NGHIEN CUU Li L U A N f ^ r
Kho khan cua sinh vien tieng Anh Ichdng chuyen khi lam bai viet hpc thuat va mpt sd giai phap de xuat
Le Thi Thu Huyen
TnJdng Dai hoc Ngoai ngO - Oai ligc Ouoc gia Ha Noi Oi/iing Pham Van Oong, Quan Cau Giay, Ha fJgl, Viet Nam
Email: huyen.le thu@gmail,com
TOM TAT: KTnang viet la mdt trong nhdng kTnang quan trgng nhit trong qua trinh thu dac ngdn ngd thd hai. Dac biet, viit hgc thuat ludn la mgt thich thde doi vdl ca ngudi day va ngUdI hgc. Diy la kTnang bat bugc doi vdi sinh vien nam thd nhat he Chat lugng cao tai TrUdng Dai hgc Kinh ti - Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ndi. Bai viit hgc thuit trong bao cio nay la mgt bai luin dai it nhat 250 td, dUac viet dudi ap luc thdi gian la 40 phut, trong dd ngudi viet phai dua ra chfnh kien tranh luan, nhan dinh ve mgt van de nao do. NghiSn edu nay duoc thue hien nhim iim hieu nhdng khd khan khi lam bai viit hgc thuit, td dd tac gii dua ra mgt so kien nghi cu the cho vlec hgc tap va giang day kTnang lam bai viet hoc thuat.
TO KHOA: Ki nang viet; viet hgc thuat; viet luan; IELTS Writing Task 2; ldp hpc ngoai ngO.
•> Nhan bai 13/4/2020 •> Nhan bai iJa chirh sila 27/4/2020 ^ Duyet dang 15/5/2020.
1 . Dat van d e
Khai niem viet da ttd nen kha quen thuoe ttong ITnh viie giang day va hge tap ngoai ngiS. Dae biet, kT nang (KN) viet hge thuat la mgt KN thu vi nhimg cung day thii thach voi sinh vien (SV), nhat la nhiing SV khong chuyen moi buac ehan vao truang dai hoc (DH). KN nay khong nhung doi hoi nguoi hgc phai co nang lire ngon ngii (tir vung, ngii phap) va kien thiic ve cac ITnh vuc khac nhau ciia dai song xa hoi, ma con can cac KN khae nhu phan tieh, tong hgp, lap luan... de the hien quan diem Clia minh trong bai viet. Bai viet hgc thuat doi vai SV nam 1 he Chdt lucmg cao (CLC) tai Tnrcmg DH Kmh tk - DH Qu6c gia Ha Ngi trong bai bao nay duac hieu la mgt bai vi6t luan dai it nh4t 250 tii tta loi cau hoi trong IELTS Writing Task 2, Mgt mat, bai bao nay nham tim ra nhirng tto ngai ma SV gap phai khi lam bai viet hoc thuat va nhiing giai phap do chinh nhom SV nay ap dung ttong thuc tk. Ben canh do, bai vi8t mong muon dua ra mgt s6 ggi y cho ca SV va giang vien day viet nham giup SV nang cao KN viet theo van phong hge thuat.
Do dac thii giang day tai Khoa Tieng Anh va doi tugng hge va sir dung KN vi6t trong tieng Anh nhieu nhkt la SV he CLC, tae gia quygt dinh chon ddi tugng nghien ciiu la SV QH2019 he CLC Tnrang DH Kmh tk - DH Qu6c gia Ha Ngi. Day la d6i tugng ma tac gia va d6ng nghiep dang true tilp giang day, nha do viec danh gia va tien hanh nghien ciiu se gap nhidu thuan lgi. Bai khao sat duac thuc hien a ca 5 lop d6 co dugc ket qua mang tmh khai quat va khaeh quan nhit. Da eo 90 y kien phan hoi tli tong s6 hon 100 SV. Nghien eiiu nay dugc thuc hien sur dung cac phuang phap sau:
- Phdt phieu diiu tra: Phiau dieu tta voi 5 cm hoi nham thu thap y kidn cua d6i ttrgng nghien ciiu ve KN viet noi
chung, bai viet hgc thuat noi rieng tten hai phuang dien la kho khan va giai phap cho van de nay.
- Tong hop du lieu thu thdp tu phieu dieu tra: Cac so lieu duge phan tich duai dang bieu do de dua ra danh gia ciiaSV.
- Tdng hgp dir lieu thu duac tir bdi thi thu tren lap:
Toan bg 5 lap tham gia khao sat lam bai viet hoc thuat (IELTS Writing Task 2) ve mgt ttong nhimg ehu de da dugc hge ttong chuang trinh Tieng Anh Co sa 3 va 4 ttong vong 40 phiit. Nhimg van de thi sinh gap phai se dugc ghi chep lai, tii do dua ra phan tich.
2. Noi dung n g h i e n ci2u 2.1. Cdsdh thuyet
2.1.1. Viet hpc thuat va IELTS Writing Task 2
Viet hgc thuat la mgt hinh thiic viet thuang dugc sit dung ttong cac bac hgc DH va sau DH. Cach thiic nay khac vdi cac each thiie viet khae nhir viet rieng tu, viet van hge, viet bao chi, hay viet thuang mai. D6i voi viet hgc thuat, doc gia huong toi thuang la cac giang vien hoae giao su huang din. Ngoai ra, nguai viet ckn ehu y den gigng van, kieu each de dien giai ngi dung viet.
Gigng van phu thuoc vao each chon tir ngu, cdu tnic ngii phap va tham chi la do dai can van cua bai viet (Ivrin, 2010). Cu the, ttong bai bao nay, viet hgc thuat dugc hiSu la bai luan nam trong IELTS Writhig Task 2, trong do ngucri hoc dugc yeu eau viet mgt bai luan dai it nhdt 250 tir ttong vong 40 phut ve mgt chii dk thugc nhieu ITnh vuc tu giao due, y te, moi truang, cupc song... va nhiing vdn de dai thuang khac ma nhieu nguoi quan tam.
2.1.2. Tieu chi ciia mgt bai luan trong IELTS Writing Task 2 D i i i t a o l u e h o n so v o i p h a n t h i n o i e i a n m a t v A i m ^ ™
TAP CHi KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET NAM
&-^?^^- Le Thj Thu Huyen
khao, viec lam bai thi vi6t hoc thuat (IELTS Writing Task 2) mang lai nhieu ap lire doi vai cac thi sinh. Do la do han ch6 ttong thai gian cho phep de hoan thanh bai, viec cam sir dung tai lieu, sir kho dy doan truac dugc de va cac yeu t6 anh huong dac tnmg khac. Ngoai ra, mgt bai luan hge thuat con can co ngi dtmg, each viet, van phong va each thuc to chirc y phu hgp (Moore & Morton, 2005). Theo tai lieu IELTS Test Booklet dugc dang tai tten Hgi Dong Anh (British Council), mot bai luan ttong IELTS Writing Task 2 dugc eham dua vao 4 tieu chi nhu sau:
- Su hgdn thdnh yeu cdu bdi viet (Task achievement):
Nguoi viet c5n tta loi dung ttong tam cau hoi ma dk bai dua ra va dua ra y kien phii hgp, giai thieh day du va co vi du cu the dk ehihig minh cho ;^ kiln da th6 hien. Do dai toi thieu ciia bai luan la 250 tir. Neu it hon 250 tir, thi sinh se bi trir diem a tieu chi nay.
- Tinh mgch lgc vd tinh lien ket (Coherence and Cohesion): Mgt bai viet can co sy logic va mach lac, lien ket y tot. Mgt each de lam dilu nay la thong qua viec sir dung cac phuang tien lien ket: sy lien ket logic (lap lai), su lien ket bang tir (tir dong nghTa), tir noi va sy nhae lai.
- Vdn tir vung (Lexical Resource): Tir vyng phong phit va phii hgp se giup bai viet dugc danh gia cao ttong bai viet luan IELTS Writing Task 2. Miic diem cao phu thugc vao chat lugng tir vung va vi8e sir dung tir mgt each hgp li.
- Ngu phdp diing vd da dgng (Grammatical Range and Accuracy): Mgt tieu ehi d8 dat diem cao ttong bai viet luan la viec sii dung ngii phap dung theo cau dan, cau phiic hgp hay eau bi dpng... va viSc sii dung da dang cac cau tnic cau ttong tilng Anh.
2.2. Ket qua khao sat
Viec phan tich y kiSn phan h6i cua 90 SV QH2019 he CLC cua Tnrang DH Kinh tl - DH Quoc gia Ha Npi.
Trong philu dieu tra da cho thdy nhiing phat hien gia tti ve nhan thiic cita SV doi vai KN viet hpc thuat tieng Anh.
Ben canh muc dich chinh la thu thap cac quan diem khae nhau ve kho khan khi lam bai viet hpc thuat va mgt so giai phap cho van de nay, nghien ciiu dong thoi khao sat y kiln ciia SV vl KN vilt hge thuat. Co 54/90 SV, tuang duong 60%, cho rang, day la mgt KN hay nhung kho. Chi CO 1,4% so SV quan niem day la KN khong thii vi. Nhu vay, phan lan SV deu quan tam tai KN nay nhung gap nhilu kho khan ttong qua ttinh ren luyen. Sa dT KN viet la mgt thach thiic vai nhieu SV nhu vay la do rat nhieu em cam thay kho khan, tham chi be tSc khi viet bai. Danh gia nay dugc 74%, tiie 66/90 SV d6ng tinli.
Muc tieu CO ban cua nghien ciiu la tim hieu ve nhiing klio khan khi lam viet bai luan hgc thuat va giai phap khic phuc cho SV QH2019 CLC DH Kinh te - DH Qu6c gia Ha Npi. Vi the, bai bao se di sau vao phan tich kit qua thu dugc tir phieu dieu tta a hai vdn dl lan nay.
2.2.1. Nhiing kho khan khi viet bai luan hpc thuat Dya tten ket qua phan tich cac nghien cim ciing de tai truac day va kinh nghiem ttong qua trinh giang day eua ban thdn, tae gia da dua ra nhiing kho khan ca ban khi lam viet bai luan hgc thuat. Day dupe coi la nhiiag van de khong chi cua nguai hgc tieng Anh noi rieng, ma con la van dB cua nguai hgc ngoai ngii noi chung. Vai 5 li do nay, SV co the lya chpn mpt hoae nhieu nguyen nhan phu hgp voi ban than, dong thai dua ra eae H do khac neu CO. Bilu d6 1 trinh bay nhiing danh gia cua SV ve kho khan gap phai khi viet hpc thuat dya tten so lugng SV lya chgn ttong t6ng s6 90 SV. Trong do c6 the thdy, viec khong du von hi vyng va ngii phap tieng Anh la tta ngai lan nhit doi voi SV, dugc lya ehpn bai 80%i sl SV tham gia khao sat. Moi quan he mat thiet giiia KN viet - tir vung - ngii phap la khong the phu nhan nen ket qua nay hoan toan phu hpp vai thyc te. Dieu nay trimg khap vai kit qua bai thi thir cua eae em truoc khi kit thiic mon hpc, phan lan SV mac loi ve cau tnic cau va lya chgn tir vyng ttong bai viet cua minh. Nhieu em van sii dung ngon ngii mang tlnh giao tiep thong thuang (informal language) chir chua co no Iyc sir dung tir vyng mang tinh ttang trgng (formal language) ttong bai vilt cua minh.
Kho khan thii hai co anh huong khong kem toi ehat lugng viet la viec SV khong co du kien thiic de phat trien de tai. Du de tai c6 hay va mang tinh thyc tiln nhimg neu SV khong dugc trang bi day du ki6n thirc nen (background knowledge) thi se gap kho khan tir ngay buac ttiln khai y. Dieu nay rdt cdn dugc cac giang vien luu tam ttong qua ttinh day viet eho SV (xem Bieu do 1).
•J-sJJtih^
KKl KK2 KK4 KK5
KKI: Khdng cd dti kien thirc dephdt trien de tdi; KK2: Co qud nhieu y tudng, khdng the gi&i han vd sdp xepy; KK3: Khdng ed du vdn tii- vi.mg vd ngu phdp tieng Anh; KK4: Viet du&i dp
luc th&i gian; KK5: Chira quen vdi cdc dgng viet lugn Bieu do I: Nhitng khd khdn SV gap phdl khi ldm bdi viet hgc thugt
Voi 56,7%, tuang duong 51/90 lua chgn, viec viet duoi ap luc thoi gian la kJio khan xep vi tri thir ba ttong kliao sat nay. Ro rang, viec viet mpt bai luan dai it nhat 250 tir ttong vong 40 phiit chac ehan se la mgt thir thach nlu nguoi hgc khong biet each phan bo thai gian cho viec lap dan y va bat tay vao viet voi day dii cac y, cimg vai cac dan chiing va vi du eu the minh hoa cho bai viet Clia minh. Cac kho khan con lai tuy khong co nhieu lya
So 30 thang 6/2020 43
chgn nhu 3 nguyen nhan tten nhung van co nhiing tac dgng nhat dinh toi kit qua bai vilt hpc thuat cua SV. Chi 16,7% S V tham gia khao sat gap kho khan ttong viec s5p xep y cho bai viet do c6 qua nhilu y tuong. Mgt dilu kha thil vi la chi co 16,7% so SV cho rang, cac em chua quen vai phuang phap vilt luan. Kit qua nay trung vai viec chdm bai thi thir eua SV, ehi s6 lupng it SV khong ndm dugc each tiep can de bai. Dieu nay eo the dugc dl dang li giai do IELTS Writmg Task 2 dupc chia thanh mgt s6 dang bai luan ca ban, nen viec nam dugc dinh dang eau hoi ttong dl va each vilt mpt bai luan khong phai la dieu qua kho voi SV
Tom lai, ket qua khao sat va phan tieh nhu tten eho thay moi lo ngai Ion nhat doi vai SV trong KN viet ehinh la von ni vyng va ngu phap. Dieu nay eo the giup giang vien CO nhittig can nhae va dieu ehinh ttong qua trinh giang day. Nhung ehinh ban than SV ciing can nhan thay rang, chi c6 ty hgc va tu ttau doi kien thiic moi giiip hp ty tin hon vao KN viet cua minh. Nhiing tta ngai khac nhu kien thirc de phat trien de tai hay viec chua quen vai dang viet luan ciJng can dugc luu tam.
2.2.2. Giai phap cho nhOng kho khan khi viet IELTS Writing Task 2
Tir nhirng kho khan neu tten, mgt so giai phap de giiip SV luyen tap va lam bai vilt luan trong IELTS Writing Task 2 dat ket qua tot nhat da dugc liet ke. Myc dich la khao sat danh gia ciia SV vl nhirng giai phap thuang dugc SV sii dung va thay hieu qua. Bieu do 2 triiih bay ket qua khao sat duoi dang so lugng SV lua chgn giai phap trong tong so 90 SV.
Dieu dau tien nam a ket qua danh gia cua SV vcri giai phap ''''Hgc them de ndng cao von tir vimg, ngir phdp".
Day la lira chgn dugc 2/3 so SV sir dung va nhan thay hieu qua. Do dugc SV danh gia la tro ngai Ion nhat khi lam bai viet hgc thuat nen SV cung cho rang, viec nang cao von tir vyng va ngii phap ia can thiet nhat. Giai phap nay co tinh thyc tien cao va hoan toan kha thi voi dieu kien SV co tinh than ty giac va kha nang ty hgc tot. Boi vi, hien nay trong chuang ttinh giang day danh cho he CLC, ngir phap va KN dgc da co nhiing gio hge rieng, bo trg cho KN Vilt.
Viet nhap nhieu tnrac khi viet ban chinh va mugn bai viet tot cua cac ban de tham khao, c6 ti le nhu nhau ttong danh gia ciia SV, nam a nhom thii 2 voi 30%i lua chpn.
Dieu nay the hien SV nhan thay nhirng phuang phap nay kha hieu qua trong qua trinh viet cita minh. Viet nhap nen dugc thuc hanh voi dieu kien thai gian cho phep, nguoi viet CO the dpc lai va sira loi theo nhan xet cua ban hgc hoae giang vien, tir do hoan thien bai. Muon bai viet tot cua cac ban khac giiip SV hgc hoi dupe each dimg tii, hoae cau true hay (xem Bilu do 2).
40 - ' H zo -''^ H
GPl
27 30 30
GP2 GP3 GP4 GPS
GP1: Hoc them de nang cao v6n tir vung vd ngu phdp; GP 2: Hoc them vi KN vidt hoc thugt; GP 3: Viet nhdp cdng nhiiu cdng tdt tru&c khi viSt bdn chinh; GP 4: Nha ban hgc vd gidng vien nhgn xet bai viit; GP 5: Miran bdi viel tot cua cdc ban khac de hoc hoi Biiu dd 2: Gidi phdp tir phia SVddi vai nhitng khd khan khi viet hgc thudt
Hai giai phap con lai tuy khong dugc nhilu SV danh gia cao nhung rdt nen dupe quan tam va ap dung. Ciing c6 them vl KN vilt hpc thuat eung nhu nha giang vien va ban hgc nhan xet bai viet se giup hoan thien van phong cung nhu each dimg tir, thanh lap cau. Thong thuang, ngucfi vilt khong tu nhan ra loi ciia minh. Vi th6, sy h6 ttg cua giang vien va cac SV khae rdt cdn thilt.
Nhin chung, xuat phat tir nhimg nguyen nhan dugc ttinh bay 6 tren, nhiing giai phap nay deu dugc SV danh gia tuong dli tot 6 mirc dp hieu qua. Tuy nhien, day khong phai la tdt ea giai phap eho nhiing tto ngai khi lam bai viet hpc thuat va khong phai d^u hieu qua cho tat ca doi tupng nguoi viet. Trong phdn tiep theo, chiing toi se neu ien mpt s6 chien luge ttong qua trinh day va hgc KN viet hgc thuat.
2.3. Mpt so chien liTpc khi day va hgc viet hgc thuat 2.3.1. Tif phia sinh vien
a. Ndm viiTig vdn phong hgc thudt
Tir viec thu thap va chdm nhiing bai viet trong bai thi thir, CO mpt thuc ttang la SV chi dang no luc dien dat eho thoat y ma chua co nhieu y niem ve van phong hpc thuat. SV can nam vung van phong hgc thuat, bao gotn each dimg hi ngii ttang ttgng (formal) thay vi viee diing tir vyng ttong giao tiep thong thuang (informal). Vi du, thay vi su dung cum dgng tii (mang tinh informal), nguoi viet can su dung dpng tii formal (xem Bang 1):
Bang 1: Cach sii dung ddng tin formal
^ ^ l ^ ^ ^ ^ l ^ ^ ^ l ^ ^ ^ l
think about stand lor setup say sorry rack up put off
consider represent establish apologize, apologise accumulate pos^one, delay
44 TAP CHi KHOA HOC GIAO DOC VIET NAM
^mmm
point outlook at leave out go up go down go against find out find out bring about blow up
• j K U y b ^ M a M a | i | | ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ H indicate
examine omit increase decrease oppose discover discover, ascertain cause explode
Ngoai ra, mot bai viet hgc thuat se han che sir dung ngoi thii nhSt hay chu tir mang tinh ca nhan (I, we, you,...).
Cac cau tnic cau chu ngii gia hoae bi dgng dugc khuyen khich sir dimg ttong bai vilt hgc thuat.
Vi dii 1: / want first to provide some background information.
-*• It is necessary first to provide some background information.
Vidu 1:1 believe that unhealthy food should be taxed.
-> It is believed that unhealthy food should be taxed.
Mgt diem khac can luu y trong bai viet IELTS Writing Task 2 la nguoi viet can ttanh dimg ngon ngii eo tinh khang dinh tuyet doi nhu all, every, va always. Thay vi sir dung all, every, nguai viet eo the dimg:
certain + noim the majority of a minority of a large number of many a few
t- countable noun
much a Httle
f uncountable noun
Hoae ttang tir ehi tan suat mang tinh tuyet doi always CO the dugc thay the bdng cac trang tir ehi tan xudt khac nhu sometimes, often, occasionally, at certain times.
Ngoai ra, do khong co gi la dung myet doi, nen viec su dung nhimg ngon ngii khong khang dinh T^M probably, possibly, seem to, most likely to, may, might, appear to, v.v... la each lam cho bai viet tra nen tmng lap va ehinh xac hon. So sanh hai each dien dat dudi day: Cau dugc viet lai phia duoi mang van phong hgc thuat do khong sii dung ng6n ngii mang tinh khdng dinh hiyet dli.
Vi du 3: It is not true that poor road conditions are the only cause of road accidents in cities.
-^ It seems unlikely that poor road conditions are the only cause of road accidents in cities.
Vi du 4: Havmg speed cameras installed on all stteets is the best solution to the problem of speeding.
-^ Having speed cameras installed on certain stteets is highly likely to be the best solution to the problem of speeding.
b. Luyen viet thu&ng xuyen
Mgt trong nhirng chien luge co ban va don gian nhat giiip SV it phai chiu ap luc ban khi hpc KN viet tieng Anh noi chung va viet hpc thuat not rieng chinh la sy chil dgng luyen tap viet thuang xuyen moi ngay. Ngay ca khi bai tap da duge nop hay khi con nhieu tuan nira moi toi thai han nop bai, SV nen tap cho minh thoi quen nay.
Tuong ty nhu nhixng KN khac trong tieng Anh, KN viet cung CO the duge cai thien va tien bg tung ngay nha sy eham chi luyen tap.
Trong qua trinh luyen viet, nguoi hpc nen thiet lap thai gian khi lam bai luyen tap nhu mgt bai thi tbat.Trong 40 phiit, nguoi hpc can thuc hien day du quy ttinh viet bao gom 3 giai doan: Pre-writing (Truac khi viet: lap dan y); While writing (Trong khi viet); Post-writing (Sau khi viet: dpe lai va chinh sua).
- Giai dogn truac khi viet (5 phiit): Trong giai doan nay, nguai hpe dpc de bai that ki va xac dinh the loai cua bai luan. Viet ra nhap nhiing y tuong nay ra trong dau khi dgng nao, mgt vai y chinh va vi du va/hoac li do. Sau do, lap dan y trong d6 xac dinh ro cau tnic cua bai luan, so doan van, viec sap xep y, cau ehu de cua moi doan than bai va quan diem eua minh. Trong giai doan nay, san phdm la mpt dan y co cac y chinh va y bo ttp theo diing thii ty ma nguoi hgc dy dinh viet trong bai luan.
- Giai dogn viet (30 phut): Dua vao dan y chi tiet da lap a tren, thi sinh bat dau viet. Trong qua trinh viet, nguai hge cdn tap trung vao sy thong nhat, sy ket dinh va ea tinh logic eiing nhu ngir phap, cdu tnic cau, tir vyng, chinh ta hay su ngat cau. Khi ren luyen KN vilt, viec kilm soat thoi gian la mgt ttong nhiing buoe quan ttgng.
Nguai hpe duge khuyen nen ehia nho cac phan trong bai vilt dya tren tam quan trpng va phiie tap eua m6i y. Moi phdn phai dupe hoan thanh ttong khoang thoi gian nhat dinh vi viec thilu thoi gian la mgt ttong nhung nguyen nhan gay ap Iyc va lo lang cho nguai viet.
- Giai dogn sau khi viet (5 phut): Hay danh 3 - 5 phut culi cimg cua thai lugng lam bai de dpc lai va kiem tta ldn cuoi bai viet cua minh ve ngU phap, chinh ta va eau tao tir truoc khi nop.
c. Dgc de md rgng vdn tir vd bd sung kien thuc xa hgi Truoc khi bdt tay vao viet va hoan thanh bai tap ve nha, nguai hpc eo the tim them thong tm lien quan toi chu de tli nhilu nguin khac nhau dl dgc hay nghien ciiu nham b6 sung kien thiic va mo rgng von tir. Bang each nay, SV CO the ttang bi mgt v6n kiln thiic phong phii ve nhieu
So 30 thang 6/2020 45
NGHIEN curu Li LUAN j ^ van mdu vd hieang ddn SVppm
chii de da dang rat hiru ich cho giai doan san smh y tuang ttong qua ttinh vilt sau nay.
Do muc dich la dgc de mo rgng tir vyng hgc thuat nen viec lua chpn tai lieu dpc eo tinh hgc thuat la dilu cdn thiet. Khac voi Google Search ehi dua ra cac kit qua lien quan den tix khoa ehii khong tap trung vao mpt mang cy till nao, Google Scholar (google danh cho hgc gia/
hge thuat) la cong cu ph6 biln, tim tdt ca nhiing bai vilt lien quan toi tir khoa dua vao, eo the su dung cac bg Igc de tim chinh xae hon. Thong qua Google Scholar, nguofi dung CO the tim kiem luan an, sach, ban torn tdt va bai viet tli cac nha xuat ban hgc thuat, gicri chuyen mon, cac truang DH va cac to chiic hpc thuat khac.
Ngoai ra, viee dgc bao tilng Anh thuong xuyen, trinh dp tieng Anh cua nguai hge se cai thien, nhdt la vl v6n tir vyng va each dien dat eau. Cach hanh van cua nguoi hpc nho do ciing se ty nhien hem, gan hon voi lli hanh van cua nguai ban xir. Viec dgc bao nhieu bai bao m6i ngay hay m6i tuan tuy thuge vao trinh do tieng Anh ciia moi nguai. Co the bat ddu bdng viec dge cac ban tin ngdn ttong ngay, hoae dgc nhiing bai viet ve chu de ma nguai hgc yeu thich de tang hirng thii dgc va bien vice dpc bao tieng Anh tto thanh mpt thoi quen tot. Sau do, nguoi hpc CO the tim den cac bai bao dai hon noi ve cac van de van hoa, giao due, xa hpi, tai chinh tren eae bao nhu The New York Times, New Scientist, Financial Times va The Economist de san sang cho cac cau hoi ve ITnh vyc hgc thuat trong IELTS Writing Task 2.
2.3.2. Tir phia giang vien
Viec gap kh6 khan ttong KN viet hpc thuat neu khong CO giai phap se gay ra nhiing anh hudng tieu cyc nhat dinh. Vi vay, vai tro cua giang vien vo cimg quan trpng ttong viec giup SV chmh phuc bai luan IELTS Writing Task 2.
a. Lira chgn dudng hudng gidng dgy KN viet phii hgp Moi doi tugng nguoi hpc thuang co trinh do ngon ngir va mirc dp hieu biet ve cac chu de khae nhau, do do, viec day KN viet la mot thach thiic Ion doi voi nguoi day ngoai ngii noi chung va tieng Anh noi rieng. Mgt bai viet hgc thuat ttong IELTS Writing Task 2 thuang ndm ttong so 5 dang bai luan dual day: 1/ Argumentative/Opinion/Agree or Disagree Essay (Opinion essay); 2/ Discussion Essay;
3/ Advantages and Disadvantages Essay; 4/ Causes and Effects/Causes and Solutions/Problems and Solutions Essay; 5/ Two-Part Question Essay.
Do vay, phuang phap day viet dua vao phan tich the loai (genre-based approach) se giiip nguo'i hgc hieu va nam dugc cau tnic van ban ciia the loai yeu eau (Hyland, 2007). Swales (1990) chf ra vai tro quan ttpng cua viec day eau tnic van ban/ the loai cho SV de giiip hg cai thien KN Viet. Phuang phap nay giiip nang eao nhan thiic eua nguai hgc ve the loai va each thuc tiep can nhiing the
loai viet lUdji lUuug ca.
b. Lua chgn bdi vdn mdu vd huang ddn SV phdn tich bdi mdu
Phan tich bai van miu la chiln lupe dugc de xuat boi tat ca cac giang vien tham gia khao sat bai hp cho rang, day la mgt each day vl IELTS Writing Task 2 rdt thilt thyc va bieu qua. Mgt mo hinh chung eiia viec phan tich bai van mdu dl tim hilu each nguai viet sap xep y va dua cac y b l txa ntn dugc thyc hien theo ba buoe: Cho thoi gian dl timg ca nhan S V phan tich bai van mau, thao luan truoc ca lop, giang vien tong ket lai.
Viec lua chpn mpt bai luan miu phii hgp vai ttmh do ciia SV va trgng tam bai hpc ciing la mpt nhiem vu dat ra dli voi giang vien day KN vilt. N I U bai luan mdu phii hgp vai chii de bai hgc nhimg lai qua phiic tap. Vi du, ngon ngir va cau tnic duge sir dung ttong bai mau tirang duong band 8.0, ttong khi mue tieu cua nguoi hge chi la 6.0 thi nguai hpc se de bi nan. Kees (2009) ttong cuon
"Teaching IELTS writing: Keeping it simple" da nhan manh tam quan trpng cua viec lya chgn tai lieu viia siic va CO the khai thae duge doi voi SV.
De tan dung toi da bai luan mau, giang vien co the thief ke eae hoat dgng phii hgp su dung bai mau do thay vi liic nao cGng chi cho SV ngoi dpc va phan tich.Tuy vao mue dich luyen tap, giang vien e6 the thiet ke cac hoat dgng theo KN, ngon ngii hoae theo so thich nguoi hpc.
Trong qua ttinh phan tich bai van mdu ttong IELTS Writing Task 2, giang vien va hge vien can tap trung vao:
each ttinh bay y tuong (idea delivery), ngon ngii sii dung (language use), cdu true bai luan (essay organization) va cau tnic/the loai eau (sentence structures/types). Bon thanh to nay cung chinh la bon tieu chi eham diem ciia bai viet hpc thuat da n6u ttong muc 2.1.2.
c Lua chgn cdch thirc phdn hoi bdi viet cua SV Giang vien nen thiet lap quy trinh ciing nhu each thirc phan hoi bai viet eho SV, tot nhat la nen ap dung song song hai hinh thirc phan hoi: phan hoi bai viet tir ban hpc (Peer corrective feedback) va phan hoi tir giang vien (Teacher corrective feedback). Ngoai each phan hoi truyen thong tir giang vien, phan hoi tir ban hpe cilng la mgt hinh thiic quan trpng vi n6 tao co hpi cho nguai viet quen vol viec viet co khan gia phe binh bai viet. Quan ttpng hon het, viee tham gia vao hoat dpng phan hoi giiip nguoi hpc CO the hgc tir ca nhirng loi ma ban minh mac phai cung nhu tir nhiing bai viet tot, thong qua do, hg se CO kha nang viet bai tot ban.
Truoc tien, ngudi hgc duge huong dan ve nhiing ti6u chi danh gia bai vilt hgc thuat (rubric), nhdm phuc vu viec soat bai cheo cho ban ciing lop. Theo do, sau khi SV hoan thanh phien ban ddu tien (Version 1) cua bai vilt hgc thuat, SV ttao doi bai do voi ban cimg lap de dupe nhan xet va chi ra nhung diem can cai thien ttong bai vilt. Sau do, SV viet phien ban tilp theo (Version 2)
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Le Thi Thu Huygnva ngp cho giang vien de duge nhan xet. Cuoi cimg, SV viet lai phien ban hoan thien (Version 3, 4, ...) sau khi dugc giang vien phan hoi. Viec phan hoi bai viet, neu dugc thuc hien mgt each nghiem tiic va hieu qua thi se CO tac dyng tich cue den toan bp qua trinh tiep thu ngon ngii eua nguoi hpe.
3. Ket luan
Trong qua trinh hpe each su dung tieng Anh nhu nguai ban ngii, nhiing nguoi hgc tilng Anh, dac biet la SV khong chuyen nam thir nhat thuang gap kha nhieu kho khan va mon Viet hgc thuat la mgt thii thach lan. Viet bai luan hpe thuat la mgt KN quan ttgng eiia SV eao ddng va DH. Dii trong mon Tieng Anh Co so 3 va 4, viet
hge thuat chi duoi dang mgt bai luan dai tir 250 - 300 tir nhung day dugc coi nhu tiln de quan ttpng de SV thanh thao KN nay ve sau. KN viet hpe thuat se tiep tuc ho tto SV ttong con duang hpc thuat hay bat ki nganh nghe nao khac can den KN viet phan tich va thuyet phuc. Hi vgng nghien eiiu nay mang din cho nguoi hgc tieng Anh noi chung cung nhu SV nam thii nhat noi rieng mot cai nhin ro rang nhat ve tto ngai cua ban than khi lam bai viet hpc thuat, tir do tham khao nhiing d l xudt cai thien chat lugng bai viet luan.Tir ket qua cua nghien cim nay, bai bao neu bat mgt so kiln nghi eho SV vl viec ttau doi KN viet hpc thuat ciing nhu mpt so de xuat cho giang vien ve viec day KN nay tren lop
Tiki lifu tham kh§o
[1] Hyland, K, (2003), Genre-based pedagogies: A social response to process. Journal of SecondLanguage'Writing, 12, p 17-29.
[2] IELTS Test Booklet, (2019), IELTS information for candidates
[3] Ivnn, L. L, (2010), What is •'Academic" Writing?, Writing spaces, 1, 3.
[4] Kees, D, (2009), Teaching IELTS Writing: Keeping it
simple.
Moore, T - Morton, J, (2005), Dimensions of difference- A comparison of university writing and IELTS writing.
Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 4(f), 43— 66.
Swales, J. M, (1990), Genre analysis: English in academic and research setting, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univesity Press.
ENGLISH NON - MAJOR STUDENTS' DIFFICULTIES IN WRITING ACADEMIC ESSAYS AND SOME SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS
Le Thi Thu Huyen
University of Languages and Intenational Studies - VNU Hanoi
Ptiam Van Dong road, Cau Giay distnct, Hanoi, Vietnam
Email' huyen.le ttiu@gmatl com
ABSTRACT: Writing is one of the most important skills in second language acquisition. Academic writing. In particular, has been a challenge to both Instructors and learners. This is a compulsory skill for freshmen at the University of Economies and Business - Vietnam National University, Hanoi, who are required to write an essay of at least 250 words within 40 minutes to express their arguments and opinions about a certain topic.
This research was implemented with a view to identifying the obstacles faced by these students in writing academic essays. Accordingly, the author would like to propose some recommendations on the teaching and mastering of the academic writing tasks.
KEYWORDS: Writing skills; academic writing; essay writing; IELTS Writing Task 2; EFL classroom.
So 30 thSng 6/2020 AI