39 V^
PHAN TICH LOfI ICH TAX CHINH CUA CHUOI GIA TRI BU^bfl DA XANH TINH BEN TRE
Ngay nhan bai: 10/02/2014 ^^ ^ ^ Hodng Van Viet' Ngay nhan lai: 25/02/2014
Ngay duyet dSng: 10/03/2014 TOM TAT
Nghien ciru thuc hien tgi tinh Ben Tre va thi tnrong tieu thu buoi Da xanh tgi Thdnh phd Ho Chi Minh, vai muc tieu phdn tich hien trgng hogt ddng cua chudi gid tri vd ddnh gid, so sdnh hieu qud kinh doanh buoi Da xanh, tir do de xudt cdc chinh sdch nham phdt trien ngdnh budi Da xanh Ben Tre mdt each ben vimg vd gia tdng thu nhgp cua cdc tdc nhdn, dgc biet Id ngirdi nong ddn. Nghien cuu su dung ly thuyet lien kit chudi gid trf ctia GTZ, ket hop khung plian tich chudi gid tri vi ngirdi ngheo cua M4P vd khung phdn tich tdi chinh chudi gid tri cua FAQ de phdn tich mdi quan he giira cdc tdc nhdn, phdn tich chi phi vd lgi nhuan, gid tri gia tdng vd ddng gdp cua chudi gid tri.
Kit qud phdn tich cho thdy chudi gid tri birai Da xanh Bin Tre mang lgi hiiu qud kinh ti xa hdi cao va thu nhdp cho cdc tdc nlian tdt, dgc biit la nguai nong ddn, vaphdn bo lot nhuan giira cdc tdc nhdn cdng bdng vd hgp ly. Nghien cuu chi ra buai Da xanh cd gid tri kinh ti cao nhung khd khdn nhdt hien nay la vdn de sdu binh va gidng chdt luang khdng cao.
Tu" khoa: Chudi gia trj, budi Da xanh, Bdn Tre.
ABSTRACT
The research of Da xanh pomelo value chain in Ben Tre province and Ho Chi Minh city pomelo market analyzes the present situation of the Da xanh pomelo in Ben Tre and identify, compare its business results in order to suggest policies to develop the value chain sustainably and improve the income of the actors, especially for farmers' income.
This paper employs the theory of value chain linking of GTZ with analytical framework ofM4P and FAO to identify the links between actors in the value chain, cost and profit analysis, added value and economic contribution of the value chain. The result indicates that the value chain produces slightly good incomes for the actors, especially for the farmers, and the profit distribution is fair and reasonable. The survey shows that the
value chain contributes considerably to Ben Tre economy and society but the most seri- ous problem of Ben Tre Da xanh pomelo is the insect matter which has not had a really effective solution and the shortage of high quality Da xanh pomelo seed.
Keywords: Value chain. Da xanh pomelo, Ben Tre.
' TTiS. Tntang Dgi hpe Kinli le Tp.HCM
TAP CHi KHOA HOC TRUONG BAI HOC M d TRHCM - SO 2 (35) 2014
1.DATV.4NDE
Bin Tre la mpt tuih co the manh ve nong nghiep, dac biet la cay an trai ttong viing D6ng bSng song Ciiu Long vc3d dieu kien tu nhien, dac biet la tho nhuong rat thuan lpi. Nhung nganh kinh te chu luc ciia tinh bao gom thu>' san, cay an trai, liia, diia va che bien nong nghiep; ngoai ra nganh ehan nuoi ciing dang phat trien tot. Tinh Ben Tre dang co nhimg chinh sach nham phat trien kinh te dua tren nhOng lpi the cua minh la nong nghiep va thong qua da dang hoa cac san pham che bien tir nong nghiep; dong thoi tao ra nhieu viec lam cho ngucri nong daji, ho trp phat trien cac chuoi gia tri san phim nong nghiep (Tran Tien Khai va cpng su 2011).
Trong so cac loai cay an trai cua tinh, buoi Da xanh dang noi bat len vol gia tri kinh te cao, dupc thi truang yeu thich. Tinh Bin Tre dang rat quan tam phat hiin cay trong nay vol nhieu chuong trinh hi trp.
dac biet la du an 4000 ha buoi Da xanh.
Buoi Da xanh la mpt frong 12 san phim cay an hai chu luc ciia Nam Bp theo quy hoach cua Bp Nong nghiep & Phat triin nong thon (Thu Nga, 2013), dupc Uong ehu yeu cac tinh miin Tay Nam Bp, trong do Bin Tre co dien tich canh tac buoi Da xanh Idn nhat nuctc. Gia buoi Da xanh u-ong nhimg nam gin day tang cao, vol nang suat khoang 11 tin/ha mang Iai thu nhap rat tot cho nguoi nong dan va cac tac nhan khac trong chuoi: ding thcri co dong gop khong nho vao kinh ti xa hpi tinh Ben Tre, dieu nay da thiic diy nhiiu ngucri nong dan chuyin dii cac loai cay n-ong khac sang buoi Da xanh. Tuy nhiSn, tdi nay chua co nghien cim nao danh gia cu the dong gop va hoat dpng ciia nganh nay. Vi va\. nghien ciiu chuoi gia tri buoi Da xanh huong toi muc tieu la thiy dupc cau mic ciia chudi gia tri buoi Da xanh Ben Tre. va su van hanh cua chuoi hien nay cimg vcri nhihig mii quan he kinh ti.
thucmg mai giira cac tac nhan trong chuSi;
dong thoi so sanh va danh gia hieu qua kinh te ma chuoi mang lai cho cac tac nhan ciing nhu dong gop vao kinh t i cua tinh.
2. ca s d LY THUYET VA PHU^CJNG PHAP NGHIEN CtTU
2.1. Co' SOT ly thuyit
ChuSi gia tri noi chung di cap toi qua trinh van dpng ciia hang hoa va dieh vu den nguoi tieu dimg cuoi cimg voi cac cong cu va khung phan tich khac nhau, trong nghien ciiu nay tac gia sii dung ba phuang phap phan tich cua GTZ, M4P va FAO. Phdn tich ctia GTZ tap trung vao phuong phap luan thiic diy chuoi gia tri bao gom 12 module, dupe chia theo timg chu ky ciia moi du an. Trong do module 2 di vao phan tich chuoi gia tri va module 3 xay dung m6t chien luac nang cap chu6i gia tri. Cu the, tac gia ap dung module 2 de the hien cac thanh phan, tac nhan, hang hoa, quan he... trong chuoi gia tri. Module 3 cd nam boat dpng, trong do nghien ciiu nay chi sii dimg hoat dpng hai la phan tich cac thuan lpi va kho khan cua chuoi;
va hoat dpng bon la xac dinh cac chii thi tham gia vao viec thuc hien chiin lupc nang cap. Mo hinh ctia M4P thien vi phan tich chi phi - Ipi nhuan va phan chia thu nhap giiia cac tac nhan trong chudi. Mo hinh nay co 8 cong cu vdi cac buoc cu thi khac nhau, trong do tac gia sir dung c6ng cu (2) Lap sa di chuoi gia hi, cong cu (3) Phan tich chi phi va lai nhuan, c6ng cu (5) Phan tich thu nhap trong chuii, cong cu (6) Phan tich viec lam trong chuSi va cong cu (g) Phan tich lien kit trong chuii gia tri. Tac gia sir dung khung phan tich chuoi nganh hang cua FAO theo 2 each sau: (I) Day la cong cu phan tich tai chinh hoan chinh vdi cac thanh phin khac nhau dpe theo chuii gia trj. (2) La mot khung phan tich cho phep theo doi co he thing j phan ion cac thong tin can thiit di phan tich kinh te, vi vay can ma rpng phan tich tai chinh. Khai niem quan frpng nhit tronft phan tich chuoi gia tri la gia Ui gia tang r ^
KINHTf hidu VA). Tac gia su dung khung phan tich ciia FAO dd tinh cac ehi sd nhu gia tri gia tang (VA), chi phi trung gian (IC), doanh thu (Y), Igi nhuan gdp (GP) va lgi nhuan rdng (NP) theo gia thi tnidng; dd la nhimg chi sd quan trong de phan tich va danh gia boat ddng, hieu qua, cdng bang va ddng gdp eiia chudi gia tri.
2.2. PhiroTig phap nghien ciru Nghien edu phan tich chudi gia tri budi Da xanh Ben Tre kdt hgp su dung cac phuong phap dinh tmh va dinh lugng khae nhau. Trong dd phuong phap dinh tinh dugc sir dung cho phuong phap chgn mau cd mue dich. thu thap cac sd lieu md.
phan tieh cac tai lieu thii cap. so sanh vdi sd lieu didu tra va bao cao khae. phdng van chuyen gia va quan sat hidn tugng, phan tich SWOT, tdng hgp y nghia va giai thich cac kdt qua nghidn cihi. Vd phuong phap dinh lugng, nghidn ciiu su dung cac cdng cu didu tra thdng kd. phan tich ehi phi - lgi nhuan, phan tich gia tri gia tang cho timg tac nhan va toan bd chudi gia tri. Vd du lieu, nghien ciiu nay sii dung ca dii lieu thii cap va dir lieu so cap. DG Hdu thii cap dugc thu thap til nhidu ngudn khac nhau nhu Cue thdng kd Bdn Tre. cac Sd ban nganh.
Tnong tam khuydn ndng khuydn ngu. Dii lieu so cap tir didu tra vaphdng van cae chuyen gia. Vide chpn mau dugc thuc hidn theo phuang phap phi xac suat do tdng the mau ndng hg tai Bdn Tre la khdng the xac dinh va khd lap danh sach; thii hai la dd phdng van va thu thap thdng tin can phai dua vao mdi quan he. gidi thidu; thu ba la de nghidn eiiu dugc hieu qua kinh td ciia chudi can phai khao sat cac tac iih§n cd su lien kdt vdi nhau \e boat ddng va kinh td; ihii tu muc tidu nghidn ciiu la nham tim hieu ban chat ciia ehudi gia tri va cac quan he ndi tai giiia cac nhdm tae nhan tham gia. ma khdng nham vao vide tim ra nhihig chi bao kinh td - ky thuat mang tinh dai dien mpt each chac ehan cho toan bp nganh budi Da xanh Bdn Tre. Do muc tidu
nghidn ciiu va gidi ban ngudn luc, cd mau bao gdm 30 ndng dan d Md Cay Bac va Chau Thanh; 10 thuong lai va 5 vira thu gom so ehd d Md Cay Bac (la tdng thd).
Cac ddi tugng khao sat d thj trudng Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh la 5 tac nhan ban si va 10 ban Id. BChao sat ehuydn gia dugc thurc hien tai Sd ban nganh, Tnmg tam, Hiep hdi, can bd xa huydn va Doanh nghidp.
Khao sat duge thue hidn nam 2013 va sd lieu tinh toan theo nSm 2012. Ngoai ra, dd so sanh hidu qua tai chinh ciia cac chudi gia tri khac nhau, tac gia tham khao kdt qua phan tieh ciia mdt sd nghidn ciiu chudi gia tri khac, tuy nhien su so sanh nay mang tinh tuong ddi vi cae kdt qua nghidn ciiu khac nhau ed thdi gian va phuang phap nghidn cuu kliac nhau.
3. KET QUA VA THAO LUAN 3.1. So dd tdng quan chudi gia tri Chudi gia trj budi Da xanh Bdn Tre hoat ddng dua vao su gan kdt va tuang tac giiia cac tac nhan, bao gdm cic tac nhan true tidp tham gia san xuat kinh doanh va cac tac nhan ddng vai trd cung cap hang hda va vai trd hd trg khac. So dd chudi gia tri budi Da xanh Ben Tre bat dau tir eae nha cimg iing vat tu, may mdc. Ke tidp la tac nhan trdng budi Da xanh, hg ddng vai trd quan trpng nhat trong ehudi gia tri, la tae nhan co ban tao ra gia tri gia tang va gia tri san pham. Ndng dan ban budi cho tac nhan kd tiep la thuang lai, tac nhan nay hoat ddng lau ddi va rdng khap. Cac thuang lai ban lai cho cac vua trai cay Idn trong tinh, tac nhan nay ngoai vai trd thu gom Idn cdn cd thdm cdng doan so chd.
Kd tiep la cac vua ban si d thanh phd va cudi cimg la tac nhan ban Id trai cay tai thi trudng tidu thu cudi ciing. Ngoai ra, chudi cd nhung kenh mua ban phu khac.
Ndng dan ban hang true tidp cho eae vua thu gom so chd, ciia hang ban Id, ddng thdi thuang lai ban true tidp cho cac vua ban si va eae cua hang ban Id. Tac nhan xu§t khau budi Da xanh chii ydu la cac vua thu
TAP CHi KHOA HOC Tl^UCJNG DAI HOC M 6 TRHCM - SO 2 (35) 2014 gom sa chi ion trong tinh va mpt so cong
ty thuong mai. Cac tac nhan cung cap hang hoa djch vu bao gim cac to chiic tin dimg, giao nhan van tai, va tac nhan h i trp nhu cac So ban nganh, Trung tam khuyen nong khuyin ngu, Hiep hpi buoi Da xanh, Vien cay an trai mien Nam. Dac biet, gan
day la du an 4000ha budi Da xanh mang lai nhieu tac dpng tich cue tdi sir phat trien cua nganh buoi Da xanh Bin Tre. Dong san pham chinh cua buoi Da xanh la trai cay tuoi an true tiep va cac phu pham cila buai diing de che bien nhu vo, cdi nhung chua dupc khai thac va dupe sOr dung nhieu.
Hinh 1. So- dS chuii gia tri bu*i Da janh Ben Tre
.> Thu gom, i n ly. Hong goi
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3.2. PhSn tich tac nhan true tiep ciia chuoi gia tri
3.2.1. Nong ddn trong bir&i Da xanh Day la tac nhan dau tidn trong chudi gia tri budi Da xanh. ndng dan mua diu vao la vat tu ndng nghidp, gidng va cae cdng cu khac tir eae dai ly va thud Iao dpng tai dia phuang de tien hanh san xu4t budi Da xanh, lao dpng thud ngoai chii ydu la nhung edng vide nSng nhpc nhu lam muang. vet bun. dao hd va lam cd; nhirng edng viec khac nhu chSm sdc, phun thude, bdn phan thi lao dpng nha cd thd tu Iam;
edng thu hoach thudng la do thuong Iai tu lam. Dau ra tidu thu budi Da xanh ciia ndng dan chii \eu la cac thuang lai va vua
thu gom so chd, mdt phan nhd ban true tidp eho cac ciia hang ban Id trdn thanh phd. Dien tich dat trdng budi Da xanh d Bdn Tre trung binh la 0,3 iha/hd hay tuong duong vdi O,llha/Iao ddng. Vdi nang sudt ming binh la 11.500 kg/ha, trong dd nang suit cao nhit Idn tdi 25.556 kg va hd cd nang suit thip nhit la 1.778 kg/ha, cd su chdnh lech rat Idn vd nang suit giiia cac hp gia dinh khac nhau, nguydn nhan la do miic dp tham canh khac nhau, m£it dp cay trdng khac nhau va dae bidt la tudi vudn va che dp cham sdc khac nhau giiia cac hd. Theo miic gia nam 2012 thi doanh thu trung bmh cua budi Da xanh dat khoangi' 318 tridu ddng/ha/nam. Sau khi trir cac loai chi phi va chi phi khau hao may mdc, khiu
43 hao giai doan ca ban thi lgi nhuan trung
binh ciia ndng dan dat khoang 214 tridu ddng/ha/nam. Ndu cdng thdm gia tri Iao ddng gia dinh thi thu nhap trung binh ciia ndng dan trdng budi la khoang 276 tridu ddng/ha/nam. Chi phi chinh trong trdng budi Da xanh la Iao ddng chidm tdi 74%
bao gdm ca lao dpng nha va Iao ddng thud ngoai (chii ydu la Iao ddng thdi vu), phan bdn va khiu hao giai doan co ban chidm kha cao khoang 8,6% va 8.8%. Ndu tinh tren 1 tin budi Da xanh thi doanh thu ciia ndng dan la 27,7 tridu ddng; chi phi tnmg gian la 1,2 trieu ddng gia tri gia tang ma ndng dan tao ra trong 1 tan budi Da xanh Idn tdi 26,5 trieu ddng. Sau khi tru chi phi lao dpng, chi phi khau hao, cac loai thud phi thi lgi nhuan rdng ciia ndng dan dat 18,7 tridu ddng/tln.
3.2.2. Thieangldi
Thuong lai la tac nhan true tiep thu mua budi Da xanh tir ngudi ndng dan va chii ydu ban lai cho cac vua thu gom so chd trong tinh. Day la tae nhan trung gian lau ddi va phu hpp vdi dieu kidn phan tan va nhd Id cua ndng nghidp Viet Nam, ddng vai trd ket ndi giira ndng dan va doanh nghiep, vua thu gom so ehd Idn hoac nhihig tac nhan ban si. ban le tai thi trudng tidu thu. Thuong lai la nhiing ngudi nim ro nhiing boat ddng san xuat budi ciia ndng dan nhu quy md vudn, dae diem cay budi, thdi diem thu hoach, didu kidn kinh td va cd mdi quan he kha than thiet va tm cay lau nam. Thuang lai thudng boat dpng trong mdt vimg nhat dinli. tu Iam vide va cd thud thdm lao ddng thdi vu ben ngoai.
Chi phi chii ydu ciia thuang lai la mua budi, cdn cac chi phi khac nhu lao ddng, van chuydn, nhidn lieu \a khau hao khdng nhidu.
3.2.3. Thu gom s(f che
Cac ca sd thu gom sa che budi Da xanh la tac nhan kd tidp trong chudi gia tri budi Da xanh Bdn Tre. Dau \ao ciia tac
nhan nay la budi thu mua tir thuang lai va true tiep tir ndng dan, trong dd tir thuang lai chidm chii }eu. Dau ra cua ca sd thu gom sa chd la cac vua ban si va cac ea sd ban Id tai cac thi trudng tidu thu; mpt phan hang hda dugc xuat khiu ra nude ngoai.
Nhimg eo sd nay trong tinh cd sd lugng khdng nhidu va thudng phat tridn Idn tir thuang lai. Tac nhan nay cd boat ddng sa chd chu yeu la nhung hoat ddng kidm tra phan loai, nia va danh bdng, sau do dan nhan va bao mang. Mdt sd co sd boat ddng theo tidu chuin Viet GAP hay Global GAP cd dau tu may mde thidt hi mdi nhung khdng qua hien dai va phiic tap. Mpt sd co sd cd sir lidn kdt kha chat che vdi cac hop tac xa va ngudi ndng dan thdng qua hgp ddng, cdn lai chii ydu la mua dut ban doan theo mdi quan he lau nam. Quy md boat dpng kinh doanh ciia cac ca sd thu gom sa chd kha Idn, cd thd Idn tdi ban mdt ngan tan mdt nam. Chl phi diu tu ban dau cd thd rat cao tiiy vao chidn luge ciia timg eo sd, neu cac co sd hudng tdi kinh doanh bai ban va theo chuan qude td thi ddi hdi vdn dau tu kha Idn vao may mdc thidt bj, nha xudng va nha kho.
3.2.4. Bdn si
Cac tac nhan ban si tai cac thi trudng tidu thu budi Da xanh hidn kha da dang vd hinh thiic hoat ddng nhu cdng ty phan phdi. cura hang ban si. eae nha xuat nhap khau, vua ban si tai ehg diu mdi; trong dd hinh thuc phd bien va lau ddi nhat la cac vua ban si trai cay tai eae ehg diu mdi.
Trong ehudi gia tri budi Da xanh, cac vua trai ca}' ban si cd vai trd kdt ndi rat quan trpng. dac biet la d cac khu vuc thi trudng xa nhu phia Bic, midn Trung hay xuat khau. Tai thi trudng Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh vai trd nay bi han ehe nhidu do khoang each kha gan tu Bdn Tre. Diu vao Ciia cac v^a ban si tu cac eo sd thu gom so chd la chu yeu va mpt phan la tir cac thuang Iai. Dau ra ciia vua ban si la cac cua hang ban le, kenh nha hang khach san
TAP CHi KHOA HOC TRUONG BAI HOC M 6 TP.HCM-SO 2 (35) 2014 va ngum tieu dimg. Hoat dong khih doanh voi thu nhap giong nhu mpt nguoi di lam cua vua ban si co hai •hinh thiic: mpt la thue nhung ciing kha on dmh. Dau vao tu mua diit ban doan va Ur can ddi thu chi. cac vua ban si la chu yeu, mpt so lay tu Im 16; hai la dua tten chiit khiu Cac co so thuang Iai va nong dan neu_ co quan he;
nay hoat dong theo quy mo kha Ion nhung diu ra la ngum tieu dimg cum cung, hoac nho hon so vai cac co so thu gom so chi nguai mua lam qua. Ty le chi phi tang uong tmh, tuy nhien cac vua ban si nay them kha lorn vi chi phi mat bang va chi thucmg kinh doanh nhieu loai trai cay khac
nhau, dac biet la nhiing loai trai cay cimg hp hang vdi buoi nhu cam, quyt.
3.IS. Bdn le
phi lao dpng kha cao.
3.3. Phan tieh hieu qua kinh te va dong gop ciia chuoi
3.3.1. Hiiu qua tai chinh va phan Cac cosa ban le la tac nhan cuii cung phoilgiich trongchudi
trong chuoi gia tri budi Da xanh, hinh thirc va quy mo hoat dpng ciia tac nhan nay rat da dang, tir cac cua hang nho, cac diem ban trai cay via he tdi cac cua hang tliuc phim tiSn ich, he thong sieu thi va dai sieu thi quy mo Idn. Tuy nhien, thuang chi cac cda hang ban le tai cac chp truyen thing va cira hang ngoai pho mdi lay hang tir cac vua ban si, con cac sieu thi hay dai sieu flii thucmg liy hang true tiep tii vua thu gom so chi va tham chi la tir ndng dan hay thuong lai voi he thong thu mua rieng. Cac ciia hang ban le thuang cd quy mo nho va rit nho, hoat dong theo hinh thirc gia dinh
Hieu qua sii dung von va viec phan chia lpi ich tinh tten 1 tin buai giiia cac tac nhan ttong chudi gia tri buoi Da xanh Bin Tre kha phu hpp va cong b&ig, dac biet la dii vdi nguoi nong dan (Bang 1).
Doanh thu cua chuii dat 55,7 trieu dong/
tin, frong do chi phi trung gian chi co 1,9 ttieu ding/tin va gia tri gia tang len tdi 53,8 ttieu ding/tin. Doanh thu trung binh cua nong dan khoang 318 trieu ding/ha/
nam, sau khi trir di chi phi cho lpi nhu$n rong la 214 trieu dong/ha/nam, va thu nhap len tdi 276 ttieu dong/ha/nam.
Bang L Phan tich hieu qua va phan phoi thu nhap ciia 1 tan biroi Da sanh (2012)
Doanh thu Chi phi trung gian Gii tri gia tang Chi so P/IC Chis6VA/IC ChisoNPr/IC Chi phi Chi phi tang them
% Chi phi tang them Gia ban L(?i nhu^n rong
% Loi nhuan rong Qi} can bien gia Ngudn: Diiu Ira ndm 2(
Don vj
i.oood l.OOOd i.oooa lan lan lan l.OOOd l.OOOd
%
1.0004 l.OOOd
%
l.OOOd 13
Nong Dan 27.700
1.182 26.518 23.4 22,4 15,8 9.048 9.048 41%
27,7 18.652 55%
27.7 Thirong
lai 33.700 27.740 5.960 1,21 0,21 0,15 29.581 1.881 9%
33,7 4.119 12%
6,0 Thu gom-
Sochl 38,700 34.150 4.550 1,13 0,13 0,09 35.688 1.988 9%
38,7 3.013 9%
5.0 Ban Si
43.700 38.818 4.882 1.13 0,13 0,05 41.738 3.038 14%
43,7 1.986 6%
5.0 Ban Le
55.700 43.789 11.911 1,27 0,27 0,13 49.844 6.144 28%
55,7 5.856 17%
12,0 Toan Kenh
1,879 53.821
22.099 100%
33.625 100%
55.7
KINHTE
Chi sd hidu qua kinh td trdn 1 ddng vdn trung gian (nhu P/IC, VA/IC va NPr/
IC) eiia ndng dan rat cao thd hien ring ngudi ndng dan trdng budi Da xanh sii dung ngudn npi Iuc bdn trong (lao ddng, dat dai...) la chii ydu va it sii dung ngudn luc bdn ngoai (phan bdn, thude BVTV.
nhidn lidu va cac hang hda tnmg gian khac). Cac chi sd eua tac nhan khac nhu thuong lai, thu gom sa chd, ban si va ban Id kha thap so vdi ndng dan nhung dd la miic hgp ly va hidu qua eao so vdi cac nganh khac trong linh vuc thuong mai va so chd.
\^dc phan bd lgi nhuan ciing kha hgp Iy, ngudi ndng dan va ban Id la tac nhan cd chi phi tang them cao nhat tinh trdn 1 tan budi va eiing cd miic Igi nhuan rdng cao nhat.
Cac tac nhan khac tuy cd % Igi nhuan thap nhung vdi san lugng Idn ndn tdng thu nhap se cao, dac bidt la tac nhan thu gom sa ehe va ban si cd san lugng cd thd Idn tdi hon I ngan tin/nam.
3,3.2. Hieu qud tdi chfnh tdng hffp va dong gop xa hoi
Didn tieh vudn budi Da xanh trdn toan tinh Ben Tre nam 2012 la 4.528 ha, trong dd dien tich dang cho thu hoach la 3.142 ha va cho san lugng la 38.650 tin (Cue thdng kd Bdn Tre, 2013). Tu sd lieu vd san lugng budi Da xanh trong mdt nam va hidu qua kinh doanh ciia 1 tan budi Da xanh cho ra sd lieu tdng hpp ve hidu qua tai chinh chung va ddng gdp ciia nganh budi Da xanh Ben Tre nhu trong Bang 2.
Bang 2. Hieu qua tai chinh tong hop va dong gop cua nganh buvi Da xanh Bdn Tre (2012)
Doanh thu Co clu Gia tri gia tdng Co ciu Loi nhuan rong Co cau Thu nhap LDthue Thu nhap LDnha Thu nhap tac nhan
Don vi trieu d
%
trieu d
%
trieu d
%
trieu d tri^ud tieud
Nong Dan 1.070.605
14%
1.024.909 49%
720892 55%
51.765 207.059 927.951
Thutmg Ui 1.302505
17%
230.354 11%
159.199 12%
13.-528 16.233 175.432
Thu gom- Soche 1.495.755
19%
175.858 8%
116.452 9%
42.902 5.798 122.250
Bin Si 1.689.005
22%
188.689 9%
76.759 6%
42.164 24.595 101.346
BanLe 2152.805
28%
460.364 22%
226.317 17%
51.533 85.889 312.206
Toan Kfnh 100%
2.080.174 100%
1.299.620 100%
201.891 339.574 1.639.185 Ngudn: Dieu tra ndm 2013
Vd khia eanh tai chinh theo nam 2012. nganh budi Da xanh Ben Tre mang lai doanh thu cho ngudi ndng dan la han 1.070 ty ddng. v^ tdng doanh thu tao ra cho cac tac nhan la han 2.152 ty ddng.
Chudi gia tri budi Da xanh tao ra tdng gia tri gia tang la ban 2.080 t\- ddng: trong dd ngudi ndng dan chidm tdi 49% ca ciu gia tri gia tang, nhu \ ay cd thd thay rang ndng
dan (ngudi san xuat) la tac nhan chinh tao ra gia tri gia tang cho toan nganh, tdng cac tac nhan cdn Iai ehi chidm 51%, trong do ban le chidm 22%. Chudi gia tri budi Da xanh tao ra lgi nhuan rdng la ban 1.299 x\ ddng, trong dd ngudi ndng dan duge hudng tdi 55%, dieu nay la do thidu eung.
Tac nhan thu gom so chd va ban si la hai tac nhan cd % lgi nhuan thap nhit nhimg
TAP CHi KHOA HOC TRUONG BAI HOC M 6 TP.HCM - SO 2 (35) 2014 hp CO quy mo san lupng Ion nen tong thu (2011), NghiSn ciiu chudi gia tri hoa Cue nhap cua mpt co sd kha cao. Chuii gia tti cua PhamBao Duang va cpng su (2013) nay ciing tao ra hon 541 ty ding luang cho cho thiy riing he so P/IC, VA/IC va NrPAC ngudi lao dpng, trong do lao dpng thue cua buoi Da xanh la cao nhat, diing thir 2 ngoai 201 ty ding va lao dpng ttong gia la dita kho Bin Tre, diiu dd cho thiy chuii dmh 339 ty dong (Bang 2).
3.3.3. So sdnh hieu qua tai chinh mot sd chuoi gid tri cay trong
Tham khao mpt si nghien ciiu chudi gia tti cay ttdng khac vdi phuong phap nghien ciiu tuong tu nhu Nghien cilu chuii gia tri SSn cua Huynh Trin Quoc va cpng sir (2007), Nghien ciiu chuii gia ttj Diia cua Trin Tiin Khai va cpng su
gia tti budi Da xanh sit dmg nguon npi luc cao nhat, chuoi gia tri San Binh Dinh CO cac he si thap nhit. Cac chi si P, VA, NrP va dac biet la thu nhap tinh tren 1 ha ciia budi Da xanh cdng cao nhat so vdi cac chudi khac vdi ban 276 tri$u ddng/ha.
Chuoi gia tri hoa Ciic ciing kha cao vdi thu nhap mang lai cho nong dan la hon 161 trieu dong/ha. (Bang 3).
sn
1 2 3 4 5
Bang 3. So sanh hieu CHUOI/CHi SO Buoi Da xanh Bin Tre Dira tuoi Ben Tre Dira kho Ben Tre San Binh Djnh Hoa Ciic Hung Yen
P/IC (lin)
23.4 10,3 12,9 3.1 4,6
qua tai chinh ciia mot so nganh han VA/
IC (lin)
22,4 9,3 11,9 2,1 3,6
NrP/
IC (lin)
16.8 6,7 9,8 1.4 3,1
P/ha (lOOOd)
300114 68.204 64.479 28.000 235.944
VA/ha (lOOOd)
287.304 61.608 59.466 18.844 184.278
g cSy trong
NrP/ha (lOOOd)
202.082 45.679 49.003 12.424 161.222
Thu nhap/
ha (lOOOd)
276.105 59.750 50.253 12.424 161.222 Nguon: Tdc gid long h(/p 2013
3.4. Phan tich SWOT
Hidn uang hoat ddng san xuit kinh doanh ciia nganh budi Da xanh Bdn Tre cd thd tdm luge trong ma tran phan tich SWOT nhu sau:
Bang 4. Ma tran phSn tich SWOT chuoi gia tri birffi Da xanh Ben Tre, 2012 STRENGTHS - BIEM MANH (S)
1. San pham ngon. mau ma dep 2. Dieu ki^n t^ nhien thuan loi 3. Gia va hieu qua kinh te cao 4. Thirong hieu va quan trj dang hinh thanh 5. Mo hinh lien ket 4 nha hieu qua
WEAKNESSES - DIEM YEU (W) 1. Giong chat lugng thuin chung thip 2. Thi trucmg v& marketing con bi dong 3. Quy mo nganh nho le. phan tdn 4. Nguon cung han che. kho lam thi truong 5. He thong giao thong phan tan
OPPORTUNITIES - CO HOI (O) 1 Ngudi tieu dung trong nudc ua thich 2. Thi tnrcmg xult khau rpng Idn 3. Viet Nam gia nhap WTO va dang tien hanh
dam phan TPP
4. Sir ho trg tot tir nha nuoc va nha khoa hgc 5. Xu hudng tieu dung thirc pham an toan
THREATS - THACH THU'C (T) 1. Sau benh dang lan rgng
2. Sir bit on djnh ciia thj tmdng nong san 3. San lugng va canh tranh gia tang manh 4. Tieu chuan quoc te khat khe 5. Cac nudc bao ho san xuat nong nghiep 6. Biln d6i khi hau anh huong toi Ben Tre Vguon. Biiu tra ndm 2013
3.5. Chien liroc nang cSp chuoi Dua vao ma tran SWOT trdn, cd thd phdi hgp nhiing thanh ph&i khac nhau dd lua ra chidn luge nang cap chudi mdt each tiidu qua. Cd thd chia nhung phdi hgp nay thanh 4 nhdm chidn luge nang cap cu thd la chidn luge vd san pham, chien luge vd thi trudng, chidn luge lien kdt va chidn luge vd khoa hgc ky thuat:
• Chien lu-o'c san pham Ket hgp giiia diem manh Sl, S3;
didm ydu Wl; CO hpi 0 1 , 02, 03 va thach thiic T4 dd xay dung chidn lupc nang cap vd san pham. Cu the la nghien cuu vide lai tao, duy tri va bao tdn gidng budi Da xanh thuan chiing va md rpng vide ap dung cac he thdng tidu chuan vd ehat lugng trong nudc va qude td tihu Viet GAP \ a Global GAP. Ngoai ra cac bd phan khac ciia trai budi nhu phan vd va phan cui neu cd thd tan dung ehd bidn se lam gia tang gia tri cho budi Da xanh.
• Chien lirffc thi tru-dug Kdt hgp giua didm manh Sl, S3, S4;
diemydu W2, W3. W4; cahdi 0 1 . 0 2 . 0 3 . 04 va thach thiie T2. T3. T4. T5 dd hinh thanh ndn chidn luge nang cip thi tnidng tidu thu. Cu thd la dang ky va xa}' dung thuong hidu mdt each bdn virng, kdt hgp vdi eae doanh nghidp thuong mai trong nudc tim kiem cac nha phan phdi. cae nha ban Id nudc ngoai cd uy tin dd ky kdt hgp tae. Ddi vdi thi trudng trong nude can hgp tac vdi cac he thdng phan phdi. he thdng ban Id hidn dai, eao eip.
• Chidn luroc lien ket
Kdt hgp cac didm manh S3, S5; diem ydu W2, W3; co hdi 04, 05 va thach thuc T3, T4, T5 dd xay dung chidn luge xay dung cac he thdng lidn ket. Cu thd la md hinh lidn kdt 4 nha trong nganh budi Da xanh dang hoat ddng rat tdt, trong do cd md hinh Td hpp tae san xuat theo tieu chuin Viet GAP va Global GAP cin dugc tidp tue nhan rdng. Ngoai ra can cd su lien kdt vdi thi trudng trong nude la cac he thdng sidu thi, etra hang thuc pham tidn ieh va thi trudng nude ngoai la lidn kdt vdi cac nha xuat khau, eae nha phdi phdi va ban le nudc ngoai.
" Chien hrffc ve khoa hoc ky thuat Kdt hgp giQa didm manh S2. S3:
didm yeu Wl; co hdi 0 4 , 0 5 va thach thuc Tl, T4 nham dua ra chidn luge nang cap vd khoa hoc ky thuat. Cu thd la can nghien eim, lai tao va bao tdn duge gidng budi Da xanh chat lugng cao va thuin chiing, kdt hgp \ di vide dang ky ban quyen gen. Hon niia, hidn nay van dd sau benh dang anh hudng rat Idn ddn chat lugng va nang suat vudn budi Da xanh Bdn Tre, can phai gap nit va phdi hgp dd tim ra giai phap hieu qua nhat.
4. KET LUAN VA GOI Y CHINH SACH
Chudi gia tri budi Da xanh Ben Tre ed Igi thd tuyet ddi Idn so vdi nhirng gidng budi khae va vung khac trong va ngoai nude. Budi Da xanh ed hidu qua kinh td cao va ddng gdp nhidu eho kinh td tinh
TAP CHi KHOA HOC TRUONG DAI HOC M d TP.HCM-30 2 (35)2014 Bfe Tre. Nam 2012, buoi Da xanh co san
luong nam 38.650 tin. tao ra doanh thu cho nguoi nong dan la hon 1 ngan tj' dong.
va tong doanh thu cho toan bp chuoi gia tri la hon 2.152 ty dong va tao ra hon 2.080 t>- dong gia tri gia tang cho xa hoi; mang lai hon 927 ty d6ng thu nhap cho nong dan va 1.639 ty ddng thu nhap cho toan bo cac tac nhan trong chuoi gia tri. Thu nhap n6ng dan trung binh ia 86 trieu dong/nam/
hp hay tuong duong vcri hon 276 trieu dong ha/nam, la miic thu nhap kha cao doi vdi nganh nong nghiep noi chimg. Dong thoi, cdc chi so hieu qua kinh doanh cua nganh buoi Da xanh cung tot hon so vdi cac nganh khac.
Tuy nhien, chudi gia tri buoi Da xanh vhi con nhung van de truoc mat va tiem an nhimg kho khan trong tuong lai.
Vi vay. de nganh buoi Da xanh phat trien
bSn vQng va ddi pho vdi cae van de hien tai, khd khan trong tuong lai tac gia kien nghi tinh BSn Tre va cac td chiic, ca nhan cd lien quan cin quan tam nghien cuu xii ly vin dl sau benh ngay tmdc mat, bao tdn gidng budi Da xanh chat lupng tdt va thuin chung, md rdng cac md hinh lien kSt va mo hinh td hprp tac trong san xuit budi Da xanh theo tieu chuan Viet GAP va Global GAP.
LCnCAMON
D j hoan thanh bai nghien ciiu nay, tdi xm ndi ldi cam on dac biet tdi Thiy Tran TiSn Khai vi nhQng giiip do va hudng din cua thiy trong qua trinh khao sat, nghien ciiu va hoan thanh di tai. Ddng thdi, tdi xin cam on Thiy Nguyen Khanh Duy da cd nhung gdp y rat huu ich giiip nghien eiiu hoan thien hem.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Hu>'nh Trin Qude va edng s\i (2007). Phan tich trudng hpp chudi gia tri san va bd thjt ciia vimg Duyen hai Nam Trung Bd. ACLAR.
2. Pham Bao Duong va cdng su (2013). Nghien ciiu chudi gia tri san pham hoa Cue cua huyen Van Lam tinh Hung Yen. Tap tri Kinh te phat trien, thang 4/2013, sd 270, u: 48-58.
3. Sd Ndng nghijp & PTNT tinh Bin Tre (2013). Chuong trinh phat triin 4.000 ha budi Da xanh.
4. Thu Nga (2013). Quy hoach 12 loai cay an qua ehii luc d Nam Bd. http://baodientu.
chinhphu.vn/. Trich din: 11/11/2014.
5. Tran Tien Khai va cdng su (2011). Bao cao nghien ciiu phan tieh chudi gia hi Diia Bin Tre. IFAD va UBND tmh Bin Tre.
6. Fabien Tallec et al, 2005. Commodity Chain Analysis - Financial Analysis. FAO Analytical tools, M044.
7. GTZ, 2007. Value Links Manual: The Methodology of Value Chain Promotion.
First Edition.
8. M4P 2008. Making value chains work better for the poor. A toolbook for practitioners of value chain analysis. V version. M4P Project. UK DFID.