The change in the meaning of the coffee shop is also inseparable from society's social interaction. The development of coffee shops in Indonesia in the last decade cannot be separated from the influence of the mass media.
Coffee shop as public space for Makassar city community
Whereas coffee shops that existed earlier but were not accompanied by adequate capital, management and management that would follow the taste of the market, then such coffee shops will remain stagnant or even fail. Meanwhile, the presence of other coffee shops or new coffee shops by implementing and offering new concepts and feelings has also started to attract the interest of Makassar city residents.
The socio-cultural entity
Changes in the meaning of coffee shops as space for socio-cultural entities The rapidly increasing population of Makassar city makes the need for public
Coffee is a unifier in the midst of the diversity of Makassar city residents. The improvement of services and facilities provided by coffee shop managers in Makassar City today emphasizes the function of coffee shops as a socio-cultural space for the residents of Makassar City.
Changing the meaning of coffee shops as an effective political means
Socializing usually done by political figures or authorities in cafes can be a source of information and reference for the cafe community. The cafe is a place to get news, gather and share information with journalists (interview on January 24, 2017).
Conclusions
In the world of politics, coffee shops make an adequate contribution to education and information about politics for some residents of the city of Makassar. This happened because the political discussions both formally and informally were so intense in coffee shops.
TOP 1%
Introduction
With the evolution of human being since the time of Homo, they tried to survive and explore the nature (environment). And at that time a leap into the age of electronics and technological advancement was created with the invention of the transistor made by J.
Acoustic waves
- High-intensity ultrasound
- Piezoelectric materials
- High-intensity ultrasound equipment
- Acoustic cavitation
At normal incidence on the surface of the propagating medium, acoustic waves strike, are reflected, and are transmitted. α is the attenuation that exists when an incident traverses the propagation medium. On the contrary, the application of electrical impulses across both surfaces of the material (potential difference), mechanical deformations or the opposite effect of piezoelectricity are generated.
Nanomaterials
Then, the interaction of nanomaterials and food interacts in three basic processes [61-64], as shown in Figure 15. In recent years, high-intensity ultrasound has been applied to foods incorporating nanomaterials and obtained interesting results. Figure 16 shows the interaction of HIU study materials in the food field 5-6 na7.
Conclusions
Nutritional genomics is one of the emerging fields of food sciences for innovative trends in food sciences. Functional genomics studies have paved the way to curing the disease with diet.
Basics of nutrigenomics
Nutrigenomics (also known as nutritional genomics) is the study of associations between meals or nutritional supplements and an individual's genome and the phenotypic effects of these interactions [3]. Nutrigenomics is the study of the effects of nutrition on transcriptional different responses of genomic variation and gene expression.
Genomics: a molecular approach
- Transcriptomics
- Proteomics
- Metabolomics
Nutrigenomics is a new and emerging discipline of genomics that studies the impact of food consumption on the whole genome (entire genetic makeup, including epigenetic modifications), proteome is the total number of proteins and metabolome is the whole number of molecules in the body and the sum of all metabolites. Butyrate modulates essential proteins involved in the process of apoptosis, cell differentiation and cell cycle [1].
Diet-gene-disease triangle
Small chemical substances that interact directly with proteins and other macromolecules and are dissolved in the cell cytoplasm are called metabolites. Several genes involved in the glycolytic and lipogenic pathways are transcribed when blood glucose levels are high.
Life style associated metabolic diseases
Food-regulated genes must be involved in disease onset, progression, and severity, as dietary components are eaten regularly and are both indirectly and directly involved in the control of gene expression [7]. These responses to environmental changes play an important role in the onset and progression of lifestyle disorders.
Nutrigenomics and chronic diseases
- Obesity
- Cancer
- Diabetes
- Cardiovascular
- Cholesterol
- Inflammation
5-methyltetrahydrofolate component is necessary for the production of methionine, which is used in the DNA mutilation process. In both animals and humans, L-arginine has been shown to be useful in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
Nutrigenomics approach to functional food
- Nutraceuticals
- Future perspective
Curcumin plays an important role in the activity of H+, K+ -ATPase, and it also reduced the histone H3 acetylation, which prevented the expression of (H+, K+ -ATPase) gene. Phloridzine, a dihydrochalcone, has also been shown to play a role in the treatment of postprandial hyperglycemia [54].
Conclusion
- Plant-derived foods with added value
- Animal-derived foods with added value
- Microbial-derived foods with added value
- Miscellaneous-derived foods with added value
- Perspectives of foods with added value
Edible flowers have become a culinary trend, referenced in international culinary magazines, such as Bon Appetite "How to use edible flowers in salads, cocktails and more" and Food and Wine "The Edible Flower". Algae are also considered a source of fiber in the form of sulfated galactans or carrageenates in red algae, fucans, alginates and laminarin.
Mechanical properties of candies
- Material and methods
- Results of the compress properties
The structure and size of the starch molecules affect the mechanical properties of the starch coating. Mechanical properties of the honey candies were measured after 30 days of storage at room temperature in paper wrappers.
Rheologic properties
- Rheologic properties utilization
- Measurement results
It is possible to observe that the apparent viscosity of the ketchup decreases with increasing temperature. Approximately similar values of the parameter in the regression equation that contribute to the apparent viscosity.
Thermophysical properties 1 Calorimetric methods
- Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
- Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
Since this amount of heat supplied causes a corresponding increase in the enthalpy (H) of the sample, we can write Eq. For ingredient foods, it is possible to determine the decomposition temperature of the food ingredient and describe the phase events in the food [58, 59].
Electrical properties
- Electrical properties utilization
- Electrical properties measurement results
An increase in humidity causes a decrease in hardness and an increase in plasticity of the material. Economic losses resulting from malnutrition are between 3% and 16% of GDP in most poor countries.
Consequences of undernutrition
- Increased risks of mortality
- Intensified reoccurrance of illnesses
- Delayed physical development
- Poor cognitive development
As described in the Global Panel Report, for example, a full course of remedies to save the life of a severely wasted child costs between US$100 and US$200 per child [9], which is roughly twice the average family earnings per month in affected communities. While the health care system in the US differs markedly from that in underdeveloped countries, it is clear that as some segments of the population become overweight (especially among the increasingly urban poor), the fiscal burden will be exacerbated by a triple helix of malnutrition, infection, and obesity [1].
Potential causes of undernutrition in resource-poor countries
This level of economic burden is the main obstacle to efforts made by many governments to alleviate poverty and achieve key development goals set out in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) [9, 19].
Existing approaches for addressing malnutrition in developing countries
Fortification is usually done by adding micronutrient powders, ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTFs) and lipid-based nutritional supplements (LNSs) to diets consumed at home. On the other hand, supplementation is usually done by providing a single nutrient (say vitamin A or D, iron) to infants and toddlers in the form of drops or syrups [1].
Innovative approaches for meeting nutrient need in poor countries At present, the WHO recommends the food-based strategy as a favoured long-
Context-specific strategies for improving food-based diets in developing countries. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104586. These case studies have confirmed the utility of food-based and context-sensitive approaches and their ability to successfully address the problem of malnutrition in developing countries [1].
Necessities for the success of food-based approaches
Proposed delivery system for nutritious food products in developing countries
This may need a delivery model that embraces a public-private mix, enabling cost sharing and efficiency gains [28]. In this way, the hybrid public-private delivery model guarantees a sustainable supply of nutritious commodities to the target population, including those who cannot manage to pay for the unsubsidized price.
General conclusions
The role of the public sector in this hybrid model is to provide investment, infrastructure and legal frameworks for private sectors to engage in the production and distribution of nutrient-dense foods or formulations. Direct subsidies from the public sector can also lower the price of the formulation and thus increase the pool of buyers from low-income households.
Materials and methods
- Graciano, Tempranillo, and Grenache grape samples
- Pulsed electric fields (PEF) extraction treatments
- Determination of grape volatile compounds by HS-SPME-GC-MS The grape volatile composition was analyzed according to the methodology
- Analysis of grape stilbenes by SPE-HPLC
- Grape amino acids determination by HPLC
- Statistical analysis
The analysis of the amino acids of the samples was performed according to the method described by Garde-Cerdán et al. Discriminant analyzes were performed with the regions of volatile compounds and stilbenes and amino acid concentration in the different samples.
Results and discussion
- Effect of PEF treatments on volatile composition of Graciano, Tempranillo, and Grenache samples
- Influence of PEF treatments on resveratrol and piceid content in Graciano, Tempranillo, and Grenache samples
- Effect of PEF treatments on vnitrogen compounds of Graciano, Tempranillo, and Grenache samples
The contents of total amino acids, total amino acids without proline and YAN from each of the three grape varieties in the control and the four tested PEF treatments were shown in Figure 7. In the case of the total amino acids without proline (Figure 7b), no differences were observed between control and PEF-treated samples in Graciano.
![Figure 5 shows the results for C6 compounds in the control and the samples after each of the four treatments by PEF for the three grape varieties [5]](https://thumb-ap.123doks.com/thumbv2/1libvncom/9200913.0/117.918.136.789.238.824/figure-shows-results-compounds-control-samples-treatments-varieties.webp)
Heavy metals
These are found in almost every cell in the human body where they help maintain general homeostasis and are necessary for our bodies to function normally. Authority of India (FSSAI) has set MRLs for metals in food.
Heavy metal problems in milk and milk products
- Lead as heavy metal pollutant
- Arsenic as heavy metal pollutant
- Mercury as heavy metal pollutant
- Cadmium as heavy metal pollutants pollutant
Heavy metals that exceed the MRL level in any food or food product harm human health. According to FSSAI, the MRL level of heavy metals in milk and various milk products should not exceed 1.5 ppm.
Heavy metal standard for various milk products
The content of these metals in yogurt is drastically reduced due to the high acidity and bacterial activity in the production process [4]. They found that higher levels of lead, cadmium and mercury in several dairy products may be due to high exposure to heavy metal sources in soil and water near hazardous waste sites, while higher levels of arsenic in several dairy products were mainly due to veterinary use for the eradication of tapeworms in cattle (Table 3) [21].
Reducing the contaminations
Another study looked at heavy metals such as cadmium, mercury, lead and arsenic in milk samples collected from NDRI Karnal's Livestock Production and Management Production Department.
Analytical methods for estimation of heavy metals in various milk products
- Atomic absorption spectroscopy
- Basic principle of AAS
- Techniques of AAS
A comparative study between flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. GFAAS) is described in Table 4. Vapor Generation Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (VG AAS) – Consists of Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (HGAAS) or Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (CVAAS).
Conclusion
Aspiration of the liquid sample followed by mixing with sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and hydrochloric acid (HCL). The dramatic increase in food secured Africa as a result of the sprawling African population and the corresponding jobs required will be the biggest challenge most African countries will have to face between now and 2050. The biggest challenges in this regard will be in East, Central and West Africa, where the number of young people will triple in the next 30 years.
Cassava: Africa’s super crop
Cassava roots were the single largest source of calories in seven African countries (Angola, the Central African Republic, the Congo, the People's Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Mozambique and Nigeria) with 40 percent of the population in the late 1990s, contributing an average of nearly 600 calories per person per day [16]. It is worth mentioning that the significant contribution of cassava to SSA diets has not decreased in recent times.
Traditional processing of some cassava fermented products in Africa Cassava (M. esculenta) is a plant material that is mainly processed by fermentation
- Gari
- Lafun, cossettes, kanyanga, mapanga, and makopa
- Fufu
- Kivunde
- Agbelima
- Attiéké
It is mostly produced by solid-state fermentation, in which the cassava is not soaked in water, but is left to ferment in the solid state under a hydraulic press [23]. It is a sour cassava meal traditionally produced using kudem; inoculum also obtained from cassava roots [37].
Industrialization of cassava processing in Africa: issues, challenges, and prospect
The introduction of machines for most unit operations of cassava processing has led to good performance of various cassava products in the three countries. Due to population growth and urbanization there must be a paradigm shift in the traditional utilization of cassava to the opportunities in diversifying cassava markets.
Food and nutrition security: Africa at a crossroad?
Considering the fact that there is more need for the development of coping strategies against the impending consequences of climate change in Africa both now and in the near future, increased utilization of climate smart crops is perhaps one of the necessary approaches to combat food and nutrition insecurity. It therefore behooves African policy makers, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, to harness the potential of value-added cassava-based products to address the 21st century food security challenges in Africa.
Optimization of cassava fermentation process: An imperative for twenty-first century food-secured Africa
In the first half of the twentieth century, Europe was ravaged by malnutrition (malnutrition), caused by poverty, an economic depression, and two catastrophic world wars [ 57 , 58 ]. Microorganisms of various groups such as lactic acid bacteria (LAB), yeasts, molds and Bacillus strains, among many others, are involved in the fermentation of cassava-based foods native to different parts of the world.
