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BIEN D0\ VAN HOA SAN XUAT ff VUNG TAI DINH Cff THUY DIEN SON LA
NGUYEN THI TUYEN
1. Bien ddi vSn hda va bien doi vSn hda san xuit
Bien ddi vdn hda la mpt sy thay ddi cua van hda so vdi mdt tinh trang van hda hoac mdt nen van hda cd trudc dudi tac ddng ciia nhung nhan td chinh trj - kinh te - xa hdi. Day la mdt quy luat trong phat trien cua van hda, the hifn sau sic d sy bien ddi ve eau triic cua van hda, cac thanh td cua van hda va cac gia tri van hda theo CO che truyen ba, tilp biln hoae phai minh ddc Igp (I). Trong dd dien ra su khuech tan, vay mugn hoac su phat minh cua con ngudi nham tim each giai quyet van de cua thuc lien. Bien ddi van hda ca ban dugc tao nen lft su bien ddi efta ddi sdng kinh te - xa hdi qua dau tu phat trien, qua nhftng thay ddi ve mdi trudng sdng, phuang phap, each thiic san xuit; nhu clu nhgn Ihftc, giao dye ciia con ngudi nhim dap img ddi hdi ciia trinh do phat trien xa hdi.
Vdn hda sdn xudt la phuang thfte hoat ddng kinh te efta con ngudi trong xa hdi, phan anh nhung dac diem cy the ve san xuat, phan phdi va ddi mdi he thdng gia trj chu dao cua hoat dpng kinh le. Van hda san xual the hifn dac diem vl phan cdng Iao ddng; trinh dp thyc hifn cac muc tieu kinh tl; trinh dp phat trien lye lugng san xuat (cdng cu lao ddng, cdng nghf);
linh chat phat trien efta chft the hogt dpng san xual.
Biin ddi vdn hda sdn xudt la sy thay ddi phuang thuc hoat dpng kinh tl cua con ngudi trong xa hpi the hien trong eae mye lieu kinh te;
trinh dg phat trien luc lugng san xual trong thuc hien myc tieu kinh le va su dung edng cu Iao dgng, ap dung cdng nghf; trong cac hogt dgng
cu the ve san xuit, phan phdi va sy ddi mdi hf thdng gia tri chii dgo cua hogt dgng kinh te trong thdi dilm lich su nao dd cua xa hdi.
2. Thuc trgng biln ddi van hda san xuat ciia d6ng bao dan tpc thieu so d viing tdi dinh cu thiiy difn So-n La
Myc lieu cua di dan, tai djnh cu Dy an thiiy difn San La la phai lgo duoc cac dieu kifn de ddng bao tai djnh cu sdm dn dinh cho d va ddi sdng. Tren co sd khai thac liem nang vl tai nguyen va sftc lao ddng, timg budc thay ddi co cau kinh te, phat trien san xuat, nang cao thu nhap, cupc sdng vSt chat, tinh than ngay cang tdt han nai d cu, gdp phan phat trien kinh te - xa hdi vung Tay Bac theo hudng edng nghifp hda, hien dgi hda ndng nghifp ndng thdn, gift vftng dn djnh chinh trj - xa hdi, qudc phdng, an ninh va bao vf mdi Irudng sinh thai (2). Muc tieu Idn trgn da dua tdng mftc diu tu du an tai djnh cu thuy difn Son La len tdi 20.293.821 irifu ddng.
Trong dd tai dinh cu tap trung ndng thdn la 11.307.581 trieu ddng; tai djnh cu tgp trung do thj la 6.767.462 trif u ddng; tai dinh cu xen ghep, ty nguyfn la 532.927 trieu ddng (3).
Dinh hudng chung cho san xuit ndng nghifp d vung tai dinh cu thuy difn San La la phai phan dau tdi da tft nudi trdng den che bien va lgo lap thj trudng dau ra. Khai thac ldt difn tich dil rufng de san xuat lua nudc, uu lien ngudn vdn ho trg xSy dyng cac cdng trinh thiiy Igi vfta va nhd phye vy tham canh tang vu; ddi vdi difn tieh dat rudng mdi khai hoang can tang cudng cai tao ddng rudng, bdn phan hftu co de tang kha nang gift nudc. Su dung gidng lua cd kha nang chiu han, cac gidng lua lai cd nang suit cao, bdn phan
m
SS361 Thang 7-2014DLrONG PAI
can ddi, phdng trft sau bfnh kjp thdi de tang nang suat va san lugng lua. O cac khu, diem tai djnh cu cd dilu kien dit dai khi hau phft hgp, khuyen khich phat trien mpt sd gidng lua dgc san, cac gidng Iiia chat lugng cao phuc vy nhu cau tieu thu trong nudc va xuat khau. Chan nudi tap trung chii yeu vao cac logi gia sue an ed (trau, bd, de, ngya), Ign va gia cam. Ngoai ra, phat trien chan nudi ong, thd, nhim d nhtrng hd cd du dieu kien va cd lieu vung sinh thai thich hgp. Su dung hgp ly cac gidng gia sue, gia elm ciia dja phuang kel hgp ky thuat cai tgo nang cao chat lugng dan bd thjt, dan Ign, dan de bang phuang phap phdi gidng trye tiep ho|c thy tinh nhan tgo; kiem soat chgt chg vifc nhap gidng tir noi khac vl va Iam tdt cdng tac thu y de dam bao an loan cho dan gia sue, gia elm. Can cu dilu kifn cy the, timg dia phuang lya chgn va bd tri cac logi cay trdng, vat nudi phu hgp theo nguyen tic: nhung loai cay, con dang phat trien lot d vung sd tai, cd thj trudng tigu thy cin quy hogeh md rgng difn tich nudi trdng de tgo viing hang hda cd san lugng va chit lugng cao. Nhftng gidng cay, con mdi du kien dua vao san xuat trong vung phai dugc dilu tra, khao sat k j de xac djnh cac tieu vftng cd dieu kifn dat dai khi hgu phu hgp vdi nhu cau sinh thai cita cay, con dd; ddng thdi phai xay dyng cac md hinh trdng khao nghiem, trinh diln de riit kinh nghiem va tung budc md rdng (4)
Trong nhftng nam qua, de thyc hien dy an xay dyng thuy difn Son La, 91.000 ngudi dan thudc 8 huyfn, thj xa cua cac tinh Son La, Lai Chau, Difn Bien da tham gia di cu (Son La 12.479 hd, 62. 394 khau; tinh Difn Bien 3.840 hf, 14.959 khiu; tinh Lai Chau 2578 hg, 13.747 khau). Sd lugng ngudi bi anh hudng true liep khi mue nude ciia hd thiiy difn Son La dang len 215m tinh theo dan tgc ehu yeu la ngudi Thai vdi 88,12%, La ha chilm 5,36%, Xa (Xinh mun) chiem 3,42% va Khang chiem 0,7%, dan tgc Kinh chi chiem 2,38% trong tdng sd hd bj nggp (5).
Cd the ndi, sinh sdng lau ddi trong mdi trudng sinh thai quen thudc, moi lpc ngudi d Tay BIC d3 hinh thanh nhtrng kieu thich iing vdi
mdi trudng nhat djnh, tgo nen nhftng truyen thdng san xuit rieng. Vdi dieu kifn dat dai tuong ddi bang phlng, hf thdng sdng sudi day dac, khi hau thudc vanh dai nhift ddi ndng Im, thugn Igi cho vifc trdng liia nude tu mdt vu den hai vu mdt nam, eu dan thudc khu vyc ldng hd thuy dien San La (chu ylu la ngudi Thai) cd truyin thdng khai thac tai nguyen nudc. Ngudn nudc thung lung la ngudn nudc cd ddng chay, ngn d day da hinh thanh nhftng ftng xu eua cu dan ban dja hit sue phong phu phat trien cay ndng nghifp, kit hgp trdng lua vdi nudi tha ca, khai thac danh bat ea iren sdng, sudi, khai thac cac ngudn Iam san quy... Canh quan thung lung khdng nhftng quy djnh nhftng kieu thich ung mdi trudng, nhftng truyen thdng kinh t l nhat dinh ma cdn anh hudng tdi co cau quan hf xa hgi va ddi sdng van hda cua cpng ddng cac dan tpc tham gia lai dinh cu.
Nhin vao hoat dgng san xuat cua ddng bao viing tai djnh cu thuy dien San La, cd Ihl thiy, quy dat san xuit canh tae vdi khoang 33.840 ha dugc hinh thanh tu dat hoang va dat khai hoang. Trong do, cac logi dat cd do ddc tren dudi 15° la chu ylu (6). Co clu san xuat chinh dugc ap dung la canh lac tren dat ddc de trdng cay hang hda. San xull cua ddng bao chuyen ddi tir canh tae iiia nudc sang lita cgn, tft cay trdng theo mua vy sang cay hoa mau va cay ngln ngay, tft chan nudi theo hd ca the sang chan nudi trang trgi, dgi gia sue, Iam kinh te vudn rftng va ddi rimg chuyen canh. Ddng bao cung phai Iam quen vdi tap doan cay ngln ngay cd kha nang thich nghi cao vdi dia hinh dat ddc va ehju han gidng lua cgn, cac gidng dd luong, cac gidng ngd lai... cung nhu cac gidng gia siic mdi cho nang suat va chat lugng cao nhu bd sua, de sfta, trau, bd nudi lly thjt, Ign sieu ngc, cac logi gia cam eao san...
Vifc phat trien va hoan thifn ky thuat canh tac tren dat ddc cung nhu phat trien chan nudi phu hpp vdi dieu kifn dja phuong nhim tgo ra san pham hang hda the manh ddi hdi sy diu tu hd trg ve vdn, ve phucmg tifn, k j thugt va cdng nghe, tu ky thugt canh tae, gieo trdng, cham sdc den cdng nghf chi biln, k j thugt bao quan va
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bao lieu dau ra ciia san pham. Chinh vi vay, cdng tac ho trg, phat trien san xull, khuyen ndng, khuyen lam da dugc cac tinh San La, Lai Chau, Difn Bien quan tam dac bift, budc diu da trien khai tdi 1.871 hd vdi sd tiln 26 ty ddng(7), phat hanh 45.620 ban tin khuyin ndng, 12.200 eudn ndng ljch, phat 1.500 td rai hudng dan ky thugt san xual cho cac hp tai djnh cu (8)... Ngay sau dn djnh lai dinh cu, trgn ca sd difn lich dat san xuit da dugc giao, cac tinh da van dgng nhan dan tap trung trien khai san xuat bang gidng cay, con truyin thdng nhu cac hd sd tai, ddng thdi timg budc xay dyng md hinh san xual, rut kinh nghifm va trien khai nhan rdng tai cac khu, diem tai djnh cu.
Cho tdi hien tai, mac dft cdn nhftng hd dan tai djnh cu chua hoan thanh vife nhgn dat san xull, nhung nhin tu cac dia phuang d ca ba tinh San La, Lai Chau, Difn Bien diu cd Ihg nhgn thiy nhung hifu qua ban dau cua vifc trien khai san xuit theo dinh hudng chuyen ddi md hinh mdi nhu: trdng tre lay mang, trdng cd, nudi bd, nudi Ign hudng ngc, nudi de (tgi eac xa Ca Nang, Chiing Khay, Mudng Gidn, Chieng Khoang, Lifp Mugi, Nam El... cua huyfn Quynh Nhai, Son La, xay dyng 12 md hinh san xuat tai cac diem tai djnh cu thfty difn Son La va vung dac bift khd khan tft ngudn vdn Trung lam Khuyen ndng - Khuyen ngu Trung ucmg gdm phat trien dan bd, trdng ed, nudi ga tha vudn, md hinh may cdng cy ndng nghifp, be khi biogas... Md hinh chan nudi dgi gia siic tgi xa Mudng Gidn tren co sd ty quy hoach 8 khu ddng cd cd tdng difn tich trgn 500ha de ngudi dSn trong xa tha trau, bd da md ra con dudng Iam giau. Ddng bao da ban bd de dau tu mua dtd ehd ndng san phye vu cdng ddng, thue may xuc dao ao tha ca, cung irng cho nhu clu thyc pham dja phuang. Phong trao chan nudi, phat trien kinh te cua xa Mudng Gidn da Ian rpng va tac ddng ti'ch cue din ca nhtmg ban tai djnh cu vung Idng ho thuy difn San La(9). Ngudi dan ban Quynh Lien (Yen Chdu, Son La) tren ca sd tien hd trg da mua con gidng, cay gidng va thyc hifn md hinh chan nudi Ign sinh san, Ign thit; xay dyng dugc 10 cdng trinh him bioga ket hgp chSn nudi Ign theo chuong
Irinh khi sinh hgc d 6 hg gia dinh; nhieu hd trong ban da td chftc san xuit cd hifu qua, thu hoach dugc 10-15 tan ngd, 5 0 - 70 tan mia cay, banra thj trudng 2,5 tan Ign hai /nam (10). Tgi Lai Chau, gidng mdi dugc cap vdi gia uu dai, phSn bdn, ky thuat dugc ho trg, cac logi djch bfnh trgn dan vat nudi dugc phat hifn sdm va khac phye d cac dilm tai djnh eu thuy difn Son La. Dy an phat triln cay cao su tren dja ban tinh da gdp phin lao ra rit nhieu vifc Iam cho nhan dan. Cac cdng trinh thuy Igi dugc dau tu ngay tft nhung budc diu tnen khai cac dy an. Dy an nudi ga thuang phlm d cac digm tai djnh cu vftng thap huyen Sin Hd da eip va ban han 6.000 eon ga gidng cho ba con tai djnh cu, trung binh hg nudi it nhat cung hang tram con. Dy an phat trien dan bd hay phat trien cay che, tham canh tang vu...
d xa Le Lgi, huyfn Sin Hd, da phan nao giiip ngudi dan voi di ganh nang efta budi dau lgp nghifp, tang thu nhap dang ke va gdp phan thay ddi tu ludng san xuit ty cip tu tuc thanh san xuit hang hda.
Trirdng hgp Iam kinh tl theo each dau tu gidng bd, dg, nhim rdi giao cho ngudi khdng cd digu kifn mua gidng nudi dudng, sau mdt nam ban gia sue di, sd lai dugc chia ddi cua thanh nign ban Ddng, xa Chigng Khoang, Quynh Nhai, Son La la mdt vi dy nang ddng cua ldp tre. Nhd su cdng lac va chia se nay ma nha nao trong ban cung cd vai con bd, trau trong chudng, xung quanh nha ngoai rau, cay an qua la nhiing ludng cd voi xanh tdt dem lai cac khoan thu hang chyc trif u ddng. Sy vao cudc lich cyc ciia du an ADB va cac eo quan khuyen ndng da tao ngn nhan thfte mdi trong phat trien san xuat theo hudng tham canh tang vy, lya chpn cay, con thich hgp vdi dieu kifn dja phuang, phu hgp vdi nhu cau thi trudng de ngudi dan ygn tam phat trien san xuat, xay dung cudc sdng. Mdt net mdi nfta trong chuyen dich ca cau kinh te d vung tai djnh cu cua ddng bao dan tgc thieu sd Tay BIC la vifc Tap doan Cao su Vifl Nam ap dung chinh sach gdp vdn gia trj bing quyen sft dyng dat, nhan lao ddng tft hg ndng dan gdp dit chuyen sang cdng nhan trdng cao su. Day la qua trinh chuyen mgt bd phgn Iao ddng san xuit
I
Stf 361 Th^ng 7-2014DLfONG DAI
ndng nghifp sang san xuat cdng nghifp trgn dja ban ndng thdn dap irng sy nghifp cdng nghiep hda, hifn dai hda. Ngudi ndng dan trd thanh cd ddng gdp vdn bang dat va dugc chia lai iheo cd phan, vua la ngirdi lam cdng an luang, vua la ddng chu sd hftu vdn va tai san, cftng nhu phan phdi Ipi nhugn ciia cdng ty.
Trong tuang lai, ve kha nang phat trien da dang nganh nghi, kinh doanh dich vy d vung lai dinh cu thuy difn San La la rat manh mS, dac bift la hogt dgng djch vy, giao luu hang hda.
Dgc sdng Da va viing phy can gdm cac xa Chieng Hoa, Chieng San, Ngm Pam, It Ong, Pi Tong, Mudng Bu, Mudng Chum, Tg Bti, Chieng Lao cua huyfn Mudng La, tinh Son La va nhieu vung khac se cd them nghi mdi dya tren viec chuyen manh sang san xuat hang hda rau sach, hoa cao cap xull khiu. Thye t l cho thiy, cay rau bap cai, dau cd ve, bi ngdi, dua chudt, ca chua ngoai cd chit lugng cao Irdng d xa vung cao Ngpc Chien la cd hifu qua; hoa ni, hoa luy lip cung phu hgp vdi thd nhudng, khi hau cua vung.
Md hinh hoa, rau qua sach cao cap vdi difn tich 15 ha trdng thu nghifm cho hifu qua tdt (ca chua 150 tan/ha, dua chudt 200 tan/ha...). Cac viing tai djnh cu, nhat la khu vyc phat trien eay nguygn lifu, cay an qua hai ben hd thudc luu vuc cip I cua hd San La hoan toan cd thi hinh thanh cac digm djch vy thuong mgi neu dugc ti'nh toan ky ludng va td chftc tdt. Difn tich khdng gian mat nudc cung cho phep hinh thanh khu du lich hd thuy difn Son La, diem du ljch sinh thai, nghi dudng, cac diem Iang nghe nhu dft thd cam, may tre dan... dap ung nhu cau da dang cua du khach vui choi, Ihu gian, giai tri. Sy hinh thanh cac diem quin cu hai ben hd trong qua trinh phat trign giao thdng thuy va giao luu hang hda cung se tgo nen cac diem giao luu van hda gidng nhu vifc hinh thanh 31 chg ven hd Hda Binh sau khi cd thuy difn sdng Da.
3. Ket luSn
Cd the thiy, van hda san xuit la phuang difn cd sy bien ddi mgnh me nhat tai cac vftng tai dinh cu cua ddng bao dan tpc thieu sd Tay Bac.
Dilu nay dang md ra nhung hudng mdi trong
phat triln kinh te, ddng thdi chung td vg mdt phuang thfte hoat ddng kinh tl vdi nhftng dgc dilm cy thi vl san xuit, phan phdi va ddi mdi hf thdng gia tri chu dao cua hogt ddng kinh tl tgi vftng tai dinh cu thuy difn Son La.
Nhftng biln ddi ve van hda san xuat xual phat tft dilu kifn dja ly sinh thai, hoan canh dan so, dilu kifn vgt chit, ky thuat dat duge, ket cau xa hdi tuong ung cua vung tai dinh cu, ma xet din cung la do nhung khac bift vg mdi trudng sdng quy dinh. Bdi vay, de cd the cd sy phat trien ben vftng, cin luu y den dieu kifn ty nhign, dac bifl la mdi trudng sinh thai, tren dja hinh dat ddc ciia viing tai djnh cu. Chinh ylu Id nay tham gia tac ddng mgt each toan difn, thudng xuyen, tit ylu trong vifc tgo ra yeu td dac trung ban chat mdi cua ddi sdng van hda - xa hdi vung tai dinh cu thiiy dien San La trong tuong lai J
N.TT I. Vu Minh Chi, ISIgi so thugt ngd- nhdn logi hgc vdn hda, T9P chi Ngltien cuv con ngudi, so 2-2008, tr.68.
2,3. Quylt djnh s6 801/2010/QD-TTg ngay 4-6-2010 ::
ciia Thil tuong Chinh phu ve vifc phe duyft Qiiy hogeh tdng tlie di ddn, tai dinh cu Dg dn thuy dien San La
4.Th6ng tir s6 80/2007/TT-BNN Hudng ddn quy hoach san xudt nong. Idm nghifp gdn vai che bien. lieu Ihg ndng Idm sdn vd ihu tgc ho trp sdn xudt doi vdi cdc vitng ldi djnh cir thuy dien San La
5. Nguon: Vi$n Quy hogeh vd Thiet Ice Nong nghifp.
1998
6. Nguyen Ba An, Nghiin ciiu ca sd khoa hgc phgc vg to churc Idnh tho vd di .\ual cdc gidi phdp phdt trien kinh li - xd hgi vimg Tdy Bdc du-di lac dQiig cua cong Irinh thuy diin San La, Vi$n Chien lu^c phat iri^n - B9 K^ hogeh Qhxx tu. Ha Ngi, 2007.
7. So 32/BC-CP, Bao cdo kit qua chi dao ihuc hifn di ddn, tdi dinh cu Dif dn thuy difn San La, Ha Ngi, ngay 23- 3-2009.
8. Ngoc Thuan, / ly 405 trifu dong Id chirc cdc hogt dgng khuyen nong tdi djnh cu, baodientusonla.com.vn.
9. Nguyin Kien Cudng, Chu ljch xd cap tiin dMudng Gidn. baomoi.com.
10. Phong Luu, Yen Chau on djnh ddi song sdn xudt cdchgddn tdidjnb cu, baodientusonla.com.vn.
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