BINH LUAN AN LE
GIA TRI PHAP LY CUA UCP VA TINH DOC LAP CUA L/C
DO VAN DAI
Khoa Luat Dan si^, Dai hgc Luat TP. Ho Chi Mmh Civil law Dqjartment, Hochiminh city University of Law Email: [email protected] vn
Tom tdt
Viec thanh todn qua L/C rdt phd biin trong thuang mgi qudc ti. Bdi viit lam ro gid tn phdp ly cua UCP tgi Viit Nam cUng nhu tinh dgc lap cua L/C so voi hap dong mua bdn dugc the hien trong dn li sd 13/2017.
Tir khoa: L/C, gid tri phdp ly, doc lap, dn U Abstract
The payment via L/C is a common practice in intemational commerce. This article clarifies the legal value of UCP in Vietnam and the independence of L/C compared to the sale and purchase agreement as expressed in the precedent No. 13/2017.
Keywords: L/C, legal value, independence, precedent
Ngdy nhgn bdi: 20/2/2018 Ngdy duyet ddng: 25/3/2018
An If s6 13/2017 Nguon an If:
Quyet dinh gidm doe tham sd 17/2016/
KDTM-GDT ngdy 10/11/2016 eua Hdi ddng tham phdn Tda an nhan dan tdi cao vd vu an kinh doanh thuang mai "Tranh chdp hpp ddng mua ban hang hda" tai Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh giua nguyen dan Cdng ty trdch nhidm hiiu ban mpt thdnh vien A (do dng Nguyen Duy T Idra dai dien theo uy quyen) vdi bi dan Cdng ty B; ngudi cd quyen Ipi, nghTa vu lien quan gdra Ngan hang thuang mai ed phan E (do dng Hda Anh K Iam dai didn theo uy quydn) va Ngdn hang N (do bd Nguydn Thi V Idm dai dien theo uy quyen).
Vi tri noi dung an le: Doan 34 va Doan 36 phdn "Nhdn dinh cua Tda an".
Khai quat n9i dung cua an If:
- Tinh huong dn le:
Hop ddng mua ban hang hda qudc td ed thda thudn phuong thuc thanh todn bdng thu tin dung (L/C), thda thudn thyc hien L/C theo tap quan thucmg mai qudc td (Quy tac thyc hanh thdng nhdt vd tin dung chung tu ldn thu 6 ndm 2007 (UCP 600) cua Phdng Thuang mai Qudc t^) vd phu hop vdi quy dinh cua phdp luat Viet Nam.
Hop ddng mua bdn hang hda qudc te Id eo sd cua L/C bi huy bd.
- Gidi phdp phdp ly:
Trudng hpp nay, Tda an phdi xdc dinh thu tin dyng (L/C) khdng bi raat hidu lyc thanh todn vi ly do hpp ddng mua ban hang hda qudc te Id CO sd cua thu tm dung (L/C) bi buy bd.
Quy dinh cua phap luat cd lidn quan den an le:
- Dieu 3 Bd ludt Dan sy (BLDS) ndm 2005 (tuong ung vdi Dieu 5 Bd ludt Ddn sy ndm 2015);
Quygt dinh sd 226/2 002/QD-NHNN ngay 26-3-2002 cua Ngan hdng Nhd nudc vd "Quy chd hoat ddng thanh todn qua cdc td ehde cung dng dich vu thanh todn";
- Bdn sua ddi ve quy tdc thyc hdnh thdng nhdt tin dung chung tu ldn thu 6 ndm 2007 (UCP 600) cua Phdng Thuang mai qude te.
Tu khoa cua an le:
"Thu tin dung"; "L/C"; "UCP 600"; "Tap qudn thuang raai qudc te"; "Hgp ddng";
"Mua ban hang hda"; "Mua bdn hdng hda qudc td"; "Hop ddng hi buy bd".
N O I D U N G AN LE
"[34] Nhu vay, theo dan de nghi md L/C cua Ben raua vd ndi dung L/C da phdt hdnh thi L/C sd 1801 la mdt giao dich ridng bidt ddi vdi Hpp ddng mua bdn hang hda ngay 07-6-2011; duoc chi phdi vd dp dung theo UCP 600. Theo quy dinh cua UCP 600,
72 TAP CHI KHOA HQC Ngdn hdng E vdi tu cdch Id Ngdn hdng phdt
hdnh phdi thanh toan khi xdc dinh bd ehdng tu xudt trinh Id phu hpp tai Ngdn hdng...
[36]...Tda an cdp sa tham lai cho rang phuang thuc thanh todn bdng L/C sd 1801 Id mdt phdn khdng the tdch rdi cua Hgp ddng raua ban hang hda ngdy 07/6/2011; do vay, khi hgp ddng nay bi buy todn bp thi cdc ben khdng phdi tidp tuc thuc hien nghTa vu da thda thuan trong hop ddng; tu do quyet dinh L/C sd 1801 khdng cdn hieu lye thanh toan vd Ngdn hang E khdng cd nghia vu thanh toan cho Ngdn hdng N theo L/C neu tren; ddng thdi budc Ngdn hang E phdi trd cho bdn mua sd tidn ky quy Id 1.313.308,85 USD la chua du ca sd vd chua dung vdi cdc quy dinh tai UCP 600".
BINH LUAN
1. Dan nhap. Trong nam 2016, Hdi ddng tham phdn Tda dn nhan ddn tdi cao da thdng qua dupe 10 dn le(dn Id sd 01/2016/
AL ddn an le sd 10/2016/AL) trong dd dn Id 09 xudt phdt tu de nghi eua phia Trudng Dai hpe Ludt TP. Hd Chi Minh vd dd dugc gidi thieu trdn Tap chi nay.' Vao thdng 12/2017, Hpi ddng thdm phdn Tda dn nhdn ddn tdi cao da thdng qua them 06 an le radi (dn le sd 11/2017/AL den dn le sd 16/2017/AL) trong do cung cd 01 dn le xudt phdt tu de nghi cua phia Trudng Dai hpc Ludt TP. Hd Chi Minh vd do chinh la an le sd 13/2017/AL (vidt tat la dn le sd 13) duoc binh ludn trong khudn khd cua bai viet nay.
Day la mpt trong cdc dn le dugc Hdi ddng thdm phdn thdng qua mpt cdch de dang (khdng ddi hdi phai thdo ludn nhidu so vdi eac an le khac) vi da cd sy chudn bi ve CO sd khoa hpc tai Hdi thdo dupe td chdc tai TP. Hd Chi Minh, tai Phien hpp Hdi ddng tu van dn Id d Ha Ndi ciing nhu tai Phien hpp thdng qua dn lecua Hdi ddng thdm phdn. De hidu ro ban, chung ta cung ' Xem Do Van Dai, "Lai cham tra trong quan he thuong mai", Tgp chi Khoa hoc phdp ly, so 03/2017.
nhau nghien cuu tinh tidt hinh thdnh dn I?
sd 13: Cdng ty A (gpi tdt Id Ben mua-Viet Nam) vd Cdng ty B (gpi tdt la Bdn bdn- Nudc ngodi) ky hpp ddng mua ban hdng hda qudc td theo phuang thdc thanh toan 98% L/C. Ben mua da yeu cdu Ngdn hdng E rad L/C sd 1801 nhung, sau khi nhan hang, Ben mua da kidra tra yd phdt hi$n hang hda khdng dara bdo chdt lupng. Do khdng nhdn dupe bdt cd phdn hdi ndo tu phia Ben bdn, Bdn mua khdi kien den Toa dn nhdn ddn TP. Hd Chi Minh bupc Ben bdn nhan lai Id hdng, ydu cdu dp dung bien phdp khdn cdp tam thdi budc Ngdn hang E tara ngung thanh todn cho Bdn ban sd tidn L313.308,85 USD cua L/C sd 1801. Ka tidp, Bdn raua khdi kien bd sung ydu cdu buy bd hpp ddng raua ban, ddng thdi yeu cdu buy bd L/C sd 1801. Tai cdp so thdm, Tda dn da buy bd hgp ddng mua bdn, quySt dinh L/C sd 1801 do Ngdn hdng E phat hdnh khdng cdn hieu lyc thanh todn (Ngan hdng E khdng cd nghTa vu thanh todn cho Ngdn hang N theo L/C 1801 do Ngdn hdng E phdt hdnh) ddng thdi tiep tuc duy tri bien phdp khdn cdp tam thdi khdng cho phep Ngdn hdng E thanh toan cho Ngdn hdng N trdn CO sd L/C sd 1801. Tai edp phuc thdm, Tda an da dinh ehi xet xu vd ban an so thdm cd hidu lyc thi hanh.
Tren ca sd khdng nghi cua Chdnh dn Tda dn nhan ddn tdi cao, Hdi ddng thdm phdn da ban hanh Quyet dinh gidm ddc thdm sd 17/20I6/KDTM-GDTngdylO/lI/2016huy Quyet dinh phuc thdm vd Ban an sa tham.
Cudi cung, mdt sd ndi dung cda Quydt dinh ndy dugc phdt trien thanh dn le sd 13. Thyc td, trong 17 dn Id dugc thdng qua cho den hdt nam 2017, day Id An Id duy nhat lien quan ddn thuang mai qudc te vd cu the la lien quan ddn thanh todn qudc td bang L/C (tin dung thu). CJ khia canh phap ly, an le sd 13 Idra rd hai van dd ddng luu y sau: Ghi nhdn gid tri dp dung cua UCP (tidng Anh la The Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, dich sang tidng Viet Id Quy tdc vd Thiec hdnh thong nhdt thu tin
BINH LUAN AN LE 73 dung) vd nhdt la khai thdc tinh ddc lap cua
L/C so vdi hgp ddng mua bdn.^
1. Ghi nhdn gia tri ap dung cua UCP t?i Viet Nam
2. Noi dung thd hifn viec ap dung UCP.
UCP la bp cdc quy dinh vd viec ban hdnh va su dung thu tin dung hay tin dung thu (L/C) vd bd quy dinh nay dupe cdc ngdn hdng, eac ben tham gia thuang mai dp dung d trdn 175 qudc gia. Trdn thyc td, bd quy dinh ndy da dupe Phdng thuong mai qudc t6 (ICC) tidu chuan hda thdng qua viec xudt ban UCP nam 1933 vd tidp theo do Id cap nhat qua cdc ndm.
Trong dn Id sd 13, chung ta thdy ndi dung the hien vide dp dyng UCP 600. Cu the, tai doan 34 cua Quyet dinh duoc phdt trien thanh dn le sd 13, chung ta thay neu "dp dung theo UCP 600". Tuong tu, tai doan 36 cua Quydt dinh tren, duoc phdt trien thdnh dn le sd 13 chung ta thdy khang dinh "chua du CO so vd chua diing voi cdc quy dinh tgi UCP 600". Nhu vay, an le sd 13 da thua nhdn gia tri dp dung cua UCP 600 tai Viet Nam. 0 ddy, an Id ghi nhdn gid tri dp dung cua UCP 600 nhung vi nhu da ndu Bd quy dinh ndy dupe cap nhat thudng xuyen ndn nhung phdn tich dudi day cung cd nguyen y nghTa ddi vdi cdc phidn ban khdc nhau cua UCP.
Cdu hdi ddt ra Id trdn ca sd ndo UCP dupe thda nhdn dp dyng tai Viet Nam? Trudc khi trd ldi cau hdi nay, chung ta cung nhau xera xet bdn ehat phdp ly cua UCP.
3. Mpt dang tap quan quoc te. UCP Id bd quy dinh trong thuang mai qudc te dupe Phdng thuang mai qudc te (ICC) tidu chuan hda. 0 khia canh phdp ly, "ddy khdng Id phdp ludt cua mpt nudc".^ Tren the gidi, Bd quy tac tren dugc xae dinh la tap qudn
^ Do Van Dai, Ludt nghia vu vd bdo ddm thifc hiin nghia vu Viit Nam-Bdn dn vd binh ludn bdn dn, Nxb.
Hong Diic - Hoi luat gia Viet Nam 2017 (xu3t ban lin thu ba). Ban an s6 279-280.
' Jean - Baptiste Racine, "En matiere de credit documentaire, la fraude autorise le donneur d'ordre a pratiquer ime saisie conservatoire". Revue des conti-ats. 01 juillet 2009 n°3.
thuang raai qudc td. Ci Phap, cd hgc Iy vd dn Id ddu thua nhdn UCP Id rapt Ioai tap qudn thuang raai qudc te. Theo Marie Tilche:
"Bdn quy tdc ndy co gid tri nhu tap qudn"'^
vd Tda phdc thdra Versailles da tung nhdn dinh rang: "Bdn quy tdc vd thirc hdnh thong nhdt ve thu tin dung do ICC dn hdnh ndm J993 CO gid tri nhu luat tap qudn".^ Thyc ra, trudc do, Tda Thuang raai Paris dd khdng dinh "cdc quy tdc ndy khong co cung gid tri rdng buoc cua ludt nhung no the hien tap qudn vd, nhdt Id trong linh vice thucmg mai. Id nguon ciia phdp ludt v&i vai trd Id chung duac dp dung khi cdc ben khong co thoa thudn ro rdng dp dung chung".^
Tai Viet Nam, theo Hpi ddng thdm phdn Tda dn nhdn ddn tdi cao, "tap qudn thuang mgi quoc te Id thong le, cdch Idm lap di, lap lgi nhieu ldn trong buon bdn quoc te vd duac cdc to chuc quoc te co lien quan thira nhdn "^. Nhu vay, de dugc coi la "tap qudn thuong mai qudc td" thi nhung quy pham phai dupe "lap di, lap Iai nhieu Idn"
va "dupe cdc td chuc qudc te cd lien quan thua nhan". Bdn nguyen tac UCP ndi trdn thda man hai dieu kien vua neu. Thu nhdt, dd la nhiing nguyen tdc lap di, lap Iai trong thyc td; thu hai dugc Phdng Thuang mai qudc te (ICC) thua nhdn. Trong thyc te, viec thua nhdn UCP Id tap qudn cung dugc dd cap trong rapt sd tdi lieu d Viet Nara* vd Tda dn Viet Nam cung dd thda nhdn bdn nguydn tdc ndy Id tap qudn qudc te. Chdng ban, lien quan den rapt tranh chdp giira rapt bdn la Tnmg Qudc vd radt ben Id Viet Nara,
•* Marie Tilche, "Credit documentaire". Bulletin des Transports et de la Logistique, 1997, art. 2716-25..
' Xem ban an cua Toa phiic tham Versailles, phong s6 12, ngay 28-2-2002, JCP E 2003, 396, s6 15, p.467, note Jean Stoufflet
^ T com Paris, 8 mars 1976: RJ com. 1977, p. 72, note Le Guidec; DMF 1976, p. 558.
' Nghi quygt s6 04/2005/NQ-HDTP ngay 17/9/2005 cua Hoi dong tham phan Toa an nhan dan toi cao.
* Do Van Dai va Mai Hong Quy, Tu phdp quoc ti Viet Nam - Quan he ddn su. lao dong, thuang mgt co yiu to nudc ngodi, Nxb. Chinh tri quoc gia. Ha Ngi, 2010,phans6 20.
74 TAP CHI KHOA HQC PHAP L \ ' SO 03(115)/2018 Tda dn dd dp dung Didu 1, Dieu 3, UCP
500 vd trong phdn Quyet dinh cd ndu cdn cd Id khodn 4 DiSu 759 BLDS ndm 2005 vd khodn 1 va 2 Dieu 5 Luat thuang mai Vidt Nara^ va day la nhdng quy dinh ghi nhan khd ndng dp dung tap qudn qudc te rad chung ta se thay d doan sau.
Vide coi bd quy tac UCP Id tap quan eung phu hpp vdi BLDS 2015 vi khoan 1 Didu 5 BLDS ndm 2015 (dugc neu trong phdn Quy dinh cua phdp ludt cd lien quan ddn dn le trong dn Id sd 13) khdng dinh "tap qudn la quy tdc xu stf co npi dung ro rdng de xdc dinh quyen, nghia vu cua cd nhdn, phdp nhdn trong quan he ddn su cu the, duac hinh thdnh vd lap di lap lai nhieu ldn trong mpt thai gian ddi, duac thita nhgn vd dp dung rpng rdi trong mpt viing, mien, ddn tpc, cpng dong ddn cu hogc trong mpt linh vuc ddn su".
4. Trudng hpp thda thudn dp dung tap quan. Trong nhidu thu tin dung (L/C), cdc ben cd neu dp dung Ban quy tac vd thu tin dung (UCP). Chang ban, trong rapt thu tin dung dupe md vao thang 8/2007 giiia ngudi thy hudng la rapt cdng ty Viet Nam vd ngudi phdi thanh todn Id mpt cdng ty nudc ngodi chung ta cd thay neu trong myc "quy pham dp dung" la "phien bdn mdi nhdt cua Bdn quy tac vd thu tin dung". Tuong ty, trong rapt thu tin dung dupe m d vdo thdng 8/2007 vdi ngudi thu hudng Id mpt cdng ty Hdng Kong vd ngudi phdi thanh todn la rapt edng ty Viet Nam chung ta thdy d muc
"quy pham dp dung" la "thu tin dung ndy chiu su dieu chinh cua UCP 500". Trong vu vide phdt tridn thdnh dn le, L/C so 1801 vdi npi dung "L/C tra chdra rad theo UCP ' Trong Ban an so 16/2008/KDTM-PT ngay 14/1/2008 ciia Toa phuc tham Toa an nhan dan t6i cao tai Ha Ngi, Toa an da "Cdn cu vdo khodn 4. Dieu 759 Bo ludt ddn su nudc Cgng hda xa hoi chii nghTa Viit Nam; - Cdn cir vdo khodn I, khodn 2. Dieu 5 Ludt Thuang mgi cda nudc Cong hda xd hoi chd nghia Viit Nam'' (ve vu viec nay xem: D6 Van Dai, Lugt hpp ddng Viit Nam - Bdn dn vd binh ludn bdn dn, Nxb.
H6ng Due - Hgi luat gia Viet Nam, 2017, xudt ban \kn thd sau. Ban an so 6-7).
600". Didu do cd nghTa Id cdc ben lidn quan dd thda thudn dp dung UCP.
Khi cac ben chpn tap qudn nhu v u a neu thi sy lua chpn dd cd rdng budc cdc ben va CO quan tdi phdn khdng? Mdt sd van bdn hidn hdnh ghi nhdn tbda thudn eua cdc ben ve dp dung tap qudn qudc td. Chdng ban, theo khodn 2 Didu 5 Bd ludt Hdng hdi ndm 2015, cdc ben tham gia trong hgp ddng lien quan ddn boat ddng hdng hdi ma trong dd cd it nhat mgt ben la td ehuc hoae ea nhdn n u d c ngodi thi cd quyen thda thuan dp dyng ludt n u d c ngodi hoac tap qudn hdng hai qudc te trong quan he hgp ddng. Tuong ty, theo khodn 2 Didu 5 Luat T h u a n g raai ndm 2005, "cdc ben trong giao dich thuang mai CO yeu to nuac ngodi dupe thda thudn dp dungphdp lugt nuac ngodi, tap qudn thuang mgi quoc te neu phdp lugt nuac ngodi, tap qudn thuang mgi quoc te do khong trdi vai cdc nguyen tdc ca bdn cita phdp ludt Viet Nam". N h u n g quy dinh vua rdi "ro rdng"
cho phep cdc ben chpn tgp quan qudc te.
BLDS ndm 2005 cd hidu lye tai thdi diem ban hdnh quyet dinh gidm ddc thdm la ngudn gdc cua an Id cung "ngdm" cho phep sy lya chpn nay. Bdi Ie, theo khoan 1 Didu 769 BLDS ndm 2005: "Quyen vd nghia vu cua cdc ben theo hap dong dupe xdc dinh theo phdp lugt cua nuac nai thuc hien hap dong, neu khong co thoa thudn khdc". O ddy chung ta dp dyng phdp luat nai thyc hien hgp ddng "neu khdng cd thda thuan khdc" va khi cdc bdn chpn tap qudn qudc te thi day Id mdt "thda thu^n khac". Didu do cd nghia la khi cdc ben chpn tap quan, theo BLDS ndm 2005, chdng ta tdn trpng sy lya chpn cda cdc bdn va hudng nay dugc ghi nhdn eu the h a n trong BLDS nara 2015 tai Dieu 666 theo do "cdc ben duac lua chpn tap qudn quoc te trong trirang hap quy dinh tgi khodn 2 Dieu 664 cua Bp lugt na/'. Thyc td, tai khodn 4 Didu 3 Ludt Cac td chuc tin dung nara 2010 (dupe neu trong Quydt dinh Id ngudn cua dn Id sd 13) cdng quy dinh: "To chuc, cd nhdn tham gia hogt dpng ngdn hdng duac quyen thoa thudn dp
BINH LUAN AN LE 75 dicing tap qudn thuang mgi, bao gom: Tap
qudn thuang mgi quoc ti do Phong Thuang mgi quoc te ban hdnh".
Vdi quy dinh trdn, tdp qudn qudc te cd thd la ngudn didu ehinh theo y chi cua cdc ben nhu trong vy vide hinh thdnh an Ie. Tuy nhidn, viec dp dyng t^p quan ma ede ben thda thudn Id cd didu kien, bdn thdn su thda thudn cua cdc bdn chua du de duge ap dyng tai Viet Nara. Cu the, Ludt Thuong raai cd hidu luc tai thdi didra ban hanh quydt dinh la ngudn cua an Id neu tren da neu ro dieu kien Id neu "tap qudn thuang mgi quoc te do khong trdi vai cdc nguyen tdc ca bdn ciia phdp ludt Viet Nam". Ludt Td chdc tin dyng duoc ndu trong quydt dinh tao lap dn Id sd 13 cung theo hudng nay khi quy dinh "To chicc, cd nhdn tham gia hogt dpng ngdn hdng duac quyen thoa thudn dp diing tap qudn thuang mgi, bao gSm:
Tap qudn thuang mgi quoc te do Phong Thuang mgi quoc te ban hdnh; tap qudn thuang mgi khdc khong trdi vai phdp lugt Viet Nam". Dieu kidn vua neu tiep tuc dugc duy tri trong vdn bdn khac nhu doan 2 Didu 666 BLDS ndm 2015 theo dd "neu hau qud cda viec dp dung tap qudn quoc te do trdi v&i cdc nguyen tdc ca bdn cua phdp ludt Viet Nam thi phdp ludt Viet Nam duac dp dung". Quyet dinh gidra ddc thdm la ngudn cua dn le sd 13 da dp dung tap qudn UCP 600 de didu chinh quan hd giua cdc ben va Ndi dung dn Id sd 13 thua nhdn dieu ndy chung td rang UCP 600 (vd duong nhidn cd nhung phien bdn trude do eua UCP) da du dieu kien de dp dung tai Viet Nam, tdc khdng "trdi vai cdc nguyen tdc ca bdn ciia phdp lugt Viet Nam". Thyc ra, trudc vide chua cd rapt quy dinh ndo khang dinh ro UCP khdng trai vdi vdi cdc nguyen tac co ban cua phdp ludt Viet Nara, didm ddng gdp eua dn le sd 13 chinh Id khang dinh mdt each chinh thdc rdng UCP du dieu kien dugc dp dung d Viet Nam khi cdc ben thda thudn ap dung UCP. Vide khdng dinh mpt each danh chinh rdng npi dung cua UCP khdng trdi vdi cdc nguyen tac co bdn cua
phdp ludt Viet Nara tao niem tin cho nhung ehu thd tham gia vdo boat dgng thuong raai qudc td, nhdt Id vdo loai cdng cu thanh todn qudc te dang dugc xem xet. Sd d! chung tdi cho rdng viec khdng dinh trong dn Id sd 13 nhu tren tao nidra tin cho nhung chd thd tham gia vao boat ddng thuang mai qudc te vi khai niem "trdi v&i cdc nguyen tdc ca bdn cda phdp ludt Viet Nam" da gdy qud nhidu hoang mang cho hp trong thdi gian vua qua khi ed qud nhieu phan quyet trpng tdi bi huy hay khdng dugc cdng nhdn vd cho thi hanh tai Viet Nam vdi ly do "trdi vdi cdc nguyen tdc co ban eua phdp lu$t VietNam".'"
5. Trudng hop khdng thoa thuan ap dung tap quan. Cd the xdy ra trudng hop cdc ben khdng thda thudn an dung UCP dd dieu chinh L/C vd cdu hdi dat ra Id UCP dd cd dugc dp dung khdng? Tuy nhidn, phdi thda nhdn rang "cdu hdi rdt hilm khi dugc dat ra. Trong thyc td, viec thu tin dyng khdng vien ddn tdi quy dinh cua ICC Id rdt ngoai Ie".''
Theo phdp ludt Viet Nam, tap qudn qudc td cdn cd the Id ngudn dieu chinh khi cdc bdn khdng thda thudn ve van dd dp dung.
Bdi le, theo khodn 4 Didu 759 BLDS ndm 2005: "Trong truang hap quan he ddn sir CO yeu to nu&c ngodi khong duac Bp lugt ndy, cdc van bdn phdp lugt khdc ciia Cpng hoa xd hpi chu nghia Viet Nam, dieu u&c quoc te md Cong hda xd hdi chu nghia Viet Nam la thdnh vien hogc hpp dong ddn sif giQa cdc ben dieu chinh thi dp dung tap qudn qudc te, neu viec dp dung hogc hdu qud cua viec dp dung khdng trdi v&i cdc nguyen tdc ca bdn cua phdp lugt Cpng hda xd hoi chu nghia Viet Nam". Quy dinh tuong ty da ton tai d khoan 3 Didu 14 Ludt Trgng tdi thuang raai nara 2010. Theo dd,
"truang hap phdp lugt VietNam, phdp ludt '" Xem Do Van Dai, Phdp ludt trong tdi thucmg mai Viit Nam - Bdn dn vd binh ludn bdn dn, Nxb. Hong Diic - Hoi luat gia Viet Nam, 2017, Ban an s6 150-152 va Ban an s6 223 - 224.
" Jean-Baptiste Racine, tldd.
76 TAP CHi KHOA HOC PHAP L ^ s 6 Q3(115)/Z018 do cdc ben lua chpn khdng cd quy dinh cu
the lien quan den ndi dung tranh chdp thi Hdi dong trpng tdi duac dp dung tap qudn qudc te de gidi quyet tranh chdp neu viec dp dung hogc hau qud cua viec dp dung do khdng trdi vdi cdc nguyen tdc ca bdn cda phdp lugt Viet Nam". Khodn 2 Digu 5 BLDS nam 2015 (duoc ndu trong phan Quy dinh cua phdp ludt co lien quan den dn le trong dn Id sd 13) cdng theo hudng vda neu vdi ndi dung "truang hap cdc ben khdng co thda thuan vdphdp ludt khdng quy dinh thi cd the dp dung tap qudn nhung tap qudn dp dung khdng duac trdi vai cdc nguyen tdc Cff bdn ciia phdp lugt ddn su quy dinh tgi Dieu 3 cua Bd lugt ndy".
Vdi quy dinh tren, viec dp dyng tap qudn qudc td trong do cd UCP khdng duang nhien rad Id cd digu kien. Thu nhdt, chi khi vdn de cdn gidi quyit khdng dugc Bp ludt Dan sy, cac vdn ban phdp ludt khac cua Viet Nam, didu udc qudc td rad Viet Nara Id thdnh vien quy dinh. Thir hai, chi khi van de cdn giai quyet khdng dugc hgp ddng giua cdc ben didu chinh. Thu ba, vide dp dyng hoac hau qua cua viec dp dung khdng trdi vdi cac nguyen tdc co ban cua phdp ludt Viet N a m . Thuc te, ddi vdi didu kien thu nhdt vd thu hai, chung ta khdng gap khd khdn. Ddi vdi dieu kien thu ba, chung ta da thay tdc dpng cua viec an le sd 13 van dung thuc te UCP giup khang dinh UCP khdng trai vdi vdi cac nguyen tdc c a bdn cua phdp ludt Viet Nam nen UCP se dugc dp dyng ngay cd khi cdc ben khdng thda thudn dp dyng UCP.
II. Van dung tinh dpc lap cua L/C theo quy dinh cua UCP
6. Ghi nhdn tinh doc lap cua L/C. Tin dung thu hay thu tin dung (L/C) khdng sinh ra vi no md sinh ra vi cd mdt quan he khac va quan he khdc do thdng thudng Id hop ddng mua bdn nhu trong vu viec hinh thanh an Id sd 13. Dieu dd cd nghTa Id ben canh tin dung thu ludn CO mdt quan he khdc va chdng ta quan tam tdi mdi quan he giua tin dung thu va quan he khdc nay.
Trong vu viec bmh thanh an Id sd 13,
Tda dn cap so thdm theo hudng hai quan he nay khdng thd tdch rdi nhau khi xet rang
"phuang thirc thanh todn bang L/C trd chdm sd 1801ILUEIBII0002 do E - chi nhanh D phdt hdnh ngdy 07/7/2011 Id mdt phdn khdng thi tdch rai cua hap ddng mua bdn, L/C duac lap trin ca s& hpp ddng mua bdn (dieu khodn thanh todn tien hdng bang L/C Id mdt phdn khdng tdch rai cua hpp ddng mua bdn).
Theo Dieu 8 ciia Hap dong, Ben mua vd Ben bdn thoa thudn phuang thirc thanh todn la ma L/C trd chdm 90 ngdy ki tie ngdy xudt trinh bd chung tie hap le tgi Ngdn hdng N.
Tgi Tda, Ben mua xdc dinh viec thda thudn trd chdm 90 ngdy ke tir ngdy nhdn hdng de CO th&i gian cho cdc ben yeu cdu td chire gidm dinh kiem tra vi chdt luang hdng hda vd tim ra phuang thiec gidi quyet. Nhu phdn tich tren, Hpp ddng mua ban hdng hda da bi huy bo todn bd do Ben bdn vipham nghia vu ca bdn cua hpp ddng, nen theo qui dinh tgi khodn J Dieu 314 Ludt Thuang mai thi hpp ddng khdng cd hiiu luc ke tie thai diem giao kit, cdc ben khongphdi tiep tJic thuc hien cdc nghia vu dd thoa thudn trong hop ddng. Do Ben bdn chua hodn thdnh nghia vu giao hdng nen Bin mua chua co nghia vu phdi thanh todn tien hdng cho Ben bdn theo qui dinh tgi khodn 1 Diiu 314 Ludt Thuang mgi. Nghia vu thanh todn tiin hdng cua Ben mua chua phdt sinh nen nghia vu cua ngu&i bdo lanh Id Ngdn hdng E cUng chua phdt sinh, tuc IdL/C trd chdm sd 180ULU cUng khdng thi dupe thanh todn cho ngu&i thu huang la Bin bdn".
Ve phia minh, sau khi phan tich cdc quy dinh lidn quan, eo quan xet xd cao nhat cda Viet Nam da khdng dinh tinh ddc lap eua L/C so vdi hgp ddng mua bdn va cd hai ydu td nay da dugc phdt trien thdnh dn Id. Thu nhdt, Hdi ddng thdm phdn phu nhdn tinh khdng thd tdch rdi hai giao dich ndy vdi nhdn xet "Tda dn cdp sa thdm lgi cho rdng phuang thiec thanh todn bang L/C so 1801 la mpt phdn khong thi tdch r&i cua hap dong mua bdn hdng hoa ngdy 07/6/2011; do vgy, khi hap dong ndy bi huy todn bd thi cdc ben khong phdi tiep tuc thuc Men nghia v« da thda thudn trong hap
BINH LUAN AN LE 77 ddng; tic do quyet dinh L/C sd 1801 khdng
cdn hieu luc thanh todn vd E khdng cd nghia vu thanh todn cho N theo L/C neu tren; ddng th&i budc E phdi trd cho ben mua sd tien ky quy la 1.313.308,85 USD la chua dii cas& vd chua diing v&i cdc quy dinh tgi UCP 600";
thic hai, Tda dn nhdn ddn tdi cao khang dinh tinh ddc lap cua tin dyng thu vdi nhdn xet
"theo dan di nghi m& L/C cua Ben mua vd ndi dung L/C da phdt hdnh thi L/C sd 1801 Id mdt giao dich riing biit ddi v&i Hap ddng mua bdn hdng hda ngdy 07/6/2011; duac chi phdi vd dp dung theo UCP 600. Theo quy dinh cua UCP 600, EX vai tu cdch Id Ngdn hdng phdt hdnh phdi thanh todn khi xdc dinh bo ehieng tir xudt trinh Id phu hap tgi Ngdn hdng".
Hudng gidi quyet cua Hdi ddng thdm phdn ghi nhan tinh dpc lap, tinh rieng bidt cda L/C Id hoan toan thuyet phuc. Bdi le, "sif ddc lap Id mpt trong nhihig dgc tinh khdc biit cua ca che ndy, Idm cho ca chi ndy cd dgc thii riing cua no"'^ va, theo chuyen gia ve ngdn hdng,
"tin dung thu ddc lap vdi hgp dpng nen tdng, dieu dd the hidn ngan hang thanh todn cho ben bdn khi ben ban dua cho ngdn hang bp tdi lieu hpp Id ngay ca khi mdt tranh chdp giua ben bdn vd ben mua dang tdn tai".'^ Hudng nay thyc chdt cung phu hgp vdi ndi dung cua UCP 600 da dugc Hdi ddng tham phdn vien dan trong Quyet dinh tao lap thdnh an Id theo dd "vi bdn chdt, tin d\ing Id mdt giao dich rieng biet v&i Hap dong mua bdn vd cdc hap ddng khdc Id Cff sa cua tin dung" (Dieu 4).
7. M6i quan hf giira huy hop ddng mua han va L/C. Td tinh ddc lap ndu trdn, tranh chdp giua cdc ben vd hpp ddng Idm phdt sinh tin dyng thu khdng anh hudng tdi viec thyc hien thanh toan theo tin dung thu. Ci ddy, "niu chimg tie phu hap v&i diiu kiin niu trong tin dung thu thi khdng quan trpng viic hpp ddng '^ Jamel Baccar, "L'insecunte du credit documentaireet la reparation du prejudice de I'importateur", Tgp chi Revue de Droit bancaire et financier, n° 4, Juillet 2011, etude 26 (phdn s6 38).
'^ Th Bonneau, Droit bancaire, LGDJ 2013, phin s6 763.
da thuc ti duac thuc hiin dung hay khdng".^'^
Trong vu vide dupe phdt tridn thanh dn Id sd 13, Tda an nhdn ddn tdi cao dd thd hien ro dudng Idi trdn khi xet rdng "Tda dn cdp sa thdm lgi cho rdng phuomg thiec thanh todn bang L/C sd 1801 Id mdt phdn khdng thi tdch r&i cua Hpp ddng mua bdn hdng hda ngdy 07/6/2011; do vgy, khi hop ddng ndy bi huy todn bd thi cdc bin khdng phdi tiep tuc thuc hien nghia vu da thda thuan trong hop ddng;
tic dd quyet dinh L/C sd 1801 khdng cdn h ieu luc thanh todn vd E khdng cd nghia vu thanh todn cho N theo L/C niu tren; ddng thai budc E phdi trd cho bin mua sd tien ky quy la 1.313.308,85 USD Id chua du co s& vd chua diing vffi cdc quy dinh tgi UCP 600". O ddy, cho dd hgp ddng mua ban (tu do tin dung thu dupe hinh thanh) bi huy bd thi Ngdn hdng phdt hdnh L/C vdn phdi thanh todn va ddy chi Id he qua cua tinh ddc lap giua tin dung thu vd hgp ddng lam phdt sinh tin dung thu.
Hudng nhu vay khdng xa la tren the gidi vi, tu ndra 2004,'^ mdt Tda an cua Phdp da theo hudng "viec hdng hda duac giao khdng phii hop (ddn tai huy hap dong mua bdn) khdng cho phep ngdn hdng tie chdi thuc hien tin dung thu, trii khi xdc dinh tdn tgi mdt su gian ldn thuc su dnh hu&ng tai giao dich"^^ (ve vai trd cua gian ldn, xera d phdn cudi bdi binh ludn). Nhu vay, Tod dn nhdn ddn tdi cao dd thua nhdn viec hgp ddng mua bdn hi buy bd khdng dnh hudng tdi hieu luc thanh todn cda L/C vd npi dung nay da trd thanh dn Ie d Viet Nam. Thyc ra, hudng nay chua rd trong bd quy dinh cua UCP nhung phu hpp vdi tinh ddc lap cua tin dung thu dd dugc khdng dinh d tren. Ci ddy, "tinh ddc lap cua tin dung thu Id mdt dgc tinh phdn biet cua ca chi ndy vd lam cho nd cd dgc trung rieng. Nd the hien viic khdng the vien ddn nhirng cdn tr& tic ''' Th. Bonneau, Droit bancaire, LGDJ 2013, phan s6 764.
'5 CA Aix-en-Provence, 8 avr. 2004, n° 02/20526 • JurisData n" 2004-244107 ; DMF 2004, p 499, obs.
Ph. Godm; DMF 2005, Hors serie n° 9, n° 130, p 107.
'* Xem Martin Ndende, "Credit documentaire", Revue de droit des transports, n° 10, Octobre 2009, conun.198.
78 TAP CHi KHOA HQC PHAP L \ ' SO 03(115)/2Q18 quan he thuang mgi hay quan he tin dung. Vi
the, nd khdng cho phep nhd nhgp khdu duac viin ddn viic khdng thuc hien tdt hap ddng caso".^^
Trong vu vide tren, chung ta thdy vide hgp ddng CO sd hi buy bd khdng dnh hudng tdi vide thuc hien L/C. Thidt nghT, hudng tuong ty cdng dupe dp dung khi hgp ddng co sd nhu hpp ddng mua bdn hi vd hieu.
8. Moi quan h^ giira bien phap khdn cap t a m thdi vol L/C. Trong thyc tien, rdt phd bidn ben phdi thanh todn theo L/C vien ddn quan he ca sd (nhu raua bdn) dd yeu cau dp dung bien phdp khdn cdp tara thdi khdng cho phep ngdn hdng thanh todn theo L/C. Day la rapt phan ung ty ve ty nhien cda ben phai thanh todn nhung viec ndy cd trdi vdi tinh ddc lap eua L/C khdng?
Kinh nghiem nudc ngodi cho thdy "tren CO sd cua tinh dpe lap cua L/C", cdng "edm nhd nhgp khdu thuc hiin cdc biin phdp tgm thai dimg viec thanh todn dua vdo viic khdng thuc Men tot hap ddng co sa".^^ De hidu rd hon, chung ta nghien edu mdt vu vide da dugc giam ddc tham tai Phdp (da dupe gidi thidu trude Hdi ddng thdra phdn dd dng hp viec thdng qua an Id sd 13). Cu the: Cdng ty Dahan dat hang ddi vdi Cdng ty Confex vdi phuang thuc thanh todn bang tin dyng thu;
tren co sd ydu cau cda Dahan, Ngdn hdng da phdt tin dung thu va, sau khi xdc dinh hang hda khdng phu hgp vdi dem ddt hdng, Cdng ty Dahan da dupe Chdnh dn Tda thuang mai ban hdnh quydt dinh dp dung bien phdp khdn cdp tara thdi ddi vdi Ngdn hdng vd khodn tidn trong tin dung thu. Thuc t l , Ngdn hdng da thanh toan tin dung thu cho ngudi thu budng vd Cdng ty Dahan dd khdi kien Ngdn hang bdi thudng thidt hai. Dd bupc Ngan hdng phai trd cho Cdng ty Dahan mdt khodn tidn bdng 2/3 khodn tiln md Cdng ty Confex cd thd phdi ganh chiu trong vu kien ma Cdng ty Dahan da tidn hanh ddi vdi Cdng ty Confex, Tda phuc thdra da xet rdng Ngdn hang khdng dupe ty rainh phdn xet va cd quydn tiln hdnh
'' Jamel Baccar, tldd, phin s6 38.
'* Jamel Baccar, tldd. phin so 38.
thu tuc cdp thdm {rat gan giii v&i bien phdp khdn cdp tgm th&i trong phdp lugt Viet Nam) de phan ddi bien phdp khdn cap tam thdi, rdng Ngdn hdng da lara ngudi ydu cau phdt tin dung thu (Dahan) mdt co hdi d l thdng v l ndi dung ndy. Tuy nhien, "Cdn cd Didu 1134 BLDS va Dieu 3 UCP ", Tda an tdi cao Phdp da xet rdng "Tda phuc thdm xdc dinh nhu vgy Id vi phgm cdc dieu ludt trin vi, trin ca so SIC dpc lap cua hpp ddng ve tin dung thu so vdi hap ddng ca s&, bien phdp khdn cdp tgm th&i do nguai yiu cdu phdt hdnh tin dung thu khdng the cdn tra Ngdn hdng thuc hiin cam kit true tiip vd khdng huy ngang da xdc lap vai ngu&i thu hu&ng".^^
Trong vu viec hinh thdnh dn Id sd 13, ben raua da yeu edu Tda an dp dyng bien phdp khdn cdp tam thdi khdng eho phia ngdn hdng thanh todn. Trong doan 36 cua Quyet dinh gidm ddc thdm vd dupe phdt tridn thanh an Ie sd 13, chdng ta thdy ngay cd khi Tda dn quyet dinh buy hgp ddng mua bdn vdi he qud Id
"cdc bin khongphdi tiip tuc thuc Men nghia vu da thda thudn trong hap ddng" thi Tda dn cung khdng the "quyet dinh L/C sd 1801 khdng cdn hieu luc thanh todn ". Didu do ed nghTa Id, tren c a sd tinh dgc lap hay tinh rieng biet cua L/C so vdi hpp ddng raua bdn thi ciing khdng the dp dung bidn phap khdn cdp tam thdi dd quydt dinh "Ngdn hdng E khdng cd nghTa vu thanh todn cho Ngdn hdng N theo L/C". Ddy Id diem md nhirng ngudi tham gia vdo L/C ciing nhu co quan tai phan can luu tam khi xu ly bat ddng giua cdc chu the lien quan vd L/C. Tuy nhidn, ngudi nhap khdu, ngudi raua vdn cd the dupe bdo vd trude viec ddi tdc cua minh khdng thuc hidn dung hpp ddng mua bdn nhu "cd the kh&i kiin yiu cdu bdi thu&ng thiet hai tren ca sa trdch nhi^m bdi thuang thiet hgi trong hpp ddng".^° Va de bdo ve tdt nhdt Id ehung ta nen tim hieu ky ddi tdc cda minh vd lya chpn ddi tae cd uy tin dd khdng gap khd khan ttong vide thuc thi hpp ddng ciing nhu L/C.
" Cass com., 7 oct. 1987: Bulletin 1987 IV N° 213 p. 159.
^" Jamel Baccar, tldd. phin so 54.
BINH LUAN AN LE 79 9. Quan he ve thdm quyen tai phan vdi
tinh doc lap cua L/C. Trong hop ddng raua ban d vy vide hinh thanh dn Id sd 13, cdc ben khdng cd thda thudn trpng tai nen Tda dn cd tham quydn giai quyet tranh chap vd hgp ddng raua ban. Thyc td, trong cac hpp ddng nhu vay, rdt phd bidn cdc bdn thda thudn tranh chap hgp ddng mua bdn dugc gidi quyet tai trpng tdi.
Ddi vdi nhung trudng hop cd thda thuan trpng tdi ddi vdi hgp ddng mua bdn nhu neu tren, trpng tdi cd thdm quyen giai quyet cd quan he L/C khdng? Thyc te, da cd trudng hgp cac ben thda thudn chpn trpng tdi cho hop ddng CO sd vd trpng tdi can thiep vdo cd quan he L/C. Ddi vdi trudng hpp nhu vda neu, dd ed trudng hgp Tda an Viet Nam td chdi phdn quydt trpng tdi.^'
Trong vu vide hinh thdnh dn Id sd 13, van de ndu trdn chua dugc ddt ra nen an Id sd 13 khdng cd cau trd ldi. Tuy nhien, trude viec an le sd 13 khdng dinh tinh ddc lap hay tinh rieng biet eua tin dung thu so vdi hgp ddng CO sd, chung ta can hieu rdng cung cdn cd tinh ddc lap v l ca quan tdi phan ddi vdi tin dyng thu vd ddi vdi hgp ddng eo sd cd tin dung thu.
10. Gian Idn: cut sd tu choi thuc Men L/C. Vdi tinh dgc lap neu tren, Ngan hang phdi thanh todn cho du nghTa vu thanh todn khdng cdn do bi buy bd nhu trong vu viec hinh thdnh dn Id sd 13. Day Id he qua rat co bdn cua tinh dpc lap cua tin dung thu va rat bdt Ipi cho ben mua.
Tuy nhien, tmh dpc lap nay cd gidi ban cda nd. Thuc ra, "tinh ddc lap cua tin dung thu chdp nhdn gian ldn la ngogi li. Ngogi le ndy cho phep, mdt cdch hgn chi. nhd nhgp khdu dimg thanh todn theo thu tin dung vd yeu cdu bdi thuang tie nhimg khodn tien bi dimg thanh todn ".^^ O day, "sic ddc lap cua thu tin dung nhupmg bd khi cd gian lan vd quy dinh ndy Men nay da duac nhieu nguai biit din.
Viic Idm gid hay thieu tinh xdc thuc cua cdc
tdi lieu gid den ngdn hdng Id ddu hiiu hinh thdnh gian ldn cho phep ngdn cdn thuc Men tin dung thu". ^^ Tai Phdp, trong mdt dn le nam 2005, Tda dn tdi cao Phdp da xet rang
"su gian lan cho phep ngu&i yeu cdu ma tin dmg thu phdn doi viic thanh todn thuc hiin bai ngdn hdng phdt hdnh tin dung thu"^'^ vd, theo chuyen gia v l tin dung thu, "gidi phdp ndy la thuyit phuc vi nd khdng cho phep nguai thu hu&ng tin dung thu duac nhdn khodn tien cua tin dung thu khi hp da dua ra nhiing chung tic co gian ldn hay thieu tinh xdc thuc".^^ Trong mdt dn Id nam 2008, Tda dn tdi cao Phdp tidp tuc chdp nhdn cho phep dung viec thanh toan khi cd su gian ldn vd, dd lam vigc do, Tda dn tdi cao Phdp dd dya vao quy dinh didu chinh hgp ddng ttong Bd luat Ddn su Phdp vd UCP 500^*: Vdi dn Id nay,
"ngu&i yiu cdu m& tin dung thu duac phep yeu cdu dp dung bien phdp dimg thanh todn khi CO gian Ign"^'' vd "Tda dn tdi cao Phdp da khdng dinh gian ldn cd thi vd hieu hoa tin dung thu neu nd chua dupe thuc Men. Tda dn tdi cao Phdp thica nhgn rdng viec yeu cdu dp dung bien phdp khdn cdp tgm th&i duac tiin hdnh truac khi thanh todn tin dung thu.
Vi vgy, ngdn hdng khdng duac thanh todn".^*
Npi dimg trdn cho thdy "viec chi ra cd gian ldn keo theo hi qud lam dd va tinh ddc lap cua tin dung thu".'^^ Tuy nhidn, cdn luu y rang
"chi cd gian lan liin quan den tin dung thu, din viec ma tin dung thu hay thuc Men tin
^' D6 Van Dai, Phdp ludt trpng tdi thuang mgi Viet Nam, sdd. Ban an so 206 - 207.
^= Jamel Baccar, tldd. phin s6 39.
^^ Jean-Baptiste Racine, tldd.
" Cass, com., 11 oct. 2005, pourvoi n°K 04- 11.663, arret n" 1246 FS-P+B+1+R, Credh Lyonnais c/ Ste Canara Bank Intemational Division: Juris-Data n° 2005-030200.
" Jean Stoufflet, "Mise en oeuvre de I'exception de fraude dans le credit documentaire realisable par acceptation". Tap chi JCP E 1997, 1677.
" Cass, com., 16 dec. 2008, n" 07-18.729, FSP+B+R, Ste Mitex SGDT c/ Ste HSBC UBP:
JunsData n° 2008-046301.
^^ Jean-Baptiste Racine, tldd
^^ Jamel Baccar, Tldd, phan so 41.
^' Stephane Piedelievre. "Credit documentaire et mesures conservatoires ", Revue de Droit bancaire et financier. n° 3, Mai 2009, comm. 100.
80 TAP CHI KHOA HQC PHAP LY SO 03(115)/2018
dung thu duac xem xet"-^^ "su gian ldn a ddy dugc hiiu Id su khdng trung thuc cua tdi lieu chic khongphdi la do hdng hoa cd vdn di"?^
Ndi cdch khde, "gian ldn chi lien quan ten chimg tie. Nguac lgi, hap ddng mua bdn duac bdo dam bai tin dung thu khdng thi dugc sic dung true tiip cUng nhu gidn tiep di chung minh su gian Ign".^^ Trong vu viec tao thdnh dn Id sd 13, phia Viet Nara cd neu "kit qud gidm dinh the hien ty le binh qudn nhdn thu hdi hgt diiu cho hai ldn cdt mdu hgt dieu la 37,615 lbs/ 80kg (ty li ndy qud thdp so v&i dieu kiin de tic chdi gdn 10 lbs). Tru&c su viec gian lan thucmg mgi do...". Tuy nhidn, day la van de lien quan ddn hgp ddng raua bdn, khdng lien quan den chung tu nen khdng thd sd dung dd tu chdi thyc hidn L/C nhu trinh bdy d tten va thyc te Ndi dung an Id sd 13 cdng khdng theo hudng chdp nhdn sd dyng thdng tin tten de vd hieu hda vide thanh todn theo L/C.
Ci nudc ta, ttong npi dung dn le sd 13, chung ta chua thdy dd cap tdi trudng hgp ed gian ldn nhu neu tren nen chua cd an Id vd npi dung ndy. Tuy nhien, ndu cd gian Idn lidn quan den chdng td nhu trinh bdy d ttdn, Tda dn hay ttpng tdi cung nen theo hudng tren de bdo ve ngudi yeu cdu rad tin dung thu Id nhd nhap khdu Viet Nam. De 1dm dupe viee dd, Tda an nen khai thdc cdc quy dinh ttong UCP nhu Tda an da 1dm ttong vu vide hinh thanh an le sd 13 (Tda dn Phdp ciing 1dm tuong tu).
Ngoai ra, de Idra dupe nhu ggi y ndu tten, Tda an nen dya vdo khodn 4 D i l u 3 BLDS nam 2015 theo do "viic xdc lap, thuc hiin, chdm dut quyen, nghia vu ddn su khdng dugc xdm phgm den loi ich qudc gia, ddn tdc, lgi ich cdng cdng, quyin vd lgi ich hpp phdp cua ngudi khdc ". •
Tai lieu tham khao
[1] Jamel Baccar, "L'msecurite du credit documentaireet la reparation du prejudice de I'importateur", Tgp chi Revue de Droit bancaire et financier, n° 4, Juillet 2011, etude 26
^^ Jean-Baptiste Racine, Tldd.
^' Jamel Baccar, Sdd. phin s6 39
^^ Stephane Piedelievre, Tldd.
[transtlnsecurity of Documentary Credit and Injury Repaument to the Importer", Revue de Droit bancau^ et financier, n° 4, Juillet 2011, etude 26]
[2] Th. Bonneau, Drvtt bancaire, LGDJ 2013 [trans.
Banking Law, LGDJ 2013]
[3] Do Van Dai, "Lai cham tra trong quan he diuong mai", Tgp chi Khoa hoc phdp ly,sd 03/2017 [trans:
Do Van Dai, "Late payment interest rate m trade relations". Journal of Legal Science, No. 03/2017]
[4] D6 Van Dai, Ludt nghia vu vd bdo ddm thifc hiin nghia vu Viit Nam - Bdn dn vd binh ludn bdn dn, Nxb. H6ng Due - Hgi luat gia Viet Nam 2017 (xuit ban l i n thii ba) [trans: Do Van Dai, Law on Obligations and Performance of Vietnamese Obligations Judgment and Comment, Publishmg House. Hong Due - Vietaam Lawyers Association 2017 (Third Edition)]
[5] D6 Van Dai va Mai H6ng Quy, Tu phdp quoc ti Viit Nam- Quan he ddn sir, lao dgng, thuang mgi CO yeu to nuoc ngodi, Nxb. Chinh t n quoc gia. Ha Ngi, 2010 [trans. Do Van Dai, Vietnam International Law Civil Relations. Labor, Trade with Foreign Elements, Publishing House.
National Politics, Hanoi, 2010]]
[6] Do Van Dai, Ludt hap ddng Viit Nam - Bdn dn vd binh ludn bdn dn, Nxb. Hong E)uc - Hgi luat gja Viet Nam 2017, xuat ban lan thii sau [trans: Do Van Dai, Vietnamese contracts Law - Judgment and comment, the pubUsher. Hong Due -Vietnam Lawyers Association 2017, published for the sbdh time]
[7] D6 Van Dai, Phdp lugt trong tdi thuang mgi Viit Nam - Bdn dn vd binh ludn bdn dn, Nxb. Hong Diic - Hgi luat gia Viet Nam 2017 [trans: Do Van Dai, Vietnam Commercial Arbitration Law - Judffnent and Judgment Comments, Publishing House. Hong Due - Vietnam Lawyers Association 2017]
[8] Jean - Baptiste Racine, "En matiere de credit documentaire, la fraude autorise le donneur d'ordre a pratiquer une saisie conservatoire", Revue des contrats, 01 juillet 2009 n°3 [trans:With Regard to Documentary Credit, the Fraud Authorizes the Client to Make a Protective Seizure", Revue des contrats, 01 juillet 2009 n°31 [9] Mane Tilche, "Credit docinnentaire", Bulletin
des Transports et de la Logistique, 1997 art 2716-25[trans:Bulletin des Transports et de la Logistique, 1997, art. 2716-25]
