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GIA TRI GIA TANG TRONG CHU6l GIA TRI NONG S A p ^ T NAM
NGUYEN VAN B 9 , D A O T H I ANH Vign r^a hpc Nflng nghidp Vi^t Nam
Trong thdi gian qua, nfing nghifp nifdc ta da d^t difgic nhiJng thanh t|(u ndl b^t, g6p phin dim hio an ninh liftfng thfTc, difa Vi^t Nam thinh cifdng qudc xudt khdu nfing sin, trong do nhidu nginh hing diJng vj tri nhdt nhi tr§n thd gitfi nhU g^o, c i ph6, cao su, hd tiiu, h^t didu... Tuy nhiin, chiing ta luin ddng trUdc nhihig tdn t^i: "dUtlc mua mdt gia, mdt mua dir^rc gia, trdng - ch^t"... Nhidu nOng sin c i sin lUiyng hing nim ddu ting, song gdn nhu IchOng ting iQii nhuin cho ngiftti nOng ddn.
Nguydn nhin cia nhi}ng tdn t^i niy cd nhidu, song nguyin nhin cua mpi nguyin nhdn chinh l i do Chung ta d i khOng t^o d^rng difpc thj trifdng cfia riing minh, cic cdng do^n t^o nin gii trj gia ting (GTGT) cao nhdt trong chuii gii trj nOng sin hdu nhir ddu nim ngoii iinh thd Vidt Nam. Do viy rdt cdn CO nhihig chfnh sich va giii phip dd ndng cao GTGT ciia cic ndng s i n .
ChuAl gii tr| ndng sin d'Wtt
Nam hiin nay , Cd nhilu djnh nghTa v l e h i j
gii trj trdn thi gidi. Trong bii vilt niy Chung tdi sA dpng djrili nghTa cDa Kapllnsky v i Monlssiib (2001): "Chudi gii tr| ndl din riU idat nhOng hinh ddng cin thilt 4 biln m4t sin phim (hdic mdt djch vp) tu khi cdn i i y d l , thdf'qua cic giai ddan sin xuit khic nhau din khi phin phll tdi ngiiM^lidu dung cull cung v i vilt b i sau khi sA dgng'. Theo dd, gii trj s§ hlnh thinh theo sin phim trong suit qui trinh tU sin xuit din IhUdng;
mai, khdng bj gidi han bdi ranh gidl quic gia. Trong trudng hdp sin phim dupc tao ra bdi sp lidn kt|
cDa nhilu cdng ty, nhi sin xuitHf chuii gii trj sd dupc gdi Iai trong mdt khii nidm rdng hdn - 'gii trj hi;
thing".
d Vidt Nam, trong nhSng nim qua, mic dCi sin xuit ndng nghidp cd budc phit triln vupt bic vl sin:
lupng, trong dd nhilu nginh hiii^
dOng v| tri hing diu thi gidi nlif gao, c i phi, cao su, hi tUu, hat dllu, chi, thOy sin... nhung gii tip dem Iai trong chu6l gii tri ciia ndn|i sin l i rit nh6. Theo tlnh toin ciiai Ngin hing t h i gh)i (2011), thi nguAj sin xuit IOa tai Ding bing sdng Cilu Long cht thu dU0c 34% tlng^
s i GTGT c6 dUdc trong chuSi ^ trj gao xuit khiu. Cdn theo s i R$|
dllu tra cCia Cgc Tring trpt (nill 2010), thi vdi Ilia hd thu, khdrti mdt loai giing nio cho Idl nhuif vU0t qui 25%, thim chi cic g M cd chit IUdng cao thi 191 nhuin cM thip dudi 20%. Diy cung ly giii I*
sao ndng din vin kidn tri gleo tring cic giing iUa chit IUdng thip trnji khi chuSi gii trj Iai khdng khuM khich mua bin theo chit IUi;lii|
Nguydn nhin cOa nhOng tin tai n||
c6 nhilu, song nguydn nhin cig mpi nguydn nhin chinh l i ching 1 da khdng tao dgng dUdc thj tnidng
» cdmNcitSiSS:^*---
eda ridng minh. Cic cdng doan tao ndn g i i trj gia ting cao nhit trong ChuSi g i i trj ndng sin hiu nhu d i u nim S ngoii linh t h i Vidt Nam nhu e h l biln, phin phll, trong khi cic cdng doan trong nudc diu tao ra g i i trj gia ting thip, nhit l i khiu sin xuit. Trong 3 cdng ddan cDa chuii gii trj ndng s i n : 1) Sin xuit;
ii) Thu mua, sd chl/ehl biln v i bio quin; ill) Thudng mai/tidu thu thi cd t h i thiy Ipi nhuin thu dUde S cdng ddan sin xult l i thip nhit, d khiu tidu thg l i cao nhit. Diy cDng ehlnh l i nguydn nhin m i rit It nhi diu tu bd vin vio sin xult m i ehl tip trung cho thu mua v i thudng mai. Bi ChuSi g i i trj ndng sin tin tai v i phit triln bin vOng thi tit c i cie tic nhin tham gia vio tCIng heat ddng cHa chuSi d i u phii dUdc hudng idl theo nguydn tic hdp tic chia s i Idi ich; vide ning cip chuSi g i i trj c i n i p dung ding bd eic cdng nghd v i cd e h l quin ly mdi thinh cdng.
Glil phip ning cao ciiuOi gia innftngsip
GUI phip vi ling dgng dng nghg
Vi ehgn tgo giing: chdng ta cin ehpn tac giing ciy tring thfch Ung vdi dilu kiln bit thuin cda blln ddi khf hiu, ching chju siu bdnh, chit iupng dip Ung ydu elu da dang cDa thj trudng. Lfu tidn Ung dung cic cdng nghd gan v i cdng nghd t l bio, trong dd gim c i cdng nghd chuyin gen vdi cic toil ciy tring d i dupc Chinh phD cho phip (ngd, diu tupng v i bdng). Cdng nghd gen cdn dupc ilng dgng trong giii ma gen, xiy dgng bin d l gen, nhit i i vdi cic giing bin dja, die sin d l cung d p v i t Iidu di truyin phd hpp mgc tidu tad giing, giilp rut ngin thdi gian ehpn tao giing mdi. Mit khic, d l dip ling y l u ciu ngUdi Jidu dung trong nudc v i quie t l , I I H e ch! tidu cd bin v l chit iupng.
k l c i chit lupng cim quan, sinh hda v i vd sinh an toin thgc phim cin dupc quan tim trong qui trinh djnh hudng ehpn, tao gid'ng.
Vi phin bin vi bin phin: hidn nay, trong cd elu g i i thinh eCia hiu hit ndng sin, chi phi vit tu v i Iao ddng chilm tl id chu y l u . Do viy, d l giim g i i thinh sin phim, ning cao ning luc canh tranh cin tip trung vio cie cdng doan sin xuit chilm chi phi cao niy. Trudc hit, cin ning eao hidu qui sd dgng phin bdn. Theo nghidn cdu, ehl 40-50% phin dam, 30-60%
phin iin (bao gIm c i hidu igc t i n du) v i khoing 55-60% kali dupc ciy tring sd dgng, phin cdn iai bj rda trdi hoic bay vio khdng khi (vdi nitd). Do viy, eic cdng nghd ning cao hidu suit sd dgng phin bdn cd vai trd hit sdc quan trpng.
Hidn tai, cae c h i phim lim chim qui trinh chuyin hda nitd bao gdm Agrotain, NEB, urea bpc iUu huynh, formaldehyt, hay giim e l djnh Iin nhu Avail, EVL... cic c h i phim vi sinh vit hay phin vi sinh vat chdc ning i i nhOng cdng nghd mdi va hidu qui.
Hing nim chung ta sin xuat trdn 40 tridu t i n Ida, 5 tridu tin ngd... ding thdi chdng ta cung cd It nhit mdt iupng p h i phu phim nhu viy khdng dupc sd dung hidu qui, ma phin Idn bj dit tai rudng, vda mit chit dinh dudng, vda tang phit thii khi nhi kinh. Do viy, can sin xult than sinh hpc td rdm ra d l lim nhidn iidu hay e h l phim c i i tao dit, i p dung cdng ngh$ chuyin hda lignin-eellusoe d l sin xult ethanoi thay vl sd dgng tinh bdt nhu hidn nay. Cdng nghd compost/
d vdi vi sinh v i t de e h l biln phin bdn hOu cd cung l i giii phip xd ly p h i phg phim hOu hidu. Cdng vdi cdng nghd sin xuit phin bdn cdng nghd cao, vide dng dung GIS, viln tham, thdng tin di ddng d l bdn phin theo nhu ciu ciy tring cung
cin dupc diy manh dng dung.
Vi quin If ciy tring ting hgp:
ngoai bdn phin, ky thuit ndng id phdi (AWD) d l tilt kidm nude trdn rudng Ida cin i p dung cic cdng nghd tudj phun v i tudi nhd gipt kit hpp sd dgng chit gid Im, ming phd d l ning eao hidu qui sd dung nudc dii vdi ciy trdng can; sd dung GIS d l dg bie siu bdnh, ky thuit glil m i trinh tg gen d l chin doin v i phit hidn bdnh mdi hay cie ehl phim sinh hpe bio vd thgc vit l i nhdng cdng nghd dang phit huy hidu qui trong sin xuit.
Vi chuyin dii h$ thing canh tic, cd du dy tring: vide ting vg, djch chuyin thdi vu hay chuyin dii cd ciu ciy trdng theo chiiu siu (cung cd elu v l loii ciy trdng nhung sd dung giing mdi) cho phep c i i thidn v i I n djnh dd phi nhidu eda dat, giim i p luc v l siu bdnh v i iao ddng. Cie ky thuit iim ma nIn, khay, ma ndm, sa hing hay xen ciy bd diu, tring ciy vu ddng, hoic sa ding loat d l n i riy d i chdng minh hidu q u i cda eic cdng nghd niy. Mdt sd thinh cdng trong sin xuit khoai tiy, diu tUdng bing canh tie t i i thilu hay sin xuat nim rdm trdn rudng Ida hoin toin c6 t h i md rdng nlu ed ehlnh sich phd hpp.
Vi cd gidi hda canh tie: vide sin xult hing hda quy md idn ddi hdi phii tich tg rudng dit theo ehd trUdng "hd nhd - cinh ding idn" d l ting khi ning ed gidi hda.
Hidn tai cdng nghd san rudng bing lazer, iim dit, idn iuing, gleo sa, thu hoach, vin chuyin vdi nhilu Idai ciy tring d i u cd t h i sd dgng miy.
Vi dc dng nghg trong bio quin, ehi biin: cd t h i ndi, trong thdi gian qua phin Idn sin pham ndng nghidp deu chua dupe bie quin, e h l biln mpt cich khoa hpe ndn t i n that rit eao c i v l s i lupng (11-13% vdi Ida, 13-15% vdi ngd.
s o a . 3 „ i . . o i 3 c 6 N » ™ ? i i f l 8 ^ «
f f-
25-30% vdi rau) v i v l chit iupng (nhiim afiatoxin, mIe, mpt...). Do dd, trong sin xult Ida gao cin tilp tgc uu tidn khiu sly d l dim bio 100% Ida dupe siy. Trong sin xult c i phd, khiu chi biln, bio quin diu rit kim, ti id iSi cao, tidu ChuIn thip. Tji Id c i phd ehl biln siu q u i thip, chua dat 10%, trong khi GTGT phin idn nim d cdng doan niy. Vdi cic ciy tring khie cQng cd tlnh trang tUdng tU.
am phip vi thi trudng Trudc hit, cin thay d i i tU duy td sin xult thee khi ning (supply- driven) sang sin xult theo nhu ciu thj trudng (demand-driven).
Do viy, Chinh phd cin hS trp d l xic djnh thj trudng ehlln lupc cho cho tdng nginh hing v i ky cic cam kit quic gia d l dim bio rdi ro thip nhit. Hd thing thdng tin v i dg bio, phin tich thi trudng, tidu chuIn chit iupng cin dupe cip nhit, xiy dpng cd sd dd iidu cho tdng chdng loai sin phim v i tdng thj trudng eg thi. Trudc hit can phit triln cie chuSi gia tri dua trdn thj trudng trong nude d l ting tlnh chuydn nghidp cho cic tic nhin, sau dd tao mil lidn hd chit ehd giQa Thudng vg v i Doanh nghidp trong nudc.
Nhim trinh rdi ro do g i i xuing thip khi vio vg thu hoach, Nhi nude ndn t l chdc thu gom ndng sin v i khi g i i idn din mde cd ipi cho ngudi din thi t l chdc diu gii, thim ehl c i diu gii xuit khiu.
Thii Lan hidn dang thgc hidn thg mua Ida cho ndng din v i t l chdc diu thiu bin Iai cho doanh nghidp e h l biln, xuit khiu.
Glil phip vi xiy dgng vi phit trien thuong higu quic gia
MSi quic gia khi tham gia thj trudng ( k l c i th| trudng trong nude) diu phii xiy dgng dupe thupng hidu eda tdng sin phim d l bio h$
va ning eao gii tri dia ting. Chdng ta d i v i dang xiy dgng ehl din dja
ly cho mdt s i sin phim die s i n , bin dja, tuy nhidn quy md sin xult cic sin phim niy iai q u i nhd b i . Do viy, Chinh phd ein cd ehlnh sich hS trp doanh nghidp, hidP hdi xiy dgng thudng hidu thdng qua:
a) Quy hoach v i xiy dgng vdng sin xgit; b) Xiy dgng hd thing tidu ChuIn sin phim hoic hii hda tidu ehuin quic t l ; c) Quing b i thudng hidu trdn eic phUdng tidn truyin thdng.
Glil phip vi hd trg doanh nghigp
Doanh nghidp hidn nay rit din de khi tham gia diu tU vio ndng nghidp, nhit i i cdng doan sin xult m i hp ehd ylu tham gia vio khiu thu gom, sd ehl, tidu thu v i cung dng diu vio. Do viy, Nhi nudc cin ed ehlnh sich Uu dii hdn v l han diln v i thdi gian thud dit, hS trp tich tu dit dai, thul, vin vay, bio hilm rdi ro, did tao nguin igc... d l hp quan tim hdn din d i u tU vio ning nghidp. Cin tao dilu kidn d l ndng din gdp quyin sd dgng dit vio doanh nghidp nhu mua co philu d l hp ydn tim giao dit. Khi doanh nghidp diu tU vio sin xult, hpseiiphipnhinquan trpng trong vide djnh hudng thj trudng, iga ehpn cdng nghd v i tlm nguin vin diu tU.
Vdi diu tu thilt bj, miy mdc c i n c6 ehlnh sich Uu dii v l l i i suit, khdng tlnh then nim m i ehl tlnh theo mda vu sin x u l t
Trong chuSi g i i trj, doanh nghlip khdng hoat ddng ddc lip m i phii hpp tie vdi eic tie nhin khic, vi viy diu tu cdng nghi c i n ting t h i
theo ChuSi d l chuSi gii tr{ ed thi v i n hinh ding b | td sin xult din c h i biln, ddng gdi, thUdng mai.
Hpp tie giOa doanh nghlip vdi nghidn cdu tu v i n l i hit sdc cin thilt d l thde diy ITnh vgc niy. i
Glil phip vihd trg xiy dgng li chic ning din vi higp hgi nginh hing
Ndng d i n , thim ehi doanh nghilp hoat ddng trong ITnh vgc ndng nghidp iiu cd quy md nh&, v i n It, do v i y k h i ning vUdn ra thj trudng trgc tilp l i khd khin. Hdn nOa, chinh chdng ta dang tp canh tranh nhau ndn d i lim tin hai uy tin quic gia v i g i y t i n thit cho ngudi s i n xult. Do viy, Nhi nudc c i n hS trp d l hlnh thinh eic hlnh thde hpp t i c cda ndng din nhi/
nhdm sd thteh, hidp hdi hpp tic i ^ theo tCing nginh hing eg thi. Hop ddng s i n xult ndng nghidp, nhit l i hoat ddng trong ITnh vgc ehl biln, xult khiu phii l i eic hoa) ddng cd dilu ki$n v i c i n cd chi til d l giim s i t doanh nghidp. Cic tl!
chdc ndng d i n v i hidp hdi sd cdng vdi ddanh nghidp dua ra giii phip v l t l chdc ehuSi g i i tri, giii phi^!
v l quin ly chit lupng thee ehu3i, giii phip quin trj thUdng hidu theo chuSi, xiy dgng kdnh phin phll vf marketing s i n phim; quin 1^ ^ chia s i rdi ro theo chuSi. Tdm laii nhdm giii phap niy bao gIm cie giii phip v l t h i e h l t l chdc chuii, l i nIn ting cho vide i p dgng c4 hidg q u i cdng nghd mdi v i hi^n dai trong chuSi g i i trj ndng sin • ;
28 Tap d l KHOA HQ
CiNCNGIievi^NM SS2 + 3nam2013
