. anh hucVng eua nd trdn thuc td xcri cdc nucre chdu A la rdt htin did"
\'i Xiix. cd thd ndi. chau A Id chdu luc Ic'rn nhdt. xc'ri so ddn chidm '/: ilid gicii. nhimg Itii Id chdu luc dux nhdl dura thidt Itip dugc ccr did ehung bao x e qux en eon ngucri ndi ehung.
chua noi ddn mc)l ccr did ridng btui xe quxdn cua ngudi bj hiii.
Ihdng 10 2004. Ddng Nam A xcii Hidp hc)i \SliAN (gdm 10 qudc gia thdnh xidn) da thdnh Itip ducre ecr chd khu xue ddu tidn bao xd xd thiic ddx quxdn con nguc'ri xcii tdn ggi I 'y tuin Midn quyen lien chinh phu iMCllRl. .IICIIR giir vai Ird td C<r quan nlidn quyen cua . I.V/' I \'. duerc thanh Itip theo Dieu 14 Hidn chucrng cua Hiep hc)i qudc gia Ddng Nam A. I idp sau ccr ehd .AlCI IR. ngdx
^ 4 2 0 1 0 tiii Trung tdm bdi nghj qudc gia
\lx Dinh. I Id Ndi. Ux ban thiic dax xd bao xe quxen plui nfr xd tie cm ASl AN (ggi ttii la \C\\C)dai'adc'ri.
Trong Thdng cdo chung cua ctic ngotii trucmg 10 nude thdnh vien .ASl-.VN hgp tir 19 ddn 20,7:2010 da khang djnh ttii Didm 9:
"C 'himg ldi khdng dinh Iqi vai Ird eua I y han Lien chinh phu .I.S'/-,. I.\' vc' Xhdn quyen (A ICI IK I vdi iir edch td mdi ihe die hao liiiin vi' lurp ldc khu vuc irong tinh virc quyi'n con ngirdi... Chimg ldi nhdn iiianti idm quan Irong cua vii'c Into dam hoai ddng hii'u qua cua .IIC/IR vd mdi quan he ihich hop vdi IK UK cua l( 'li(' vd cdc co quan chityi'n mdn khdc cua .tSEA.\ ve quyen eon ngiriri phii hop vdi cdc dii'u khoan iham chieu cua.IICUR""'
Nhu xtiy. tinh ddn nax. ASl .\N hien eo hai ea chd Idm vide nham bao xe xd tluie ddx quxdn con nguc'ri: AICIIR xd .ACW ('
3. Co' che qui'ie gia biio ve quvcn cua ngu'iri bi hiii
Khac xcri ccr chd ciia Lien hgp quiic va ecr ehd khu xue. ccr chd biio xe quydn eua ngucri bj hili Uii ede qudc gia rdt phong phu xa da diing. Co thd kd ddn mdt sd ecr die didn hinh ttii cdc qudc gia diii dien eho chdu
\ii. chdu Mx xd chdu .A nhu sau;
3.1. Cite qiwc gia chau .\u I'lidn Lan
liii Phdn Lan. ddn thcri didm hidn ttii ed 7 trung tdm van phdng hd trg niin nhan cdp qudc gia. 26 didm djeh xu hd tier mm nhan tai cap dja phucrng thu hut hern 20 nguc'ri Id cdn be) chuxdn trt'icb xd .lOO tinh nguyen vien ducre dao tiio chuxdn nghidp xe et'ie dich xu.
boat dgng trcr giiip ntin nhdn cua tc)i pbiini.
Ile)i,it ddng ducre tdi trg bdi Chinh phu Phan Lan xd Hidp hc)i Slot Machine.
Phdp
liii Phdp cd rtit nhidu ccr quan. td chirc eo eae hoiit ddng hd trg nan nhan eua ti)i pham. lux nhidn ed thd kd den "! md hinh hd trcr ntin nhdn chuxdn trdeh sau: I) Hidp hc^ii
Xem them, (liao trinh I \ liuin vii phiip liiiit ve qiixim eon ngiriri. Khoa I uin. Dai hoe qudc gia Ha NiM. 2000. Nxh Chlnh trj qucic gia. tr. 192-19.
'" hup: wwu.nhanquxcn.vn modules.php'^name
^lU^A:op detailsnevvsixmid 87&mcid 1
\ / / 1 MfK \ \ PHAP I.IAT SO .t 2012
bao Ircr tre em xd cha mc eua mm nhan Id tre em (APIA). APIA dircre thdnh lap nam
1991 nham hd trcr xa bao xe ede ntin nhdn Id lie cm. hd trcr phue hdi chdn tlurcmg. hd tier phdp lx djeh VII td lung, giiui dt,ic edng ehiing xe quxdn td lung eua tre cm xd quxdn cua cha nii: nan nhdn Id tre em. giiip tim kidm tre em mdt tich; 2) Mting lueii ede Vien nghidn eiru qudc gia xd eae Trung tdm hda giai xd hd tier nan nhdn Phdp (IN W l AI): Hd trg mien phi hoac eung cap djeh x u hd trcr mm nhdn trdn phtim xi todn qiidic ducii su bao ticj xd didu hdnh (khdng ehinh thirc) eua Bd I u phdp Phap; 3) \'dn phdng hd tier mm nhdn Paris, hd trcr nan nhan trong khu xirc Paris, hao gdm thdng tin xd thu tuc. hd tier tham gia giai quydt xu an hinh su xd bdi thuimg thucrng tich.
Thit\ Dien
I tii Thux Didn cd ecr quan hd trg xd giai quxdi bdi thirirng ntm nhdn tc)i phtim Ihiix didn" nham xira hd trcr y id. hd trg ihu Uic phdp lx tham gia td tiing (khieu kien. lim kidm chirng eir. tham gia phidn Ida...) ciing nhu true tidp giai quydt bdi thuimg cho nguc'ri bj hili.
Ctic qucic gia khde thanh x idn I I' ddu cd it nhdt mdt id ehirc hd ti'c2 nan nhdn ducre ddi tru so chinh tai ine)t thdnh phd xd ede miing lueii xan phdng dong rai rae uii eae dia phucrng dueri nhidu tdn ggi khdc nhau. nhirng ehu xdu dircre dtii tdn Id Id chire hd trcr mui nhdn (N'ictim sufforl).
3.2. Cdc qudc gia if chdu .My .My
Itii Mx. Clip lidn bang ed ddn 17 dd an.
eel quan. to ehirc vd truimg. hgc x ien ehuydn trach bao dam x d hd trcr cho ngireri bj biii x a ntui nhan eua tdi phtim. nhu: I) Chucrng trinh qucic gia xe bdi thuc'mg cho min nhdn tc)i phiim. 2) Id chirc sang kidn irng phd xdi
ldi pham iCCRI). ^l Hgi dong hd trg nan nhdn xd nhdn ehung eua Bd Quoe phdng. 4i
\'an phdng trg giup mm nhdn eua Cue Dicii tra Lidn hang (i'BI). 5i Chucrng trinh bdi thucmg nan nhan tdi phiim qucic td. 6) line xidn niin nhtin hgc. 7) Hidp hdi liuit su bao vd cae ni.in nhdn. 8) \'an phdng Ombudsmtm bao xd nan nhdn tdi phiim true thudc Bo Tuphdp Mx...
O cap eae lieu bang. 5.i 53 bang eua Mv ddu CO it nhat inc)t xan phdng hd tier xa bdi thirirng eho niin nhan. Mdt sd bang nhit California co 15 xan phdng. td ehirc hd Irg nguc'ri bi hai; bang I'lorida cd 10 xtin phdng.
ecr quan hd trcr ni,in nhdn; xd cd ddn 7 bang CO hon 8 xan phdng...
C 'aiuida
Bdn Ciinh Mx. Canada ciing duerc hicl den nhu Id ine)t qudc gia ed cdc djeh xu hd trcr rat hidu qua bao x e nun nhdn. nhdn chirng tdi phi.iin xeii hem 9 id chirc (trong dd eo 2 id chirc qudc gia la: Ihanh tra (Ombudsmanl lidn bang Canada xd nan nhdn cua ldi phtiiii xd I'x ban thdng tin qudc gia xd ntm nhdn ldi phiim Canada).
Nhu X dx. eir chd bdo xe quydn eua nguiri bj hili a chau Mx rat phdt tridn. Ci'ic eo ehc khu xire (nhu Lx ban bao xe nguc'ri bj hiii diil trong Ida dn nhdn quxdn chdu Mx) hax eu ehd qude gia (ede xiin phong Ombudsman o Mx va Canada) cimg hdng tram td dure, van phdng. ecr quan. chi nhdnh ducre thdnh lap va hoiil ddng Xi Icri ich cua nguc'ri bj hiii xd hao xd quxdn cua nguc'ri bj hiii liii chdu Mx la sir minh chimg thuxdt phue cho hieu qua cua cu chd bao xd quxdn cua nguc'ri bj hi,ii (niin nhan cua tdi phiim).
3.3. Clie qudc giu <r chdu . 1
Mae dii a tam khu xue. chdu A chua thidt lap dugc thiet ehd bao xe quxdn cua
sued.sh Crime \ictim Compeiis.iiion and Support Xiilhorilx (BriitlM)llermxndmhetens 1 iiiea)
• t o che Ombudsman (diroc hieu lii ngiroi diii dien hoac tirong dinmg nhu mot han thanh ii.f i!i.im ^.ll nha nircrc) hltp: www.iii^iicc gov usao eousti vr index himl
(WCCOCIIFQI ()( II .
ngudi bj. hai nhu chau Au bay chau .Mx. I uy nhidn. xet cr tdm qucic gia thi x iec biio x d x d thiic ddx quxdn eua nguiri bj htii da ducre mdt sd qudc gia chau A ehu irgng phdt tridn xa buc're ddu cd nhfmg kdt qua ddng khich Id.
Cu thd:
.\hdl Han
I rong eac ccr chd qudc gia bao xe quxdn ciiti ngucri bj htii thi Nhdl Ban Id nucic dirng dau cdc nude chau A xcii 1 liep hc)i nan nhan hgc Nhdt Ban (.l.AV). .lAV ducre thanh Itip nam 1990 bcri IS. Koidii Miya/aua (Id chirc nghien ciru xd niin nhan ddu tidn cua chau .A), llie-n nay. xdi hem 350 nhd khoa here dang nghien ciru ITnh xirc nan nhdn xd quxdn cua niin nhdn Id tc)i pham. .lAV ducre qudc td ghi nhtin Id td chirc dimg ddu chdu .A trong xiee bao xe xd phdt tridn quxdn cua nguiri bj htii.
Viii niuing boat dc)iig tich cue eua .1A\'. nam 2004. Nhiit Btm da thdng qua Bg kuil ve Nan nhdn eua tc)i phtim (I'he Crime Victim Basic .Act). Sau khi Be) kuit ntix cd hidu lire. Chinh phu Nhdt Ban da ra Ban kd hotieh qudc gia biui xd nan nhdn. dua xdo kd hoach ndx. nam 2005. I lc)i ddng lluie ddx quxen eua ngucTi hi hili (CVPPC) true thude Ndi ct'ic Nbtit da ra diri. Chinh sir ra deri ciui ccr chd CVPPC ndx da giiip Nhiit Bdn cd nhfrng thdnh edng tich cue trong bao x'd quxdn cua nguc'ri bj hi,ii duerc qudc Id ghi nhiin.
//('//; Oiii'ic
Bdn ciinh Nhiit Ban. Han Qudc Id qudc gia ducre xdp thir 2 Irong phong lido bao xd quxdn cua nguiri bj hai xcii su kidn Hidp hcii niin nhan hgc Hdn Qude (K.W) duoe thdnh lap nam 1992 bcri Ong Kun-Sik Min. ngucri ed mdi quan he rat miit thidt xdi gidm deic .I.W Nhiit Ban. Nam 2005. Be) kuit xd bao xe quydn cua nguc'ri bj htii trong xu dn hinh su cua I ldn Qude cd hieu lire, tao ccr .sci phdp lx cho Hidp hc)i bao tier niin nhdn Hdn Qude (\'ictim Support Corpoiatioii) true lhuc)e Be) l u phdp Han Qudc ra diri. eung cd them ecr die bao xd nguc'ri hj hai ttii Hdn Qudc.
An Dd
Id chirc Nan nhdn biic \n Dei (IS\") Cling ducre thanh lap nam 1992. bcri giao su K. Chokalingam eua Dtii hgc Madras.
.I.W. K.AV vd 1S\' Id 3 ecr die qude gia tidu bieu cua chdu .A vd bao xe quxen eua ngudi bj hili. I iii ede qude gia chdu A khde.
thidt ehd btio xe quxdn cua nguc'ri bj hiii Itii thd hien chu ydu dircii hinh Ihire cdc nhdm nghidn ciru hotic cdc hc)i thao tbuimg nidn xd quydn cua nguc'ri bj hai.
Indonesia
'I'ai Indonesia, trucmg Dai hgc Airltingga la ncri thuimg xuydn td chirc cac budi hdi thao Cling nhu phong ti'do nghidn eiru xd ngirdi hi htii tir nam 1985 ddn 1995. tux nhidn phong trao nghidn edu ndx khdng thd phat tridn rdng trdn qui nid todn qude.
Malaysia. Singapore. Hriinei
An Do. Malaxsia. Singapore. Brunei deu Id cac qude giu cd I 'x ban bao x e ngirdi bj hili dugc dtit tiii eiie tda hinh sir. nhu Id nic)t thidt chd quan trgng trong ecr chd bao dam quxdn cua nguc'ri bj htii'
Kc( luan
Ndu nhu ccr ehd qude td vd ccr die khu xirc ehu xeu btio xe quydn cua nguiri bi htii thdng qua cdc Tuydn ngdn eua Lidn hcrp qucic hotic cdc I'ujdn bd ehung eua khu xue thi ccr scr phdp lx ciia mdi qude gia trong x iec bao xd quxdn cua nguc'ri bj hai Id eiie Ludt.
Bd luat. Dtio kuit (My. Nbtit Ban. Hdn (^laic) hoac theo mdt quxdt djnh eua Idng thdng (Indonesia) hotic Nghj xidn (Dan Mach).
Neu nhu Lidn hcrp qudc thdnh lap Hdi ddng quxen eon nguc'ri cua Lidn hcrp qucic.
thanh lap Chucmg trinh bdi thuimg nan nhdn tdi pham qudc td (International Crime
\ ictim Compensation Program Directorx) hoac chdu Mx thdnh Itip cdc id chirc phi chinh phu hd trcr ngucri bj htii. chdu .\u eho
Hci Inr nan nhiin tcii phiim liii ehiiu A (Support lor
\ iciims olC'rime in Asia). Wing C'heong Chang. 2"'o Madison. Milton Park. N\ 10016. 2007.
\ HA M ix \ A PH M'l.TA T St) .1/2012
ra diri Id chuc hd trg m^in nhan thi tai eac qudc gia. vide thanh lap cdc ccr chd bao ve quxdn cua ngucri bj hai rat phong phu: tir xiee thanh lap eac Hidp hdi min nhan hgc (Han Qudc). cdc \ i d n nghidn ciru nan nhdn ht.ic (Nhdt Ban) hax cdc \'tin phdng thanh tra (Ombudsman) quydn cua nguc'ri bj hai (Mx).
Mdi ecr die cr khu xue hax qude gia ddu mang nhfrng dde trung ridng nil dac thii do anh hircrng cua Ijch su va dac trung ndn phdp lx Cling nhu phu tbucjc rdt kin vdo chd do chinh tri. trinh dd van hda. kinh td. xa hdi
ciia khu vue. eua meri qudc gia. Khdng the khang djnh hinh thirc. ccr chd niio Id uu x iet.
Tuy nhidn. cd thd thdx rat rd Id ei khu virc ndo. ci qucic gia ntio ma ct'ic quxdn cua ngucri bj hili dirge quan tam nghidn eiru x d du'cvc ccr quan lap phdp de trinh len thanh I iitit hotic cdc Cdng uiVc. Nghj quxdt... mang tinh phdp lx ed hic:u lire thi hanh tbi cr ncri dd ede thiet chd. ecr quan. id ehirc bao xe quxen eua ngueri bj hiii cd ecr scr dd hinh thdnh xd phiit bux' duerc vai trd ehu dc)ng ciia nd trong x ice btio xe xd thiic dax quxdn eua ngudi bj hiii.
(Tiep Iheo trang 35 - Nhdn thirc ve nguiri..
ndy hdu nhu chi xuat phdt tir gdc do cua nguiri dj tinh (xeu ngucri khdc gicii). chi tdn trgng ngucri dj tinh ndn cdn khd phien didn xd gax gat.
Cudi ciing. thuc Id. nhidu nguiri Id ddng Iinh nhung xdn chua thirc sir hidu xd ehinh ban ihan eua minh. Mgi sd quan nidm eho rang, hay ed gang hidu ban than minh trucre.
sau dd nicii mong mgi nguiri. xa hc)i hidu ducre minh. hidu ducre ec)ng ddng ciia minh.
Ddi tucmg xdu thd can ldn tidng. nhung nd phai xuat phdt tir nen tang x frng chac x d kien thirc Cling nhu nhan thirc. Vi xdx. sir nho Id.
manh nnin se phai nlurimg bircic cho nhfrng bucrc di cci qux md hern.
4. Ket luan
Cu()e chien dau tranh ddi binh dang gidi tinh trdn thd L'icii thuc su rat lau ddi vd ddi khi
phai tra gia khd dtit. I'lr thdn nhfrng van dc lidn quan ddn gicri. nhan quydn. dac hicl hi nhfrng vdn dd nhiix cam ludn khd dtil dugc sir thdng nhat quan nidm eua todn xd hdi.
Bai X idt ndx mudn khdng dinh. xcii xdn dc biio xd ede ddi tucmg ydu thd ndi ehung va ddi tucmg nguc'ri ddng Iinh (i'i)iig hern Id ngirdi lucmg gidi. ehuydn gidi) phai tidn hanh lir nhfrng van dd lien quan ddn nhtin thire. kidn thirc x d quan trgng la tao duerc kin sdng mtinh mc; cd quy md hem nfra. 'lir dd. sc cd nhiing can cir cimg nhung ccr scr tdc dc)ng nhdt djnh cho xiec phdp kuit cdng nhan kdt hdn ddng gicri. tao sir binh dang vcri cdc gic'ri tinh khtic trong xa hc)i. Ban than nhfmg ddi lucmg ydu thd nax cung can tao thdm sir thidn cam tir nhirng nguiri xung quanh bang nhirng hanh x i. Idi sdng Idnh manh. cd y thire hem nfra.