64 Nghien curu Ton giao. Sd7 - 2008
TON GIAO 0 Nirorc NGOAI
G i d l THIEU VE T 6 ^ G I A O O AUSTRALIA QUA HAI CUOC DIEU TRA GAI^ DAY
HOANG VAN CHLTsG' 1. G i d i t h i e u v e t o n g i a o d
A u s t r a l i a
1.1. Bflfc t r a n h c h u n g ' "
D a n so ciia A u s t r a l i a hien n a y la 19.855.288 ngiidi n a m t r e n dien tich da't 7.617.930 km". Day la da't niidc co ddi song ton giao het sue da dang. Trong khi Kjto giao. vdn la ton giao chinh cua \aing da't nay. c6 xu hifdng suy giam, thi cac ton giao ngoai Kito giao lai c6 xu the t a n g len.
Theo H i e n p h a p A u s t r a l i a , quo'c gia n a y k h o n g c6 quo'c giao, D i e u 116 t r o n g L u a t n a m 1900 ve v i e e * t h a n h lap Khdi T h i n h v u d n g c h u n g A u s t r a l i a (The C o m m o n w e a l t h of A u s t r a l i a ) k h i n g d i n h :
•'Khdi T h i n h viidng c h u n g A u s t r a l i a k h o n g d a t r a l u a t p h a p diia t r e n b a t cii ton giao n a o , cCing k h o n g ap d a t b a t cii nghi le ton giao nao, k h o n g c a m viec tii do t h u c h a n h t o n giao, k h o n g yeu cau k i e m t r a ton giao n h i i la mot t i e u chi bSt buoc eho b a t cut cd q u a n h a y td chile cong cong n a o t r o n g Kho'i T h i n h viidng chung",
T u y t h e , d qudc gia t h e o t h e che t h e tuc nay, t h e o k e t q u a cuoc dieu t r a d a n so' va n h a d n a m 2006, gdn 2/3 d a n s d (64%) n h a n m i n h t h e o it nha't mgt ton giao t h u d c K i t o g i a o , 1/3 ( 3 0 % ) k h o n g n h a n
m i n h t h e o b a t cil t o n giao n a o , 6%o d a n so' con lai la m o t n h o m d a d a n g b a o gdm cac cong d d n g I s l a m giao v a P h a t giao d a n g t a n g n h a n h ,
Xgiidc d o n g lich sii, vao thdi diem ngiidi C h a u Au d e n d i n h cii, t h e d a n A u s t r a l i a d a co cac t o n giao ciia n e n g ho.
Do la V a t l i n h giao ( a n i m i s m ) , mot loai h i n h tin n g i i d n g ve h d n l i n h b e n t r o n g cac luc liidng tii n h i e n v a a n h h i i d n g cua linh hdn to t i e n , B e n c a n h de, d a n g thiic tin ngiidng t r u y e n tho'ng d a n g chii y nha't d
\ i i n g d a t n a y la D r e a m t i m e (Thdi Mong).
D a n g thiic n a y co n h i e u n h o m p h a i vdi dac t r i i n g v a n h o a , ca'u triic t i n ngu'dng va n g d n ngii r i e n g , X h i i n g n h o m v a n hoa n a y it n h i e u p h a t r o n , giao t h o a vdi n h a u va p h a t t r i e n t h e o t h d i g i a n . X h i i n g t h a n h n h Thdi M d n g ndi t i e n g nha't la R a i n b o w S e r p e n t . Yowie va Bum-ip'-'.
*. ThS. Vien Nghien ciru Ton giao.
1. Tu lieu ciia phin viei nay duac chung toi chii yeu Ivhai thac tir Tu dien bdch khoa todn tu true tuven wikipedia \d\ tir khoa Religion in .Australia, truv cap tai:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiigion_in_.Australia.
2. Xem them vg cac truyen thong ton giao. tin nguang ciia th6 dan .Australia trong: Vu Tu\et Loan.
Tdn gido trong chinh sdch da vdn hod d .Australia Tap chf Nghien curu Ton giao. so 3/2004. tr.51 -55.
Nhiing n a m 1800, ngiidi C h a u Au den dinh cif m a n g t h e o eac ton giao c6 ngudn go'c Kito giao t r u y e n tho'ng cua ho tdi Australia. Do la Cong giao (Catholic), Anh giao (Anglican), T m L a n h Giam Li (Methodist), Tin L a n h Triidng Lao (Presbyterian) va Tin L a n h B a p t i s t ,
Ngoai trii mot so' ngifdi Diic theo Luther giao, vao n a m 1901, 40% d a n so' Australia theo A n h giao, 2 3 % theo Cong giao, 34% theo cac ton giao k h a c thuoc Kito giao va 1% la cac ton giad k h o n g phai Kito giao, Vao n a m 1954, t r o n g k h i dan so' quo'c gia n a y t a n g gap doi, nhiing ket ca'u giiia cac ton giao n e u t r e n t h a y doi khong d a n g ke.
Trong cac t h a p ki s a u do, lan song ngiidi n h a p cii lien t u c da gop p h a n lam thay doi vi t h e ciia cac ton giao d Australia, Tac dong ciia viec n h a p cii tii Chau Au s a u C h i e n t r a n h T h e gidi lan thii hai d a n tdi sii gia t a n g vi the ciia cac he phai thuoc C h i n h Tho'ng giao, sii t h a n h lap cac to chiic T a n giao (Reformed), sii p h a t t r i e n ve so liiOng tin do Cong giao (chii yeu la theo ddng ngiidi Italia n h a p cif). C a n day, ddng ngifdi nhap cu tii Dong N a m A va T r u n g Dong da khien so tin do theo P h a t giao va Islam giao gia t a n g d a n g ke, ddng thdi gia t a n g sii da d a n g sac toe t r o n g cac he phai Kito giao,
1.2. Mot s o t o n g i a o Idn v a c a c h i e n tUgfng t o n g i a o mdfi
Kito gido. Day la ton giao e6 so dong tin do nha't, va ciing d a d a n g nha't ve cae he phai, gdm: Giao hoi Cong giao La Ma, Giao hoi L u t h e r giao, Giao hoi A n h giao, Hpi t h a n h T h d n g Nha't (Uniting), Hoi thanh Ngii T u a n (Pentecostal) va cac phong t r a o T h a n h l i n h (eac loai h i n h lay Kinh T h a n h lam c a n b a n giao li)'".
Hindu gido. H i n d u giao la mot ton giao t h i e u so' d A u s t r a l i a , lidc tinh c6 k h o a n g 70.000 tin dd. Vao the ki XIX.
n h i i n g tin dd H i n d u giao d a u tien den A u s t r a l i a l a m viec t r e n cac ddn dien t r o n g bong va mia diidng. Nhieu tin dd H i n d u giao l a m thiidng n h a n . lai lac da h a y b a n h a n g r o n g d cac viing xa xoi heo l a n h . Ngay nay, n h i n chung, ho co t r i n h do hoe v a n cao t r o n g cac l m h viic nhif y hoc, ki t h u a t , thiidng mai va cong nghe t h o n g tin. Cac cong dong H i n d u giao song k h a hoa t h u a n vdi d a n cif dia phifdng.
Gdn day, xua't h i e n dong ngiidi theo H i n d u giao la sinh vien h a y lao dong phd t h o n g n h a p cii vao A u s t r a l i a ' " .
Islam gido. TCf cuoi t h e ki XX va dau t h e ki XXI, A u s t r a l i a k h u y e n khich viec n h a p cii hdp p h a p tii moi quoc gia. Viec A u s t r a l i a t h a m gia vao cac no liic ciia Lien Hdp quo'c giiip ngiidi ti n a n (chii yeu tii cac qud^c gia m a I s l a m giae la pho bien) s a u "cuoc chien chong k h i i n g bo^'. ciing nhii viee mot so' tin dd Kito giao hay ngifdi A u s t r a l i a doi theo Islam giao la n h i i n g n g u y e n n h a n k h i e n cho so tin do I s l a m giao d quo'c gia nay t a n g len.
Tuy n h i e n , q u a n he ciia Islam giao vdi cac ceng ddng con lai d A u s t r a l i a gap n h i e u k h o k h a n , chii yeu la do nhiing t h i e n k i e n ciia xa hoi vdi van de Islam giao va tin do I s l a m giao, ciing nhif cac sii k i e n tieu bieu n h i i vu d a n h boin d Bali, h a y Dai sii q u a n A u s t r a l i a d J a k a r t a (Indonesia) bi cac tin dd Islam giao ciic d o a n t a n cong'".
3. Tham khao them thong tm lai:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Australia.
4. Tham khao them tai:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Australia.
5. Tham khao them tai:
http;//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Australia#lslam
66 Nghien curu Ton giao. Sd 7 - 2008
Phdt gido. Theo tong dieu tra dan se va nha d nam 2001. Phat giao la nhom tdn giao ngoai Kito giad Idn nha't d Australia, vdi sd' tin dd khoang 357.813.
chiem 1.9% dan sd. Day ciing la nhdm c6 ti le phat trien n h a n h nha't. tang 79% so vdi cuoc dieu tra nam 1996. Mac dii co chiing cii cu the ve sii co mat tii nam 1848. mot sd nha nhan hoc ton giao tin rang. Phat giao tham chi eon den Australia triidc do vai tram nam. Vao giua va cuoi the ki XIX. cac tong phai Phat giao tu Trung Quoc. Xhat Ban va Sn Lanka den Australia. Phat giao dan phat t n e n tii sau dd. chu yeu do ddng ngiidi nhap cu tii Chau A"".
Mot so ton giao thieu so' con lai dang ke la dao Do Thai, dao B a h a i i va dao Sik.
Xgoai ra. d Australia cd rat nhieu hinh thiic tdn giao. tin ngu'dng. thiic hanh tam lmh ma cuoc dieu tra nam 2006 xep vao muc Cdc tdn gido khdc vdi tdng so' tin dd la 242.847. Dd la Pagan. Wiccan. Druie.
Dao giao, cac ton giao tu nhien (natural religions), cac phong trao tam linh hoac ren luyen sdc khoe.v.v... Tieu bieu nha't trong so' cac hien tudng tdn giao mdi la sii xua't hien gan day nhiing ngiidi nhan minh tm theo Jedi'''. mot dang hiep si vii tru du'dc ndi den nhu mgt tdn giao sieu Viet trong loat phim Star Wars ndi tieng cua dao dien George Lucas, Xam 2001.
ket qua cua cuoc tong dieu tra dan so' va nha d cho tha'y cd tdi hdn 70,000 ngiidi nhan la tin dd ciia dang thiic ton giao nay. Tuy nhien. cho den cuoc tdng dieu tra nam 2006. cdn rat nhieu tranh cai ve tinh tdn giao va td chiic ciia nd.
2. Biic t r a n h t o n g i a o d A u s t r a l i a qua h a i c u o c d i e u t r a d a n so v a nha d nam 2001 va n a m 2006'*'
Xam 1983. Toa an Tdi cao Australia dinh nghia: Tdn giao la "mot phiic hdp cac tin ngu'dng va thiic h a n h nham hiidng tdi mot nhdm cac gia tri va sii hieu biet ve y nghia eua tdn tai". Day la quan diem chinh thiic cua x4ustralia ve tdn giao. do vay nd du'dc van dung trdng cac euoe dieu tra cd lien quan den ton giao d qudc gia nay.
Trdng cuoc tdng dieu tra dan sd'va nha d nam 2001. ti le cae tdn giao Australia nhu sau: 27%o Cdng giao. 2 1 % Anh giao.
21°n cac he phai khac thuoc Kitd giao. va 5% la cac tdn giao khdng theo Kitd giao.
Hdn mot phdn tu ngu'di Australia cho rang, ho khdng cd tdn giao hoac khdng tra ldi cau hdi. Sd lieu ket qua tdng dieu tra nam 2006 d Australia eho tha'y: 18.7%
ngiidi dan ndi minh khdng theo tdn giao nao, tang 3% so vdi euoe dieu tra nam 2001,
Tii nam 1996 den nam 2001, d Australia, Cdng giao da tang 4% va Hoi thanh Baptist tang 5%, Tuy nhien, trong khi dan sd Australia tang 6% d giai ddan nay, thi ti le thiie sii ciia so'ngiidi theo cac tdn giao tren h a u nhii khdng thay ddi.
Kitd giao cd sii suy giam dang ke: Cac Hoi t h a n h Kitd (Churches of Christ) giam 18%, Hoi t h a n h Thd'ng Xhat giam 7%. cac Hoi t h a n h Trudng Lao va Tan giao giam
6. Tham khao them tai:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia.
7. Tham khao them tai:
http://en.wikipedia.orgAviki/Jedi_census_phenomenon.
8. Tai lieu sir dung la}' tir cac kei qua dieu tra cua Ca quan Thdng ke .Australia, sau do xuat ban trong Nien giam .Australia cac nam 2003. 2007. Co the tham khao tren Internet, tar website chinh thirc cua ca quan nay:
http:/A^•^\•^v.abs.go\•.au/.Ausstats/abs(a: .nsf/46d 1 bc47ac9d0 c7bca256c470025ff87/bfdda 1 ca506d6cfaca2570de00144
96elOpenE)ocument ; http:/Avww.abs.go\'.au/AUSST.ATS/abs@ .nsf/7d 12b0f676
3c78caca257061001 cc588/6ef598989db79931 ca2573060 00d52b41 OpenDocument
6%. Trong k h i dd. Hdi t h a n h Ngii T u d n lai t a n g 11%). Ciing vdi so' liidng ngiidi n h a p cii tii D d n g N a m C h a u Au, t h i Chinh Thd'ng giao ciing t a n g tdi 7% t r o n g giai doan nay.
Ke tii cuoc dieu t r a n a m 1996. cac tdn giao ngoai Kitd giao ludn cd sii gia t a n g dang ke, mac ddu cac tdn giao nay van chiem ti le k h a nhd trong dan so'nam 2001 (5'/o): P h a t giao t a n g 79%, Hindu giao tang 42%, Islam giao t a n g 40%) va Do Thai giao tang 5%. Nguyen n h a n chii yeu cua sii thay ddi nay la do cac ddng ngiidi n h a p cii mang theo tdn giao ciia minh. Tii n a m 1996 den n a m 2001, cd t h e m khoang 500.000 ngiidi n h a p cii vao Australia, trong so'nay, 9% la tin dd Islam giao. 9% la tin dd Phat giao, 5% la tin dd H i n d u giao va 1% la tin do Do Thai giao. -
Theo cuoc tong dieu t r a n a m 2 0 0 1 , 82% ngifdi A u s t r a l i a tudi td 65 trd len n h a n minh la tin dd Kitd giao. Ti le nay thap hdn trong nhdm d a n sd tre. vdi 60%
d do tudi 18-24 n h a n m i n h theo Kitd giao.
Co mot sii thiic la t r o n g khi 15% tin dd Kitd giao cd do tudi t d 65 trd len, chi cd 8% tin dd d do tudi tii 18-24. Ngifdc lai, cac tdn giao k h a c cd sd' tin dd t r e tudi nhieu hdn. Cac tdng p h a i c h i n h ciia P h a t giao chii yeu gdm nhiing tin dd d do tudi 35-44. Xu the n a y cung tiidng tii ddi vdi tin do H i n d u giao va I s l a m giao. Trong
cudc tdng dieu t r a n a m 2 0 0 1 . 20% ngifdi d a n A u s t r a l i a d do tudi 18-24 n h a n minh k h d n g theo tdn giao nao.
Cuoc tong dieu t r a d a n so' va n h a d n a m 2006 cho tha'y cd 64% ngifdi dan A u s t r a l i a n h a n m i n h la tin dd Kitd giao.
t r o n g dd 26% thudc Cdng giao La Ma va 19% t h u d c A n h giao. Chi cd 5"o d a n sd theo cac ton giao ngoai Kitd giao. 19%
k h d n g theo tdn giao nao va 12% t d chdi t r a ldi cau hdi. C u n g nhii nhieu qudc gia Phifdng Tay k h a c . mdc do t h a m gia nghi le d n h a thd da suy giam d a n g ke: chi cd 7,5% d a n so' h a n g t u a n tdi n h a thd t h a m gia nghi le.
Theo k e t qua cua cuoc tdng dieu t r a nay. n h i i n g tdn giao cd ti le t a n g n h a n h nha't t r o n g giai doan 2001-2006 la: H i n d u giao t a n g 55,2%) (tUdng difdng 52.657 ngiidi), Islam giao t a n g 20,9% (58.816 ngiidi). P h a t giao t a n g 17% (60.936 ngudi) va Do T h a i giao t a n g 6% (4.839 ngiidi).
T r o n g k h i h a u h e t cac tdn giao khac t a n g deu dan, chi cd Kitd giao lai giam 0.6%
(78,513 ngiidi), Ta't n h i e n . can liiu y la t r o n g giai doan t d n a m 2001 n a m 2006.
t o a n bo d a n sd A u s t r a l i a t a n g 5,8'K) tiidng difdng vdl 1,086.039 ngifdi.
T h a m k h a o b a n g sd'lieu diidi day de cd t h e m t h d n g t m so s a n h ve sii t h a y ddi vi the cac tdn giao chinh d A u s t r a l i a trong giai doan tii n a m 2001 den n a m 2006.
: . : t i - , . [ ; . • ' ;
68 Nghien ciiu Ton giao. Sd 7 - 2008
V| the ton giao hang dau d Australia giai doan 2001-2006 (91
- Cdng giao La Ma -Anh giao
- Hpi thanh Thdng Nhat - Trirdng Lao va Tan giao - Chfnh Thong giao - Baptist
- Luther giao - Ngu tuan
- He phai Tin Lanh khac - Chinh Thdng giao
Phiiong Dong
long sdtin dd Kito giao - Phat giao
- islam giao - Hindu giao - Do Thai giao
• Cac ton giao khac
• Khong ton giao
- Khong tra Idi/bat kha tri long dan sd
2006 Sd ii/cJng
5,126,884 3,718,241 1,135,417 596,672 544,161 316,744 251,107 219,687 736,012 40,904 12,685,829 418,749 340.394 148,130 88,832 242,847 3,706,550 2,223,957 19,855,288
% 25.8 18.7 5.7 3.0 2.7 1.6 1.3 1.1 3.7
0.2 63,9
2.1 1.7 0.7 0.4 1.2 18.7 11.2 100.0
2001 Sd iLfdng
5,001,624 3,881,162 1,248,674 637,530 529,444 309,205 250,365 194,592 675,422 36,324 12,764,342 357,813 281,578 95.473 83,993 92,369 2,905,993 2,187,688 18,769,249
% 26,6 20.7 6.7 3.4 2.8 1.6 1.3 1.0 3.6 0,2 68,0
1.9 1,5 0.5 0.4 0.5 15.5 11.7 100.0
% thay ddi (ti/dng ddi)
-0.8 -2.0 -1.0 -0.4 -0.1 0 0 +0.1 +0.1 0
-4,1 +0.2 +0.2 +0.2 0 +0,7 +3.2 -0.5 0
% thay ddi (tuyet ddi)
+2.5 -4.2 -9.1 -6.4 +2.8 +2.4 +0.3 +12.9
+9.0 +12.6
-0.6 +17.0 +20.9 +55.2 +5.8 +162.9
+27.5 +1.7 +5,8
Tdm lai. h i e n n a y . biic t r a n h tdn giao vdn da d a n g v a dn d i n h cua A u s t r a l i a bdt d a u cd n h u n g bien c h u y e n ro net. Cd b a xu the c h i n h d a n g c h u y. dd la: sii suy giam n i e m t m Kitd giao. sii gia t a n g tdn giao cua n h i i n g ngiidi n h a p cu ( H i n d u giao. P h a t giao v a I s l a m giao) v a sii gia t a n g so' n g u d i t h e o chii n g h i a vd t h a n . k h d n g thed tdn giad n a o .
N h i n c h u n g . d A u s t r a l i a , mot qudc gia thiic s u d a v a n h o a , d a s a c tdc v a d a t d n
giao. k h d n g ed x u n g dot d a n g k e nao t r o n g l i n h viic t d n giao. R i e n g I s l a m giao gdn d a y g a p m o t so' t r d n g a i t r o n g viec hoi n h a p vdi ddi sd'ng c h u n g do n h i i n g t h i e n k i e n e u a xa hoi vdi v a n de "khiing bd^' c u a cac n h d m p h a i I s l a m giae ciic doan./.
9. Bang so lieu lay tir muc Tdn gido vd tin ngudng trong bai viei Tdn gido a .Aiisrralia. truy cap tai:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Australia
