KHOA HOC CdNG NGHl
IXIGHIEM CUIJ DAIXIH G I A T A C DOIMG CLIA CHAIV IMUOI LOIX] T H I T Q U Y IVID TRAIXIG T R A I T O I M O I T R U a i M G
TilXIH IXIAIVI DIIXIH
Hoang I h i i Ninh^-^, N g u y ^ Khic Anh*, Nguyen M?mh KhiiS Nguyen The Hi^h^ T r ^ Vin Quy»
T6MTAT
Nam Dinh la mot trong nhUng tinh co nganh chan nuOi Ion phat trien, voi tdng s6 dan Ion khoang gan 600.000 con. Do vgy, cac chat thai phat sinh tir chan nuoi Ipn, dac biet la chan nuoi Ion thit dang la mpt thach thiic Ion ddi voi moi trudng ciia tinh. Ket qua nghien cuu dieu tra khao sat cho thay hiu het chit thai cua cac trang trai chan nuoi Ion hi^n nay vin chi dang duoc xiJc ly thong qua cong nghe khi sinh hpc. Ham lupng chat thai rdn va cic chat dinh duong co giam khi di qua cong trinh khi sinh hoc, tuy nhien, khi luu I9J h6 dieu hoa sinh hoc thi m6t sd chat dinh duong co xu hudng tang len. Nuoc thai thai ra moi truong vln con rat 6 nhi§m va la moi nguy ca rat Ion cho moi tnrong xung quanh. Ben canh do, cong tic thu gom va xii ly chat thai chan nuoi con rat nhieu kho khan, hau nhu khong thirc hifn dupc do tgp quan sii dung nhi^u nu6c de ve sinh chuong trai va tim nia ebo 1cm. Nghien cuu nay nhim dinh gia mot each tdng quit hien trang cac hoat dong chan nuoi Ion thit quy mo trang trai tac dpng tm moi truong tai tinh Nam Dinh de lim CO sd de de xuit cac bien phap quan ly va xir toan dien nguon chat thai noi tren.
Tir khda: Trang trai, chSn nudi. Ion thit, moi trudng, nude thai.
l.flATVAND!
Nam Dinh Ii tinh thuoc ddng bing song Hong voi tong dien tich dat tu nhien hon 1.668 km^ v i din sd hon 1,85 trieu nguoi. Cugc sdng v i thu nhap cua nguoi dan Nam Dinh chu yeu dya vao sin xuat ndng nghiep, trong do nganh chan nuoi chiem ty trpng Idn (72%) vdi toe do phat trien kha nhanh trong nhimg nam gan day (trung binh 6,796/nim). Theo sd Ueu thdng ke nam 2019, Nam Dmh xuat khoang 180 nghin tan thit hoi cac loai, trong do, tong din Ion dat gan 600.000 con; gia cam khoang 8,5 trieu con; trau, bo khoang 36.600 con. Dieu nay dong nghia vdi viec nganh chin nuoi tai Nam Dinh dang tao ra lupng chat thai tren 1,5 trieu tan/nam v i la mpt thach thiic Ion cho tinh trong van de moi truong nong thon.
Chan nuoi Ion tai Nam Dinh hien nay ton tai 02 phuong thuc chinh la chin nuoi Ion tai nong hp (chiem 55-65%) va chin nuoi Ion quy rao trang trai (chiem 3545%). Ddi vdi chan nuoi ndng hg co quy mo trung binh khoang 8-20 dau Ion thi lupng chat thai chin nudi tao ra khoang 20 - 50 kg/ngay. Luong chat thai nay thuong dupc cic hg din cho xudng
Khoa Moi truong, Tnicmg Dai hoc Khoa hpc Tu nhien, Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi
• Bp Nong nghiep va Phiil trien nong thon Email: [email protected]
ham khi sinh hgc de u yem khi tao nang lupng hoic duge sii dung lam phin bon va nuoc tuoi cho ciy trdng ngay tai ndng hp nen khdng hay xiy ra cic vjin de Ion ve 6 nhiem moi truong. Luong khi sinh ra tir h i m khi sinh hpc ciing vira du cho nhu cau dun nau cua hg gia dinh (Hoing Thii Ninh, 2019). Ddi vdi cac trang trai quy mo chin nudi Ion (300 dau Ion trd len) thuong cd lupng chat thai Idn, vupt kha nang xir ly ciia he thdng khi sinh hgc nen din den chat thii sau khi sinh hpc lai la nguyen nhin chinh giy d nhilm, anh huong rat nghidm trpng tdi mdi tnrdng ndng thon hien nay. Hon niia, do tap quin chin nuoi ciia Viet Nam noi chung v i cua tinh Nam Dinh ndi neng li sir dung rat nhieu nude d l t i m cho Ipn nhim muc dich giii cho Ion sach se, de khu mui vi ve sinh chudng trai lai cang lam cho van de 6 nhiem chat thai chin nuoi cing them tram trpng. Vi vay. viec di^u tra khao sit, nghien cuu hien trang moi truong vi phuong phip xu ly chat thai chin nudi Ign noi chung vi chin nuoi Ipn thit quy mo trang trai noi rieng tai tinh Nam Dinh la het sue cin thiet de co the xie dinh dupc nguyen nhin ciing nhu de xuit cac giai phip hieu qua vi ben viing nginh chan nudi cho Nam Dinh ciing nhu tren pham vi ca nude.
Nghien cuu dupc thuc hien nham dinh gii tiiuc trang ve chat thai va xu ly chat thai trong cic ho?t dpng chin nudi Ion tiiit quy mo trang trai tai tinh
122 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN N 6 N G T H 6 N - KY 2 - THANG 9/2020
KHOA HQC C 6 N G NGHE
Nam Dinh toi raoi truong de lam ca so d^ xuat giii phip xu ly chit thai chan nudi Ipn thit quy mo trang trang theo hudng hieu qua v i ben viing.
2. BOI TUQNG VA PHUONG PHAP NGHHI CUU
Nghien cuu dupc thuc hien thong qua viec tiiu tiiip cic ngudn sd lieu tini cap v i phong vin dieu tra bao gdm ca dinh gii thyc trang, nguon, die tinh cua cac trang trai chan nudi Ipn thit quy md tir 300 dau Ipn trd len tai tinh Nam Dinh nhim dinh gia tdng quan ve hien h-ang moi trudng h-ong chan nuoi, cic phuong thiic xu ly va su dung chat thai chin nudi ciia cac h-ang trai tren dia ban tinh.
3. Kfr QUA niGHEN CUU VA THAO L U ^
3.1. Hien tr^uig chin nudi Ign t ^ tinh Nam Djnh Chan nudi Ion li mpt trong nhimg thd manh cua dnh Nam Dinh, luon ovi tri sd mpt trong nganh chin nuoi ciia tinh ve quy mo, gia tri va san lupng. San lupng ttiit Ipn hoi ludn chiem 80-85% tdng sin lupng tiiit hoi cic loai. Tuy nhien, ttr nam 2010 ddn nay, do tinh hinh gia ca thue an, con gidng lien tuc tang cao, gia sin pham dau ra nhieu thdi diem xudng q u i thap, da anh huong Idn den phit trien dan Ion ctia tinh.
Phit tiien chin nuoi Ipn theo huong hing hda, mang tinh b^n viJng l i vin de cap thidt ti-ong thyc hien de an tai CO ciu nganh ndng nghiep cua tinh. Sd heu ve quy md vi ty le co cau chin nudi Ipn tai Nam Dinh qua cic nam 2016-2019 dupe the hien trong cac bang 1 vi bang 2.
Theo thdng ke cua So Nong nghiep va PTNT
toan tinh Nam Dmh chi con cd 192 trang trai chan nuoi vdi tdng sd h-en 100 dau Ign thit Ird len, giam 14% so voi nam 2016. Den nam 2019, do dich benh ta Ion chau Phi nen sd ti-ang trai Ion tai Nam Dmh hep tuc giam xudng con 112 irang trai.
Bing 1. Tong din Ipn ti-en dia bin tinh Nam Dinh qua cac n i m 2Q1&-2Q19 TT
1 2 3 4
Nam 2016 2017 2018 2019
Quy mo dan Ion (con) Camioc
29.075.314 27.406.739 28.151.948 19.615.526
Nam Dinh 783.940 756.436 754.602 594.798
Cocau
(%)
2,70 2,76 2,68 3,03 (Ngudn: Men giim Thdng ke 2016, 2017.2018,2019)
Tir 2016 den 2019, tong din Ign ciia Nam Dinh thay doi tiiy thupc vio thdi diem gii ca, dat cao nhat nim 2016 len tdi 783.940 diu Ion, sau do giam dan tiieo cac nam do gia Ipn xudng thap, den nim 2018 mac dil din Ipn c i nuoc ting cao hon nhung Nam Dinh chi con khoang 754.602 dau Ipn. Den nira 2019, do tinh hinh dich benh t i Ipn chiu Phi nen dan Ipn Nam Dinh chi cdn khoang 594.798, giira 21,2% so vdi 2018. Tuy nhien Nam Dinh vin li tinh giu duoe tdng din on dinh hon so vdi cac tinh khac khi co cau so vdi ca nude tang len 3,03%. Ben canh do, Nam Dmh vin duy tri duge sd lugng Ipn nii on dinh de lim ngudn cung cap con gidng cho chan nudi cua tinh va cic dia phuang lin can khi thi truong khoi phuc.
tinh Nam Dinh, do gii Ipn xudng thap, nim 2017
Bing 2. Quy m6 din Ion tren dia bin cic huyen ctia Nam Dinh tii 2016 - 2019 TX
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Dia Mn TP. Nam Dinh
MyL6c VuBan YYen Nghia Hung
Nam True Tnrc Ninh Xuan Tnrcrag
Giao Thuy Hai Hau 1 Toin tinh
2016 Quy m6
(con) 9.545 37.699 47.677 144.428 85.817 64.229 101.632 74.427 72.845 145.641 783.940
Cocau
(%)
1,2 4,8 6,1 18,4 10,9 8,2 12,9 9,5 9,3 18,6 100
2017 Quy mo
(con) 7.724 35.371 44.093 148.614 83.290 60.620 97.952 71.435 72.184 135.153 756.436
Cocau
(%)
1,0 4,7 5,8 19,7 11,0 8,0 12,9 9,4 9,5 17,9 100
2018 Quy mo
(con) 6.902 33.739 42.337 150.793 84.597 56.743 102.749 71.560 69.932 135.250 754.602
Cocau
(%)
0,9 4,5 5,6 20,0 11,2 7,5 13,6 9,5 9,3 17,9 100
2019 Quy mo
(con) 3.587 27.008 34.765 122.929 65.544 44.187 75.570 59.059 57.743 104.406 594.798
Cocau
(%)
0,6 4,5 5,8 20,7 11,0 7,4 12,7 9,9 9,7 17,6 100 (Nguon: Nien giam Thdng ke tmh Nam Dinh 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019)
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 9/2020
KHOA HOC C 6 N G NGHl
Tuy tdng din Ipn giam nhung nhieu hp trang trai chin nuoi da tich cue dau tu xay dyng chuong trai, i p dung nhanh cac tien bp ky thuit, khoa hpc cong nghe vio chin nuoi nen da giam duoe thoi gian nudi, tSng sd Ilia tren nam, do vay sin lupng thit vin giu dugc 6n dinh qua cac nim. So voi nam 2016, tdng dan Ion n i m 2017 giam 3,5% nhung sin lupng thit hoi xuat chuong lai dat hon 130.100 tan, tang hon 3,9%.
Cic trang trai chin nuoi Ion quy mo Ion 6 nhieu dia phuong da gdp phin quan trpng tao ra cic sin pham hang hoa chat lupng cao phuc vu nhu cau tieu dimg trong va ngoai tinh, thyc hien tai co cau ngaitii nong nghiep tinh. Tuy li phuong thiic nuoi cho nang suit, san lupng cao, co tinh ben vimg nhung viec phit trien phuong thiic nay con kha "khiera ton", chin nuoi Ipn voi quy md nong hp vin chiem tren 70%; chu yeu la chin nuoi truyen thdng vi phii hgp vdi nang lyc kinh te hp gia dinh ndng thon boi chi phi dau tu thap; thiic i n dupc t i n dung tir phu pham san xuat nong nghiep.
Theo Sd Nong nghiep va PTNT tinh Nam Dinh, s6 lugng Ion tai cac huyen ciing cd dien bien khic nhau tiiy vio timg nim. Nim 2016, huyen Hai Hiu v i Y Yen CO sd lupng Ipn cao nhat, chiem 39% sd lupng chan nuoi tren toin tinh. Nam 2017 va 2018 sd lupng Ipn ciia huyen Y Yen tiep tuc ting len, chiem cao nhat tren toin tinh v i dat g i n 20% s6 lugng Ipn cua tinh vao nam 2020. Ben canh do, huyen Hai Hiu lai cd sd lupng Ipn giam qua cic nam, chi dao dpng khoang hon 135.000 con trong nhtrng nam 2017, 2018. Ngoai TP. Nam Dinh, huyen My Loc va Vu Bin CO dia ban giap thanh phd cung co sd lupng chin nudi Ipn it, chi chiem 4-6% so vol toin tinh. Nim 2019, do anh huong cua dich benh nen tat ca cac huyen deu giim so din so voi cic nam trudc.
Gan day, nghe chin nuoi Ipn d i hinh thinh len mdt sd loai hinh to chuc san xuat kieu moi dupc lap tren co so- tu nguyen gpi la Hpp tic xa chin nudi. Cac x i vien HTX la cac hp gia dinh chin nuoi Ion co quy md vira (binh quan 10-20 Ipn n i l v i 50-70 Ign thit/hp). HTX boat dpng theo Luit Hop t i c x i so 23/2012/QH13 va to chiic nghe nghiep, tu dong gdp vdn lam dich vu dau vio (con gidng, thuc i n , thii y,...), to chuc san xuit theo quy trinh ky thuat chung, to chiic tieu thu sin pham theo ke hoach va hgp dong tieu thu sin pham. Hieu qua ti> viec sin xuit co to chiic, tiet kiem cic chi phi dich vu trung gian da dem lai cho cac xa vien trong HTX lii tir 1,0-1,2 tneu
dong/hg/thing v i g i i bin thuong cao hon ti> 1.500 d-2.000 d / 1 kg sin pham so vdi hd chin nudi ngoai HTX.
Ben canh do, chin nuoi gia cong la md hinh hen ket giua cic ca nhin vdi cong ty cung k h i phd bien 6 Nam Dinh. Phan Ion diy l i cic hp gia dinh cd tiem Iuc tai chinh v i cd dieu kien dau tu xiy dung trang trai chin nuoi quy md tiJ 300-500 con trd len (hoac nii, hoac Ign thit). Ddi vdi hinh thiic nay, c i c cdng ty cung cap con gidng, thuc an, thudc thii y, vie xin den hg nuoi gia cong, dong thoi huong dan, chi dao ky thuat hp nudi gia cong; thu hdi san pham v i thanh toin tien nudi gia cong theo ket qua chin nuoi. Hinh thiic chin nuoi gia cong nay dem lai loi nhuin kha Idn cho nguoi chin nudi, sau khi trir cac chi phi true tiep co the dat tdi 120.000 d o n g / l con Ipn thit trong 3,5-4 thing, hoac 2,5-3,0 trieu d o n g / l nai/nim.
3.2. Hien trang m6i trudng chin nudi Ipn thit t^i tinh Nam Dinh
Ngoai trir do anh huong ciia dich ta Ipn chiu Phi din den tong sd din Ipn giam. vdi sd dan Ion ciia tinh Nam Dinh nhirng nim tir 2018 h-d ve budc, hon 754 nghin con (khong ke Ion siia), cho thay khdi lupng chat thai hing ngay thai ra rat Idn bao gom cac lo^ii chat thai nhu: phin, nuoe tieu, long da, cic lo^i phii tang loai thai...; nuoc thai tir qua trinh tim, nia chuong hay rua dung cu v i thiet hi chin nudi, nuoc lim mat hay tir cac he thdng dich vu chan nudi..., thiic an thira, cic vat dung chin nuoi, thii y hi lo^i ra trong q u i trinh chin nudi; benh phara thu y, xac Ipn chet; bim ling tir cac muong din, hd chua hay luu tni v i che bien hay xu ly chit thai.
Vdi tdng so lupng gan 600.000 dau Ipn hien co ciia Nam Dinh thi tong khdi lupng chat thai bao gom ca phan va nude tieu tir nganh chin nudi Ipn ciia tinh Nam Dinh hien nay len tdi g i n 900.000 tan/nim.
Lupng chat thai niy die biet tap trung 6 cic trang trai chin nuoi Ion, quy rao dan cang Idn thi khoi lupng chat thai cang nhieu. Tiiy timg nim, phu thupc vao so lupng d i n chin nudi m i chat thai cua cac huyen tren dia ban tinh cung khic nhau. Chin nuoi Ion cing phit trien thi lupng chat thai ciia Ipn cung ngiy cang ting. Dieu do cho thay neu tinh khong sdm de ra dupc cic phuong in xu ly chat thai trong chin nuoi Ign thi diy se la mdi de dpa rat Idn ddi vdi moi truong tinh Nam Dinh.
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 9/2020
KHOA HOC CdNG NGHE Ket qua phin tich cic chi tieu giy benh 6 mdt sd
miu chat thai ran cua cic frang ti-ai chin nuoi Ipn cho thay ham lupng vi smh vit tdng sd dao dpng ttr 4,5 X 10^- 3,9 x 10*' CFU/g; E. cohdm dpng tij 4,0 x 10^ - 3,5 X 10^ CFU/g; Sabnonella dao dong tii 3,2 x
10"- 7,0 x 10* CFU/g; tiling giun dao dong tir 18 -30 CFU/g. Tuy nhien, khi di qua him khi sinh hgc, do qua trinh len men yem khi tao khi CH,i cong voi nhiet dp cao trong ham thi phan Ion cac chi tieu giy benh niy da dupc triel Ueu.
Bing 3. D$c di&n nude thii chin nudi Ign thit quy md trang trai tiircrc khi thai ra moi trudng t^ mOt sd dia dilm khao sit
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Dia diem lay m&u Ng6 D6ng, Giao Thuy Nam Hong, Nam True Nam My, Nam True Minh Thuan, VuBan Nghia Thai, Nghia Hung Nghia Son, Nghia Hung Hai Xuan, Hai Hau Hai Dong, Hai Hau Hai Tay, Hai hau Hai Phiic, Hai Hau
Trung binh
pH 7,26 7,39 7,28 7,43 7,20 7,42 7,36 7,28 7,38 7,50 7,4
TSS (mg/1) 1326,5 1268,8 1284,6 1258,5 1340,1 1593,7 1637,4 1745,6 1495,5 1629,2 1458,0
Nls (mg/1)
596,2 512,3 557,9 562,7 427,5 458,6 412,3 519,6 402,2 615,9 506,5
Pts (mg/1)
71,6 63,3 65,5 69,3 69,6 65,3 61,9 70,3 69,31 74,5 68,1
COD (mg/1) 1264,1 1185,4 1211,4 1165,8 1247,3 1165,5 1365,5 1294,6 1462,36 1250,6 1261,3
BOD5 (mg/1) 503,2 594,4 573,6 520,8 574,1 573,9 496,4 506,6 493,3 537,7 537,4 Qua phan tich chat lupng nude thai chin nudi
Ipn t ^ mdt so frang trai o Nam Dinh tnrde khi thai ra mdi hirdng cho thay khong cd su khac biet Ion. Tuy nhien, khi so sanh tinh chat nude thai truoc khi thai ra mdi trudng vdi nude thai trudc va sau cong trinh khi sinh hpc (Bang 4) cho thay co nhieu sy khac biet Idn. Ham lupng cac chat huu co co giara, h i m lupng kim loai ning vin nim trong miic cho phep nhimg mpt so chat dinh duong lai bi ling dpng va co xu Bing 4. Die di^m nu6c thii ciia ti-ang ti^&i chin
hudng tang len cho thay cho du cd xii ly bing cong trinh khi sinh hpc hay luu trii nude thii a cic ho sinh hpc tnrde khi thai ra moi truong thi nude thai chin nuoi vin la nguon giy 6 nhiem Idn ddi vdi moi tnrong xung quanh. Do do, diy chinh la rapt thich thiic Idn ddi vdi cic chu trang trai trong viec xii ly nude thai chin nuoi dip ling cic tieu chuan moi tnrdng x i thai theo quy dinh cua phip luit.
nudi Ipn thit trudc v i sau cong trinh khi smh hpc TT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Chi ti6u pH Nts Pts TSS BOD5 COD
NH, Fe Cu Pb Zn Cd
Donvi mg/1 mg/1 mg/1 mg/1 mg/1 mg/1 mg/1 mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg
Truoi: cong trinh KSH 7,1+0,2 215,8 ±59
79,4 ± 19 4.397,5 ± 385
663,4 ±271 2320,6 ±1003
2537.3 ±61 0,37 ±0,10 0,29 ±0,10 0,13 ±0,01 0,19 + 0,02 0.01 ±0,005
Sau cong trinh KSH 6,9 ±0,1 124,5 ±37 43,2 ±4,5 2780 + 458 374.5 ± 89 1346 ±468.5
150,4±31 0,24 ±0,05 0,23 ±0,06 0.11±0,05 0.18 ±0.05 0,01 ±0.005
KHOA HOC C 6 N 0 N G H E
Thue trang thu gom (thu hoi, sii dung) chat thai chan nuoi tren dia ban tinh Nam Dinh dupc hinh bay trong bang 5.
BSng 5. Thuc trang thu gom chit thai chSn nu6i l(m tr6n dia b ^ tinh Nam Dinh
Dia ban
TP. Nam Dinh My Loc VuBan YYen Nam True True Ninh Nghia Hung Xuan Tnrong Giao Thiiy Hai Hau
Ti le thu gom chat thai chan nuoi Ion Chat thai ran (%)
Duoe thu gom 88 75 66 80 74 50 66 71 68 72
Khong thu gom 12 25 34 20 26 50 34 29 32 28
Chat thai long
(%)
Duoc thu gom 48 20 18 25 13 10 16 19 16 19
Khong thu gom
52 80 82 75 87 90 84 81 84 81 Chit thai rin trong nghien ciiu gom phin Ipn nii v i Ipn thit. Phan Ipn nai ludn khd nen cic trang trai chii yeu thu gom l i chinh sau do mdi diing nude xa chuong. Phan Ion thudng dupc xa theo nu6c rira chuong xudng ham khi sinh hgc. Theo ket qua dieu tra thi d TP. Nam Dinh do dong dan cu nen cd den 88% chat thai rin duge thu gom de sir dung cho cac muc dich khic nhau, chi con khoang 12% khong duge thu gom giy 6 nhiem moi tnrdng. O hai huyen cd ty le chin nudi cao nhu Y Yen va Hai Hiu cung dupe thu gom nhieu hon so voi cac huyen khic.
Nude thai trong chan nuoi do kho thu gora hon nen ty le thu gom it hon so voi chat thii rin, cao nhat 6- TP Nam Dinh nhung ciing chua tdi 50%. Cic huyen con lai chi dugc thu gom khoang 10 den 25%, con lai hon 75% luong chat thai long trong chin nuoi Ipn khong dupe thu gom, xa thing ra muong, ao ho gay d nhiem mdi tiirong.
Thuc te viec ip dung bien phap xu ly moi truong trong chin nuoi cua cac trang trai chi mang tinh ddi pho, hau het cac trang trai hien dang su dung cong nghe khi sinh hpc phu bat HDPE de xir ly chat thai chin nuoi. Tim ly uu hen viec phit trien kinh te dat len h i n g dau vin con ning ne ddi vdi cic chu trang trai do co nhieu yeu td khich quan. Do do, mot so
ti-ang h-ai cd h i m khi suib phu bat d i bi hong khdng su dung hoic rich nit nhung chu ti-ang ti-ai vin chua sua chiia do nhu cau tiiuc te khdng can tiuet, khi sinh ra cung it dupc sii dung. Ben canh dd, quan ly mdi trudng chin nuoi bien nay dang con nhieu bit cap, be tic ve cdng nghe de xu ly, thieu sy quan tim thoa ding cua cic cap chinh quyen v i sy dau tu nghien ciiu tim kiem cac giii phip cdng nghe phii hpp, ben vimg, giup vira xii ly moi truong chin nudi lai vira mang lai thu nhap bd sung, tang them mi lai tao dpng lyc cho ngudi chu trang trai ap dung cic bien phip de bao ve moi truong hiiu ich.
3.3. Hien trgng xu ^ v i su d i ^ g chit thii chin nudi Ipn thit quy md trang tr^i t ^ tinh Nam Dinh
Qua dieu tra khio sit cho thay cdng nghe xii ly chat thai chin nuoi hien co pho bien tren dia bin tinh Nam Dinh thudng chia ra lam 3 phuong thiic bao gom:
- Cdng nghe vat ly: lira khd, danh tdi, ep, phoi...
thudng dupe ling dung vdi chat thai chin nudi dai gia siic (nhutriu, bo,...);
- Cong nghe hda hgc: sir dung chat khii miii, vdi... thudng dupc ung dung vdi chat thai chin nuoi gia cam (trang trai nudi gi, vit,...);
- Cdng nghe sinh hpc: xii ly bing he thdng khi sinh hoc, su dung che phara sinh hgc ii compost....
ling dung chu y^u vdi chat thai chin nudi Ipn.
Ket qua cu the dupe dua ra trong bang 6.
Bang 6. Cic cdng nghe xu ly chit thai chin nudi ti6n dia b i n tinh hien nay (%) Dia ban
TP. Nam Dinh My Loc VuBan YYen Nam True Tnrc Ninh Nghia Htmg Xuan Tnrong Giao Thuy Hai Hau
Vat ly 13,5 12,6 8,6 13,3 12,5 14,6 10,7 11,1 15,4 10,8
Hoa hoc 15,0 16,8 13,5 15,5 16,9 13,7 19,8 15,9 19,4 20,3
Sinh hoc 55,9 51,3 49,8 56,9 59,3 63,1 60,1 51,9 53,2 55,8
Khong xiily
15,6 19,3 28,1 14,3 11,3 8,6 9,4 21,1 12,0 13,1 Tir ket qua sd heu the hien trong bang 6 cho thay, phuong phip xii ly sinh hpc thudng dupc ap dung tuong ddi dong deu cho chan nudi Ipn thit giOa cic huyen, dao dpng tir 50 - 63%. Ddi vdi phuong
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 9/2020
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
phap xu ly vit ly thudng dupe ip dung cho chan nuoi Ipn nii v i dupc ap dung it hon, dao dpng tii 10,7 13,5%. Phuong phap xii ly hda hpc dao dpng tir 15,0- 20,3% tap tnmg vio cic ddi tupng trang h-ai va hd gia dinh chin nudi gia cim. Nhu vay cd the thay, cdng nghe xu ly bang sinh hpc dang dupc coi la hudng tot hon trong viec xii ly chat thai chan nudi.
Qua dieu tra nghien cuu tren dia ban tinh Nam Dinh cho thiy hang muc xu ly chit thai chin nudi Ipn thit bing he tiidng khi sinh hpc chidm ty trpng kha Idn, cao nhat ddi vdi huyen Giao Thuy la 93% va thap nhat ddi vdi huyen Xuin Truong vdi 86,4%. Tuy nhien, cic trang trai vi han che chi phi vi chua hi^u biet nen thudng xiy dung ham khi smh hgc co dung tich be hon so vdi quy md chan nudi hoac do bien ddng cua din Ion tang them do chii trang trai tang khi gii thit Ion tang giy nen hien tuong qua tai khdng xu ly kip giy 6 nhi6m raoi trudng. Mit khac he thdng lip dat khi sinh hpc d i Idi thdi, hieu qua xu ly chat thai chua cao, hi6n tupng ling dpng chat thai rin tai cac be chiia hoac be khi sinh hoc giy tic nghen he thdng cdng vdi thoi quen su dung qua nhi^u nude cho viec ve sinh vat nuoi va chuong trai giy nen khd khin trong viec xii ly mdi trudng trong chan nudi. Ngoai ra, viec su dung chat thai chan nuoi ff Nam Dmh lam phan compost de bdn cho cay trong cdn han che do tinh chat cdng viec va tara ly ngai che bie'n cua cic chu trang trai. Sir dung chat thai chin nudi lim thiic i n thiiy san hoac de bin khdng dang ke.
Ket qua cu the ve ty le chat thai chan nudi thuc te cac chii trang ti-ai thu gom sii dung duoc the hien trong bang 7.
Bing 7. Ty I§ ch& thai chin nudi dupe c i c chu ti-ang t r ^ thu gom su dyng (%)
Dia ban TP. Nam Dmh My Loc VuBan YYen Nam Tnrc True Ninh Nghia Himg Xuan Truong Giao Thily Hai Hau
Lonnai 88,0 85,2 82,3 78,9 77,2 87,6 76,5 75,6 87,3 83,4
Ixmthit 15,0 16,8 13,5 15,5 16,9 13,7 14,8 15,9 14,4 15,3 (Sdheu dieu tra nam 2018)
Tir ket qua sd heu khao sat the hien Irong bang 7 cho thay, ty le chat thai duoe thu gom khi chan nuoi Ipn nii quy mo trang trai dat rat cao (>75%). Diy la loai chat thai de thu gom, co ham luong dinh dudng cao, sau khi xii ly bing voi hoac che phim vi sinh cd the tieu thu tren thi trudng vdi gii tuong ddi cao (1.500-2.000 d6ng/kg). Vi vay, cac trang trai thudng tan dung tnet de nguon chat thai nay sir dung cho nhu ciu lam phan bon hoic ban cho cic hg hoac trang trai trong trgt.
Ddi vdi chin nuoi Ipn thit quy md trang trai, lugng chat thai Idn ket hpp vdi viec su dung qua nhieu nude trong cac hoat dpng chin nuoi Ipn din tdi viec qua tii v i q u i cdng suat xu ly. Tir sd lieu dieu tra cho thay viec thu gom de khai thic su dung chat thai cd su khic biet Idn so vdi Ipn nii l i chi chiem 13,7- 16,9%, dieu nay ddng nghia vdi vide lupng chat thai bi ton dgng trong trang trai la rat Idn, ngiy cing gia ting, gay 6 nhiem dat, ngudn nuoc, anh hudng tryc tiep tdi trang trai va moi trudng xung quanh.
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Chan nuoi Ipn co vi tri quan trpng trong san xuat nong nghiep ndi chung va nganh chan nuoi ndi rieng tai Nam Dinh. Ben canh do, chin nuoi Ipn cung dang la rapt trong nhirng nguySn nhan chinh giy 6 nhiem mdi trudng vdi lupng chat thai rat Idn vdi hon 900 nghin tan phan va nude tieu mdi nam. Cdng nghe xu ly chit thai chan nuoi Ipn tap trung chii yeu l i sii dung cic cdng trinh khi sinh hpc, sau do Ii u compost va nudi trong thuy san thong qua phuong thiic xa true tiep. Cac cong trinh khi sinh hoc quy rao nong ho da phat huy hieu qua trong viec xu ly chat thai chin nudi Ipn. Tuy nhien doi vdi quy rao trang trai, ndu su dung toin bp chat thai chan nuoi cho cong nghe khi sinh hpc co the din den viec tao nen mpt nguon o nhiem tiem ting mdi tii khi sinh hpc neu khdng dupc su dung va xir ly triet de. Nguyen nhin o nhiem raoi tiirong chan nuoi tip trung chu yeu d phuong thiic chan nuoi Ipn thit quy mo trang trai vdi mpt lupng Ion chat thai khong dupc thu hdi, su dung. Ben canh do, viec su dung qui nhieu nude trong chin nudi ciing la mpt can trd Idn doi vdi viec thu gom va xii ly ngudn chat thai nay.
Mdt sd trang trai chan nuoi Ipn d Nam Dinh hien nay da va dang bit diu ap dung mgt sd bien phap xu ly chat tiiai chin nuoi mdi nhu sii dung may tich phan de giiip de ding trong viec thu gom va su dung, mang lai tiiu nhap tang them cho ti"ang trai va trinh
KHOA HOC C 6 N C NOHi
gay 6 nhiSm moi truong. Tuy nhien, hieu qua va tinh 2. Chi cue Bao ve moi tnicmg i201Sl Bao cao b^n vimg ctia viec img dung cong nghe nay vSn con hi^n trang moi tnrong chan nuoi tinh Nam Dinh nam dang la can hoi cha loi giai dap tu cac nghien ciiu 2018.
dang tn«n khai ti^p theo. 3 n „ ^ g •J.^^ ^^^^ (2019). Hieu qua cua viSc TAI UEU THAM KHAO xay dung c6ng trinh khi sinh hoc doi vol viec xir ly 1. Chi cue Chan nuoi Thu y Nam Dinh. Cae bao <^^^^ thai chan nuoi quy mo nho tai Viet Nam. Tap chi cao ket qua thirc hiSn c6ng tac chan nuoi, thu y nam Nong nghiep va FTNT 17/2019 ( t . 118-125);
2016, 2017,2018, 2019. 4. Nien giam Thong k6 2016, 2017,2018,2019.
ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS ASSESSMENT OF PIG PRODUCTION AT LARGE SCALE FARM IN NAM DINH PROVINCE
Hoang Tliai Nmh, Nguyen Khac Anh, Nguyen Manh Khai, Nguyen The Hinh, Tran Van Quy
Summary
Nam Dinh currentiy is a developed livestock production province with a total number of almost 600.000 pig heads. Thus, waste of pig production is a big challenge for the provincial environment. The initial result of research shows that almost pig farming waste is processing through biogas system. Tile solid waste is slightly reduced after passing biogas plant however, some nutrients are tended to increase. The released waste water is still polluted and become a big source of risk for surrounding environment. Beside that, this waste cannot be fully collected nor processing due to overuse of water during house cleaning and pig production. This study aims to evaluate an overview of pig production environment in Nam Dinh province in order to propose methodology, management and comprehensive processing for the waste.
Keywords: Farming, livestock, pig, environment, waste water NgiiM phSn bi^n: TS. Lirong HOu Thtoh
Ngiy nhan bii: 17/7/2020 Ng4y theng qua phan bi6n: 17/8/2020 Ngay duy?t dSng: 24/8/2020
128 N O N G NGHIEP V A PHAT TRIEN N O N G THON - KY 2 - THANG 9/2020
