frong Tran True Ly* PHU Ntr TRONG QUAN NIEM CUA NHO GIA TRUNG QUOC TRUYEN THONG

Nghien cihi An Bg va Chdu A. So 7-2018. PHU Ntr TRONG QUAN NIEM CUA NHO GIA TRUNG QUOC TRUYEN THONG Tran True Ly* Khoa Ddng Phuang hgc. Dai Hgc KHXH&NV, DHQGHN Ngdy nhdn bdi: 06/04/2018. ngdy gui phdn bien: 01/06/2018, ngdy duyet ddng: 20/06/2018. Ty^hi xem xet dia vi cua ngu&i phu nd trong xd hgi Trung Qudc truyen thdng, chung ta _ / V thu&ng cd dn tugng rdng hg ludn & vi tri thdp, phdi chiu nhieu dp hue, bdt cdng trong tuong quan voi nam gi&i. Trin thuc te, nhiing quan niim ve phu nd & Trung Quoc khdng phdi la mot quy u&c "nhdt thdnh bdt biin " md da co nhiiu bien ddi, thdng trdm qua timg giai dogn lich su. Cdc nghien ciht ve dia vi cua phu nu Trung Quoc th&i co dai cho thdy, tru&c khi nhirng dnh hu&ng cua he tu tu&ng Nho gia tr& nen phd biin, ngu&i phu nd Trung Qudc co vai trd vd dia vi tuong ddi binh ddng voi nam gioi trong gia dinh vd xd hgi. Sau do, duoi dnh hu&ng cita quan niem "nam tdn nu ti" trong hi tu tu&ng Nho gia, phu nd Trung Qudc m&i ngdy cdng bi d^ vdo vi tri yiu thi, phu thugc trong tuong quan v&i nam gi&i. Bdi viit khdi quat vi dia vi, nhiing ddi hdi tiit hgnh cung nhu nhirng quy u&c vi phdn cdng cdng viec doi v&i phu nd Irong quan ni$m cua Nho gia Trung Qudc truyen thong. Tir khda: dia vi, phu nfl', Nho gia Tnmg Qudc, he tu tudng Mo-dau Trong qua trinh hinh thanh vd phdt trien, Nho gia Trung Qudc da tirng budc xay dung mdt he thdng nhiing quy dinh ve dia vi, tiet hanh, pham vi boat ddng va sy phan cdng cdng viec cho nu' gidi, nhfl'ng quy dinh nay dupe quy udc trong kinh dien Nho gia, tir do khuech truong tam anh hudng trSn mpi mat ddi sdng xa hpi truyen thdng Trung Qudc. Chinh vi vay, ke tir khi Nho gia trd thanh hpc thuylt cd tdm dnh hudng quan trpng trong ddi song chinh tri, xd hdi, phu nii Trung Qudc ludn phai chju sy kim kep rdt Idn bdi nhiing dien ngdn ddy quyin uy ciia Nho gia.. * tracly0402@gmail.CDm. 1. Dia vi cua phu nu* trong xSi hgi truyen thong Trung Quoc Trong xa hdi thi toe mau he d Trung Qudc thdi cd dai, phu nii giii dia vi vd vai trd quyet dinh tdi cao frong bd tpc. Ngay ed khi da chuyen sang giai doan thi tdc phu he, dii dia vi CO gidm Slit, song phu nu^ Trung Quoc van binh dang vdi nam gidi trong lao dgng san xudt va nhan dupe su tdn trpng tir phia nam gidi. Tiep do,frongxa hdi nd I?, dia vi cua phu nfl' chu yeu dupe quy dinh bdi ddng cap xa hpi ehii khdng phu thupe vao yeu to gidi tinh. Phu nir thupc tdng lop quy toe van ed tllng ndi va duoc hudng nhiing quyen lpi ciia tang Idp minh, ngay ea phu nii thudc tang lop binh dan vdn CO quyen binh dang frong xa hpi, dupe tham gia lao dpng va giit vai frd chit ddng. Trin Trdc Ly. Phu nu trong quan niem cua Nho gia Trung Quoc... frong tinh yeu va hdn nhdn. Nhu vay, cd the tir dd, quan diem mang tinh nhi nguyen nay ndi cho din thdi Tien Tan, phu nii Trung Qudc frd thdnh tu tudng chu daofrongmpi quy udc cd vaifrdvd dia vi tuong ddi binh dang so vdi ve dia vi va vai frd cua phu nu va nam gidi d nam gidi'. Trung Qudc cung nhu cdc nudcfrongkhu vyc Tir thdi cd dai, mdt loat cac trudng phdi tu chiu anh hudng cua hpc thuylt nay. tudng, tieu bieu nhu Nho gia, Dao gia, Mac Khdo sat quan diem "nam tdn nd ti" va gia, Phdp gia nd rd d Trung Qudc. Trong sd nhirng ghi chep liSn quan trong eac bd sach cae hge phdi ndi fren, Nho gia duoc coi la kinh dien Nho gia, chiing ta cd the hinh dung trudng phdi tu tudng quan frpng nhdt, lien tue ro hon ve qua trinh hinh thdnh va khuech dupe cdc nha tu tudng ddi sau chinh Iy, bd truong anh hudng eua dien ngdn nay trong simg,frdthanh mdt he tu tudng cd anh hudng lich su Trung Qudc. Sach Chu Dich cd doan: lau dai nhdtfronghdu bet ede trieu dai phong "Tr&i cao quy md ddt ti tien, le cdn khdn da kien Trung Qudc sau nay. He tu tudng Nho dinh nhu vdy, chdng Id tr&i - cdi mgnh me nhdt gia chii yeu de cap den bdn phucmg dien: triet trong thien hg, vg la ddt - cdi nhu thudn nhdt hpc, dao diic, chinh tri va gido due. Trong trong thien hg" (Thien tdn dia ti, can khon cudn Trung Qudc lu tu&ng su luan, nha dinh dT phu can, thien ha chi chi kien da, phu nghien cuu L^ Trach Hau chi ra rang: "Bg lu khdn, thien ha chi chi thudn da). Sach Td tu&ng vdn hoa do Khdng Tu sdng lap, tir Idu truyin viet: "chdng nen on ton, giu nghia v&i dd dn sdu vdo tinh cdm, phuong thuc lu duy, vg, cdn vg thi phdi nhu thudn, doan chinh" tin ngudng, tap tuc, hdnh vi quan niem cua (Phu hoa nhi nghia, The nhu nhi ehinh). Trong hdu hit ngu&i ddn trong xd hgi Trung Qudc, mdi quan he vp chdng, yeu td "thi nhu " dupe tugidc hay khdng tugidc tr& thdnh nguyen tdc dac biet nhan manh, ddi hdi ngudi vp phdi Idy chi dgo vd phuong chdm co bdn de ngu&i ddn nhu thudn lam dau frong ddi dai vdi chdng''. gidi quyit vd sdp xep cong viic, moi quan he Xuat phat tir quan niem "nam ton nd ti" vd cugc song, hinh thdnh nin ddc trung tinh ciia Nho gia, dia vi cua phy nu: trong nhieu cdch vd trgng thdi tdm ly chung cho ddn tgc. trieu dai phong kien Trung Qudc luon dupe Diiu ddng chit y Id, lir ly ludn lu tu&ng, nd dd quy udc theo hudng nghieng leeh, bat binh tich Idy vd chuyen biin thdnh vdn hoa - kit cdu dang ro ret so vdi nam gidi. Sach Nghi le tdm ly"^. tang phuc thoi Chu ed cau.- "Phu nuphdi co Cimg vdi viec he tu tudng Nho gia timg nghia vu thuc hiin tam tdng, ngodi ra khong budc trd thdnh h6 tu tudng ehinh thdng, quan cd viic cu thi ndo khde, do la chua Idy chdng niem eua Nho gia vl phu nu' cflng tung bude thi theo cha, lay chdng thi theo chdng, chong frd nen phd biln vd the hien quyin uy fren chet thi theo con " (Phu hflu tam tong chi nghia, nhieu mdt ddi sdng xd hpi Trung Qudc. vd chuyen dyng chi dao, co vi gia tdng phu, Tren co sd thuyet dm duong ngfl hanh, tlie gia tdng phu, phu tii tdng tir). Dilm ddc Nho gia de xudng quan niem "nam ton nd ti", biet la, ban dau "tam tdng" vdn chi la quy. ' Md Vi (thdng 7/2012); Vifin Quang Tuylt, Tmong ST Xuomg (thdng 8/2012).. ^ Ly Trach Hau (2015), tr.70. ^ Duong Phugmg (2007), tr.149-152.. Nghien cuu An Bp va Chdu A. So 7 - 2018 dinh ve y phyc cua phu nii' khi nha ed viec hilu, thiie cd nhan ciing nhu than phan ddc lap cua sau nay, cimg vdi nhiing thay ddi cua quan ngudi nii, biln hp frd thanh mpt loai tai san sd niem "nam ton nd ti", nd mdi ddn frd thanh hiiu, phu thupc vao nam gidi va che dp ddng quy u6c frong mpi mat ddi sdng xa hdi ciia nii tpc, nhung quan niem khat khe ve tiet hanh gidi. Sdch Le Ki quy dinh: "nam gi&i day dd cua nii gidi frong Nho gia da tiing budc dupe phu nd, phu nd thudn theo nam gi&i, dgo vg xay dyng va phd bienfrongquan niem xa hdi. chong bdt ngudn tir do " (nam su nii, nii tdng Thdi Han dupe coi la dau moc hinh thanh nam, phu phu chi nghTa, do thir thiiy dd). Saeh quan niem ve tiet hanh eua nu^ gidi, tii bp Liet nay cdn nhan manh; "ngu&i phu nd, chinh Id nd truyin thdi Nguy Tan ghi chep lai nhimg kephuc titng, cdn nho thi phuc tung cha, anh. tam guong liet nii, ca tyng va ed vfl phy nu gin Idy chong thi phuc tung chdng, chong chit thi gifl' tam tdng va tiet hanh, den saeh Nd gi&i phuc tiing con " (phu nhan, tdng nhan gid da, eua Ban Chieu ddi Han dua ra quan niem "tu au tdng phu huynh, gia tdng phu, phu tir tdng due ", ddng thdi de xudng "ve dep cua phu nd tir), tir do hinh thanh nhiing quy dinh mang chinh la suyeu duoi" {v^ dT nhupc vi my), Idy tinh chinh thdng dupe cac trilu dai phong kiln sy nhu thuan, yen nhupc lam thudc do ve dep Trung Quoc sau nay ap dat ISn nfl' gidi nhu cua nii gidi. "tam tong". "tuduc", "Hithgnh"'^. Tir gifl:a thdi Tdng, khi Ly hpc Trinh Chu Dudi dnh hudng cua nhung quy ude nay, dia vi cua phy nil vd nam gidi bat ddu dupe quy dinh rd rang, nam gidi d vi tri chu dpng, phu nii ddng vai trd phy thupc, phyc timg. Cimg vdi dd, viec ddi xir vdi cac em be trai va em b6 gai ngay tir khi ehung ra ddi da cd sy khac biet. Day chinh la ca sd ban ddu de quan niem "nam ton nu ti" va nhflng ap biic van hda dot vdi nii gidi timg budc dupe eu the hda vd khuech truong anh hudng qua ede trieu dai phong kien Trung Qudc.. trd thdnh ddng chinh thdng eua Tdng Nho, nhirng ddi hdi khat khe ve tiet hanh cua nir gidi da timg budc tro nen phd bien frong xd hdi Trung Qudc. Nhiing dien ngdn quyen lyc cua Tdng Nho nhu: "Chet ddi la chuyen nhd, thdt tiet la chuyen l&n" (ngd tir sy cyc tieu, thdt tiet sy cue dai); "thdt khu" (quy dinh bdy loi ma neu ngucri vp mac phai thi ngudi chdng ed quyen dudi khdi nha), viec de cao chii trinh, xii nu... hdu het deu ra ddi d thdi diem nay. Dang chii y la, d cac thdi dai trudc, vdn de tiet hanh chu yeu dupe xem xet vdi ddi tupng phy 2. Nhirng doi hoi ve tiet hanh doi voi phu nfl' da cd chdng, quan niem ve trinh tiet ddi vdi con gai chua thdnh hdn cdn khd phdng khoang, nir trong quan niem Nho gia Tir thdi Tan trd di, quan niem "nam tdn den cudi thdi Tdng, vdi su khat khe ve "diet nu ti" tilp tuc dupe phdt trien va eu the hda nhdn due" eiia Tdng Nho, quan niem ve tiet bdi cdc tin dd Nho giao d Trung Qudc. Phu nu hanh cua phu nfl^ mdi dupe bd sung them ndi ddn trd thanh vat hi sinh cho viec duy fri ehi dung nay. Kem theo dd, tam ly ua thich trinh dp ddng tpc phu quyen vd dupe coi nhu vat sd nir cua nam gidi cimg dupe hinh thdnh trong hiiu cua nam gidi. Nhdm ban che vd tude bd y thdi ky nay va tiep tyc dupe phd bien d eac * Ma Hieu Quang, Duong Quang, Trin Tii Quyen, (thdng 8/2012).. Tran Triic Ly. Phu nd trong quan nijm eua Nho gia Trung Quoe... trilu d^i sau. Tir do, quan niem ve tiet hanh cua phy nu ciing frd nen khat khe ban. d cac thdi ky sau do, van dudi quyen uy eua Tong Nho, ddi hdi ve tiet hanh ddi vdi phu nfl' ngay cang frd nen pho bien trong xa hpi Trung Qudc, viec thu tiet sau khi ehdng ehet frd thanh ddi hdi ddi vdi mpi phu nir. Cdc tam guong liet nii xuat hien rat nhieu frong cac trilu dai Nguyen, Minh, Thanh. Dac biet, thdi Minh dupe coi la thdi ky cd vii, ca tung phu nii tiet hanh manh me nhat. Saeh Ngi hudn do Tir Hoang hau biSn soan, binh gidng tam guong liet nfl tir cd ehi kim, neu ra nhiing quy dinh khat khe ve viec tu than va xir the eua nu: gidi, dupe truyen ba rdng rai vd cd anh hudng manh me frong xa hdl. Sdch Minh hgi dien chep vice vdo nam Hdng Vu thu nhdt, Minh Thai to ban chieu lenh mien sai dich cho gia dinh cd phu nii thit tiet. Nha nghidn eihi Tran Ddng Nguyen khao sat timg bd saeh sii frong Nhi thap tu su dua ra ket qua:. thudc hoan todn va phai trung thanh tuyet ddi voi ngudi chdng vd ddng tpc nhd chdng. Quan niem cyc doan nay da ed nhiing liic biln tudng thdnh nhiing ddi hdi vd ly ddi vdi phu nfl' nhu: yeu cdu ngudi phy nu' tuyet ddi trung trinh vdi ehdng trong khi khuyen khich ngudi nam ed nam the bay thiep; khuyen khich phu nii tuan tiet theo chong frong trudng hop ngudi chdng khdng may qua ddi (thdm chi khuyen khich tuan tiet hoac thu tiet vdi vi hon phu ngay ca frong trudng hpp hp khdng may qua ddi khi chua tien hanh dam cudi); ngan can ngudi phu nfl: tdi gid dii gap khd khan ve sinh ke sau khi chdng mdt hoac hi chdng vd gia dinh chong mdng bd. Tir quan diem hien dai, ro rdng nhung quy udc ve tiet hanh ciia phy nii trong quan niem Nho gia da ngay cdng trd nen cue doan, thieu nhdn vdn vd Id nguySn nhdn eua rat nhieu than phan phu nii bat hanh trong xa hpi Trung Qudc truyen thdng.. "Tinh din tru&c bg Nguyen su, khdng co 3. Quy it&c cua Nho gia ve pham vi bo ndo liet ki qud 60 tdm guong liet nd, Tong hoat dong va phSn cong cdng viec doi vol su nhiiu nhdt cdng chi co 55 ngu&i, Bu&ng phu n& thu chip 54 ngu&i vay md rieng bg Nguyen Xudt phdt tir quan niem phdn biet ve dia sir (do TdngLiim d&i Minh sogn) da chip din vi, quy dinh phuc timg phu quyen ddi vdi nii 187 tdm guong Hit nd, den khi ngu&i doi gidi, ben canh nhflng ddi hdi khdt khe ve tiet Thanh bien sogn bg Minh su dd phdt hien hanh, kinh dien Nho gia cung quy dinh truyen ky vi Hit nii eo "khdng du&i vgn nghiem ngat ve pham vi boat dpng eua phy nu: ngu&i", riing cdc tru&ng hgp tieu biiu cung trong xd hpi. Ve phan cdng eong viee, Kinh CO den 308 ngu&i "^ Thi phdn Bai Nhd ed cdu: "phu nu khong ldm Ddy cd the dupe coi Id nhung "thdnh qud " viic cong, cd ranh rdi Ihi cdng chi nen del vdi" ndi batfrongqua trinh quy ehuin hda tilt hanh (phy vd cdng su, huu ky tam chiic). Li Ki cho nfl' gidi dupe tiln hanh fren co sd quan niem rang,' "dan bd khdng cd chuc tu&e gl cd, theo phu quyen eiia Nho gia. Kit qua eua qua trinh chdng chinh Id chuc phdn cua hg, chdng md nay la da bien ngudi phu nfl- thanh mpt loai tai sang quy thi vg m&i vinh hien dugc" (phu sdn sd hfln cua nam gidi, khien hp bj phu nhan vd tude, tdng phu chi tude, phu quy tai *Trin Dong Nguyen (1994), tr.l78-181. 40. Nghien ciiu An Bp va Chdu A. So 7 - 2018 nang the vinh). Cimg vdi quan niem vl chiic phan nhu vdy, thien Ngi tdc ciia LiKi con quy dinh cu the ban vl pham vi ehiic phdn cua hai gidi.' "ddn dng khong bdn chuyin trong nhd, ddn bd khdng bdn chuyin ben ngodi" (nam bat ngdn ndi, nfl- bat ngdn ngoai), day chinh Id ca sd hinh thanh nen quan diem "nam tri ngogi nir tri ngi" (dan dng cai qudn viec ben ngoai, dan bd cai quan viee trong nhd) phd bienfrongcae xa hdi Nho giao sau nay. Tur nhung ghi chep tren, cd thi thdy trong qua trinh phat triln, Nho gia dd timg budc xdy dyng nen mot he thdng nhung quy dinh ngay cang nghiem ngat ve viee phan cdng cdng viec gifl:a nam gidi va phu nfl'. Sy phdn cdng nhu vdy da thu hep pham vi hoat dpng cua nir gidi vdo frong khudn khd gia dinh, tat ed nhiing viec ben ngodi cdnh cdng deu khdng thudc chiic phan cua hp. Hp khdng ed quySn, va lau ddn cflng khdng cdn du ndng lyc ciing nhu hieu biet de tham gia viec cdng va nhflng hoat dpng lao ddng san xuat ben ngoai xa hdi, bi h ^ che hoac tude bd hoan toan quyen tham gia lao ddng sdn xudt va quyen sd hiiu tai san, frd thanh mdt loai tai san sd hflu, phy thupc hodn toan vao nam gidi trong gia dinh, ddng tpc. Nhu vay, tu khi hpe thuyet Nho gia trd thanh he tu tudng ehinh thdng, vdi nhflng dien ngdn quyen lye dupe quy chuan hda trong kinh dien cimg vdi quyen uy cita Nho gia trong ddi sdng chinh tri - xa hdi, phu nii Trung Quoc da ddn bi gat ra vi tri ngoai biSn trong quan niem ehinh thdng. Viee timg budc hi tude di quyen tham gia lao ddng san xudt va hoat ddng xa hdi cua nfl: gidi Trung Quoc Id kit qua ciia Nho gia trong viec thilt lap mot trat ty xa hdi vdi trung tam la nam gidi vd phu quyin. Vl phia nii gidi, qud trinh nay da tude. di thdn phan ddc lap eua hp, dan dan day hp ra ben ll mpi hoat dpng xa hpi. Hon the, quan niem nay cflng ehi phdi todn bp cac hoat ddng ghi chep kinh - sir, khien cho binh tupng ngudi phu nfl: Tmng Qudc ciing bi "ngogi bien hoa " frong toan bp eac tai lieu ghi chep mang tinh quan phucmg. Ngoai trir trudng hpp trd thanh mpt tdm guong liet nii theo quan diem tiet hanh ciia Nho gia, dupe ch^p trong saeh Liet nd cdc ddi, neu khdng, phu nii Tnmg Qudc gan nhu khdng cd eo hpi dupe ghi danh vao eac tai lieu lich sii chinh thong. Ket luan Tir nhiing tim hieu va phan tich ban ddu fren day, khdng khd de nhan ra qua trinh "dp buc" van hda ddi vdi phy nii tren nhieu mat ddi sdng d Tmng Quoc dudi anh hudng va quyen uy ciia Nho gia. Tren co sd quan niem "nam tdn nd ti" cua Nho gia, cac quan diem theo hudng nghieng lech, bat binh dang vdi phu nii da timg budc dupe hinh thdnh vd phd bien trong xa hdi. Dia vi va quyen lpi eua phu nu Tmng Quoc ngay cdng bi ban che, nhung rang budc ciia le gido ddi vdi tiet hanh cua phy nii ciing ngay cdng bi that chat. Cho den tmdc thdi can dai, tinh cdnh cua phy nii Trung Qudc nhin chung vo cimg dang thuang, dac biet la tang lap quy tdc, hp bi tude bd nhieu quyen lpi vd bi gidi ban pham vi boat ddng ben trong canh eira gia dinh, bi tude bd than phdn ddc lap, hoan toan phu thudc vao nam gidi va ddng toe. Hon the, hp cdn hi dp biic boi nhiing quan niem khat khe ve tiet hanh, trd thanh vat hi sinh cua le giao va luan ly Nho gia. Xet tir quan diem hien dai, qua trinh nay khong ehi gay ra nhung dp hire, bat cdng vdi nu: gidi ndi rieng ma con lam ngheo di nhiing di sdn van hda - lich sir cita dat nudc nay, cd. Trdn True Ly. Phu nd trong quan niem cua Nho gia Trung QuSc... thi ndi Uch sii thanh van cita Trung Quoc cho din thdi can dai la lich sii thilu vdng nhflng guong mat phu nu'. Khdng nhung the, sau mpt qua trinh lich sii lau dai, viec ngan can sy tham. 4. Md Vi (thang 7/2012), "Budc dau phan tich sy bien doi dia vj xa hdi cua phu mc thdi co dai", Tgp chi Hgc viin Gido due Lan Chdu, ky 4, quyin 28. (^m. ^^'P^^{i^^m±^. gia cua ngudi phu nfl: vdo mpi mat ddi song xa hdi, gat bd phu nfl' ra khdi lyc lupng lao ddng. ^ , 2012^7^).. san xudt da gay ra tihitng hdu qua khdng nho. md hdu hit eac phong frao cdi luong xa hdi d. 5. Vi6n Qudng Tuylt, Truong ST Xuong (thdng 8/2012), Tu tdc phdm vdn hgc xem xet syt bien ddi dia vi xd hgi cua phu nir Trung Quoc th&i CO dgi, Tgp chi hge vien Tdn Trung, ky 4,. Trung Qudc frong sudt thdi ky can dai ludn. quyln29,^rW- ^±B.. ddi vdi sy phat trien ldnh manh eua xa hpi tmyIn thing Trung Qudc. Day chinh la Iy do. Mjt^/Pp'^W^. ddc biet quan tdm den van de phy nii, coi dd Id mpt npi dung quan trpng trong viec hudng den. m 2 9 ^ B 4 ^ ^ , 2012^8H).. xay dung mpt Trung Qudc ddc lap, ty cudng.. 6. Ma Hieu Quang, Duong Quang, Tran Tii Quy6n (thdng 8/2012), "Nghien ciiu quan niem truyen thong ve phu nii va dia vi xa hoi ciia phu nfl^ Trung Quoc", Tgp chi Dgi hgc suphgm Ngi Mdng Cd. ky 4, quyin 41 (^ ^^t. tii.. Tai lieu tham khao 1. Ly Trach Hau (Nguyen Quang Hd djch) (2015), Trung Qudc lu luong su ludn. Ha Npi, Nxb. The gidi. 2. Tran Dong Nguyen (1994), Lich sd d&i sdng phu nd Trung Quoc, Dai Bdc, ( 1 ^ ^ , B^^M^'-^it. . ^nm%. 4'0. , 1994^).. 3. Duong Phupng (2007), Nghiin ciru suphdt trien cua phu nir Trung Quoc ducmg dgi, Bdc Kinh, Nxb. Nhdn dan, (W]J^ , &^mm^'. ^ft^M^. :it^, AStbfisti, 2007%. %,. 2012^8^)..