Giai phap m6 rong nguon von xa hoi cua ho nuoi torn vung dong bang song Cijru Long
D l T d N G T H E DUY
9ghien cihi sii dung mo hinh hoi quy Logistic diphdn tich vo'n xd hdi vd cdc nhdn to tdc
• ddng den khd ndng tiep can thi triidng cua 182 hg nudi tdm tren dia bdn cua 3 tinh:
Cd Mau, Bin Tre vd Trd Vinh. Ki't qud nghien cOu cho thdy mqng liidi xd hgi chinh thUc (hgi khuye'n ngii) vd mqng liidi xd hdi phi chinh thiic (ban qudn ly khu nudi, dai ly cdc cdp, ddng nghiep - ban be vd tudi, kinh nghiem, so'ndm song tqi dia phiidng, trinh do hgc vdn) deu cd tdc dgng den khd ndng tiep can thi triidng. DvSa vdo ket qud, nghien ciiu diia ra mgt so'gidi phdp md rdng ngudn vdh xd hgi nhdm gop phdn giup hd nudi torn tdng khd ndng tie'p can thi triidng.
Tfl k h o a : vd'n xd hgi, tii'p can thi triidng, ho nudi tdm.
1. G i d i t h i e u
Trong xa hdi Viet N a m eac mdi q u a n he xa hdi eua ca n h a n co vai t r o ra't q u a n trgng trong cudc sd'ng h a n g ngay, dac biet la cdng dong ven bien t a i v u n g dong b a n g sdng Cflu Long (DBSCL) - ndi m a ca n h a n la mgt chu the quan trgng, la cdu noi eac moi q u a n he rang budc m a n g t i n h cha't cdng dong tao t h a n h mdt m a n g Ifldi xa hdi. Cae moi q u a n hd nay ddng vai trd q u a n t r o n g t r o n g giao dieh ehinh thd'ng gifla cac ca n h a n , t^ chflc ben ngoai xa hgi - dfla t r e n cac quy c h u d n , niem tin ggi l a voh xa hgi. N h a n tha'y t r o n g n h i i u n a m trd lai day, k h a n i n g tiep can thi trfldng ddu vao cung nhfl ddu r a chfldng t r i n h vay, t h d n g t i n lai sudt, t h u tuc vay tin dung, n g u o n con gioiig, gia thflc an, thud'c - hoa cha't, dich vu khuye'n ndng cung nhfl gia b a n dfldc t r e n t h i trflcfng...
cua hd nudi t d m t a i 3 t i n h Ca M a u , Ben Tre, Tra Vinh ndi r i e n g va vung DBSCL ndi chung - p h u thude vao m a n g Ifldi q u a n hd xa hdi. Cu t h e : gifla hd vdi hg h a n g , b a n be, hang xdm, dong nghiep, cae to' ehfle hgi doan, chinh quyen dia phfldng,... Vdi sfl p h u thudc, tfldng t r d va chia se tfl m a n g Ifldi xa hdi t r o n g q u a t r i n h boat ddng, cau hoi d a t r a : (1) tac dgng cua tflng chu t h e m a n g Ifldi xa hdi dd'n k h a n a n g tiep can t h i trfldng cua hg r a sao; (2) giai p h a p md rgng
va p h a t trien nguon voh xa hdi, nay nhfl the nao?
2. Cd sdr ly t h u y e t v a phflo'tig p h a p n g h i e n cflu
2,1. Ly thuyei vo'n xd hoi
Mdt nguon Iflc vd h i n h dflde ton tai trong eae moi quan he xa hgi dflde de cap den vdi ten ggi la vd'n xa hdi (Social eaptial). Ke tfl khi n h a giao due hge ngflcfi My Lya Judson Hanifan dfla r a ddu tien vao n a m 1916, mai cho den n a m 1986 trd v l sau da ed rdt n h i i u n h a nghien eflu dfla r a eac dinh nghia cung nhfl cac each tiep cdn khac n h a u ve vd'n xa hdi dfldi n h i i u linh vflc nhfl giao due, xa hdi hgc, kinh t l . . . trong dd, tieu bieu la: Bourdieu (1986); Coleman, (1988, 1990); Putnam (1993);
F u k u y a m a (1995, 1997); Nahapiet va Ghosal (1998); Woolcoek (1998); Cohen va Field (1998); Lin (1999)... Nhflng mai cho de'n nam 2000, P u t n a m mdi dfla r a dflde khai niem va each t i l p can nghien eflu tfldng ddi hoan chinh v l vd'n xa hgi dfla vao hai tieu chi: (1) cdu t n i c mang Ifldi: ehi r a he tho'ng p h a n t a n g mang Ifldi, t a n sua't k i t ndi gifla eac chu t h i t r o n g m a n g Ifldi; (2) eha't Ifldng q u a n he trong m a n g ifldi: sfl tin tflSng, k^ vgng va chia se ldn n h a u gifla eac chu the trong mang Duong Th^ Duy, ThS., Tnrtlmg dai hoc T6n Diic Thing,
NghiSn cAi Kinh Iff sff 6(431) - Thing 6/2018 75
Gidi phdp md rong nguon vd'n ,
Ifldi. Cac tidu ehi nay da dfldc tiep t h u vao cac cdng t r i n h nghien cflu sau do eua ra't n h i i u n h a nghien cflu nhfl Lin (2001);
Woolcoek (2000, 2001); ABS (2004); Lisakka (2006); Chou (2008); Yusuf (2008); Hoai (2010), Dien (2012)... Ta't ea hg d i u cho rdng; cdu true mang Ifldi va chdt Ifldng cua nd dfldc cho la eo vai trd q u a n trgng a n h hfldng de'n eac ket qua nghidn cflu. Mac du ket qua nghien cflu cua eac tae gia t a i nhflng vung, qud'c gia khac n h a u , song dai da sd' hg d i u gap n h a u ci nhflng diem sau day; (1) vd'n xa hdi ehi ton tai k h i va ehi khi ehu t h i t h a m gia mang Ifldi xa hdi; (2) eac chu the t h a m gia mang Ifldi it n h i e u d i u n h a n dfldc ldi ich tfl m a n g Ifldi dd: cd nhieu ed hdi tiep can, huy dgng hoac sfl dung cd hidu qua cac can nguon lfle k h a e nhfl: tfl nhien, vat t h i , tai ehinh, con ngflcfi...; (3) cae dac trflng eua mang Ifldi xa hgi bao gom cac nghia vu, k j vgng, quy chuan, c h u a n mflc dfla vao niem tin, sfl tfldng ho qua lai.
Nhfl vay, vd'n xa hdi eua mdt ca n h d n la cac mdi quan he xa hgi ma ngflcfi dd cd dflde khi t h a m gia vao mang Ifldi xa hdi n h a m dem lai ldi ich v l d i l u kien t h u a n ldi de t i l p can, huy dgng va sfl dung hieu q u a eae nguon Itic khac nhfl: vd'n vat the, vd'n tai chinh, von tfl nhien, voh con ngfldi. Cac dae trflng cua mang Ifldi xa hgi dfldc t h e hidn thdng qua nghia vu, sfl tin nhidm, sfl tin eay, ehia se, h3 trd ldn n h a u .
Cung theo P u t n a m (2000, trich tfl Sen, 2010) chia mang Ifldi xa hdi t h a n h hai loai:
(1) mang Ifldi ehinh thflc; cae ca n h a n t h a m gia vao to' chflc hdp p h a p nhfl dang phai chinh tri, nhdm tdn giao, va eae hiep hdi; (2) mang Ifldi phi ehinh thflc: cac mdi quan he eua ca n h a n vdi h a n g xom, b a n be, dong nghiep hoac t h a m chi la nhflng ngflcfi xa la.
Mat khac, P u t n a m dat n i l m tin vao vi tri t r u n g tam cua ly thuyd't voh xa hdi, n i l m tin la t h a n h phdn thiet ye'u eua vd'n xa hdi. Niem tin tao dieu kien t h u a n ldi cho sfl tfldng trd va mflc do tin tflcing trong edng dong eang ldn, k h a nang hdp tac cang ldn (Putnam va cdng sfl, 1993). Vi vay, m a n g Ifldi xa hdi (bao
g i m m a n g Ifldi ehinh thflc, phi chinh thflc) va cac quy c h u a n (tin tfldng, sfl tfldng trd, giup dd, t d n sudt...) la nhflng t h a n h phdn q u a n t r g n g ldn Ifldt dai didn eho cdu true va chdt Ifldng cua vd'n xa hgi edng dong.
2.2. Tiep can thi trudng
Kleihet va cdng sfl (1999) cho rdng: tie'p can t h i trfldng ndng s a n p h d m la viec ngflcfi ndng ddn cd ddy du t h d n g tin, tiem lfle xa hgi, t a i ehinh, v a t chdt de m u a vat tfl ddu vao va b a n san p h d m ndng nghiep lam r a b cac k h u vfle cd ldi cho hg. Nghia la ngflcfi ndng ddn ed du n g u I n lfle de eo the giao thiep vdi ngflcfi b a n v^t tfl ddu vao phuc vu cho qua t r i n h san x u d t cua ndng hg, dong thdi hg eung cd dii k h a n a n g de tid'p can va dam p h a n vdi cac n h a cd sd t h u m u a de ban san p h d m hg l a m r a d mdt mfle cd ldi. Theo Hieu va cdng sfl (2013), thi tie'p can thi trfldng trong san xua't k i n h doanh ndng nghiep la mdt ndi d u n g ra't rdng, bao ham k h a n a n g ngflcfi d a n tiep can den h a n g loat cae yd'u to" nguon lfle cho qua t r i n h san xua't nhfl da't dai, tin d u n g , k h o a hoc ky t h u | t . . . va k h a n a n g tieu t h u ndng san p h a m dfldc lam r a . Theo T h d n g (2006), Hieu va edng sfl (2013), Cflcfng (2017) t h i thi trfldng ndng nghiep hien n a y d nfldc t a cd t h e ph^n loai t h a n h 5 nhdm t h i trfldng cu the; (1) thi trfldng tin dung; (2) t h i trfldng ddt dai; (3) thi trfldng lao dgng; (4) t h i trfldng vat tfl ndng nghiep va dieh v u khuye'n ndng; (5) thi trfldng tieu t h u s a n p h d m .
2.3. Phitang phdp nghien ciJtu 2.3.1. Md hinh nghien cdu
Cho de'n nay, cd r d t n h i i u nghien cflu v§
tac ddng cua voh xa hdi d i n boat dgng thi trflcfng ddu vao eung nhfl ddu r a eua hg gia dinh, doanh nghiep. Trong so dd phai k l den:
Grootaert (1999), Okten va cdng sfl (2004), Lawal va cdng sfl (2009), Hfldng (2006), Quang (2007), D i l n (2012), Duy (2017), Mawejje va edng sfl (2014), Vu va cdng sfl (2014). Mat khae, thdng qua Iflde khao tai lidu nghien cflu cd lien quan, ket hdp vdi cac ye'u to thudc v l dac diem cua hg gia (finh va
7 6 Nghien aiu Kinh tff sff 6(481) - Thing 6/2018
Giai phdp md rdng nguon von
khao sat thue te' tai dia ban, tac gia dl xudt tiep can thi trfldng cua hd nudi tdm vung md hinh tae ddng von xa hgi den kha nang DBSCL nhfl sau:
MO HINH 1: Tac dong cua von xa hoi den kha nang tiep can thi trfldng cua ho nuoi torn
Mang lu6i chinh thiic - H6ikhuye'nngu(HN) - T6 chiic H6i Doan (HD)
Mang lu6i phi chfnh thiic - Ban quan ly khu nuOi (BN) - Can bo tin dung (CB) - Thuong lai ckc cfl:p (TL) - Dai ly cac cSfp (DL) - D6ng nghifip'ban be (DN)
Long tin (TR)
Kha nkng ti^p can thi tniJmg
' (KNTC)
Khoang each (KC) Tu6i(TU) Kinh nghifim (KN)
S6 nam sO'ng tai dia phuong (SN) Trinh do hpc vECn (TD)
Lao dOng (LD)
Nghien cflu sfl dung phfldng p h a p hoi quy Logistic: LogJP(Y=i)/P(Y=0)] = Po + P,Xi + P2X3 + P3X3 +p„x„.
De fldc Ifldng md l u n h n a y t a ehuyen v l dang tuyen tinh: Y, = po + p^X, + e, vdi Y,: la biin p h u thude va dfldc do Ifldng bdng h a i gia tri 1 va 0.
Md hinh dfldc thiet lap:
KNTC = Po + PiHN + P2HD + P3BN + P4CB
+ P5TL + P ^ L + p,DN + p,LT + P4KC + pgTU + pgKN + P7SN + pgTD + pgLD
Trong dd: KNTC la bien phu thugc do Ifldng k h a nang tid'p can thi trflcfng cua hg nudi tdm, bie'n nay n h a n gia tri 1 ne'u ndng hg ed k h a nang tie'p can thi trfldng tdt (lai sudt vay, gia mua, gia ban, k i l n thflc nuoi cung nhfl thi trflcfng lao dgng,...) va ngfldc lai se n h a n gia tri 0.
BANGl:
Ten bien Mang lu6i chinh thiic - Hoi khuyfi'n ngu (HN)
- T6 chiic H6i Doan (HD) Mang ludi phi chinh thiic - Ban quan 1>^ khu nu6i (BN) - Can b6 tin dung (CB) - Thuong lai cac cffp (TL) - Dai ly cac ctfp (DL) - D6nB nghifip/ban be (DN) Long tin (TR)
Don vj tmh
S 6 1 &
S6't6 chiic
S6' ngucfi
0/1
Cac bien doc lap trong
Giai thich
S6 ISn ma h6 tham gia vao H6i trong 01 vu nu6i T6ng s6 td chiic/ban/hifip h6i ma thanh vien trong h6 iham gia.
S6 ngucri CO th^ giiip dd, chia se...khi hdcSn.
Nhfln gia tri 1 - tin tu&ng va gia tri 0 - khong tin tUcmg
m o h i n h Nguon tham khao
KeUy vk c6ng su (2003);
Woolcoek (2000) ABS* (2004); V.Vella va c6ng su (2006); Hoai va c6ng sU (2014)
OECD** (2001); ABS (2004);
Hoai vk c6ng su (2014)
ABS (2004); V.Vella va c6ng su (2006); Hoai va c6ng su (2014)
K J vong
+
+
+
+
-fgS^SulOilt lfsSS(4S1l - Thing6/2018 77
Glil phip md rong nguon va'n
Ten bien
Khoang each ( K Q
Tudi (TU)
Kinh nghiSm (KN)
Sd' nam sdng tai dia phuong (SN)
Tiinh da hoc vSn (TD)
LaodOng(LD)
Don vi tfnh Km
Nam
Nam
Nam
Nam
T y l S
Giai thfch Khoang each tCr nhit cua hd d ^ du&ng giao difing chinh, nhan gia tri la stf km tuong ting.
Nam tudi, nhan gid tri tuong ting s6 tu6i cua ngUcri true t i ^ nu6i chinh ti'nh dftn thcfi di^m hi^ntai.
Kinh nghidm, nhan gii tri tuong ling vdn sd' nam trong nghd cua nguffi true t i ^ nu6i chfnh tihh d^h thcri diim h i ^ tai.
S6 nam, nhdn duoc gid tri tuong ling vtii s6 n^m mk chii hd sinh s5ng tai dia phuong tin d^n thcfi di^m hi£n tai.
Tiinh dfl hoc vaii, nhan gid tri tuong ling voi sd' nam di hoc ciia ngucri true ti^p nufli chinh ti'nh 6€n thdi di^m hi£n lai.
Ty \t lao ddng, nhan gia tii la ty It lao ddng true t i ^ tham gia nudi/tdng s6 nhan kh£[u ciia hd.
Ngu6n tham k h a o Senyolo v^ cdng su. (2009);
Takashi Yamano v i cdng su (2010), Berahanu Kuma (2012)' Berahanu Kuma (2012);
Anteneh vk cdng su 2011);
Berahanu Kuma (2012);
Anteneh vk cdng su 2011);
Do tac gia 66 xa&t tb di£u tra thuc t^
Berahanu Kuma (2012);
Takashi Yamano vk cdng su.
(2010); Anteneh vk cflng su 2011);
Berahanu Kuma (2012);
Anteneh vk cflng su 2011);
vong
+/-
+
+
+
+
Ghi chli: *ABS la Co quan thtfng kt ciia Uc (Australian Bureau of Statisdcs).
**OECD \k Td chiic Hop tdc va phat tri^n kinh t^ (Groupe de Sienne).
2.3.2. DU lieu nghiin cihi
Sd' lieu sd ca'p dfldc thu thap bang phfldng phap chgn mlu thuan tien cd dieu kidn, tac gia tie'n hanh phong va'n trfle tie'p eae hd nudi tdm tai cac xa ven bien cua 3 tinh Ca Mau, Ben Tre, Tra Vinh thdng qua
bang eau hoi da dfldc soan trflde. Dieu tra dflde tie'n hanh vao thang 5, 6 nam 2017.
Ddi tfldng la'y mSu: dai dien hg gia (finh nudi tom (ngflcfi trflc tie'p nudi). Phfldng phap la'y mau: la'y m^u ngliu nhidn khdng lap lai.
BANG 2: Mau nghien cvto. theo dia ban khao sat
Dja ban Tinh
a Mau
BfihTre
Tra Vinh
Huy£n
D i m Doi
BaTri
Cdu Ngang
X l Tan Duyftt Ta An Khuong D6ng Ta An Khuong Nam An Thuy Bao Thanh Bao Thuftn My Long Nam Hiftp My Ddng
T i n s u t t (ho)
34 22 29 15 28 16 17 21
Ty le (%) 18.68 12.09 15,93 8,24 15,38 8.79 9,34 11,54 NguSn: S6 lifiu dj^u tra thuc t^ cua tdc gia, 2017.
78 NghiSn aiu Kinh Iff sff 6(481) • Thing 6/2018
Glil phdp md rong ngudn von ,
^ Theo Tabachinick v a Fidell (1991), k h i sfl d u n g cae p h u d n g p h a p hoi quy, kich thfldc m a u c^n t h i e t dflcfc t i n h theo edng thflc; n > 50 + 8p. Trong do: n la kich thfldc m a u td'i t h i i u e^n thie't, p la so' Ifldng bien ddc lap t r o n g md h i n h . Do dd, 14 bien ddc lap t r o n g mo h i n h n g h i e n eflu dfldc dd^ xua't thi cd m a u c^n did'u t r a la n > 50+8*14=
162 q u a n s a t . Vay vdi c3 m a u 182 q u a n sat, dfl lieu da d a m bao thflc hien kiem dinh md hinh n g h i e n cflu.
3. K e t q u a v a t h a o l u a n
3.1. Dqc diem, von xa hoi cua hq nuoi torn vung ven bien cua tinh Ben Tre
BANG 3: M o t s o d a c
Dfla vao k€t qua k h a o sat bang 3 cho thSy, so* l^n t h a m gia vao cac Idp t a p hua'n cua Hdi khuyen ngfl tfldng ddi cao, binh quan 2,53/vu nudi. Cdn doi vdi so" t6 chflc hdi - doan ma hd t h a m gia tfldng ddi t h ^ p , eao nhSit la 5 to ehfle va tha'p nha't 0 td' chflc, vdi sd' l^n t h a m gia t r u n g b i n h eua hg la 1,237 to' chflc. Trong so eac chu t h e thudc m a n g Ifldi phi ehinh thflc thi m a n g Ifldi dong nghidp - b a n be va b a n q u a n ly k h u nudi cd t r u n g binh so ngfldi san sang ho trd, giup dd khi hg cin cao nhlit,
\kn Ifldt la 10,29 va 6,43 ngfldi/ vu nudi. Thifp n h a t la m a n g Ifldi can bg tin dung 1,66 ngfldi/vu nudi.
d i e m c u a h o d i e u t r a Chi ueu
Mang ludi chinh thiic - H6i khuyfn ngu (HN) - Td chiJc H6i Doan (HD) Mang ludi phi chinh thiic - Ban quan ly khu nu6i (BN) - Gin b6 tin dung (CB)
Thuang lai cac cSp (TL) - Dai ly cdc cfip (DL) - D6ng nghiSp/ban bg (DN) Ling tin (TR) Khoang each (KQ Tu6i(TU) Kinh nghiSm (KN) Sd nam sdng tai dia phuong(SN) Tiinh dd hoc vSh (TD) Lao ddng (LD)
DVT
SdlSn Sd td chiic
Sd ngudi
0/1 Km Nam Nam Nam Nam Tyl6
Nho nhtt
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 1 1 2 0,14
Ldn nhat 4 5 12 4 8 e 22 1 12 71 49 68 16 1
Trung binh 2,53 2,72 6,43 1,66 3,51 3,22 10,29 0.74 4.61 41.77 34.87 32.73 8.72 0.68
So lich chuin
0.675 1.237 2,715 0.376 1.003 1.158 3.154 0.216 2548 23,034 10,747 14.941 5.983 0.173 NguSn: Stf lieu kh^o sdt thuc tff cua tdc gia, 2017.
Qua khao sat 182 hd dfloe phong va'n thi co de'n 124 hd tin tfl5ng vao cdng ddng ma minh tilp xuc hoac nhflng U n n h a n dflge sfl giup dd, chiem 68,13% tong so hg dieu tra. N H n chung sfl tin tfldng vao cdng dong cua hg nudi tdm tai vung d i l u t r a la tfldng dcS cao.
3.2. Phan tich tdc dqng cua vdn xa hoi den khd nang tiep can thi triidng cua hq nuoi torn
Theo b a n g 4: k e t q u a cua kiem dinh Wald eho thSy cd 4 bie'n doe lap thude voh xa hgi tfldng q u a n co y n g h i a thong ke 3
Ti^iSn aiu Kjnh le sff 6(431) - Thing 6/2018
7 9
Giai phdp md rong nguon von
mflc 1%, 5%, 10%: m a n g Ifldi chinh thfle (Hgi k h u y e n ngfl) va m a n g Ifldi phi chinh thflc (ban q u a n ly vflng nuoi, dai ly cac cd'p,
BANG 4: Ke't q u a m o h i n h h o i q u y Logisti
dong nghiep - b a n be), tud'i, k i n h nghiem, sd n a m sinh sd'ng t a i dia phudng, t r i n h do hoc va'n.
Cac bien ddc lap Hangsd
Mang ludi chinh thtic (IF) - Hdi khuyin ngu (HN) - T 6 chiic Hoi Doan (HD) Mang ludi phi chinh thiic (FL)
- Ban quan ly Ichu nudi (BN) - Can bd tin dung (CB) - Thuong lai cac c^p (TL) - Dai ly cac c^p (DL) - Ddng nghiep/ban be (DN) Long tin (TR)
Khoang each (KC) Tudi (TU) Kinh nghi«m (KN) Sd nam sdng tai dia phuong (SN) Trinh dd hoc vSn (TD) Lao ddng (LD) Sd quan sat (N) -2 Log lil(elihood He sd Negelcerke R Square
He sd p -0,681
2.720 1,219
3,613 0,838 2,101 2,628 1.517 0,071 -0.395 -1,638 3.086 1.982 0,148 1,776
S.E 8.891
1.353 0,322
0,963 0,021 0,837 0.431 0.521 0,058 1,073 1,017 0.201 1.661 0,335 0,728
Wald 11,344
0.663 5,462
1,165 4,346 1,942 1,179 0.963 5.733 6.927 0,473 0,817 0.518 0.914 4.036
Df Sig.
0.000
0,000 0.174
0,007 0,113 0,671 0,000 0,002 0.231 0.224 0.058 0,039 0,000 0,000 0.513 182
Exp(P) 0,506
15,180 3,383
37,077 46.432 8,174 13,846 4.558 1.073 0,673 0,194 21,889
7.257 1.159 5,906
104.751 0.338 Ngudn: S6 \it\x ti'nh toan ciia lac gia.
Mqng liidi chinh thUc:
Hdi khuye'n ngfl (HN): eo Sig. = 0,000 <
0,01, do do, bie'n Hdi khuye'n ngfl (HN) tfldng quan ed y nghia vdi bie'n p h u thudc KNTC vdi do tin cay 99%; dong thdi, da'u cua he sd'hoi quy cung nhfl ky vgng b a n dau. Nghia la Hgi khuye'n ngfl (HN) cua hd ty le t h u a n vdi k h a nang tie'p can thi trfldng cua hd. Dieu nay hoan toan hdp ly vdi thflc te, bSi vi thdng qua eae l£n tap hua'n, ho se thfldng xuyen n h a n dflcfc thdng tin ve ky t h u a t nudi eung nhfl eae thdng tin ve con gid'ng, thud'c - hda cha't mdt each hidu qua va chinh xae hdn.
Ban q u a n ly k h u nudi (BN): cd Sig. - 0,007 < 0,01. Bid'n B a n q u a n ly khu nudi (BN) tfldng q u a n cd y nghia vdi bie'n phu thude KNTC vdi do tin eay 99%, dong thdi, da'u eua he sd' hoi quy cung nhfl ky vgng ban d i u . Nghia la bie'n b a n q u a n ly^ khu nudi (BN) cua hg ty le t h u a n vdi k h a nang tidp can t h i trfldng eua hd. Thflc vdy, khi hg nhan dflde nhieu sfl giup dd, hd trd tfl cac thanh vien trong b a n q u a n ly k h u nudi se gop phdn giup hg t a n g dfldc k h a n a n g tie'p can thi trflcfng: (1) thi trfldng vd'n tin dung: thdng tin ve iai sua't vay, ndi vay...; (2) t h i trfldng vat
80 Nghien aiu Kinh Iff sff 6(481) • Thing 6/2018
Giai phdp md rong nguon von ..
tfl: gia m u a con gid'ng, thud'c - boa cha't, thfle an..^; (3) thi trfldng lao ddng: lao ddng ed nhid'u k i n h nghiem nudi...; (4) thi trfldng da't dai: gia dat t h u e , nguon nflde, vi tn' da't cho thue dd' md rgng dien tich nudi...; (5) thi trfldng d4u ra: thdng tin gia ban, cung nhfl chgn eac thudng lai...
Bien Dai ly cae ca'p (DL) cd Sig. = 0,000
< 0,01. Bien n a y tfldng q u a n co y n g h i a vdi bi^n p h u thudc KNTC vdi do tin cay 99%, dong thdi, da'u cua h e so' hoi quy eflng nhfl kj^ vgng b a n ddu. Thue vay, t h d n g q u a eae buoi hdi t h a o do cac dai ly to chflc... hg se thfldng xuyen n h a n dfldc t h d n g t i n ve con gidng mdi, thud'c - h o a chd't, thfle an eung nhfl cae ky t h u a t t r o n g b o a t dgng nudi tdm mdi nha't.
BANG 5: l^dc Ifltfng x a c
Bien Ddng nghiep/ban bd (1)N) cd Sig. - 0,002 < 0,01. Bie'n n a y tfldng quan cd ^ nghia vdi bie'n p h u thudc KNTC vdi dd tin c^y 99%, da'u eua he so' hoi quy cung nhfl k^ vgng ban ddu. Khi hd cd sd'Ifldng dong nghiep, ban be, h a n g xdm,...ho trd, ehia se khi hd cdn cang nhieu thi k h a n a n g tie'p can thi trfldng:
nguon vd'n tin dung, dSit dai, vat tfl, dieh vu khuyd'n ndng eung nhfl thi trfldng ddu r a eua eon tdm cang t a n g cao.
Cung tfl b a n g 4, sfl dung ket qua cua cdt he so' hoi quy (p) va cdt (Exp(P) = e^, hinh t h a n h kich b a n xae sua't t h a y doi khi xac sua't b a n ddu ldn Ifldt la 10%, 20%, 30%.
D a t Po: xae sua't b a n ddu;
Pi: xac sua't t h a y doi. Pj dflde tin theo edng thflc sau: Pi = (PQX e')/(l - P(,(l - e^)) s u a t t i e p c a n t h i trflcfng
Cac bien ddc lap Hdikhuydnngu(HN) Ban quan 1^ khu nudi (BN) Dai IJ cac cSp (DL) Ddng nghidp/ban be (DN) Tudi(TU)
Kinh nghiem (KN) Sd nam sdng tai dia phuong (SN) Trinh dd hpc vin (TD)
P
2,72 3,613 2,628 1,517 -1,638 3,086 1.982 0.148
Exp(p)
15.180 37,077 13,846 4.558 0.194 21,889
7,257 1,159
Xac suat ti£'p c^n thi trudng duoc irdc tfnh khi bie'n giai thfch thay A6i mdt don vi va xac sud't ban dau (%) 10%
0.627 0.804 0.606 0.336 0,021 0,708 0.446 0.114
20%
0,791 0,902 0,775 0.532 0.046 0.845 0.644 0.224
30%
0.866 0.940 0.855 0,661 0,076 0.903 0.756 0.331 Ngudn: S6' lifiu tinh toan ciia tac gia.
Gia s^ hd nudi tdm cd xac sua't tie'p can thi trflcfng b a n ddu la 10%. Khi cae ye'u to' khac khdng doi, n e u so' ldn hd t h a m gia t a n g t h e m 01 ddn vi thi xae sua't tie'p can thi trfldng tang len 62,7%. Nd'u xae suHit b a n ddu la 20%, xae sua't tid'p can thi trfldng la 79,1% va xac s u a t b a n ddu la 30%, xac suat tie'p can thi trfldng la 86,6%.
- Ban quan ly k h u nudi (BN): gia sfl hg nudi thuy san ed xae sud't tid'p can thi trflcfng
b a n ddu la 10%. Khi cae ye'u to khac khdng ddi, ne'u so' ngfldi co t h e giup dd, chia se, khi hg edn t a n g t h e m 01 ngfldi thi xae suSit tiep can thi trfldng t a n g len 80,4%. Ne'u xac suat b a n ddu la 20%, xac suat tid'p can thi trflcfng la 90,2% va xac sua't b a n ddu la 30%, xac suat tie'p can t h i trfldng la 94%.
- Dai ly cac ea'p (DL): gia sfl hg nudi nudi tdm ed xac s u a t tie'p can thi trflcfng ban ddu la 10%. Khi eac yd'u td'khac khdng doi, ne'u so'
"Jj^n aiu Kinh tff sff 6(481) • Thing 6/2018
8 1
Giai phdp mt rong nguon von ...
ngfldi cd the giup dd, chia se, khi hd cdn t a n g t h e m 01 ngflcfi t h i xae sua't tid'p can thi trflcfng t a n g len 60,6%. Ne'u xac sua't b a n ddu la 20%, xae sua't tie'p can thi trfldng la 77,5%
va xae suat b a n dau la 30%, xae sua't tiep cSn thi trflcfng la 85,5%.
- Dong nghidp/ban bd ^ N ) : gia sfl hg nudi tdm cd xac suat tiep can t h i trfldng b a n ddu la 10%. Khi cac ye'u to khac khdng dd'i, ne'u sd ngflcfi cd the giup dd, chia se... khi hg cdn tang them 1 ngflcfi thi xac suat tiep can thi trfldng tang len 33,6%. Ne'u xac sua't b a n ddu la 20%, xac suat tiep can thi trfldng la 53,2%
va xac suat ban ddu la 30%, xac sua't tie'p can thi trflcfng la 66,1%.
4. K e t l u a n v a k h u y e n n g h i
Kdt qua nghien eflu t r e n c6 t h e k h a n g dinh: tud'i, kinh nghiem, sd'nam sd'ng tai dia phfldng, t r i n h do hgc va'n va cac bie'n thudc t h a n h phdn cua vd'n xa hgi: m a n g Ifldi chinh thflc (Hdi khuye'n ngfl) va m a n g Ifldi phi chinh thflc (ban q u a n ly vflng nudi, dai ly cac ca'p, dong nghiep — b a n be) cd tae dgng de'n k h a nang tiep can thi trfldng dau vao cung nhfl dau r a cua hd nudi tdm vung DBSCL. Trong 8 ye'u td' trdn, duy nha't chi co yd'u td' tudi cd mdi tfldng quan nghieh vdi k h a nang tie'p can t h i trflcfng. Tfl kdt qua nghien cflu nay, tac gia de xua't mdt so' giai p h a p n h a m n a n g eao k h a n a n g tie'p can thi trflcfng cho hg nudi tdm thdng q u a mang Ifldi xa hdi cbinh thflc va phi ehinh thflc cua hg nhfl sau:
• Doi vdi mqng liidi chinh thUc:
Hdi khuye'n ngii
Md nhieu hdn cac Idp khuye'n ngfl tai cac dia phfldng ma dac bidt la theo dat h a n g cua cac vflng nudi. Ndi dung tdp huaii cdn chu trgng de'n: (1) ho trd ky t h u a t nudi; (2) thao luan, ddi thoai trflc tie'p vdi hg; (3) tinh toan giam ehi phi san xuat; (4) tuyen truyen, phd' bid'n thdng tin thi trflcfng ddu vao cung nhfl ddu r a dd'n hd. Tfl dd giiip hd t a n g cfldng trao dd'i kinh nghiem, gdp p h d n t a n g k h a nang tiep can thi trfldng, k h a n a n g "tfl vd" trflde nhflng rui ro thi trflcfng ludn tiem an.
Ket hdp vdi chinh quyen dia phfldng to' chflc eac chuye'n t h a m quan nhflng md hinh t r i n h d i l n , san xuat tidn tie'n, eo hieu qua.
Giflp ngfldi nudi hge hoi va bd sung kinh nghiem trong thflc te, chu y di sau vao cac chuyen de thiet thfle di ngfldi t h a m dfl dl dang tie'p t h u va flng dung.
- Cdc tdchHc hgi - doan
Cae to chflc hgi — doan ma cu the trong do la: Hdi T h a n h nien, Hdi P h u nfl, Hdi Cflu chien binh, Hdi Ngflcfi cao tudi...: (1) ludn cap n h a t kip thdi cac thdng tin cdn thiet lien quan de'n nhflng thdng tin ve chinh sach vay vd'n hoac cac thdng tin ddu vao cdn thidt khac nhfl: nguon nflde, thdi tiet khi hau, cac ngudn con gid'ng, thflc a n va hda chlTt cd chat Ifldng,... de kip thdi phd bie'n de'n hd trong cac bud'i sinh boat; (2) p h a t huy vai trd tuyen truyen, t a p hdp eua cac td chflc doan the trong ndng t h d n de long ghep ndi dung phat trien vu nudi vao eac phong trao hoat dgng va trong sinh hoat cua eac td ehfle Hgi nham lam cho ngi d u n g sinh hoat phong phu va da dang hdn; (3) gidi thieu rdng r a i hd co dfldc ldi n h u d n trong eac v u nudi trflde dd di lam md h i n h m a u cho eac hd trong vung hgc tap lam theo; (4) cung e^p thdng tin, cap nhat kip thcfi cho hg nuoi eae dai 1;? cung cap con gid'ng, thudc — hoa eha't va thfle an ed uy tin da dfldc cac cd q u a n ehfle n a n g ca'p phep hoat ddng. Dac biet la chu trgng gidi thieu thfldng lai ldn ed uy tin den hg nudi n h a m b a n che' t r i n h t r a n g bi dp gia.
Tai mdt so' v u n g thugc eac xa cd didn tieh nudi tdm p h a t trien can: (1) khdi phue va trien khai each thflc sinh boat tai mdt so' hgi nhfl: Hdi P h u nfl, Hdi Ndng dan, Hgi Cflu ehien binh...; (2) t h a n h lap t h e m eae hgi, eo t h e la Hgi ngflcfi nudi trdng thuy san de co nhflng hoat ddng gan ket vdi nhflng td chflc nhfl eae edng ty eon gid'ng, thflc an... hay eac vien, trfldng. Trong dd, cdn chu trong dd'n cac ldi ich thflc te' de t h u h u t sfl quan t a m va t h a m gia eua hg nudi tdm ndi rieng va hd nudi trdng t h u y san noi ehung.
• Ddi vdi mqng liidi phi chinh thiic
82 NghiSn aiu Kinh Iff sff 6(481) - Thing 6/2018
Gidi plidp md rgng nguon von ,
Ban qudn ly khu nudi
Hien n a y hoat ddng cua b a n n a y la do nhflng hd eo cflng chung mgt vung (khu vflc) nudi t h a n h lap. Vl t h e viec t h a n h lap b a n ndn chgn ngudi q u a n 1^ phai theo cd ca'u n h u sau: trfldng b a n phai la ngfldi n a m trong chinh quyen dia phfldng cua xa dd, hoac Phdng ndng nghiep eua huyen, ed t h a m gia vao boat dgng nudi tdm de hg hidu va ed t h e phd bie'n laii chinh sach eho hg nudi.
Cae t h a n h vien trong b a n ludn ehu ddng lidn he vdi ehinh quyen dia phfldng, hgi khuyen ngfl, td chflc hdi - doan, cae bg tin dung eac ngan hang, cac dai ly, thfldng lai nham n4m b a t kip thdi thdng tin va pho bidn ddy du thdng tin den t h a n h vien mgt each hieu qua.
Tang cfldng tdn suSit hgp eua b a n n a y deu dang hdn de n h a m dam bao r a n g thdng tin cho n h a u ve thi trfldng n h a n h va ddy du nha't. Ngoai viec eung ea'p cae thdng tin nhfl thdng tin mfla vu, thdi gian tha, he thd'ng nfldc ddn cho vflng, b a n n a y cdn phai cd nhidm vu lam lfle Iflcfng an ninh, doan ket chd'ng lai nhflng p h d n tfl xSiu de'n cfldp ao nudi.
Cdn bg tin dting
Md rdng mang Ifldi cac td chflc tin dung tai nhflng vflng nudi trdng t h u y san ma dac biet la nudi tdm: (1) t a n g cfldng mcl cac dia diem giao dich t a i eac xa trgng diem cua huydn; (2) thfldng xuyen to chflc cac bud'i hdi thao gidi thieu ve cae chinh sach vay vd'n ma dac biet ddi tfldng la cae hd nudi tdm; (3) cae ngan hang cung cd t h e cfl can bg de'n trien khai ehinh sach trong cae buoi hgp cua b a n quan ly k h u nudi, td ehfle hdi - doan n h a m gidi thieu eac chfldng t r i n h vay flu dai cung nhfl cac chinh saeh eua cac ngan h a n g .
- Dqi ly cdc cdp
Phdi hdp vdi ehinh quyen dia pbfldng td ehfle cac bud'i hdi thao, t r i n h dien, t a p h u a h chuyen de n h a m : (1) gidi thieu m^t h a n g con gidng mdi, thud'c va thflc an eung nhfl cac ky t h u a t nudi mdi den cac hd nudi tdm; (2) t a n g
cfldng mdi lien hd vdi cac td chflc hdi doan, b a n quan ly k h u nudi, hdi khuye'n ngu cung nhfl chinh quyen eac ca'p dd cung ca'p kip thdi thdng tin de'n hd gia dinh nudi tdm.
Thiidng ldi cdc cdp
Chinh quyen dia phfldng nen khuye'n khich cac thfldng iai cd kinh nghiem, vdh, uy tin, ky t h u a t hdp tac de chia se thi trfldng, rui ro va t a n g k h a n a n g canh t r a n h . Ddng thdi, didu nay se b a n ehe' hoac dao t h a i nhflng thfldng lai cd h a n h vi dp gia, ha gia, kinh doanh va eanh t r a n h khdng lanh m a n h r a khoi thi trfldng.
P h a t huy tdt vai trd la cdu noi gifla ndng hg nudi tdm va doanh nghidp trong qud trinh tieu thu. Ngoai ra, thfldng iai cdn phat huy tdt vai trd la ngudn eung thdng tin thi trudng va gia ea quan trgng cho ndng hd.
Thfldng lai dia phucfng cdn tang cfldng lien ket ngang va lien ket dgc de dam bao ddu vao dn dinh ve so' Ifldng va cha't Iflcfng, giam rui ro thi trfldng tieu t h u va bid'n ddng ve gia ea.
Thflc hidn dung cam ket vdi ndng ho vd vide t h u m u a tdm, dfl eo sfl bie'n dgng tren thi trfl6ng. T r a n h t i n h t r a n g p h a vd hdp ddng nhfl hien nay de eai thidn hinh a n h thfldng iai vdi gdc do tieh cflc hdn.
• Ddng nghiip - bqn be
T h a n h lap cau lac bd hoac td edng ddng nudi tdm (bao gdm cac ndng hd cd eflng scl thich, nguyen vgng, t a m huydt vdi nghe) n h a m mue dieh ho trd, chia se thdng tin, kinh nghiem, kid'n thflc va flng dung khoa hge edng nghe... M a t khae, day la mdt trong nhflng hinh thflc bieu hien mfle do hdp tae theo chieu ngang gifla nhflng ngfldi cflng nudi t r e n t i n h t h d n ttl nguyen, hdp tac ve mgi mat, tie'n tdi t h a n h lap cac hdp tae xa dieh vu nudi tdm de giai quye't tdt ldi ich, gdp phdn lam t a n g hieu qua cho hd nudi tdm.
• Ddi vdi hg nuoi tdm:
De cd t h e md rdng ngudn vd'n xa hdi, cac hd nudi tdm cdn: (1) t a n g cfldng t h a m gia dinh ky vao cae buoi hgp td dan phd', to ehfle hgi doan the, b a n q u a n ly k h u nudi va Hdi
"Jj^hiSn aiu Kinh Iff sff 6(481) • Thing 6/2018 NghiSn 83
Giai plidp moF rong nguon v£fn ...
Khuyen ngu... Sfl hfldng flng t h a m gia n h i e t t i n h cua hg se giup eae to chflc/ban/hgi vflng m a n h , tfl dd vai trd eua eae to ehfle/ban/hdi trong vide hd trd cac hd se eang nhieu hcJn, viee cung ea'p thdng t i n hflu i t ve t h i trfldng ddu vao va ddu r a cung nhfl cac chinh saeh mdi se cang t h u a n ldi hdn. (2) T a n g cflcfng giao lflu hge hdi vdi eac ddng nghiep trong cac bud'i hgi t h a o eua Hdi Khuye'n ngfl td chflc, vi day la cd hdi de lam quen va cd the m6 rdng m a n g ludi xa hdi cua m i n h . Qua do cung cd thd hgc hoi thdm nhflng k i n h nghiem thflc td' tfl hd cd kinh nghiem va t h a m nien hdn. (3) Thfldng xuyen h e n h e vdi cac hg cung nghd, thfldng lai eae ca'p, dai ly eae ea'p de kip thdi n a m b a t dfldc thdng tin t h i trfldng ddu vao va ddu r a .
Thflc hidn lien kdt san xua't theo: (1) lien ket ehieu ngang gifla cae nhom hd eung nghe theo hinh thfle to hdp tae, hdp t a e xa se gdp phdn n h a n dfldc chia se k i n h nghiem, ky t h u a t san x u i t , ngudn vd'n; (2) lien ket dgc se giup ndng hd n h a n dfldc sfl cam k e t thfldng mai trong eung flng nguyen v a t lieu dau vao va dam bao ddu r a dn dinh.
Cae hd trong eung mot vflng n e n lien ket lai vdi n h a u de cd t h e ddu tfl cd sd h a t d n g ddng bg, hinh t h a n h nhflng t r a n g t r a i ldn cd t i n h qui md thdng q u a cac h i n h thfle hdp tae xa, td hdp tac...Mdi vung s a n x u ^ t nudi tdm t a p t r u n g dfldc chia t h a n h nhieu td cdng ddng d a n cfl tfl q u a n . Moi td gdm tfl 20-30 hd (co ao nudi lien ke), cd eac moi q u a n h e r a n g budc ve m a t sfl dung h e thd'ng nfldc (ngudn nflde ao hd, sdng suoi, gid'ng k h o a n , h e thd'ng dien va dflcfng giao thdng...gan san xua't vdi ydu cdu t h i trflcfng va cae md'i q u a n h e xa hdi.
Cac td chflc dfldc t h a n h lap t r e n cd sd t i n h nguydn t h a m gia quan ly cua cac hd ndng d a n vi ldi ieh chung. Moi td bdu to trfldng va td phd la nhflng ngfldi ed u y t i n , ed n a n g lfle ddn dat cac hg trien k h a i cae h o a t ddng./.
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8 4 Nghien cOu Kinh Iff sff 6(431) • Thing 6/2018
Giai plidp md rdng nguon von ...
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Ngiy nhan bai: 17-4-2018 Ngay duyfit dang: 22-5-2018
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