G l 6 l THIEU M O T V A I TAC P H A M NOM TIEU BIEU TREN DO G6IVI SU BAT TRANG TU THE KY XIV - XIX
NGUYEN VANCHieN'"
G
om sir Bdt Trdng tir lau dd ird ihanh bieu tugng vdn hicn ciia dat Thdng Long vd Id niem tg hao ciia ngudi ddn Hd Ngi ndi rieng vd ciia ngirdi Vipt Nam ndi chung. Theo bien nien sir thi tir thi ky XIV-XV Idng gdm Bat Trdng dugc hinh thanh. Dgi Vi^t su ky (odn (hi^^^ chep "Nham Thin. Thipu Phong ndm thii 12 (1352) miia thu. thang 7.nudc Idn tran ngap, va de xd Bdt. Khdi, lua ma chim ngap. Khodi Chdu. Hdng Chdu va Thugn An bj hgi nhat". Xa Bat la xd Bat Trdng, xd Khoi Id xd Thd Khdi, hai xd ven de ben td nggn sdng Nhj, tire sdng Hdng ngay nay, Cung theo Dgi Vi?( sir ky (odn ihu^^^ thi ndm 1376.
trong mdt cugc Nam chinh. doan chiln thuyln ciia vua Trdn Dup Tdng xuat phdt tir Thdng Long xudi theo sdng Nhi (sdng Hdng) di qua "ben sdng \u Bdt" tiic ben sdng Hdng thuge xd Bat Trang.
Tuy nhien, theo nhirng cau chuypn ma chiing tdi siai tam dugc d Bat Trang thi lang gdm ndy cd the ra ddi sdm han.
Hipn nay, tgi ldng Bat Trdng van luu truyen cau chuypn ve ngudn goc ciia nghe gdm nhu sau:
Vdo thdi nba Ly, cd ba vj Thdi hgc sinh Id Hira VTnh Kieu ngudi lang Bd Bat tinh Thanh Hda. Dao Tri Tien, ngirdi lang Thd Hd - Ha Bdc vd Luu Phuang Tii (bay Liru VTnh Phong) ngudi lang Ke Sdt - Hdi Duong dugc cii di su trieu Bdc Tdng. Sau khi hodn tit sir mpnh, tren dirdng trd \e nudc qua Thieu Chau, Qudng Ddng (nay td Trieu Chau. tinh Quang Ddng. Trung Qudc) gdp bdo, ba dng phdi nghi lai. CJ day cd Id gdm ndi tieng. ba dng den thdm va hgc dugc mgt sd ky thugt dem \e nudc. Khi dd xong
\ipc trong trieu \e huu tri. cdc dng ehgn ngdy lanh. thdng tot lap dan d ben sdng Hdng Idm Ie truyen ba nghe cho dan chiing que hucmg. Cdng nghe md ba ong hgc dugc, phan cho ba viing nhu sau:
- Hiia VTnh Kieu truyen cho Bat Trang nudc men ran trdng.
- Ddo Tri Tien truyin cho Thd Hd (huyen Vipt Yen. tinh Bdc Giang) nudc men sde vdng dd.
- Luu Phuang Tu truyin cho PhiJ Lang (huypn Que Vd. tinh Bdc Ninh) nudc men mau dd vd mau vdng tham.
" ' NCS. Ban Tuyen giao TW.
Gl6l THIEU MOT VAI TAC PHAM N 6 M TIEU BIEU TREN D 6 G 6 M Sti ...
Sau mgt thdi gian vira ldm vira hodn thien cdng nghp san xuat gdm, cudi cimg ba dng da lay nhiing sdn phdm do minh che tgo dugc dang cho vua. Nhd vua thdy san pham dpp ben khen thudng cho bon chii ,^- ^ "^ -fr "Trung ai qudn the"
(Cd ldng trung vdi vua vd yeu thuang dan ldng truyen ddi) vd phong la ^ |5-
^ ^ "Khdi nghe tien triet" (Ngudi hien tri trudc da khdi nghe). Cau chuypn tren ciing dugc luu truyen d Thd Ha vd Phii Lang vdi di ban cd it nhieu sai bipt ve tinh tiet. Neu dung nhu cdu chuypn tren thi nghe gdm Bdt Trdng da cd tir thdi nhd Ly, ngang vdi thdi Bdc Tdng (trudc nam 1127) ben Trung Qudc. Tuy nhien.
den nay chung tdi chua tim thay tu lieu lich sir ndo xac nhgn tieu su cua ba nhan vat td nghe ke tren, hay nhu khdng dinh su hinh thanh cua ldng Bat Trang cd tir thdi Ly. Trong tuang lai, thdng qua khai quat khdo cd hgc cd the cbo chung ta thay rd ban be day lich su vd nhung di tfch cua ldng gom Bat Trang. Nhung cd mdt dieu chac chdn la ldng gom Bat Trdng xuat hien khdng the sau the ky XIV. Ong Tdng Ba Hoanh, trong Gom Chu Bdu cd trich gia phd nhd hg Vuong, trong dd cd cau: "ifj M lit,-^ i^ ^%, W
# :f±, *-X 1^ ^ ^ t , m - ^ # ^ Jr
$} It, Nam Sach phu, Thanh Ldm huyen, D$ng Xd xd, dT ddo bat vi nghipp, hau nhdt chi di cu Gia Lam huyen. Bat Trang xd. Vuong Qudc Doanh hung cong dl ddo bat vi nghiep" (Hg Vuong d xa Dao Xa huyen Thanh Lam, phii Nam Sdch Idm nghi dd gdm; sau mdt chi di CM vl xd Bdt Trang, huyen Gia Lam, va cy Vuang Qudc Doanh Iam hung thinh nghe do gdm d day).
Trong qud Irinh phat triln nghi gdm. Bat Trdng cd quan hp giao thuang vdi nhieu qudc gia nhung giao luu vdi gdm sir Trung Qudc va tilp nhan mgt sd anh hudng cua gdm sii Trung Qudc Id chu yeu.
Anh hudng ddu tien cd thi kl den Id cac dien tich. dien cd, sau dd la den vdn t\r de vinh tren nhii'ng san pham. Ngay lir rdt sdm, van lu I lan Ndm da xudt hipn tren dd gdm Bdt Trdng, nhihig van tu nay thudng dugc the hien bdng each khde chim (minh vdn), mdt sd it dugc ddp ndi hay viet mdu lam dudi nen men ran trang, rgn ngd, lam, da luan... Tuy nhien, chung ta cd the xep nhii'ng van t\r nay vao ba logi sau:
- Logi thir nhat ghi hieu de sdn pham (thudng ghi dudi day sdn pham).
- Logi thir hai de vinh, hay hga canh tren san pham (thudng ghi mdt sau sdn pham).
- Logi thir ba ghi ten ngudi cdng diic (thudng ghi d mat trudc sdn phdm).
Tuy nhien, trong qud trinh chju anh hudng cua nen van hda Han, cha dng ta da biit tiep bien vdn tu Han de tgo ra chir Ndm, mot the van tu nhu bieu tugng rieng cua nen van hda Viet. Vi the, trong cac tdc phdm de vinh tren do gdm sir cd Bat Trdng, ben cgnh nhimg tdc phdm Han, chiing ta cdn thay xuat hien khd nhilu tac phdm Ndm. Sd lugng tdc phdm d l vinh vilt bdng chii Hdn va chii: Ndm rdt phong phu vd ham chiia nhieu thdng tin bd ich, thii vi. Trong bai vilt ndy, chiing tdi khdng cd dieu kien gidi thi6u todn bg he thdng van tu Han Ndm de vinh tren c6 vat gdm sii Bat Trdng tir the ky
69
T^P CHi HAN N 6 M so 5 (114) - 2012 NGUYBN VAN CHliN
XIV - XIX, ma chung tdi chi xin lap trung vdo giai thipu mgi phan nhd Irong he thong dc vinh, hga canh tren san pham.
dd la he thong de vjnh bang chU Ndm.
Vdn tu Ndm tren gom sir cd Bat Trang chdc hdn phdi cd so iugng phong phil. nhung trong qud trinh .suu tam. khao sdl. chiing tdi mdi cd dieu kipn licp cgn
\di sdu Idc pham chCr Ndm. So lugng tac phdm it di iiiiy co the chua bao qudl het dugc nhOmg ddc trung cuu cac uic pham Ndm tren gdm sir cd Bai Iiang Tuy nhien bdng nhihig thdng tin. tu lipu hipn cd, budc dau chiing toi dua ra mgt so nhihig ddc trung ciia cdc lac pham Ndm tren gdm sir cd Bat Trang nhu sau:
- Cac tac pham chii Ndm tren gdm sir cd Bdt Trdng thudng la nhOng cau tho luc bat lay chat lipu tir ca dao. tuc ngti... hodc nhiing cau tho trong cac tac pham kinh dien va cd tinh truyen khau manh m6 nhu Truyen Kieu...
- Cdc cau tha Ndm de vjnh na\ chii yeu dugc khde chim (minh vdn) iren cdt gdm trudc khi phii men va diing Idi chQ- hdnh, thao.
- Moi cdu tho deu nhdm myc dich vinh canh ho|ic ldm sdng td them birc hga dugc ddp ndi phan than trudc ciia sdn phdm.
- Nhiing tac phdm Ndm nay thudng dugc cac nghe nhan tap trung vdo mgt ddng san phdm chinh Id nhiing Ig hoa men ran, nga.
De cd dan chimg cu the hon. dudi day chiing toi xin gidi thieu mgt vdi tac phdm tieu bieu.
Tac pham 1: la cau tho theo Idi chii thdo, the tho lyc bdt khde chim d mdt sau
chile Ig lgc binh men ran trdng; mdt trudc ddp ndi hinh mgt cgi mai gid va con hgc dimg d tren tang da phia dudi gde cay.
Dan gian van thudng gpi nhQng Ig ddp tich ndy Id Ig mai - hgc. Cdu tho nay vilt thdnh hai ddng. Ngi dung nhu sau:
Nghen ngao via thu yen hd Mai Id han cii. hgc la ngu&i quen
•fsf)
-^
:n
Jl- -ym.'
\ • ; • • ' • :
• " / ^
"^yi
• % $
: - ^
•- -^H'ffr-
. •-, , • ? ' ! ' • .
Nhd Sim tam. nghien cuu Vuang Hdng Sen trong cac bdi viet \ e dd mai hgc deu cho rdng cdu tha de vjnh
"Ngheu ngao vui thu yen ha..." la do thi hdo Nguyen Du di sir Trung Qudc de vinh tren cdc san pham sii vd mang ve nudc vdo ndm Quy Ddu (1813). Ong Vuong dd d^a vao giai thoai trong mgt bdi vilt cua tac gia Biii T h i My in trong tap san cua Hdi khuyen hgc Nam Ky vdo ndm 1943: Tuang truyen liic Nguyen Du di sir sang Trung Qudc, ong d i n thdm
70
G l 6 l THEEU M Q T V A I T A C PHAM NOM TIEU BIEU TREN DO C O M SU ...
mdt Id che tac dd su, gap dip ngudi thg dang lam mgt bg dd trd, ve kilu mai hgc.
Chu Id cd nha y mdi quan Chanh sii An Nam pham de mgt ddi cau tho len mdn dd. Nguyen Du da dimg chQ: Ndm ciia nudc nhd ma dl rdng: "Ngheu ngao vui thii yen ha. Mai Id bgn cu hgc Id ngudi quen". Biii tien sinh them loi binh phdm:
"Bd dd tra dy rdt dang bdo tang. Nghe ddu nhu d phia Bac Trung ky cd ngudi da kiem dugc. Vdi bd dd trd quy bdu dy, chiing ta da cd the ndi mgt cdch tu hao rdng: cdi ngay cy Nguyin Du da di sii sang Tau dd. khdng nhiing cy dd vang sii mgng cua trieu dinh, ma ddng thdi cung la vi sii gia ddu tien cho van chuang An Nam d ngogi qudc niia!".
Tuy nhien, trong mdt bdi vilt in trong tap san Dd thdnh hieu co nam 1929 cua mdt tac gid ngudi Phdp ddn Idi dng Hd Ddc Khdi, mdt quan chiic cao cdp ciia trieu Nguyen cho biit tdc gid hai cdu tho Ndm tren la cua Dinh Viin qudn vuong Nguyin Phiic Binh, con trai ciia vua Gia Long. Ngodi ra, cdc nhd nghien ciiu d Hue cdn cho rdng vj Phd sir Dinh Phien trong sii bd sang Thanh ndm 1819 mdi la tac gia cua hai cdu tha Ndm tren.
Den nay, tac gia ciia cau tha lyc bat nay cdn nhieu tranh luan vd chua thdng nhat. Nhung gidi nghien ciiu van cho rang, vdi am hudng va khi phach nhu tren thi dai thi hdo Nguyen Du rat cd the la tac gia.
Tac pham 2: Id cau tho theo loi chu thdo, the tho lyc bat khac chim d mat sau chiec Ig cd cao men ran trdng, ngudi mien Nam van quen ggi nhiing chiec binh dgng nay la binh ba hue tdn, ngudi
mien Bac quen ggi la Ig dang ty ba; mdt trudc Ig ddp ndi mgt vdi nhanh sen dang nd hoa trong hd nudc. Cdu tho dugc vilt thanh hai ddng, ngi dung nhu sau:
B. i^ ^£ ^ 5? 4f
m it ll^Ukfl^ "^ it
Nhj vang hoa trdng la xanh Gan biin ma chdng hdi tanh miii bimDgc cau tha Iuc bat tren Ig gdm Bat Trang nay, da sd ngudi Viet Nam deu nhdn thdy dm hudng quen thudc, bdi cdu tho dugc trich tir bdi ca dao ca nggi ve dpp ciia hoa sen.
Trong dam gi dpp bang sen La xanh bdng trang Igi chen nhi vang
Nhj vdng bdng trdng la xanh Gan bun md chang hdi tanh miii bim
Tuy nhien, khi so sanh vdi todn bai ca dao tren, chung ta thay cd mot chO trong cau tho khac tren chiec lo men rgn Bat Trdng ndy khac vdi nguyen bdn trong bai ca dao. Tren Ig Bat Trang dimg
TAP CHi HAN N 6 M SO -*; (l I4) - 2012 NGUYiN VAN CHI^N
chii hoa (-ib). irong khi dd. bdi ca dao diing chii bdng (:Jt).
Tac pham ^\ la cau iha theo l6i chii thdo. ihc tho luc bdt khde chim d m^t sau chiec Ig lgc binh men rgn trdng; mdt trudc lo ddp noi mgi cay tung vd ddi chim hac. Cau tho dugc vicl thanh hai ddng. Ngi dung nhu sau:
i «^ Ih ll 4S 4i;
# ^H ^ # ^ 4t f± *.
Nggc con lan bdng cay tiing Thuyen quyen quyet dgi anh hiing \ fnig lai
Cdu tho dugc lay chat lieu tir ca dao, ndi mgt each cy the hon dfi) Id di ban cua mdt cdu ca dao, nhung so vdi nguyen ban thi cau ca dao tren Ig gdm Bat Trang cd mdt vdi chii khac bipt. Trong ca dao cd ta thudng gdp hai cau ca thi hipn sy ngdng chd, mong dgi nhu sau:
Nggc cdn an bdng cay tiing Thuyen quyen chi dgi anh hiing md thdi
Hay nhu cau:
Nggc cdn an bdng cay tiing Ndu nuong chd dgi anh hiing vdng lai
CJ cdu thir nhat, chiing ta thay tren Ig gom dting tir ^ (lan), trong cau ca dao diing tir |!| (an). Tuy chii cd khde nhung y nghTa hodn lodn khdng thay ddi.
Sang cau ihir hai so vdi ca dao thi dj bdn giGa hai cym tir "ndu nuong" vd
"thuyen quyen". "vdng lai" vd "ma thdi"
cd nhieu khde bipl. tuy vgy chiing tdi khdng scl, Chimg tdi di so sanh mgt tir dugc sir dyng khac nhau vd khi sir dyng sS Iam thay ddi y nghTa phan nao ciia cdu.
Dd !a tir ^ # "chd dgi". j L # "chi dgi"
vdi ^ # "quyet dgi". Cung mgt trang thai dgi, chiing ta cd the cam nhan dugc phdn ndo su quyet tdm ciia nhan vat trii tinh.
Tac pham 4: la cau tha theo Idi chQ"
thdo. the tho lyc bat khde chim d mat sau chiec Ig lgc binh men vdng nga. mdt trudc Ig ddp ndi mgt dng gia ngdi dudi goc ca) timg. Cau tho dugc viet thanh hai ddng. Ndi dung nhu sau:
v< s fs iS *. f i ^ Tra LTnh van dai la canh thu Tien ong cang ngii lai cang say
72
GIOI THI$U M O T V A I TAC PHAM NOM TIEU BIEU TREN DO COM SU .
Trd LTnh dugc nhdc d tren ddy cd the la mdt dia danh ciia tinh Cao Bdng
Tac pham 5: la cau tha theo Idi chii thao, the tho Iuc bat khde chim d mat sau chiec Ig Igc binh men rgn udng, mdt trudc Ip dap ndi mdt dng gid ngdi dudi gde cdy tiing. Cau tha dugc viet thanh hai ddng. Ngi dung nhu sau:
^0* .?^ 5k fi'f' t^kit Hoa LTnh van dai Id cdnh thu Tien dng cang ngu Iai cang me
Theo chiing tdi. da\' la mdt cdu tha nhimg cd hai di ban; so vdi cdu thii nhat d tac phdm thii 4, chiing ta de nhan thay di bdn d tdc pham 5 cd mgt vai khde biet. Tdc phdm 4 hai chii ddu tien la " ^
^ " - Tra LTnh, tdc pham 5 la "^^" - Hoa LTnh. Trong tac pham 4, chii cudi la
"M " - say, tac pham 5 Id chii " i ^ " - me.
v l dac tnmg van tu, chung ta thdy chii ngii trong tac pham 4 dugc the hien bdng chu Ndm Id U, trong tac phdm 5 la "01""
- ngii. Rdt cd t h i cdn nhieu di ban, nhieu
tac pham Ndm khac nfta md chung ta chua cd dieu kien tiep can.
Tae pham 6: Id cau tha theo Idi chir thao, the Iha iuc bat khde chim d mat sau chiec Ip dang qua bi. ngudi mien Bdc van quen gpi la kieu thdng binh.
Cdu tho nay dugc trich tir Truyen Kiiu ciia dgi thi hao Nguyen Du. Mdt trudc binh ddp ndi mgt ddi ca chep dang tranh nhau ddp anh trdng chieu xudng nudc, cau tho dugc viet thdnh ba ddng. Ndi dung nhu sau:
A ^" -f*^ i^ i^ ^ t.^-% il^^% ^ Mdt hai nghieng nudc, nghieng thanh
Sac ddnh Id mpt, tdi danh Id hai
Dgc din day ban chiing ta nhgn ra cau tho dugc lay tir dogn trich td ve ve dep ciia chi em Thiiy Kieu. Cau tho nay Nguyin Du da dimg ddc ta, nggi ca ve dep ciia nang Kieu, ciing vdi dd nhan manh tai ndng cua nang.
Mdt hai nghieng nudc, nghieng thdnh Sde danh ddi mdt, tai ddnh hga hai
TAPCHi HAN NOM SO 5(114)-2012 NGUYiN VAN CHliN
Thdng minh von sdn tinh trdi Pha nghe thi hga dii miii ca ngam Tren day Id nhiing tac pham Ndm tieu bicu dugc the hipn tren d6 gom sir Bdt Trdng tir ihe ky XV - XIX. vd cQng Id nh&ng l:ic pham mang nii ddc trung rieng cua ngudi Vipt de chiing ta nghien ciiu chii Ndm. mgt hp ngii md cha dng dd the hipn tren ddng sdn pham dugc biet den nhu ddng gom sii rieng bipt cua ngudi Vipt. Cd the nhiing tdc pham ma chiing tdi vira gidi Ihipu chua hdn dd day dii va bao qudt het nhiing lac pham chO Ndm md cha dng ta ghi tren do gom sir Bat Trdng tir the ky XV - XIX. Nhung qua bdi ndy, chiing tdi xin dugc phep dimg lai d nhiing tac pham md chiing tdi suu tam dugc vd cung xin dugc gidi thipu nhiing tac pham tieu bieu ndy den ban dgc. Rat mong nhgn dugc sy chi giao tir cac bac thuc gid cung nhu nhiing ban dgc cd sd thich tim hieu ve de tdi ma chiing tdi vira de cap; tir dd ciing nhau hgc hdi vd trao ddi de cd them nhieu phat hien niia ve nhiing tac pham Ndm tren do gom sir cd Bat Trang.
N.V.C
Chu thich:
(1) Theo Dgi Viit .sir ki- lodn thu. Nxb, KHXH, H 201l.tr.I34.
(2) Dgi Viit .sir ky todn thu, Nxb. KHXH, H. 2011, t r l 6 1 : "Thdng 12. vua thdn di ddnh Chiem Thanh, ddn 12 vgn qudn xuat phdt tir kinh su. Din ben sdng xd Bdt, cd ngudi lam ll ddm ma..."
Tdi lipu tham khao - Dgi Vi('t .sir ky lodn thu, Nxb. KHXH, H.201!.
- Phan Huy Clui: Lich triiu hiin chutmg logi chl, >i\b. Sir hqc, 1960.
- Quoc Sir qudn triiu Nguyin: i)<i/A'om nhal (hdng chi, Nxb. Thugn Hda, 1993.
- Nguyen Dinh Chiln: Cdm nang do gom Viit Nam cd minh vdn thi ky XV - XIX.
Bao tAng Ijch sir Vipt Nam, 1999.
Tdng Bi Hodnh: Gom Chu Dgu. Bao tAng I Iai Duong. 1996.
- Phan Huy Le. Nguyen Dinh Chien, Dd gdm Bd( Trdng tir TK XIV - XIX. Nxb.
TheguVi. II. 1995.
- Nguyen Vdn Chien: 77m hiiu ll tdc phdm Nom trin do sir ki kiiu. TC Xira &
nay. so 337. 338 thang 8 - 2009.
- Huinh-Tjnh Paulus Ciia: Dgi Nam qudc dm tu vi (Imprimerie Rey, Curio! &
Cie, 1896),
- Vu Vdn Kinh, Dgi tu dien chir Nom.
Nxb. Vfin nghp, Tp. HCM, 2002.
Nguyen Du. Truyin Kieu (khdo - chu - binh), Trdn Nho Thin va Nguyen Tuan Cirdng (khdo dj. chu thich. binh lugn), Nxb.
Giaodgc. H. 2007.
- Chu Quang Tni: 77m hieu cdc nghe thil cdng dieu khac co truyin, Nxb. My thugt, H. 2000.
- Nguyen Dinh Chiln. Phgm Quoc Quan: 2000 ndm gdm Viii Nam, Nxb. Bdo tang Ljch su Vipt Nam, H. 2005.
- Luu Tran Tieu, Dang Vdn Bai, Nguyen Dinh Chien: Cd vgt Viit Nam, Nxb.
VH-TT. H.2002.
Vfl Tir Trang. Nghi cd nu&c Viit, Nxb. Vdn hda dan lgc. H. 2001.
Trdn Khdnh Chuang, Gom Viii Nam tir ddt nung din sir, Nxb. M^ thugt, 2001./.
74