GIAI PHAP NANG CAO HIEU QUA Sii DUNMtfLTC iSN 1^0 XANH VA MOT S6 GIAI PHAP SU* OUHG uffi TRONG GHE BIEN RHE PI#l*lHAM
L A M THtiC^AN CHO GIA SUC NHAI LAI
G
ia siic nhai Iai Id loai gia siic duy nhdt cd the lgi dung dugc cdc phy phdm xa thd nhd cdu tao dac bidt ciia he tidu hod cimg hd vi sinh vat cdng sinh trong do. Thiie an Iy tudng nhdt cho gia sue nhai lai la cd xanh.Tuy nhi8n, cd xanh ngay cdng trd ndn khan hiem do ddng cd dang bi thu hep bdi sy gia tang dan sd va md rdng cdc hoat ddng kinh t l khde. Ddt ndng nghigp dugc gidnh chii ylu d l trdng cdy luong thyc vd rau mdu cho nhu cau tidu thu tryc tiep ciia con ngudi. Do vdy, gia siic nhai lai ngay cang phai phu thupc nhieu hon vao cac phy pham trdng trot.
Hien nay, nudc ta cd ngudn phu phdm ndng nghiep kha ddi dao nhu rom liia, than cay ngd, ddy lac, ddy lang, ngpn la sdn, la mia, ngpn vd ba diia... Nhung ngudn phu pham nay mdi dugc su dung mpt phan lam thuc an gia sue cdn phan ldn dung lam chat ddt, phdn bdn hay ddt bd. Day la mpt ngudn thiic an tiem tang cd khdi lugng ldn, neu dugc su dung se thiic ddy nganh chan nudi gia siic nhai lai phat trien va dem lai hieu qua kinh te cao,
1. Ddc diem cfla thirc an nhilu xtf
• Anh minh hga: Ngudn internet
Ngudn thuc an cua loai nhai tai dudi dang chudi tinh Ihl, Iai chii yeu Id chat xa, loai thirc
an nhiSu xa cd hai dac trung ca bdn nhu sau:
- Cau tnic vach te bao phiic tap bao gdm chii ylu la xeluloza, hemixeluloza, lignin, mpt it protein, md va vi khodng. Ty le xeluloza, hemixeluloza va lignin thudng rat cao nhu rom liia tuong dng la 31 : 21 va 10% vdt chdt khd.
Xeluloza la cdu tnic chu yeu cua te bdo thuc vdt, chilm khoang 32 - 47% vat chdt khd cua thiic an thd. Xeluloza la chudi cacbonhydrat dan gidn, phan tir mach thang, dugc tao bdi b-D-glucoza bdng lien kit b-l,4-gIucozit. Mdi phdn tir cd the Ien tdi hang van don vi.
Trong tu nhi6n xeluloza tdn
Xeluloza bao gdm nhiSu chudi thang lien ket vdi nhau thanh bd dai nhd mach ndi hydrogen tao thanh cac sgi xeluloza ben viing (microfibril) dugc bao bgc bdi cac thanh phdn khac cua vach tl bao. Cac microfibril tap hgp lai tao thdnh cac macrofibril.
Hemixeluloza Id nhung heteropolisaccarit dugc cdu tao tu cac loai dudng thupc nhdm hexoza (glucoza, manoza, galactoza) vd nhdm pentoza (xyloza, arabinoza).
Hemixeluloza bao bpc xung quanh cac microfibril cimg vdi mgt sd thanh phdn khde nhu pectin va glycoprotein.
Cd thS coi hemixeluloza cimg vdi pectm vd glycoprotein
(£>
_/ sa-KH&CN '\Vtinh o i k NdngJ
Nghien ciru trao doi Tap san so 02/2013
lam thdnh vua d l gdn kit edc microfibil iai trong macrofibrin. Hemixeluloza thudng hen ket vdi cac edu tnic phenolic bao quanh cdc sgi xeluloza. Hemixeluloza khdng hod tao trong nudc nhung hod tan trong dung dich kilm va bi thuy phdn bdi axit d l ddng hon so vdi xeluloza,
Lignin la hetero-polyme vd dinh cua cdc loai rugu phenolic. Lignin khdng hoa tan trong nudc, dung mdi huu ca binh thudng, trong axit dam dac va rdt bin vdi cdc enzym vi sinh vat da cd. Nhung dudi tac dung ciia dung dich kiem, bisulfitnatri hay axit sulfiira mgt phan lignin bi phan giai va chuySn vao dung dich.
Lignin hod la giai doan cudi cimg CLia su phdt triln d t l bao thyc vat. Thyc vat cdng gia thi ham lugng lignin cang cao.
Miic dp lignin hda cao lam cho tharih te bao thyc vat trd nen cirng va ben vihig, cd y nghia ldn ddi vdi cdc co quan ching do d thuc vat nhung lai gay khd khdn trong viSc tiSu hod xa d da cd loai nhai lai.
Trong vach te bao lignin lien kit vdi hemixeluloza/xeluloza bdng cdc mach ndi ester va hydrogen. Ngoai ra, lignin cdn li6n kit vdi protein bang cdc mach ndi hod tri. Ngoai cdc phdn tii lignin trong vach t l bdo cdn cd cdc monome phenolic tdn t^i d dang tu do.
Cdc phdn tii phenolic tu do nay cd dnh hudng lic che ddi vdi
vi sinh vdt da cd va cdc enzym ciia chung.
- Hdm lugng nita, khoang, vitamin va gluxit dl ti6u thdp.
Trong rom ngu cdc ham lugng protein thd rat thdp (2 - 6%). Lugng protein (N) it oi nay Iai khd su dung do bi cd ket chat vdi vach t l bao lignin hoa. Cdc cay cd lau nam ciing vdy, ham lugng protein tho giam xudng ro ret theo tudi, trong mua khd va sau giai doan ra hoa. Trong cac loai cd thu hoach mudn va dac biet la cac loai rom ngu cdc ham lugng bgt dudng cung nhu. xa de tieu rdt thdp. Hdu het dudng dl tieu bi mat di qua qua trinh hd hdp trong khi phai khd va bdo qudn.
2. Cac yeu to dnh hirdng den kha ndng tieu hda chat xc Kha nang ti8u hda chdt xa ciia vi sinh vdt trong da cd phu thudc vao nhieu yeu td khac nhau lien quan tdi mdi thuc vat, ham lugng gluxit de tieu trong khau phan...
Thii nhat la miic dp lignin hoa: lignin lam thanh hang rao ngan chan ve mat vat ly phia ngodi cdn trd vi sinh vdt da cd va cac enzym cua chiing tiep xuc vdi hemixenluloza cung nhu xenluloza cua vach te bao.
Khi ham lugng lignin tang 1%
thi ty le tieu hoa vat chat khd bi giam di 1,5%. Su tang ty le lignin ciing vdi su trudng thanh ciia thuc vat co the ldm giam ty le tieu hda xenluloza xudng 30
- 50% vd khi cd khd cd 10%
lignin se cd khoang 12 - 18%
polysaccarit khdng dugc tidu hda. Cac phy pham ngu cdc vd thiic an xa thd chdt lugng thdp thudng cd vdch te bao bi lignin hda cao dp vdi nhiing cau tnic phiic tap.
Thd hai la ham lugng gluxit de ti8u: khi trong khdu phan nhieu gluxit dl tieu (tinh bdt, dudng) se lam cho khd nang tieu hoa chat xa giam xudng chi cdn khodng 13%, qua trinh phan giai tinh bpt cd hieu qua cao nhdt khi pH < 6.
Khdu phan thiic an giau gluxit de tieu tao dieu kien cho sir len men xdy ra nhanh hon, lugng axit lactic vd propionic sinh ra nhieu, trong khi do lugng nudc bpt tiet ra it ldm gidm pH mdi trudng, lic che hoat ddng cua vi khuan phdn giai chat xo. Vi le do, nSn pH cd vai tro quan trgng tac dpng tdi hoat luc cua vi sinh vat phan giai chat xo va tinh bdt trong da CO. Ngugc lai, vdi thiic an nhieu xa gia siic phai nhai lai nhieu hem lam cho ham lugng nudc bgt trdi ve da cd nhieu hon dan den pH cua da cd tang va do la tao dieu kien thudn lgi cho cac nhom vi khuan phan giai chat xo hoat ddng.
Cac loai phu pham ndng nghiep nhu rom, than cay ngd, la san, la nggn mia... la ngudn thirc an tiem tang Idn, nhung ngudn thvrc an nay co nhugc diem la dinh duong / ^ S * KH&CN Y_
L tinh pak Ndngy"
<D
khdng can ddi (do thidu nita, khoang, vitamin, nang lugng de len men...) va vach te bao bi hgnin hda phiic tap.
3. Giai phdp nang cao hieu qua thirc an thd xff
V8 nguySn tac cd hai gidi phap ndng eao hieu qua sir dyng thiic an thd chdt lugng thdp dd nudi dudng gia siic nhai Iai:
- Bd sung cac chdt dinh dudng bi thilu de lam tang sinh va tang hoat luc phan giai xo ciia vi sinh vat da cd, ddng thdi tang cdn bdng dinh duong chung cho vat chu.
- Ap dung nhftng bi6n phdp xu Iy nham phd vd cdc lien ket phiic tap trong vach t l bdo, tao di6u kidn cho vi sinh vdt va enzym ciia chiing d l tiep xiic han vdi ca chdt (xeluloza vd hemixeluloza), qua dd lam tang ty IS tieu hda vd lugng thuc an tihu nhdn.
Gia tang khd nang sir dung phu phdm ndng nghiep la viec bd sung them thiic an cdn thilt cho gia sdc nhai lai nham dap ling nhu cdu sdn xudt cua vdt nudi, la con dudng cd y nghia thuc tien trong chien luge phat triSn chan nudi vi nd tao ra kha nang tan dung nhiing tai nguySn san cd, gidm gia thanh dau tu, chi phi va de thuc hien trong dieu kien cdc ndng hd nho.
Phuang phap xir ly thiic an cho gia siic nhai lai bang ure co nhieu uu diSm la ngudn cung
cdp urd phong phti, it ddc, dd van chuyen, dd du trii, gid thanh re, phuang thiic bd sung urd don gidu. Tdc dpng chinh cua biSn phdp xii ly ure Id gia tang hd sd tiSu hda 8 - 1 2 dan vi, tang lugng nita Ien 2 ldn, tang lugng thiic an thu nhdn ldn 25 - 50%, do vdy ldm tdng gid tri dinh duong ciia thiic an.
Xii Iy thirc thd bdng ure lam gia tang ty Id tidu hda thiic an.
Ddng thdi, khdng chi cung cdp mpt Iupng nita ddng k l thda man nhu edu eho sinh trudng vd phdt tridn ma cdn duy tri ham lugng amoniac dn dinh trong da cd lam tang hiSu qud sii dung nita.
4. Mgt so phirgng phdp su dung urS d l c h i bien phu pham ldm thirc &n cho loai nhai lai
4.1. Chi bien ram lua bang phuang phdp xir ly uri - vdi
Ram Ilia vdn ngheo dinh dudng (2 - 3 % protein) thanh phdn chu ylu la xa (31-33%) ti 16 tiSu hda thdp. Tuy nhien, ram lua chiia mdt lugng nang lugng tiSm tang. Khdi lugng ram liia hang nam d nudc ta vao khoang 25 triSu tdn (xdp xi 1 Ilia : 0,8 ram).
DS nang cao hiSu qud sir dung ram ngudi ta sii dung phuang phdp xii Iy nhiSt do, ap sudt cao hay dimg hda chdt nhu xiit, ammoniac... Nhung phuang phdp nay ddi hdi thilt bi nen khd ap dung vao san xuat. Vien Chan Nudi dd nghien
c i ^ cai tien phuang phap vd clii dung 2,5kg urd cho 100kg ram vd su dyng them 0,5kg vdi tdi. K i t qud thf nghidm trSn gia sue kha tdt. Phuang phdp nay dan gian d l dp dyng va da ldm tang ti le tieu hda thdm 10 - 15%, tang gan gdp ddi hdm lugng nita trong ram, gia siic thich an vd da dn dugc lugng chdt khd tdng thSm 50% so vdi ram khdng che bien, cho tang trgng hang ngay cao han 30%, tieu tdn thiic dn lai gidm 6% so vdt rom chua chS biln.
a. Phuang phdp che hiin:
* Ty Ie nguygn li^u; Ram khd (dm dp 12-14%): 100kg
UrS: 2,5kg Vdi Ca(OH)^: 0,5kg
Mudi dn; 0,5kg Nudc la sach:70 - 80 Ut
* Phuang tidn cdn cho qua trinh li:
VS mat nguyen 1^ qud trinh u ram khde hoan toan qud tiinh li chua thiic dn xanh. U rom khdng nhdt thiet ddi hdi yem khi nhu u chua. D I giam chi phi, dd ling dyng md vdn dat ySu cdu che biSn thi nSn lgi dung nhimg dieu ki^n cd sdn ciia gia dinh. Nhu lgi dyng cac gde tudng, bS xay, d chudng trdng khdng nudi gia sue hoac li ngay tiong bao phdn dam, bao tai, hay tiii nilon loai ldn...
- Vdt lieu dem Idt, che phii:
Cd the dling cdc mdnh nilon, vai mua rach. Id chudi... g h ^ kin lai de ddm bdo thiie dn _ / SdKH&CN A ytinh Dak NoogJ
Nghien ciru trao doi Tap san so 02/2013
khdng nhiem dat, cdt ban va hgu che thdt thodt ure.
b. Cdc buac tien hdnh:
- Hda tan ure, vdi, mudi vdo nudc theo edng thiic da ghi d myc tien.
- Khdi lugng ram li mdi ldn tiiy thugc vao nhu cdu sir dung cua gia siic va dyng cy chiia dyng.
- Ldn lugt rai ram theo timg ldp (20cm) vao hd u, khudy deu dung dich urd - vdi - mudi vd dung dzoa tudi deu vao ram;
ldn lugt tien hanh nhu vdy cho tdi khi het lugng rom cdn u.
- Dimg v^t li$u d?m lot phu kin lai, cd the dimg gach, ngdi, cui khd chan len dh ddng ram u ludn kin trong sudt thdi gian u.
Luu y: Nai ii phai chpn noi khd rdo, tranh nudc mua vd nudc tii noi khac thdm vao.
c Cdch su dung:
- Rom u kin trong thdi gian 1 0 - 2 0 ngay bdt ddu Idy ra cho gia siic dn.
- Ram u dgt chat lugng che biln tdt se cd mau vang dam, mill ure, khdng cd miii nam mdc, ram dm vd mem.
- Khi lay rom ii cho gia siic dn chi nen Idy ra d mdt goc (khdng lat todn bp Idp dem Idt che phii) lay ram xong Iai lap Idp d$m Idt che phii len cho kin.
- Cho gia siic dn tu do tiiy khd ndng ciia chimg (neu trdu bd bieng dn, nSn phoi rom da che bien tiong bdng mat 30 -
45 ph6t de bay bdt miii ure, trudc khi an hodc rdc Ien mpt chiit cd xanh de chiing dd quen vdi miii urS trong ram u).
4.2. Che biin vd su dung tdng ure - ri mat
Tang ure - ri mat vdi thanh phdn quan trgng la ure va ri mat la loai thirc an bd sung cd gid tri cao, bao gdm ngudn dam phi protein va ngudn nang lugng de tieu hda. Khi dugc bd sung tang urS - ri mat da lam tang khd nang an dugc cua gia siic ddi vdi nhung thirc an khd tieu nhu rom, cd khd, cdy ngd gia. Tir dd lam cho chiing ldn nhanh, nhilu siia.
a. Phuang phdp sdn xudt:
Chuan bi nguyen lieu:
Nguyen lieu dl sdn xudt bao gdm ri mat (hoac mat), dam ure, mudi dn, vdi bdt, xi mdng, cam gao hodc bgt san khd, ddy lang khd hay vd lac khd,... (d nhung vimg khdng cd ri mat cd the dimg bpt san nau chin thay cho ri mat). Cac chat dpn nhieu xa nhu day lang khd, day lac khd phai dugc bam ngan tir 1 - 2cm, vd lac dugc nghiSn nhd. Chii y chi dugc dung dam ure (khdng dimg cac Ioai phan dam khac vi de ldm cho gia siic ngd dpc).
- Cdng thiic cua tang ure - ri mat: Tdng urS - ri mat cd the dugc che bien theo mdt tiong cac cdng thiic sau:
Trpn nguyen lieu: Hdn hpp cac nguyen Heu theo cac cdng thiic tren theo 3 budc sau:
Budc 1: Trdn ure mudi an vao ri mat tao ra hdn hgp I (cdn trpn that deu).
Bude 2: Cac nguyen lieu cdn lai nhu cam gao (hot sdn), vdi bdt, xi mdng va cdc chdt ddn nhieu xa dugc tido vdi nhau thanh hdn hgp K.
Budc 3: Trpn diu hdn hgp I vd n ta dugc hdn hgp hodn chinh.
Sau khi tidn xong phu u thdnh ddng tiong thdi gian 3 0 - 4 5 phiit, sau dd mdi ddng thanh nhimg bdnh nhd.
- Ddng bdnh: Hdn hgp tiSn dugc ddng thdnh cdc bdnh bang khudn ddng gach thu cdng hay khudn gach xi. Sau dd de cho tang ty khd tiong 5 - 7 ngay, liic dd mdi dimg cho trau bd an.
b. Cdch su dung:
Tang ure - ri mat chi dugc dimg cho gia siic cd siing cho trau, bo, de, cuu. (Khdng dimg cho Ign va gia cdm vi urS gay dpc cho chiing). Dat tang thiic an nai cao rdo, sach se trong chudng (tranh mua ndng, khdng dS phan va nudc tieu ldn vao). Tdt nhdt la dat vao mang gd bupc chac tien tudng de cho gia siic tu liem hang ngay.
- Lugng dam phi protein chiia tiong 1kg tang ure - ri mat kS hen tucmg duang vdi lugng protein (chdt dam) cua 1kg khd dau lac ep ca vd (28,8%), nhung gia thanh re han mdt nira.
f So kH&CN V
<D
Nguyen lifu Rimat
Ure Voi bot Ximang Muoi an
Cam gao hoac bot san Chat don nhieu xo
(vo lac, day lang, day lac khe,...)
T y l e % Cdng thiic I
40 - 45 10 3 5 5 10 27-30
Cdng thiic 11 40-45
10
-
8 5 10 27-30
- Khi an them tang ure - ri mat bd siia tang them 10 - 1 5 % san lugng sua, bd thit tang trong hang thang: 12 - 15kg.
4.3. Che bien vd sic dung cdy ngd da thu bdp
Hang nam d nudc ta cd hem 3 tiieu tdn cay ngd gia nhung phan ldn chi dugc dimg lam chat ddt hoac bd lai ngoai ddng rdi dot thdnh tio Iam phan bdn.
Tuy nhien, d mdt sd vung ndng dan cd tap quan sit dyng mdt phan than Id ngd gia lam thirc an cho tidu bo tiong mua thu hoach ngd. Cay ngd gia rat kho du trir vd rdt dS bi mdc khi xlp thdnh ddng. Nhung gia tri dinh dudng cua chimg lai tdt hon ram liia, vi cay ngd gia cd ham lugng protein cao hem gan 2 ldn ram liia, chimg lai chiia it chat xa va cd ham lugng tinh bdt va dudng cao han nen dS tieu hoa han.
Phuang phdp che bien va dy trir cay ngd gia ldm thiic an cho trau bd nhu sau:
Dung than cay va la (tir vj til ra bap trd len nggn), bam.
thai nhd 3 - 4cm phoi cho khd tai (dd sau nay de tham nudc hod urS). Cii 100kg thdn la ngd da phai tai dugc che biSn vdi 3 - 4kg ure vd 0,5kg mudi. UrS va mudi dugc hod trong 30 - 40 lit nudc sach rdi tudi ddu vdo 100kg thdn Id ngd da bam nhd. Sau dd u kin d nai sach se hay cdc tiii nilon hoac bao tdi diia (2 ldn bao) cho that kin, ds khi amoniac tii phan ure tao ra khdng bay di mat. Sau khi u 1 0 - 1 5 ngay lay ddn cho tiau bd an. Mdi ldn lay xong phdi day km hoac budc chat. Noi il hoac ddt tiii nilon u cay ngd can tranh khdng de nudc mua hodc nudc tir ben ngoai thdm vao. Vi nudc thdm vao se lam rira trdi ure va lam cdy ngd ii bi thdi hdng. Cay ngd u tdt se cd mau vang, trau bd thich an (Bui Van Chinh, Le Vilt Ly, 1993).
Khi mdi tap cho trdu bd an cdy ngd li ure cd the phai cay ngd il trong bdng mat 20 - 30 phut cho ha bdt miii amoniac, sau dd mdi cho vao rd hodc
mdng an sach se cho tidu bo an. Cay ngd dugc che bien nhu tien cd the dy trii dugc 2 - 3 thang lam thirc an cho tiau bo.
Hang ngdy cd the cho trdu bo an 8 - 12kg cdy ngd da che bieu va cho gam them cd ngoai ddng, nen cho an lien tuc hang thdng mdi cd hieu qua cao.
Trong ky thuat che bien fren cdn luu y mdy diem sau:
- Cay ngd phai dugc bam nhd, phai tai (1 nang)
- Nai u phai che day that kin, tidnh bi nudc tham vao
- Chi dimg ure, khdng dimg phdn dam sun phat (se gay ddc cho tiau bd). Ky thudt chi bien nay khdng khd nhung doi hdi phdi lam diing quy trinh nhu da gidi thieu d tien.
Cay ngd gia sau thu bap dugc che bien khdng nhtmg cd the dy trii dugc 2 - 3 thang ma gia tri dinh duang ciia chung da tang len ro ret, gia siic thich an han, do dd beo khoe hon, Idn nhanh hon, ngay cd tiong miia khd vd miia ddng khdng dii cd xanh.
[10)
"\tinli Dak Nonp )
