Giai phap kien true cai thien chat lUcfng moi trUofng ben trong nha pho tai thanh pho Ho Chi Minh
Architectural solutions enhancing indoor environmental quality in street houses in ho chi minh city
Ngay nhan bai: 23/3/2017 Ngay sij^ bai: 14/4/2017 Ngay chap nlian dang; 5/5/2017 TOM TAT
Chit ltft?ng moi trddng b&n trong (lEQ) c6 vai tro quan trong khong nhiing doi v6i hi?u qu^
lam viec raa c6n v6i sdc khoe the chat l&n tinh than ciia ngiidi sinh hoat phia trong cong trinh.
Bai bao nay tap triing vao viec de xuat cac giSi phap klSn triic nham cai thi^n lEQ nha ph6 (NP) tai thanh pho Ho Chi Minh (TP.HCM). Quan 11, m6t qu$n noi thanh tap trung kha dong dan Cli song trong loai hinh NP ddcfc chpn lam tnidng hop nghien ctiu dien hinh. M^t cu6c khao sat xa hoi hgc dupc tien hanh vdi mpt so chuyen gia va hon 400 ngdcfi dan. Td do, 50 ngoi nha da ddOc Ida chon de do dac chi tiet kien triic va cac thong so vi khi hau. Ket qua khao sat vk mo phong miy tinh la co sd de dda ra nhflng danh gia chung ve chat lupng moi trudng ben trong NP tai dia ban khao sat. Dfl lieu thu ddpc cho thay moi trddng s6ng hiSn tai b§n trong NP dang gap nhieu van de ve tien nghi nhiet, thong gio td nhien (TGTN) va chieu sang td nhien (CSTN). DUa tren phan tich hien trang, cac van de lien quan den khi hau dia phdcJng.
tinh kinh te va xa hgi va ket qua mo phong kiem chdng, cac giai phap phu hpp lien quan den vat lieu cua Icrp v6, thiet ke cho ldp vo va cho khdng gian ben trong NP da ddpc de xuat.
Td khoa: Nha phd, chat ldpng mdi trudng ben trong, ti^n nghi nhi|t, thong gid ti;I nhien, chieu sang td nhien.
ABSTRACT
Indoor environmental quality (lEQ) has a great impact on not only performance but also mental and physical health of occupants. This paper focuses upon proposing architectural solutions enhancing lEQ in street houses in Ho Chi Minh City. District 11, a highly populated inner-city district of the city, was selected as the case study A sociological survey was conducted there by 12 experts and more than 400 citizens with the goal of choosing 50 typical street houses for measuring detailed parameters of architecture and microclimate. Based on survey and simulation results, general assessments of indoor environmental quahty in street houses at survey sites could be figured out. Basically, these data showed that numerous indoor living environments are facing with problems of thermal comfort, natural ventilation and natural lighting. In order to enhance the lEQ for occupants in these houses, appropriate architectural solutions related to material and design of envelope and interior arrangement in regard to local conditions of environment, chmate, economic and society have been hsted, verified by simulations and proposed
Keywords: Street house, indoor environmental quality, thermal comfort, natural ventilation, natural lighting.
TS. KTS. Le Thi H6ng Na
Giang vien, Khoa Ky Thuat Xay Ddng, TrdOng DH Bach Khoa - Dai hpc Qudc Gia TP.HCM.
ThS. Nguyin Dai Nhan
Le Thj Hong Na, Nguyen Dai Nhin
La rn6 tiinh Ichong gian sdng plid bien tai TP.HCM vdi 75% dan so sCr dung va xuat hien t d t h ^ Id 17, NP ngay cSng chiing minh flUpc Uu diem ve mat thi cong va thuong m^i so veil CSC loai hinh nha & khfc [1]. Tuy nhien, vdi ch^I luong moi trudng, dieu kien thdi tiet va dieu kien xa h6i nhU hi§n nay, NP ebtt dn phai dam bSo chat lupng moi trudng ben trong cho ngudi sil
lEQ bao gom cac van de ve nhift, iinh sang va khong khi ciJa mot cong trinh c6 anh hUdng ttUc tiep den cam giac tho^i mai, sdc kho^ cung nhU higu quci lam v i k cua ngUdi sinh sdng ben trong [2].
Tuy nhien, mdt sd tac ddng tieu ciffi den sijfc khoe t m h than hay thi chat {nhu benh Um mach hay cac benh lien quan d^n hd hip hay b^o pHl) khong di phat hien trong thdi gian ngSn ma cd thdi gian u benh !Su [3 va 4]. Con ngUdi thudng danh den 80-90% thdi gian cho cac h o a t d ^ b6n trong cdng trinh. Do 36, lEO thuc su rat can dUoc quan tam va nghien cdu sau hon.
Hi&n trang lEQ trong NP tai TP.HCM dupc phan tich dua tren cac ket qui khao sat t d trddng iiOp nghien cdu d i l n hinh ih ^ a ban QuSn 11. Bay la 1 trong 13 quan noi thanh cu. co mdc dd phSt t r i l n va dd thj hoa cao, va cd mat do dan 56 cao nhat toan theinh phd theo CLIC t h o n g ke TP.HCM (2010) vdi dien tich tuong ddi nhd. Tai day, NP la loai hinh nha d chiem uu the.
Td ket qua cd dUoc, cie giai phap phCi hpp cSi thien cac vSn 3e ciia mdi trUdng sdng bin trong duoc 3i xu^t, Cac phuong phSp nghien cdu dupc sd dung 3i dinh gia mdc do tien nghi nhiet va hieu
7O4 0l1tllEflSX 05.2017
qua cua TGTN vi CSTN dUOc trinh bay trong phan tiep theo. Phan cudi cua bai bao se tap trung vSo cac ket quS va ban lucin cung vdi tdng hop cac phudng an dt thien phCi hop.
2 . Phu<nig phap nghien cdu Bdng 1. Ca sdddnh qid hien trgncj lEQ [5]
Chat lupng Ti&n nhiet TGTN
CSTN
Tieu chl Chi sd PMV-PPD, Ch? so OT Bdi sd ACH, Nong do C02, Tdc do gid.
D d r o i t U n h i § n , Dp rpl trung binh
Cdng cu danh gia ISO 7730-2005, md hinh tien nghi nhiet, b i l u do sinh khi h^u TCVN 5687:2010, ANSI/ASHRAE 62.1-2004 TCXD 29:1991.
Ddi tuong nghien cdu trong b^i bao nay la nhdng dieu kien sdng thuc te va cac tac ddng ciJa chung den chat lupng mdi trudng sdng ci!ia ngUdi dan. Vi the, viec khSo sat tdng quat ban dau ducfc thuc hien vdi viec phdng van nhdm 12 chuy&n gia, la nhung ngucri lam cong tac quan ly quy hoach, k i l n true hay quan (y hanh chfnh, xa hpi tren dja ban khao sat. Td day, nhdm nghien cdu vach ra dUpc djnh hudng dia ban khao sat cu t h i va tap t n j n g vao khu vUc phudng 3 va phUdng 10, vdi nhieu van de cdn tdn dpng trong kien true NP. Mdt cuoc khao sat vdi 400 ngUdi d a n d i a p h u o n g d a d u p c t i e n h a n h . K i t qua khao sSt nay cd vai trd quan trong trong vile xac djnh nhdng v l n de ton dong cung nhU nguyen nhan cOa nd va viic xie dinh cac nhdm nha dien hinh. Qua dd, cd t h i dua ra c d s6 cho viec lua chon 50 mau nha di t i l n hanh do dac chi tiet dc thdng sd k i l n true va vi khi hau. Id nhdng sd lieu tdng hpp dUoe, eae danh gia hi&n trang tdng quat va chi Uet ve lEQ (bao gdm t i l n nghi nhiet, TGTN va CSTN) dUoc danh gia tren cae edng eu, ti§u c h u l n trong va ngoai nUdc (Bang 1). T i l p theo, dua tren k i t qua phan ti'ch tdng hop eae van d l h i f n trang, cSc giai phap kien true phii hop da dUpc de xuat vi kiem chdng bSng cac md phdng CFD. TrUdc khi di den k i t luSn, cae giai phap cdn phai duoe can nhae trong mdi quan he vdi d i l u kien dja phUcTng ve mdi trudng, thdi tiet, kinh te va xa hdi. Toan bd ndi dung va cacbude n g h i l n edu dupc the hien trong Hinh 1.
Hinh 1, Sado phi/ong phap nghiSn i 3. K ^ qud va ban l u | n 3.1. Hi|n trang
Bdnq 2. Hien -OiiftiiWng,
Tien nghi n h i l t TGTN
CSTN
ranq lEQ tronq NP tai TP.HCItA [5]
Danh qia - Mdc tien nghi nhiet thap, -16% ngUdi dan cam thay hai Idnq (Hinh 2).
- bdi sd ACH dat, - ndng dd C02 an toan,
- tdc dd qid ed qia tri dudi 0,2 m/s (hfinh 3) - dp roi t u nhign thap, dudi 200lx (Hinh 4), - dd roi trung binh dat y l u eSu.
Nhin chung, h l u h i t khdng gian sdng trong cac NP chUa dap dng dupc nhu cau cua ngUdi sd dung ve lEQ bao gdm tien nghi nhiet, thdng gid va c h i l u sang tU nhien nhU t h i hien trong ndi dung Bing 2 Trong cac nguy§n nhan k h i l n mdi trUdng nhift cCia NP trd nen ndng, kha nang c i c h nhiet cua vat lieu Idp vd bao che ci!ia cdng trinh ddng vai trd chfnh. Theo ket qua khSo sat, hau het mat ddng NP hien nay dUdc c l u tao t d gach dat set nung phd vda 6 ca 2 b l mat va loai ktnh cdng nghe eu. Vdl h i sd t r u y i n nhiet cao vh k h i nang t r d nhiet lau, lUpng nhiet do cac ldp nay hap thu t d cac bdc xa nhiet ben ngoai lam tang dang k l nhiet dp mdi trudng ben trong, do dd gay ra cac cam giac hoi ndng, ndng va rat nong d 84% ngudi dan (Hinh 2).
TGTN trong cac NP theo khao sat dap dng dUoc viec kiem soat ndng dp C02 d mdc thap vi bdi sd trao ddi khdng khf. Trong khi do, tde dp gid do tai hien trudng phan Idn cd gia t n thap hdn 0,2ni/s (Hinh 3) va chi dat 7,6% so vdi ben ngoai cdng trinh [5] Vi§c han c h l dUdng di cCia khdng k h f n h u d d n g c d a , dat cac vat can hay cac bdc tudng dac cd anh huPng tieu cUc nghiem trpng den sU thdng thoang trong cdng trinh.
Oieu dd the hien ro qua k i t qua md phdng trong trudng cac cdng trinh md eda toan bo thi bdi sd trao ddi khong khi flat mdc cao den rat cao
• N J ^ E S
Hinh 2, Qm nhan nhiet cila ngircii dan trong NP [5]
""" J i
'\0Bdij}h'
Hinh 3, TSc dd gid do tai hien tnfimg [5]
Mac diJ nhdng k i t qua quan trScvamd phdng dl den thdng n h l t ve mdc dd dat yiu cau cCia dd roi trung binh trong cac NP. Tuy nhien, dd roi trung binh trong h l u het c^C ngdi nha dat thap dudi 200 Ix (chf khoang 8,5% sd nha cd dd roi tren 200 Ix) k h i l n cho anh sang tU n h i l n chf dCi dting cho cac smh hoat gia dinh binti thudng (Hinh 4). Dua v^o sd lieu va hinh anh thu thap trong qua trinh khao sat, n g u y i n nhan eho van d l nay nam d 2 y l u t d chinh \h (i) dien tieh eda k i t ndi khong gian ben trong nha vdi anh sang ben ngoai bi han che do dien tieh nhd hoac ft md CLfa, (ii) vat lieu xuyen sang hay tam lay sang chua dUOc sd dung n h i l u .
Ii.iiii..iiii.li 1.11I1.1I111
Hinh 4 G6101 trung binh (lux) do tai 50 ngoi nha [5]
3.2. G i l i phdp
Nhdng van de vi khf hau c^c NP hien dang ddi mat bSt ngudn t d lUdng nhift BXMT ma Idp vd cdng trinh hap thu qua Idn, kha nang luu thdng han c h l cOa khdng khi trong nha va cac thiet k l ho tro k i t ndi I n h sang ben ngoai vdi khdng gian ben trong chua duoc quan tam dung mdc. Do dd, cac giai phap kien triic phu hop dupe tap trung vao 3 p h i n chinh gdm vat lieu Idp vd cdng trinh, thiet k l Idp vd bao che va khong gian ben trong. DUa vao ket qua khao sat va nhdng quy dinh v l kien true nha li#n k l tai TP.HCM [5], cd 4 nhdm r\hh dien hinh da dUdc phan loai. Trong gidi han cOa bai bao nay, cac giai phap dupc de ra cht tap trung giai quyet cac vin de eda 01 nhdm nha dien hinh, chiu nhieu bat Ipi nhat.
Vat Iiiu dixudt cho Idp vd cdng trinh
Chat lUdng mdi trUPng b&n trong va nhu c l u nang iuang cua cdng trinh phu thudc dang k l vao kha nang each nhiet cua vat lieu Idp vd bao che. Ddi vdi NP tai TP.HCM, vi§c sd dung tudng gach 2 Idp hay sd dung gach khdng nung cho Idp vd ben ngoai c6 t h i mang lai hieu qua each nhift {hJinh 5). Khi nhiet do b^n ngoai cao, vdi tudng gach 2 Idp, phan khdng khi ben trong gach va d gida 2 Idp k i t hdp vdi kich thudc be day Idn hdn loai tuPng ddn t r u y i n thdng gidp each nhiet h i f u qua, nhd dd cac thdng sd ve nhift ciia loai tuPng 2 Idp dat yeu cau eda QCXD 09:2013; vdi cac loai gaeh khong nung sddung cdng nghe mdi, do dUOc san xuat t d vat lieu c d h f so truyen nhiet t h i p gan bang 1/5 so vdi gach nung thdng thudng nen ban che tdt sU xam nhap cua BXMT vao trong cdngtrinh
Hinh 6 Gi^i phap lam die nang cho cac hirdng [5]
Neu vat lieu Idp vd giup ngan BXMT thi t h i l t k l ldp vd bao che q u y l t dinh kha nang TGTN, CSTN va mde dp tien nghi b§n trong cong trinh. K i t cau che nang vdi thiet ke hop ly vda bao v f edng trinh Wi4t cac tia sang trUe tiep t d mat trdi, vda tao khoang hd de khf tUoi di vio ben trong, do dd tao bdng mat, thdng gid vi CSTN. Vdi gde mat trdi cao va hudng gid chfnh la T i y Nam va Ddng Nam nhuTP HCM, mai chevJ 1am cho cac hUdng dupc t h i hfen trong Hinh 6.
' ' ' ' >--100—>
Hinh 7. NP sii dung lam ngang dit nghieng 1 gdc 45° (trai) va kfdi thU^ 1 lam dientilnli (ph^i)[6j
Vi du, ddi vPi NP cd mat tien hudng Dong Nam, viec sd dung lam ngang la giai phap phu hpp. Tuy nhi§n, qua tinh toan va md phdng vf kha nang each nhiet vh CSTN bSng phan mem Ecotect va VELUX. viec sif dung lam ngang dUOe quay 1 gdc 45" nhu Hinh 7 se cai thien dang kl kha nang chan BXMT (Hinh 8).
Hinh 5 Tiicing gach i lop (trai) va gach AAC (phai) Imternet]
Cae loai eda sd bSng kinh nSm tren cac be mat ddn BXMT cung can dupc quan tam. Bin canh tl le dien tfch eda sd so vdi tudng thi loai kinh cung can lUa chon sao eho chi sd hap thu bde xa mat trdi, cht sd truyen nhi6t tdng va chf sd xuy^n sSng phd hpp vPi npi dung n l u trong QCXD 09:2013, vf du nhU kfnh phu mem Low-E hay kfnh phan quang Low-E, Ngohi ra, mdt sd giSi phSp vat lieu cho Idp vd khac nhu son each nhift, t i m dp each nhiet mat trong cOa tUdng hay eae t i m lly sang cung dUoc cho la thich hop.
ThiA keldp vd bao che
Hinh 8. BXMTdiieuvaocongfiinh vdi lam ngang (frai)¥a lam ngang guayl gdc45°(pliiil [61 Khdng chf gdp p h i n ngan bdc xa nhilt t d b i n ngoai nhU kit diu che nang, h f thdng ming xanh cdn gidp loc khf va giam dn. Nhd do, lUOng r«ng luong tiet k i l m dupe cho NP dUpc nang cao va hien tuang dao nlii&t trong thanh phd nhU hifn nay duoc giam bdt (Hinh 9) Cung nhU kit cau die ning, viec sddung eac 'tUdng xanh" cung d n dUOc tinh t o l n khi thilt lie fle tranh viec tham nudc vao ket eau edng trinh, chan t i m nhin, chan ding khdng khf luu thdng do mat dd cay q u i day..
cay xanh ciJng nen dUpc bd trf tai mPt sd khu vUe trong nha nham tao cam giac mat m l , than thien vdi thien nhien.
110. Til iren xuong dirdi. tu trai sang phai mo hinh NP dien hmh. mo phdng thong gid trudc khi co gieng trcil, giai phap dexult, md phdng thong gid sau kiii co gieng trdi [5]
Ngoai vat l i f u va thiet ke cua idp vd, lEQ cdn phu thudc v i o sU thdng thoang, k i t ndi cua cac khdng gian ben trong NP vdi nhau va vdi ben ngoai. Vdi dae d i l m nha cd chieu dai tuong ddi va 81,86% ed 1 mat tien nhu ket quS khao sat [51, eac khoing thdng tang nhU g i i n g trdi rat thfch hpp d l cung cap khf tUoi, anh sang t u nhien va g i l i phdng nhiet thda trong NP. Trong mdt md hinh NP dien hinh, ket qua md phdng CFD cho thay khi ehUa cd gieng trdi, khdng khf luu thdng vPi tdc dd t h i p dudi 0.2m/s va tap trung n h i l u vung gid lan, Ket qua nay phd hpp vdl sd l i l u khao sat dupc. Sau khi md eac g i i n g trcri khu vue cau thang va cudi nha, tde dP gid trung binh trong nha dat dupc 0.36m/s, b i n g khoing 18% g i l tri tdc dd gid b i n ngoai va sU ket ndi cCia mdi trUdng ben t f o n g v a b ^ n ngoai nha nhP the ciJng dupc cai thi&n (Hinh 10)
B i n canh dd, vifc sd dung gieng trdi vdi phan mii bang tam lay s i n g cung gidp CSTN. Ngoai hinh thdc chieu sang t u nhien theo phuong ddng, NP cung cd t h i sd dung cac thiet ke chieu sang theo phuong ngang nhu eda lay sang vi ke l l y sang (Hinh 11). Cae giai phap bi ddng nay giup tang do rpi tif nhien cho khdng gian nam sau ben trong NP nhd hien tuong phSn xg anh sang qua be mat cac vat l i l u trong nha.
Tuy nhien, de giai phap TGTN trong nha thUe sU h i l u qua, cac khdng gian trong nha can dUOc k i t ndi vdi nhau. Cda l l y gid sat tran la mdt giai phap thfch hop cho v l n d l nay. cae cda nhd don gian d eao trinh g i n tran cd the dam b i o sU trao ddi khdng khf tdi thieu cho can phdng ma khong lam tang su hap thu nhiet mdt each dang ke De khdng khf trong nha tuoi hon, (UOng bdc xa nhiet t d c^c thiet bf dien dupc giam bdt va cam giac thoai mai hon eho ngudi sddung. Cac m^ng
Hinhll GiSiphapCSTNtrongNP[5) 4 . Ket luan
La md hinh nha d dupe sd dung pho bien nhUng NP h i f n dang cd chat luong mdi trudng sdng gap nhieu van de can dUOc n g h i l n cdu giai q u y l t . K i t qua nghien cdu cho thay, chi khoing 16% ngudi tham gia khao sat cam t h i y hhi Idng ve sU tien nghi nhiet. Trong khi dd, tde dd gid trong nha chi dat 7,6% so vPi ngoai trdi. Hdn nda, h f sd dp rpi tU nhien thap hon 200lx va chl dap Ung eac hoat ddng can ft anh sang [5].
Ddi mat vdi cae van de neu tren, trong dieu kien thdi t i l t ndng I m nhu d TP.HCM, ngan BMXT, TGTN va CSTN la nhdng huPng giai quyet phu hpp can dUdc tap trung uu tien giai q u y l t . Td dd, eae nhdm g i l i phap de xuat trong nghien cdu nay cung da duoc phan theo 3 nhdm chfnh (Bang 3). Di lEQ trong NP tren dia ban TP.HCM dUOc cai t h i l n , eae giai phap dUdc tdng hop tren day can dupc nghien cdu chi tiet hdn.
Nhdm thdnhat, vdi vat lieu cho ldp vd cdng trinh, d l gdp p h i n ngan sU xam nhap ci!ia BXMT t d bin ngoai, vif e sd dung tudng gach 2 ldp, hoac gach khdng nung va sd dung cac loai kinh cd h f sd elch nhiet cao la lua chpn phiJ hdp.
Nhdm thdhai, vdi thiet k l Idp vd bao che, k i t c l u ehe n i n g (gdm mai che va lam) va cle mang cay xanh, ben canh viec chdng ndng cdn tao dieu kien thuan Ipi eho khdng khf luu chuyen t d trong nha ra b^n ngoai va cap khi tuoi cho cdng trinh ma khdng lam tang nhiet dp mdi trudng ben trong dang ke.
Nhdm thdba, vdi khdng gian ben trong, cac gieng trdi, cda sd nhd gan eac tran va mang xanh tao sU thdng thoang va k i t ndi mdi trudng ben trong cac phdng trong nha vdi nhau va vdi ben ngoai. Nhd dd, khdng khi tUoi va anh sang tU nhi^n dUoc t r u y i n vSo khdng gian ben trong va nguoe lai.
Bdng 3. Tong hap giai phdp kien trdc edi thiin lEQ Nhdm
Vat lieu Idpvd T h i l t k l
Khdng gian b§n
trong
Giai phap Tudng 2 ldp Gach AAC Kinh each nhigt Ket cau che nanq TuPnqxanh Gieng trdi Manq xanh Cda lay qid sat tran
Hieu q u i d i o l E Q BX BX 8X,CS BX, TG, CS BX,TG,KK,AT TG,CS BX,KK TG.CS
Mdc dp u u t i l n 4 4 3 1 1 2
3 3 Chd thich:
BX-gilm luong nhiet hap thu do bdc xa, CS: gdp p h i n CSTN cho khdng gian NP, TG: giup TGTN cho edng trinh, KK: loc khdng khi d nhiem, A T qiam t i i n q dn Lcri dm an
Bai bao nay dUOe phat t n l n t d k i t q u i n g h i l n cdu cCia d l tai "Gili phap k i l n true n h l m nang cao chat luong mdi trUdng sdng trong nha
p h o t a i T P H C M " ( s d h o p d o n g 6 6 / 2 0 1 S / H D O H - S K H C N k y n g S y 1 3 / 7 / 2 0 1 S ) d o T S . K T S . L e T h i H d n g N a l l m c h i i n h i 6 m d e t a i .
TAl U l U T H A M K H A O
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