GIAI QUYET TRANH CHAP VE KHA NANG DI BIEN CUA TAU
PHAM THI H O N G i\ri"*'
Tom t&t: BAi Met phiin tich cac khia canh phap ly. kh;u niem vA danh gia thUc tien giai quyet tranh chap \e kha n&ng di bien ciia tAu. Tit do. de xwi't kien nghi sua doi Dieu 150 Bg lu$t Hang hai Vi^t .\iim nAm 2015 ve nghia vu cua ngudi van chuySn.
Tifkboa: Kh:i n&ng di bien: nghia v-u ctia ngUdi v$n chuyen: Bg lu$t Hang hai \ ici Nam.
Abstract: The paper analyzed the legal aspects, concepts and assessment practice of resolving disputes about the seaworthini:-> of ships. Amendment of Article 150 of the Vietnam Maniimr Code 2015 on the obligations of carriers were proposed.
Keywords: Seaworthine^.-'. earner's obligations. Vn-lnam Maritime Code.
Ngiiy nh$n bdi: 30/12/2019: AV-" sua bai: 10/02/2020. Ngii\ duyet d&ng bai: 27/02/2020.
1. D a t v a n d e
Van tai dfldng bien ngay cang dong vai tro quan trong trong thfltJng mai quoc te \ i thich hdp vdi viec van chuyen so'Ifldng h a n g hoa 16n. De tao ra nen tang t a n thiet cho an toan hang hai thi ngoai an ninh cua cac h a n g tau. phfldng tien van chuyen hang hoa - tau cung se dfldc t r a n g bi cac trang thiet bi cho phu hdp d^ \ a n chuyen hang. Mot trong nhflng khia canh de dam bao van chuyen la tau can phai co k h a nang di bien.
Tuy nhien, hien nay van chfla co mgt khai niem chinh thflc ve k h a nang di bien ciing nhfl danh gia cac khia canh cua kha nang di bi^n cua tau la nhfl the nao. Cho nen, bai
\ let se tien h a n h xac dinh cac khia canh phiip ly cua k h a n a n g di bien cua tau cung nhfl d a n h gia thflc tien giai quyet t r a n h chap ve k h a n a n g di bi^n cua t a u n h a m giflp cho doanh nghiep Viet Nam trong viec t h a m gia ky hdp dong van chuyen hang hoa bang dfldng b i l n se c6 mot sfl nhin n h a n toan dien ve k h a nang di bien cua tau. Tfl do, bai viet se kien nghi can sua doi nghia Q NHAN LUG KHOA HOC XA Hdi
vu cua ngfldi van chuyen theo hfldng: n g h i a vu cua ngfldi van chuyln de lam cho t a u di bien c^n dfldc mcl rong cho toan bo chuyen di thay vi chi gidi ban no trfldc va khi b a t dau hanh trinh.
2. Khai n i e m k h a n a n g di b i e n c u a t a u v a c a c k h i a c a n h p h a p ly
Kha nang di bien cua tau, tieng a n h gpi la "seaworthiness". Theo Tfl dien Cambridge Dictionary thi "seaworthiness"
dfldc dinh nghia la t r a n g t h a i khi mgt con tau 6 trong dieu kien du tot de di an toan tren bien. Ngfldi van chuyen de cung cap mgt con tau co dia kha n a n g di bien la mot trong nhflng nghia vu cd ban n h a t trong hdp dong van chuyen hang hoa b a n g dfldng bien. Trong trfldng hdp cua Kopitoff v Wilson(1876)l QBD 6(r2" da xac d i n h t a u
'•' Khoa Lii.a, Dai hoc Sai Gon;
Email: [email protected]:
' " Saif Almobideen (2012). "A shipowners duty to provide a eeaworthy ship under the charterparty"
httpH://www.Umimi co mrtaw-up date-articles/a- shipowncrs-duty-to-provide-a-sea worthy-ship- under-the-charterparty/ truy cfip ngay 20/10/2019
SdB-2020
PHAM THI HONC, MY c6 the dl hien la phfl hdp de gap va trai
qua nhflng nguy hiem tren bien va nhiJng nii ro ngau nhien khac ma tau gap phai trong hanh trinh van chuyln hang hoa cua minh. Hay trong Texaco Inc \
Universal Marine'-'. Toa an tuyen bo' rkng thuat ngfl kha nang di bien la tfldng doi, y nghia cua no phu thugc vao tau va con tau phai phu hdp vdi muc dich sii diing. Ndi chung, mgt con tau phai dii vflng chac va dUdc trang bi cac thiet bi phu hdp de cho phep no tham gia mgt each an toan vao van chuyen.
Ve phap luat quoc te: Lien quan den hdp dong van chuyen hang hoa bang dUdng bien, se khong the khong nhac de'n
"bo tfl quy tac" bao gom: Quy tac Hague nam 1924 (Cong fldc Brussels ve thong nha't mgt so' quy tac ve van ddn dfldng biln dfldc ky ngay 25/8/1924 co hieu Iflc ngay 2/6/1931), Quy tac Hague - Visby nfim 1968 (Cong fldc Brussels dfldc siia doi bcli Nghi dinh thfl Visby dfldc ky ngay 23/2/1968 CO hieu Iflc tfl ngay 23/6/1977.
Quy tac Hague va Nghi dinh thfl Visby dUdc ap dung thong nhat va dan den sfl ra dcJi ciia Quy tac Hague-Visby), Quy tac Hamburgnam 1978 (Cong fldc ciia Lien Hdp Quoc ve chuyen chd hang hoa bang dfldng biln, dfldc thong qua tai Hamburg ngay 30/3/1978 co hieu Iflc tfl ngay l/ll/1992)va Quy tac Rotterdam nam 2008 (Cong fldc ciia Lien hdp quoc ve hdp dong van chuyen hang hoa mgt phan hoac toan bg bang dfldng biln dfldc thong qua bdi Dai hgi dong Lien hdp quoc ngay 11/12/2008).
Khoan 1. Dieu 3 cua Quy tac Hague- Visby da nha'n manh rang, "Trifdc va Mc
bat dau hanh trinh, ngifdi chuyen chd phai CO su can min dang ke:
a. Lam cho tau co dii kha n^ng di bien.
b. Biin che. trang bi va cung dng thiet bi cho tau.
c. Lam cho cac ham, phdng lanh va phong phat lanh va tat ca cac bp phan khac cua con tau dUng vao cong viec chuyin chd hang hda, thich dng va an toan cho viec tiep nhan, chuyin chd va bao quan hang hoa ".
Dieu 5 ciia Quy tac Hamburg lai quy, dinh khong chi bao gom nhiem vu cung cap mgt tau co kha nang di bien ma con bao gom ca sd xuat. Khoan 1. Dieu 5 cho hay: "Ngudi chuyin chd chiu trach nhiim ve nhdng thiet hai do hang hda bi mat mat ho$c hu hdng cdng nhU do viec cham giao hang: niu stf co gay ra mat mat, htf hdng hoac cham giao hang xay ra trong khi hang hda dang thuoc trach nhiim cua ngudi chuyen chd theo quy dinh ciia Dieu 4. trd kbi ngUdi chuyen chd chdng minh duac rSng ban than minh, nhdng ngUdi lam cong hoac ngUdi dai ly cda minh da ap dung mpi bien phap hpp ly, can thiet di tranh sfl co'dd va hau qua cua nd'.
Quy tAc Rotterdam la mot van ban phap ly quoc te hien dai danh cho viec van chuyen hang hoa trong thdi ky hien nay.
Tai Dieu 12. Chfldng 4 xac dinh nghia vu ciia ngfldi van chuyen, trong do xac dinh tai Khoan 1 rang: "Thdi gian chiu trach nhiim cda ngUdi van chuyin dd'i vdi hang bda theo dieu nay cua Cong udc bit diu khi ngUdi van chuyin hoac mgt bin thUc
' ' https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/distnct-court8/
FSupp/400/311/1367519/, truy cap ngay 20/10/2019.
S6S-2Q20 NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI Q
::1A1 QU1-ET T R . \ . \ H CHAP VK KHA NAXC Dl HIKN CUA TAU iiien nhan hang de van chuyen va ket tbtic
khi hang boa duac giao". Dieu 14 quy dinh cu t h e hdn nhfl la: "Ngudi chuyin chd bi rang bupc trUdc. vao luc bdt dau va trong chuyen di bdng bien thUc hien sU can min de: (a) Lam vii gid cho tau di bien: (b) Thuyen vien thich bap. trang hi va cung tfng thiet hi cho tau va pU cho tau duac dieu khiin. trang hi va cung ting thiet bi trong sudt h^nh trinh: va (c) Thtfc hien va gid cac bd phan cua con tau trong dd hang hda dUOc vAn chuyin vii bat /r>> container nao deu duac viui chuyen phu hop va an toan cho viec nh$n. van chuyen vii bao quan".
Theo Bg luat H a n g hai cua Cong hoa n h a n dan T r u n g Hoa n a m 1992 tai Dieu 47 quy dinh: "Ngudi van chuyen, trUdc va khi b&t diu hdnh trinh phai min can de lam cho con tau cd thi di hien, dung ngUdi, cung ifng trang thiit bi cho tau va de giU, lam lanh va khoang mat va tH't ca cac bp phan khac cua tau trong dd hang hda duac van chuyen phd hop va an toan cho viic nhan. van chuyin vii bao quan".
Theo p h a p l u a t cua Viet Nam: Dieu 150 Bg l u a t H a n g h a i n a m 2015 xac dinh
"NgUdi v:in chuyen phai man can di trUdc va khi bit dau chuyen di. tau biin co du kha ndng di biin. cd thuyen bp thich hap, duac cung dng diy du trang thii't hi vk vat pham du trd: cac ham bang, ham lanh va khu \ijc khac dung di van chuyen hang hda cd du cac dieu kiin nhan. van chuyen vit bao quan hang hda phii hap vdi tinh cbd't cua hang bda".
Co the noi rang quy dinh nghia vu cua ngfldi van chuyen trong phap luat \'iet Nam tfldng dong vdi p h a p luftt quoc te va p h a p luat cua mgt so nfldc tren the gidL Tuy Q NHAN LMC KHOA HOC XA Hdi
nhien, trong cac vfin ban tren van chfla mot khai niem chinh thflc: Kha nang di bien cua tau la nhfl the nfio? The n h i m g dfla t r e n cac quy dinh ve nghia vu cua ngflt*i ^ ^ chuye'n. chiing ta c6 t h l xac dinh ve "kha n a n g di b i l n cua tau". se dfldc xem xet dfla tren cac khia canh p h a p ly nhfl sau:
Thd nhat: khia canh diu tiin cua kha ndng di bien ctia tau la dua vao trang thai vat ly cua con tau: ndng lUc va sfl day du cua thuy thu doan: trang thiit hi di biin;
nhien lieu diy du va cac vat tU, phuang tiin khac de' van chuyen hang hda. T r o n g vu an The Quebec Marine Insurance Company v The Commercial Bank of Canada (1869-71) L.R.3P.C.234^\ con t a u dfldc bad h i e m cho c h u y e n di tfl M o n t r e a l den Halifax, bao gom dieu hfldng t r o n g mot dong song va bien. Lo hdi c u a t a u co mgt k h u y e t d i e m k h o n g p h a i la ro r a n g b dong song ciia c h u y e n di, nhflng n g a y k h i t a u c h a m nfldc m a n , k h i e m k h u y e t tret n e n ro r a n g va t a u p h a i dfla vao d l svfa chfla. P h a n q u y e t ciia toa la con t a u k h o n g t h e di bien dfldc vi t a u k h o n g d u sflc de t h a m gia vao h a n h t r i n h t r e n b i e n .
M a t k h a c , ngfldi v a n c h u y e n p h a i d a m bao so' Ifldng t h a n h vien t h u y t h u d o a n de v a n h a n h h a n h t r i n h di bien va t r o n g trfldng hgp k h a n ca'p co t h e doi pho vdi sfl CO cua bien ca. O vu a n Hongkong Fir Shipping Company Ltd v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd, (1961) 1 Lloyd's Rep.l59<'*>
••'' Ahmad Hussam Kassem. T h e U g a l Aspects of Seaworthiness: Current Law and Development"
https://discover\- iicl.ac.uk/id/epnnt/6988/1/6988 ndf truy cfip ng&y 20/10/2014
'*' http8://www.i-lawxom/ilaw/doc/viewhtm?!d=]47f)„Q truy cfip ngSy 20/10/2019.
S6 8-2020
PHAM THI HONC. MY trong hanh trinh tfl Liverpool den Osaka,
cac chii tau da cho ngfldi thue tau trong thdi gian 24 thang. EHeu 1 cua hdp ddng bat buoc cac chu sci hflu phai giao mgt tau c6 the di biln va Dieu 3 bat buoc tau phai duy tri kha nfing di bien va tinh trang tot cua tau. Khi giao hang ban dau, may moc cua tau dfldc mo ta la trong tinh trang kha hdp Iy nhflng van can bao tri lien tuc do do tuoi cua tau. Thuyen trfldng cua tau la khong c6 dii nang Iflc va con tau da phai chiu nhieu sfl co' va cham tri. Toa an cho rang so Ifldng thiiy thu doan d phong may khong dii va hg cung khong dii nSng Iflc, do do, tau khong co kha nang di biln. Mgt trildng hdp nfla la, neu chu tau ban dau cung cap cho tau ciia minh mgt so' lfldng thuyin vien d^y dii nhflng trong khi tau dang nhan hang, hoac tra hang hoac cl mgt ben trung gian, mot trong so' hg rdi khoi tau va khong quay trcf lai, ngfldi van chuyen sau do thay the thanh vien do bfing thfinh vien khac cang sdm cang tot, dfie biet khi vai tro cua ngfldi nay la quan trgng. Chang han, Burnard& Alger Ltd v Player &Co (1928) 31 L.Rep.281*"", trfldng hgp tong so' thiiy thii doan la 9 ngfldi nhflng sau do sy quan trfldng va 1 thanh vien rdi tau va khong trcf lai. Trong khi sfl hien dien ciia sy quan trfldng rat quan trgng va vi vay tau cflng dfldc xem la khong CO kha nang di biln. Nghia la, tfl an 1^ nay. chung ta c6 thl hilu rang sfl thieu thiiy thii doan can thiet cflng la mgt trong nhflng lap luan rang con tau khong cd kha nfing di bien.
Lien quan den an le nay, d Viet Nam hien nay cung c6 vu an trong nfldc ve bao hilm hang hai nhfl sau: Cong ty Viet My
SA 1-2020
va Cong ty Pjico thong qua Cong ty Pjico - CX Da Nang ky hdp dong bao hilm nguyen tfic dl bao hilm cho 16 hang 1.799 tan thep. Ngay 21-10-2017, trong hanh trinh van chuyen 16 hang, tau Quang Trung va cham vdi phfldng tien thuy ngi dia New Port Cypress cua Cong ty CP Dai ly Cypress Chau A tai khu vflc song Nha Be. luong Sai Gon - Vung Tau, Ifim toan bg 16 hang hi chim cflng vdi tau Quang Trung. Trong do, co 3 thiiy thu len bd vdi sfl cho phep cua thuyen trfldng. Nguyen nhan vu va cham nay dfldc C'ang vu hang hai TP. Ho Chi Minh co hao cao dieu tra xac dinh do tau Quang Trung va phfldng tien thu>' npi dia New Port Cypress kh6ng tang cfldng cong tac canh gidi tfl xa mot each thich dang va phfl hdp, chfla triet de sii dung radar dl phat hien sdm va theo doi lien tuc muc tieu tfl xa nham danh gia day du tinh hu6'ng va nguy cd dam va;
khdng sii dung tin hieu dieu dgng va tin hieu canh bao phfl hdp trong qua trinh dieu dgng tranh va; ca hai phfldng tien khong tuan thu quy dinh khi cat qua luong hang hai. Cang vu Hang hai TP. Ho Chi Minh ciing ket luan: tai thdi diem xay ra tai nan, tau Quang Trung thieu dinh bien van hanh, dan de'n thuyen bg tren tau khong the thflc hien t6't cong tac canh gidi, phong tranh dam va. Cong ty Pjico - Chi nhanh Da Nfing xem day la mgt trong nhflng nguyen nhan gay ra tai nan va tfl ch6'i boi thfldng.
Ci day. vdi tfl lieu vu viec dang tren bao VietTimes thi va'n de phap ly mfi tac gia
'^'https.//i-law.com/ilaw/doc/view.htm?id=14094.i. truy cftp ngfiy 20/10/2019.
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hdi Q
GlAi (^UYET TR.\XH CHAP VE KHA .VANC, Dl I t l E N U U A T A U m u o n b a n luan den la: viec thieu 3 t h u y
t h u doan co dfldc xem la t.ui van co k h a nfing di bien hay khong? Tac gia cho rang:
t a u khong c6 k h a n a n g di bien khi thieu 3 t h u y t h u doan, vi (1) T h a m khao an le nfldc ngoai d t r e n . sfl thieu t h a n h vien thuy t h u doan phai la t h a n h vien can thiet va dong vai tro q u a n trgng va rfing thi neu thieu vfing t h a n h vien thi khong ai k h a c CO the t h a y t h e cung ca'p dich vu tfldng tfl.
Su thieu vang do lam cho tau khi gap trd ngai da khong the giai quyet dfldc. Trong trfldng hdp nay la thieu: sy q u a n boong. sy quan may. thd may va thuy thu. (2) T h a m k h a o bao cao ket luan cua Cang vu h a n g hai TP. Ho Chi .Minh thi viec thieu 3 t h a n h vien thuy t h u doan nay la nguyen n h a n d a n den t h u y e n bg t r e n t a u k h o n g t h l thflc hien tot cong tac canh gidi, p h o n g t r a n h dam va nen mdi dfin den hien c a n h va cham vdi t a u k h a c . Cho nen, sfl thieu vring 3 thuy thii doan nay la r a t q u a n trgng va vi vay con t a u da k h o n g d a m bao k h a nfing di bien dfla t r e n khia canh p h a p ly d a u tien nay. Tuy nhien, do la ve ly luan. con ve phia vfin b a n p h a p l u a t h a n g hai Viet N a m so vdi Quy tdc R o t t e r d a m thi p h a p l u a t h a n g h a i Viet N a m chi quy dinh nghia vu cua ngfldi van chuyen d a m bao tau c6 k h a n a n g di b i l n trfldc va k h i bat dau h a n h t r i n h (dfla vao p h a n quyet Maxinv Footwear v Canadian Government .Merchant Mannc (1959) trfldc va k h i b a t dau h a n h t r i n h dfldc t i n h tfl k h o a n g thdi gian tfl luc bat dau n h a n h a n g den thdi diem di thuyen) ma khong md rgng nghia vu trong ca chuyen h a n h t r i n h nhfl Quy tac R o t t e r d a m . Day la dieu con h a n che cua p h a p l u a t h a n g hai va thfldng xuyen
t h e thflc tien se gfip p h a i nhflng t r a n h chap k h a nfing di b i l n ciia tfiu. Vu viec nay vdi p h a n quyet s a u n a y ciia Toa thi v^
nghi p h a n quyet nfiy h o a n toan cd dfldc xem xet de trd t h a n h a n le
Thtf hai: khia canh nay dUOc danh gia dua tren hang hda van chuyin. Trong v u a n Daniels \ Harris, trfldng hdp ve bao hilm.con t a u di tfl St.Lucar vao t h a n g 2.
mgt p h a n h a n g hoa dfldc c h a t len boong tau.
Va lieu viec xep h a n g len boong co a n h hfldng den sfl a n toan cua t a u h a y khong neu t a u gap thdi tiet khfic nghiet thong thfldng, khong p h a i la dieu kien ba't thfldng.
Tren thflc te, con t a u chi co t h l d a m bao an toan trong thdi tiet nhfl vay n e u thiiy t h u doan c6 t h l vflt bo h a n g hoa t r e n boong t a u trong thdi gian hdp Iy. Toa a n da kh6ng cha'p n h a n dieu n a y va k e t lufin r a n g , con tau khong CO k h a nfing di bien de vfin chuyen h a n g hoa dfldc vi sfl a n toan cua t a u dfldc tinh toan t r e n sfl p h a bd h a n g hoa va do do t a u khong t h l di b i l n cho muc dich cu t h l ciia quy dinh bao hiem.
Hoac t r o n g v u an c u a Northern Shipping Co. v. Deutsche Seereederei G.M.B.H. and Others, (2000) 2 Lloyd's Rep. 255'^', mgt h a n g n g u y h i l m da dfldc c h a t len boong t a u b e n c a n h nhflng h a n g h o a k h a c . T u y n h i e n , c h u sd hflu cua h a n g hoa k h o n g t u y e n bo' t i n h c h a t n g u y h i l m ciia h a n g hda. Ngoai ra, t r e n boong h a n g hoa n g u y h i e m de chay c a n t h o n g gi6 thich hdp d l d a m b a o r a n g hdi cua h a n g h o a d l chay da dfldc giai q u y e t ngay lap tflc de giam n g u y cd no', nhflng ngfldi v a n c h u y l n
'*" httpB.//www.casemine.com/iudgement/uk/oa8nKcd 60d03e7f57ecd9ca. truy <&p ngfiy 20/10/2019.
Q NHAN LI|C KHOA HOC XA HOI S6s-2D20
PHAMTHI HONd MY da khdng cung ca'p thong gio cho tau cua
minh. Trong chuyen di, hang nguy hiem tren tau phat no, ket qua la boong tau bi nflt va chay lay lan den cac ham chfla va hang hoa, va do do, tau chim. Cac chu hang cho rang tau khdng di bien dfldc vi tren tau co hang nguy hiem va tau khong CO he thd'ng thdng gio. Toa an quyet dinh rang khdng co sfl sieng nang ve phia ngfldi vfin chuyen vdi lien quan de'n hang hoa dfldc lflu trfl tren boong vi chu set hflu khdng thl khai hao ban cha't cua no, nhflng tau se khdng hi chim ne'u co he thd'ng thdng gio de hut hdi ciia hang hda de chay, hoac ne'u ngfldi van chuyen tfl choi nhan no, thiet hai se la chi gidi ban d hang hoa tren boong va ve van de nay, hang khdng thl thflc hien do chuyen can trong vigc xep hang boa.
Trong vu an Tattersall v National Steamship Co Ltd (1884) 12 QBD 297*''.
ngfldi giao hang ky hdp dong vdi chu tau dl chd hang gia sue, nhflng con tau cua chuyen di trfldc do da mang gia sue hi nhilm benh tay chan mieng. Con tau khdng hun khdi trfldc khi tai hang hda mdi va trong chuye'n di, gia sue da bi nhilm benh. Toa an cho rang tau khdng thl di biln trfldc khi tai gia sue, no khdng bi bdc khdi trfldc khi xep hang va chii tau khdng thl gidi han trach nhiem cua minh.
Nghia la chu tau da khdng thflc sfl mfin can, sieng nang dl dam bao cho hang hoa dfldc an toan.
Thti ba, tau phai dap dng cd day du cac tai lieu hudng dan can thiit di dam bao sU an toan. Do c6 t h l la tai lieu khi rdi cang hoac vao cang hoac tai lieu lien quan den hang hoa dfldc van chuyln. tai lieu Uen
$40-2620
quan den kha nang di thuyen cua no nhfl la bieu do hfldng di hoac ke hoach cua tau._ Phap Iuat cua Iran quy dinh: Thuyen trudng se ludn gid cac tai lieu sau trong van phdng cua tau: (1) Quyen sd hdu tai lieu cua tau hoac ban sao c6 chdng thifc:
(2) Tai lieu dang ky va qud'c tich cua con tau; (3) Danh sach nhan viin va thuy thu doan; (4) Danh sach hanh khach mang theo trong tau: (5) Danh sach hang bda;
(6) Tai lieu van chuyen; (7) giay chdng nhan kiem dich; (S) Chdng nhan ky thuat;
(9) Giay chdng nhan trpng tai; (10) Danh sach chu sd hdu tau; (11) Tai lieu va chdng chi liin quan din hiep Udc ma chinh phu cua Iran da tham gia... Khi cd chdng chi dien tu an toan thi viec gid phien ban dien td la dd. Trfldng hdp The Marion, con tau dang chd trong ben cl Teesside. Thuyen trfldng ra lenh cho tau neo dau d dau do gan cang boc hang nhflng thuyen trfldng lai khdng nhfin ra dfldng ong Ekofisk nfim trong khu vflc nay vi da sfl dung mot bilu do cu va ket qua la dfldng d'ng hi hong. Do luc bat dau chuyen hanh trinh. thuyen trfldng da yeu cau trd Iy mang theo cac bilu do cho chuyen di nhflng ngfldi trd Iy lai mang cac bilu do cu chfla dfldc cap nhat mdi nha't. Ke't luan cho vu viec nay, toa an cho rfing con tau khong CO kha nfing di bien do thieu cap nhat bieu do va thieu mdt he thd'ng de giam sat boat dgng nay.
Nhfl vay. tau co kha nang di biln phai dfldc dat va xem xet trong tflng hoan
' Stephen G m i n . "The Obligation of Seaworthiness:
Shipowner and Charterer". https://law nus.edu.sg/
cml/pdfs/wps/CML-WPS-lTU.pdf. truy cfip ngay 20/10/2019
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hdt Q
GLU QL-^-ET TR.\NH CHAP VE KHA NAXr, Dl BIEX CUA TAU c a n h , t i n h h u o n g cu t h e . Vi vay. c h u n g t a
c6 t h e hieu r a n g : Kha n&ng di biin cua tAu la su phu hap cua tau trong tat ca cac khia canh di gdp cac sU cd' binh thudng cua hanh trinh va giao hang hda mot each an toan'^'
3 . T h f l c t i e n g i a i q u y e t t r a n h c h a p v e k h a n a n g d i b i e n c i i a t a u v a b i n h l u a n
Van c h u y l n h a n g hoa bang dfldng bien iudn dfldc cac doanh nghiep c6 h a n g hoa lfla chgn phfldng thflc nay de van chuyen den cho ben cdn lai trong hdp dong. Khi giai quyet t r a n h cha'p ve hdp dong v a n c h u y l n h a n g hda bang dfldng b i l n t h i da so' cac vu viec deu c6 n h a n dinh Ifip luan ve k h a n a n g di b i l n cua tau. Vu viec Mobil Shipping T r a n s p . Co. v Wonsild Liquid C a r r i e r s Ltd. 190 F.3d 64,67 (2d Cir.1999)'^' la mdt trfldng hdp d i l n hinh.
Tdm tdt npi dung vti an: Cuoi n a m 1994, Cong ty Van tai va Van c h u y e n Mobil ("Mosat") t h u e mdt chuyen cd v a n tai h a i t h a n co ten A l s t e r s t e r n tfl Wonsild Liquid C a r r i e r Ltd. ("Wonsild") v a n c h u y l n d^u bdi trdn tfl chau Au den Hong Kong qua Singapore. Theo hdp dong t h u e t a u . Wonsild bao d a m r a n g t a u Alsterstern "se d trong t i n h t r a n g va dieu kien hoat dgng tot va b a n g mgi each co t h e di bien va p h u hdp cho viec v a n c h u y e n h a n g hoa trong sud't h a n h trinh". Vao ngay 9/2/1995. t a u da hoan t h a n h giao h a n g d a u tien tai Singapore. Sau kbi d a n g tien tdi mgt ben t r a b a n g Mosat k h a c d cang Singapore, t a u Alsterstern dot n h i e n m a t dien. T a u d a m vao ben t r a h a n g . T h a n t a u CO dfldng rach vet nflt dai 30 feet d t h a n ngoai. Uonsild da t h u e mgt n h a
k h a o s a t tfl G e r m a n i s c h e r Lloyd dc kiem t r a con t a u ba l^n. Cuoi cung ngfldi k h a o sat xac dinh r a n g con tfiu da phfl bdp de tie'p tuc h a n h t r i n h d e n Hong Kdng nhflng chi khi: (i) con t a u di vdi tdc do an t o a n nha't CO t h l . (ii) t a u di t r o n g thdi t i e t t h u a n ldi va (iii) t h i e t h a i t h a n t a u dfldc theo ddi t r o n g c h u y e n di. Cac ben t r a o doi vdi n h a u vfi Mosat s a u do da cho Wonsild mdt sfl lfla chgn. Wonsild cd t h l : tfl bd hfinh t r i n h va doi m a t vdi h a u q u a cua viec vi p h a m hdp dong hofic stta chfla t a u t r o n g khi lflu trfl h a n g hoa co riii ro vfi chi phi cua Wonsild t r o n g thdi g i a n siia chfla.
Wonsild cho r a n g con t a u co k h a nfing di b i l n n e n da tfl chdi sfla chfla no. M o s a t da chi dao Wonsild t r a d a u con lai d Singapore va t r a tien cho Wonsild d a y d u nhfl t h e la h a n g h o a d a dfldc v a n c h u y l n de'n Hong Kdng. B e n c a n h dd, vdi viec Wonsild k h o n g chiu siia chfla t a u k h i cd vet nflt t h a n t a u , M o s a t c u n g da chiu t h e m chi phi d l g i a m t a i d a u d Singapore, lflu trfl va CO dfldc m g t con t a u k h a c de v a n c h u y l n d e n H o n g Kdng. M g t t u ^ n sau cac ky sfl siia chfla t a u A l s t e r s t e r n da p h a t bien r a n g u y e n n h a n thflc sfl cua vide ma't dien dot nggt la do each dien bi loi t r o n g mdt t r o n g nhflng cdng tac a p sua't dieu k h i e n m a y p h a t t h d n g thifdng. M o s a t da b a t d a u khdi kien tai Toa a n Qufin Hoa Ky, phia n a m New York. M o s a t cho rfing Wonsild da vi p h a m hdp dong b a n g each k h d n g duy t r i t a u t r o n g t i n h t r a n g di b i e n t r o n g sud't h a n h t r i n h . M o s a t da tim each
'"'Ahmad Hussam Kassem (2006). The Leggj y^^
of Seaworthinc'ys Current Law and l^^^velopnient '*' https://www cascmine.com/judgement/us/59i47f2 fadd7b0493445d4c4, tnjy cfip ngfiy 20/10/20f)<j NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI
S6 8-2020
PHAMTHIH6X(;MY thu hdi cac chi phi ma nd phai chiu dl
dam bao van chuyen thay the cho hang hda cua minh.
Phan quyet cua Tda: Phan quyet cua Tda an qufincho rang, Wonsild da vi pham hdp dong rfing tau Alsterstern se cd thl di biln trong sud't hanh trinh. Trong khi gia dinh rfing con tau se co the di biln neu nd dang vfin chuyen mgt bfing hda long lanh tinh, trong khi con tau lai chd dau boi trdn, mdt cha't dgc hai. Do do, tau khdng the di biln va Wonsild da vi pham hdp dong. Tda an da quye't dinh cho Masat khoang 277.000USD tiln boi thfldng thiet hai va tien lai.
Sau dd, Wonsild khang cao. Tda an phuc th^m da Ifip lufin rang, nhin toan bg ho sd vdi bang chflng dii de hd trd cho ke't luan cua tham phan d tda an quan rang con tau khdng t h l di biln dfldc. Tau Alsterstern da trai qua mgt sfl cd' ma't di^n bfi't ngd va se thflc hien mgt chuye'n di dai 1400 dfim tren biln khdi vdi mdt he thd'ng dien dfldc dfla vao may phat khan cfi'p. Ben canh dd con tau cd hai luong gio ldn d than ngoai. Toa an phuc tham cho rfing thfim phan tda an quan da khdng sai khi ke't luan rfing con tau khdng phfl hdp mgt each hdp Iy de van chuyen hang hda. Tfldng tfl nhfl vay, tda cho rfing kha nfing di bien ddi hoi tau phai cd kha nang van chuyen hang hda long mgt each an tofin. Y nghia thdng thfldng cho rfing van chuyln an tofin khdng chi bao gom kha nfing bao ve tinh toan ven ciia hang hda ma cdn Ifi kha nang van chuyen hang hda mfi khdng de doa den mdi trfldng. Cud'i ciing, quyet dinh thaV phan tda an qufin da khdng sai lam khi coi tinh cha't nguy
hiem cua hang hda la mdt yeu to c6 lien quan trong cudc dieu tra ve kha nang di bien va phan quyet ciia tda an cfi'p quan dfldc gifl nguyen.
Binh luan: Qua vu an nay. chflng ta thay rang: (i) trong hdp ddng cac ben da rang huge vdi nhau ve viec tau phai dam bao kha nang di bien trong sud't hanh trinh, chfl khdng phai chi trfldc khi bat dau hanh trinh (ii) van chuyln hang hda la dau bdi trdn. dfldc xem la hang hda nguy hilm, can dam bao an toan mdi trfldng bien (iii) tau hi ma't dien dot nggt do cdng tac bi ldi va tau dam vao ben dan den cd vet Iflt than tau. Nhfl vay, dfla tren nhflng lap luan nay, phan quye't ciia Tda an da thflc sfl hdp ly khi chflng minh rang con tau da khdng dam bao kha nang di bien va Wonsild dfldc xem la da vi pham nghia vu cua minh. Cung trong vu an nay. Wonsild cdn yeu ciu tda xem xet de'n kha nang thfl hai: ne'u tau khdng dii kha nfing di bien thi Wonsild khdng t h l chiu trach nhiem vi cho rfing nguyen nhan nay la khiem khuyet tiem ^n. Tuy nhien, Toa da lap lufin rfing, lap lufin eua Wonsild la khdng thuyet phuc vi hfing hda khdng hi hfl hai va Wonsild khdng giao hang de'n dich cud'i cung. Mat khac, Tda nha'n manh ngay ca trong trfldng hdp cho rang khiem khuyet trong he thd'ng dien la khiem khuyet tiem an thi Wonsild khdng the chflng minh cd md'i quan he nhan qua gifla khuyet dilm do va ma't mat cua hang hda. Wonsild dfldc lfla chgn dl siia chfla tau trfldc khi tiep tuc hanh trinh van chuyen cua minh nhflng lai khdng siJfa chfla ma lai nha'n manh rfing con tau c6 dii kha nfing di
SAt-2020 NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hdi Q
GIAI QUYET TRANH CHAP VE KHA XAXC Dl BIEX CUA TAU bien mac du rd r a n g rfing t a u d a n g bi hfl
h a i . Q u y e t d i n h k h d n g sfla chfla t a u la mdt h a n h ddng t h a y t h e . can t h i e p p h a vd mdi q u a n h e n h a n q u a cfin t h i e t d l lap l u a n cho viec k h d n g thflc hien n g h i a vu hdp dong. Cd t h e ndi r a n g , q u a a n le n a y c h u n g t a n h a n dien dfldc h a i dieu (1) can cd mdt dieu k h o a n r a n g budc k h a n a n g di bien cua t a u t r o n g sudt h a n h t r i n h v a n c h u y e n va (2) t r o n g viec chflng m i n h m i l n t r a c h n h i e m do k h i e m k h u y e t tiem fin thi p h a i chflng m i n h k h i e m k h u y e t tiem fin dd t r o n g mdi q u a n he n h a n q u a vdi sfl hfl hdng va m a t mat cua h a n g hda.
4. Ket l u a n v a k i e n n g h i
Nhfl vay. q u a viec nghien cflu cac khia c a n h p h a p ly ve k h a nfing di bien cua tau cung nhfl thuc tien a p d u n g giai quyet t r a n h c h a p p h a t sinh ve k h a n a n g di bien.
tac gia de xua't: Can siia doi nghia vu cua ngfldi van chuyen ve d a m bao k h a n a n g di bien cua t a u !a trfldc va khi bat d a u chuyen di va trong suot h a n h t r i n h cua h a n h t r i n h van chu>en chfl khdng nen quy dinh nhfl hien nay chi t i n h vao thdi diem trfldc va khi bat d a u chuyen di. \'iec sfla ddi n a y se Ifi mdt viec cd y nghia t r o n g viec tiep t h u d i l m mdi cua Quy tac R o t t e r d a m hien nay va p h u hdp trong viec giai quyet t r a n h c h a p . Trong thdi gian tdi khi cac doanh nghiep \'iet Xam t h a m gia xac lap cfic b a n hdp dong van c h u y l n h a n g hda b a n g dfldng b i l n thi n e n quy dinh b a n g each quy dinh nghia vu d a m bao k h a n a n g di b i l n cua t a u la trong sud't h a n h t r i n h v a n chuyen h a n g hda. Ben canh dd, Hdi ddng t h a m p h a n Tda an toi cao ciing can nghien cflu d l b a n h a n h mdt so an le ve Q NHAN LMC KHOA HOC XA HOI
van chuyen h a n g hda b a n g dfldng bien de tao t h u a n ldi cho Tda a n t r o n g q u a t r i n h xet xU.
TAI L I E U T H A M K H A O 1. Ahmad H u s s a m K a s s e m (2006),
"The Legal Aspects df Scawnrthiness:Current L a w a n d Development"
https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/698 S/1/69S8 pdf. t r u y cap ngay 20/10/2019.
2. Stephen Girvin, "The Obligation of Seaworthiness: S h i p o w n e r a n d Charterer''.
https://law.nus.edu.sg/cml/pdfs/wps/CML- WPS-171 l.pdf, t r u y cap ngay 20/10/2019.
3. Saif Almobideen (2012), "A shipowners duty to provide a s e a w o r t h y ship u n d e r t h e c h a r t e r p a r t y " , https://www.tamimi.com/law-update- a r t i c l e s / a - s h i p o w n e r s - d u t y - t o - p r o v i d e - a - s c a w o r t h y - s h i p - u n d e r - t h e - c h a r t e r p a r t y / , truy cfip ngay 20/10/2019
4. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/vi/di ctionary/english/seaworthiness, t r u y cap ngay 20/10/2019.
5. https:/Aaw.justia.com/cases/federal/d istrictcourts/FSupp/400/311/1367519/, truy cap ngay 20/10/2019.
6. https://www.i-law.com/ilaw/doc/
view.htm?id=147008, t r u y cap n g a y 20/10/2019.
7. https://i-law.com/ilaw/doc/view.
htm?id=140945. t r u y cfip n g a y 20/10/2019.
8. https://www.casemine.comyjudgemen
ngay 20/10/2019. t:ap
S6 6-2020