NGHIEN Cl/U
Giai phap x^y drnig van hoa doanh nghiep: nang cao nang Itrc canh tranh cho cac doanh nghiep vua va nho
6 Viet Nam
NguygoVanKy
Khoa Quan tri lanh doanh, Truong Dai hoc Kinh t^ - Ky ttiu$t COng nghiep
Doanh nghiep nhd va vu'a (DNNW) Viet Nam hien nay chidm khoang 98 % tdng sd doanh nghidp dang hogt ddng hen ca nude. Hang nam cae DNNW da tao ra trdn mgt trieu lao ddng mdi; sii dung tdi 51% lao ddng xS hdi vd ddng gdp hon 40% GDP eho dat nude, Tuy nhien trong mdi trudng kinh doanh canh tranh mgnh me cfla nen kinh te Viet Nam dang trong qua trinh hdi nhap hien nay, eae DNNW dang phdi ddi mat vdi rat niiieu khd khdn nhu thieu vdn, thieu mat bdng kinh doanh, thieu edng nghe, thieu ngudn nhan lue ed trinh dd chuydn mdn cao, co sd ha tdng phue vu phat trien edn yeu kem, thieu thdng tin v^ thj tmdng, khach hang, ddi thfl cgnh tranh .... Chinh vi vdy "Xay dgng van hda doanh nghiep dd nang cao nang luc canh hanh cho cae doanh nghiep nhd va vua d Viet Nam" la rat cap thidt trong thdi didm hien nay.
1. Khai niem van hoa doanh nghiep
- Theo Business Dictionary, Van hda doanh nghiep bao gdm cac ky vgng, kinh nghiem, tridt ly va cac gid trj kdt ndi cac yeu td nay lai vdi nhau; Van hda doanh nghiep edn the hien qua:
- Caeh thuc kinh doanh cua doanh nghidp, each tuong tae vdi nhan vien, khaeh hang, va xa hon la tuong tde vdi cdng ddng.
- Cdc dp luc khi ra quydt dinh, phdt hidn cdc y tudng mdi hay thd hien cai tdi cd nhan.
- Vide sdp xep ea edu td chiic nhu thd nao.
- Va viec nhai. vidn cam ket hudng ddn muc tidu cua td ehuc nhu thd nao.
2. Khai niem va tieu chi xac djnh DNNW Doanh nghiep viia va nhd la nhiing doanh nghiep ed quy md nhd be vd mat vdn, lao ddng hay doanh thu. cac tieu ehi phan loai doanh nghidp vira va nhd:
BaDg 1: Chi lien lar Olnh DN>rW nho va \-ira ff Vijt Nam
K h u v m N Nong. lam nghifp va Cong nghidp va xay dimg ThiKTng ragi
va dich vy DNNW
SSlito lOngirai tru xnoug 10 ngmn
lOi^OT Ira ™6ng
DN>'W Dho Tong DEU on von 20 ty dong
20 ty dong
lOlyilong So lao dSns tit irea 10
•girm d^n 20O ngiioi tlitieolO
•glim den 200 nguoi tir tren 10
•guiii den 50 nRuoi
DNNW vira Tong ngnSn tir tren 30 ty dong den 100 ty dong tir tren 20 ly ebas den 100 ty doDg tir tren 10 ly dong den 50 tydoi^
si lao d$ng til tren 200
300 ngiroi tit tren 200 ngtifn den 300 again
lil
NgiiSn Nghidinh56/2009/ND-CPnscr.'i0/mO09
Theo nghi djnh 56/2009/ND-CP, doanh nghidp vira va nhd la co sd kinh doanh da dang ky kinh doanh theo quy dinh phdp ludt, dugc chia thdnh ba cdp: sidu nhd, nhd, viia theo quy md tdng ngudn vdn (tdng ngudn vdn tuong duong tdng tai sdn dugc xae dinh trong bdng edn ddi kd todn cfla doanh nghidp) hoae sd lao dgng binh quan nam (tdng ngudn vdn id tidu clii uu tien).
3. Quan he giira van hoa doanh nghiep vol nang lire canh tranh cua DNWN
Nang lgc canh hanh la thd hidn thgc luc va lgi thd cfla chu the kinh doanh so vdi ddi thfl canh hanh trong viee thda man tdt nhat eac ddi hdi cfla idideh hdng dd thu lgi ngdy cang cao hon. Nang lue eanh tranh phdi so vdi dd'i thu eanh tranh eu the, sdn phdm hang hda eg the tren eflng thj trudng va eflng tiidi gian, Tdng hgp lgi tir nhflng quan niem ndu hen, kiii ngiiien eiiu kha nang canh tranh eua DNNW, cdn ehfl y tdi mdt so van de eo ban dudi ddy:
- Doanh nghidp cdn xdy dung vd phat tridn van hda kinh doanh nhu mdt yeu td tgo ndn su khdc biet trong qud trinh hdi nhdp.
- Lam hdi Idng khach hang bdng cdc nguyen tdc ling xii tao ndn ban sde rieng efla doanh nghiep
- Khi phdn tieh khd nang egnh tranh eua DNNW khdng thd taeh rdi mdi hirdng van hda kinh doanh, can dflng tren quan diem toan dien vdi cae ydu td anh hudng den kha nang eanh hanh, hie la phdi phan tieh todn dien va ed he thdng cdc yeu td hflu quan hong mdi Hdn hd tuong tac nhieu chidu giua chflng.
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4. Giai phap xay dung van hoa doanh nghiep cho ca doanh nghiep nho va vira
4.1. Ke hoach xdy dirng vdn hda kinh doanh van hod doanh nghiep Id hd thdng ede y nghia, gid tri, nidm tin ehfl dao, nhdn thiic vd phuong phap tu duy duge mgi tiidnh vidn efla doanh nghiep dong tiiudn. Nd ed anh hudng ddn cdch thiic hdnh ddng cua cdc thdnh vien. Thdng thudng, van hoa doanh ngiiidp CO thd hinh thanh sau khi tidn hanh 4 bude xay dgng sau:
Bude 1: Phd bien kidn thiic chung: Giai dogn nay tdp tmng vdo vide phd bidn kidn thiic chung vd van hod doanh nghidp, cae ydu td edu thanh, y ngiiia cfla van hod doanh nghiep cho mgi thanh vien.
Bude 2: Djnh hinh van hod doanh nghiep: Kdt qua cfla giai dogn ndy se xde djnh dugc nhiing yeu td cfla van hod doanh nghidp, bao gdm: H? tu tudng (hoai bao va sfl menh cfla doanh nghidp); hd gld tri (triet ly kinh doanh vd gid tri cdt loi); cdc ehudn muc hdnh vi vd cde bieu tiimg nhan dang cfla doanh nghiep.
Van hod doanh nghidp Id "linh hon" cua doanh nghiep. Chinh nd sd giup doanh nghiep dd dang duac nhan bidt bang nhiing khac bidt cfla minh.
Bude 3: Tridn khai xdy dung: Giai doan ndy, van hoa doanh nghidp can dugc tidn hdnh tiing bude nhung ddng bd va kidn tri, tii tuydn tmydn nhiing quan di^m, hd gid hi cho ddn viec thuc hien cdc ehudn mue hdnh vl phdi duoe td ehiic mdt cdch kheo leo.
Bude 4: On dinh vd phdt hidn van hoa: Bat cfl^ mdt ydu td van hod nao hinh thdnh xong, doanh ngiiiep phdi bat tay ngay vao vide duy tri, cap nhat de nd khdng bj lae hau va mai mdt. Mgt doanh nghiep xay dung thanh edng van hoa eua minh tiie la da sd hiiu mgt tai san dae tiimg, didu Idm ndn su khdc biet vdi ddi thu vd giflp eho nd trudng tdn.
4.2 Xdy dung van hda kinh doanh l^y con ngudi Idm trgng tam
Ldy eon ngudi Idm gde la trgng tam trong xay dung vdn hda doanh nghidp. Con ngudi d ddy khdng ai khae chinh id nhiing ngudi lao ddng trong doanh nghiep. Id khdch hdng va cdng ddng xa hgi.
Vdi ngudi lao ddng, doanh nghigp cdn ldy viec bdi dudng tinh than hdch nhidm eua ngudi lao ddng dd kieh thieh Idng say me, tinh chfl ddng, sang tao eua hg. De ngudi lao ddng thuc su gdn bd vdi doanh nghidp, Idnh dgo doanh nghidp cdn cd co ehe quan trj hgp ly ddm bdo nhflng ngudi cd cdng hie'n cho su phdt tridn cfla doanh nghiep ddu dugc tdn trgng va dugc hudng lgi ich vdt chdt ximg ddng vdi cdng sue ma hg dd bd ra.
Vdi khach hdng, khdng ngiing ndng cao chat lugng phge vu khdch hdng la ydu td tidn quyet sau dd mdi la doanh Igi. Cude dua phdt tridn dich vg, thu hflt khdeh hdng, gidnh thi phdn tidu thg, ludn Id mdt bdi todn
khd. Chi cd nhiing doanh nghiep bidt ddt igi ich eua ngudi tieu dung len tren tdt ea, xay dgng va thuc thi tdt van hda doanh nghiep mdi cd kha nang trudng ton.
4.3 Ufy tinh trung thuc lam cdt Idl de xay dung vdn hda kinh doanh
van hda tmng thuc khdng don gian chi thd hien trong mdi quan he giua edng ty vdi khaeh hang md edn trong quan he cfla nhan vien va lanh dao. Neu su tmng tiigc khdng duge duy tri trong ndi bd doanh nghidp thi chdng ed gi bao dam cho tinh chan that cfla ho vdi khdch hdng.
D6 cd dugc uy tin vdi nhdn vidn vd khdch hang, doanh nghiep phai trdi qua mdt qua trinh xay dgng va phan ddu. Uy tin dai dien cho sue mgnh egnh tranh, hdu nhu khdng thd bdt chude, rat dd ddnh mdt va rat khd khan khi gdy dung lai. Didu nay dac bidt quan trgng, nhdt la vdi doanh nghiep trong giai dogn ddu hdi nhdp vdi thd gidi.
4.4 Khuydn nghi ddi vdi DNNW Vidt Nam khi fhut! hidn cac chuan muc van hda kinh doanh
- Sdp dat euge hen, Idn dau gap gd ddi tac kinh doanh
Mdt cude gap gd gifla cdc ddi tac kinh doanh cdn dugc sdp dat mdt caeh that cu tiid. cac eudc hen thudng dugc sdp dat tmdc mgt tudn va cae ddi tde ndn khdng djnh lai cude hen tmdc cude gap mdt hode hai ngay.
Cac ddi tdc kinh doanh eung ndn lidn hd d^ tim hidu trude vd nhung ngudi md minh se gap ^u; iim hidu ehiie vu, vi tri va vai trd cua timg ngudi hor.^ i.g.
- Dam phdn
Dd dam phdn thdnh cdng thi vdn dd hidu rd van hda la mdt vdn de het sue quan trgng. Ket qud eua mdt sd cude didu tra da cho thdy phong cdch dam phan eua ngudi Viet la "phong each hgp tae" (cooper- ative negotiation style). Day Id phong each dam phan didn ra theo hudng d^ hai bdn eflng ed Igi "win-win negotiation", Ndi each khae, trong cac eudc dam phan, ngudi Vidt Nam thudng ed xu hudng tim kidm giai phap d^ ca hai ben tham gia dam phdn ddu eung dat dugc nhung ket qud nhdt dinh.
- Cdc mdi quan he kinh doanh
Vd thuc chdt, cdng viec kinh doanh vdn phai phg thugc vao cdc mdi quan he. Cde mdi quan he kinh doanh tai Viet Nam cd xu hudng phdi danh nhieu thdi gian de phdt tri^n. Mac du ddi tae ed the ddng y dd nghj Udp xflc vdi ngudi chua quen bidt, nhflng se de dang hon neu lan gap dau tien dugc gidi thieu tir mgt nha ddu tu da dugc biet ddn, thdng qua ban be hoac mgt kenh chinh thue nao dd, vi du hi^p hdi, cdc td ehtic tu vdn.
- Djnh hudng thdi gian
Gidng nhu hdu hdt ngudi ehdu A, Viet Nam ed mdt khai n':-n thdi gian keo dai hon so vdi hdu hdt ngudi phuong Tay. Dd la anh hudng tu quan nidm cfla xa hdi
1 T± C H A U A - T H A I
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NGHIEN ClAJ ndng ngiiiep truyen thdng clii tap hung vao mfla chii khdng phdi la ngay hodc tudn. Mdt edng viee thudng phdi mat niiidu thdi gian de ehudn bj. Vide ki ket mdt thda thuan Idnh doanh thudng eflng mat niiieu thdi gian nhu va\-. Do dd, kidn nhdn la diic tinh cdn tiuet idii tign lam viec vdi ngucri Viet Nam.
- Tdm ly tap the
Ngudi Viet tu col minh id mdt phdn cfla mdt tap thd Idn hon, thudng la gia dinh hay gia tgc, nhdm hay to ehiie. Trong dd, cac Igi ieh cua gia dinh, efla nhdm, eua td chiie thudng dugc dgt hen lgi ieh efla ttmg ca nhan. Ddi vdi ngudi Viet, lgi ich cdng ddng vdn vd eflng quan hgng. Niueu ngudi ed y thiie mudn tg lap eflng vdn xudt phdt tii mong mudn ddng gdp cho gia dinh vd xa hdi. Ngudi Viet Nam thich dgt duge mdt su dong thuan vi lgi ich cfla nhdm, vdi tdm ly tap the cao.
Vi vay, kiii bat tay lam vide nhdm tiii muc tieu ddu tidn cua ngudi Viet la tgo ra sg dong thuan eua nhdm, xay dung quan he hai hda giua mgi thanh vidn.
- Tdn hgng ngudi eao tudi, thii bae
Gidng nhu cdc qude gia eung eiuu anh hudng eua Nho giao, ngudi Viet Nam ludn ed xu hudng tdn hgng ngudi eao tudi. Hg quan niem dd cao cfla tudi mang be day ve kinh ngiiiem va su khdn ngoan. Dieu nay eflng lam anh hudng rdt rd den yeu td ngudn nhan luc hong san xuat, kinh doanh. Nhan su ngucri Vidt van the iiien rat rd tinh tuan thfl tdn tri, trat tu hong le loi lam \iec va mdi trudng lao dgng. Ngudi lao ddng Viet Nam thudng ed tam ly tudn thfl cap hen, rat it kill ddm tu suy ngiii, tu sang tao vugt ngoai nhiing eiii ttii vi hg sg sai va sg bi kiiien hdch vi lam quyen. Day eflng la mdt trong nhung tinh each rdt rd cfla lanh dgo doanh nghiep ngucri XTiet.
- Ngiu thlic xa giao kinh doanh
•I- Giao tiep: Ngudi Viet Nam rat lich su, ludn mim eudi va td ra ddng y vdi ddi tae. Nhiing nu cudi va nhflng cdi gat ddu thudng la de bieu thi viee hg iueu nhiing gl ddi tac dang ndi chii ehua ptidi la nhiing eam kdt kinh doanh. Ngudi Viet Nam la nhung ngudi than tiiien va sdn sang giup dd ngudi nude ngoai. Ho eflng td ra bao dung ddi vdi nhung vi khdch khdng quen vdi phong tiic Viet Nam. Vdi ddi tugng giao tiep, ngudi Viet Nam cd thdi quen uu tim hieu, quan sat, ddnh gid.
Tudi tac, que quan, trinh do hgc vdn, dia vi xa hdi, tinh hang gia dinh (bd me cdn hay mat, da ed vg/chong ehua, cd con chua, mdy hai mdy gai...) la nhiing vdn de ngudi Viet Nam thudng quan tdm.
+ Cdch xung hd, chdo hdi: Ten eua ngudi Viet Nam thudng gom cd 3 phdn: hg (sumame/ family name), tdn dem (mldle name) va ten ggi (first name).
Ho cua ngudi Viet Nam duge sdp xep diing hudc, sau do den ten dem va ten ggi. De ggi nhau mdt each han trgng, ngudi Viet Nam tiiudng gan lien ten ngudi duoc ggi (first name) vdi chiie vu, nghe nghiep cfla ngudi dd hoac gdn lien tdn vdi dgi ttr nhdn xung. Ixri chdo
7 2 K,«M Tr C H A U A T H A I BiNM DUOmr; tTMANG 3 / ZDZQI
eua ngudi Viet Nam eung rat phong phu, da dgng.
Ngudi nhd tudi thudng cd ngtila vu piiai chdo hdi ngudi ldn tudi trude.
-1- Tang qua: Tang qua la mdt nghi tiiflc quan hgng d Viet Nam vi nd bidu iilen mdi quan he qua lgi gifla con ngudi vdi con ngudi, theo van hda Vidt Nam.
Tmdc het, cdn phdi phdn biet rd viec tang qua vd hdi id. Hdi id la pham piidp vi vdy cdn duge dgp bd. Ngudi Viet Nam cd phong tue hao ddi qua tSng nhu nhirng mdn qua ky niem dd l)dy td Idng kinh hgng, su biet on hoae su than tiiien, dae bidt Id hong nhung djp Id tet.
+ Tldp dai: Tiep dai ed y ngiiia quan hgng hong lam an tai Viet Nam, nd dugc eoi la mdt phdn tdt yeu efla sinh hogt meing tinh cdng ddng va hong cd boat ddng idnh doanh d Viet Nam. Nhung bua dn tdi vdi eac dgi ly va nha phan phdi se giup phdt trien mang ludi phan phdi va tang eudng su gdn bd hong mdi quan he giiia cac ddi tac Viet Nam vdi nha dau tu. Vide chuc tung hong cac budi tiec ldn va hat hd sau biia tide la rdt phd bidn.
+ Trang phuc kinh doanli: Caeh an mae duge c l i ^ niidn va gdy an tugng tdt hong ede eudc gdp gd idnh doanh d Viet Nam dd la eomple mau sam va tiidt ea vat mau sang ddi vdi dan dng. Phu nu nen mac vest, vdy triim qua dau gdi, hoae vay dai, ed do khdng qud he ma ean ldn dao. Dd hang siic nen nhe nhang khdng qua phd truong. Mac quan Jeans cd the bi ddnh gia la khdng lich su ddi vdi ea nam va nir nlidt la kiii lam vide vdi eac td chiie hoae doanh ngiiiep niia nude.
+ The dien: Thd didn Id mdt vdn de rdt quan trgng d Viet Nam, edn phdi bdy td su kinh hgng ddi tac tfly thudc vao vi tri vd tham nien cua ngudi dd. Vi du neu mua qud tang cho mdi quan he ldn ddu, phd chdc chdn dugc rdng qua tdng cho ngudi giam dde/qudn ly eao nhat la khac bidt vdi nhung mdn qua cho ngudi khac hong nhdm. Cflng gidng nhu vdy, cac vj tii ngdi hong phdng hgp hoae ban an se tiiy thudc vao tiiii hgng, vai hd quan hgng va tham nien./.
Tai lieu tham l(hao
Phiing Xuan Nhg (2010), Nhan each doanh nhan va van hda kinh doanh d Vidt Nam hong tien trinh ddi mdi vd hdi nhap qudc te. Trudng dai hgc fCinh td - Dgi hoc Qudc gia Ha ndi, Dd tdi cap Nha nude.
Duong Tlij Lieu (2004), Vai trd van hoa trong piidt tiien kinh td, Tgp ehi Triet hgc, sd 6, h.55-60.
Duor^ Thj Lieu (2010), Gido hinh van hda kinh doanh, Nxb Dgi hgc kinh te Qude dan.
Dao Duy Qudt (chfl bien) (2007), Van hda doanh nghiep, van hda doanh nhan ttong qud hinh hgi nhdp, Nxb Chinh hi Qudc gia. Ha Ndi.
