Giao thong van tai
viing Phap tam chilm d Viet Nam
Luffng Thi Hong'
' Vien Sir hoc, Vien Han lam Khoa hpc xa hdi Viet Nam.
Email: hongflower@gmail.com
Nhan ngay 7 thang 9 nam 2018, Chip nhan dang ngiy 18 thang 10 nam 2018.
Tom tat: O Viet Nam trong thdi ky 1945-1954, co hai vting dia Iy, la viing thtrc dan Phap chiem dong va viing tu do. Trong vung Phap chiem ddng, thuc dan Phap tang cudng dau tu khoi phuc, md mang he thdng giao thong van tai. Giao thong van tai d vimg do Phap chiem dong da gop phan van chuyen hang hda, phuc vu cho hoat dpng kinh te va quan su. Cac loai hinh giao thong van tai vimg Phap chiem dong la dudng bp, dudng sat, dirdng thiiy va dudng hang khong. Cac loai hinh van tai ma trong cac giai doan tmdc chira dupc khai thac, nay duac phat ttien manh me.
Tii khoa: Giao thdng van tai, thuc dan Phap, khang chien chong Phap.
Phan loai nganh: Sii hpc
Abstract: In Vietnam during the 1945-1954 period, there were two geographical areas, namely the French-occupied and the liberated areas. In the former, the French colonialists increased their investment to restore and expand the ttansportation system. Transport in the area contributed to the transportation of goods for economic and military purposes. The modes of transportation there included roads, railways, waterways and airways. Among them, those which had not been exploited previously were sttongly developed.
Keywords: Transportation, French colonialists, resistance war against French colonialists.
Subject classification: History
1. M d dau ddng, hay cdn gpi vung tam bi chilm la nhung nai thyc dan Phap tam thdi kilm soat O Viet Nam giai doan 1945 - 1954 cd hai hoan toan. Xet v l pham vi dja ly thi viing vimg, gdm vimg ty do (do Chinh phii Viet Phap chilm dong thay ddi rit nhilu hong Nam Dan chii cdng hda quan ly) va vimg nhiing nam 1945-1954. Vimg nay dugc hinh Phap tam chilm.Vimg thyc dan Phap chilm thanh k l tii' sau ngay Phap chilm Nam Bd
Khoa hpc xa hoi Viet Nam, sd 1 - 2019 vao cudi thang 9/1945. Trong nam 1946, cac tinh ddng bing Nam Bd va Nam Trung Bd;
cudi nam 1946 la mdt sd tinh Tay Nguyen d miln Tnmg, mdt sd dilm d mien Bac nhu Lang San, Lai Chau, Hdn Gai va tir thang 11-1946 gdm ca cang Hai Phdng. Thdi ky tir cudi nam 1947 d i n giiia nam 1950 la thdi ky viing thyc dan Phap tam chilm cd quy md rdng Idn nhit. Vimg dd bit d i u tam dn dinh ttong thdi ky 1951-1952 va co cum nhanh chdng tir nam 1953-1954 do nhiing siic ep ngay cang manh len cua Iyc Iugng khang chiln. Vimg Phap chiem ddng bao gdm nhtmg thanh phd Idn (Ha Ndi, Sai Gon, Hul...), hai cang Idn (Hai Phdng, Sai Gon, Da Ning), khu cdng nghiep Idn (md than Hdn Gai, C i m Pha...), ddng bing Idn (Nam bd, Bic bd...). Do dd, giao thdng van tai giii vi tri het siic quan ttgng ddi vdi nen kinh te, chinh tri trong vimg Phap chiera dong. Ngay sau khi md rdng pham vi vimg chiem ddng, thyc dan Phap da tien banh nhieu bien phap de cai tao va dua vao hoat ddng inpt sd tuyen giao tiidng quan hpng nhim phuc vu cho muc tieu khai thac v l kinh te va phuc vu cho viec md rdng chien tranh. Ciing do dieu kien chien ttanh, ttong vimg Phap chiem ddng xuat Men nhihig loai hinh dich vu van tai ma hong cac giai doan trudc chua dugc khai thac, dien hinh nhat la su phat trien manh cua loai hinh van tai dudng hang khdng. Bai viet nay trinh bay ca sd ha ting he thdng giao thdng va vai ttd cua he thdng giao thdng ddi vdi boat ddng kinh te va quan su d vimg Phap tam chiem giai doan 1945-1954.
2. Cff sd ha tang giao thong
Trong giai doan dau, he thdng dudng bd vimg Phap chiem ddng bi thu hep Iai va
chia cit k h i p nai, do tinh hinh chien sy ya chu truang pha hoai tieu thd khang chien cua lye lugng each mang khi chien ttanh no ra. Theo thdng ke chinh thiic ciia chinh quyln Phap, nam 1950, Viet Nam cd tdng sd chilu dai dudng bd cac loai la 24.414km, nhung CO tdi 15.573km Phap khdng con k i l m soat dugc niia. Chi con lai 8.861km la do Phap k i l m soat (trong dd Nam bd Ik 3.818km, vimg Cao nguyen la 2.268km, Trung bd la 1.664km, S i c Bd la 1.111km).
Nhu vay, s6 km dudng bd thudc viing Phap k i l m soat chi cdn chilm khoang 1/3 tdng sd dudng bp [10, tt.l44]. Thyc dan Phap chi chil y l u khai thac dudng tai khu vyc Nam bg, Cao nguyen mien Nam; hau nhu kiem soat dugc r i t it khu vyc mien Trung va Bac B p [ l l , t r . l 3 8 , 143, 181].
Tuyln dudng sit xuyen Ddng Duang thdi ky chiln ttanh gan nhu bi te liet. Theo thdng kd cua Phap, t m d c chien ttanh, to^n Ddng Duong cd khoang 2.900 km dudng sit, d i n thdi ky khang chien chi con 677km dupc khai thac. Tren thyc te, cd Ie khdng dugc nhu vay vi cd nhieu tuyen boat dpng khdng dn dinh, khdng thudng xuyen. Chi cd tuyln dudng Ha Npi - Hai Phong chay tuang ddi thudng xuyen. Tren cac tuyen Ha Ndi - Lao Cai va Ha Ndi - Lang Scrn, Ha Ndi - Nam Dinh, nhieu doan da bj cac cong binh xudng cua luc lugng khang chien boc len Iam nguyen lieu che tao vii khi. 6 mien Nam, dudng sat chi cdn mpt vai tuyen. Tuyen Sai Gon - My Tho va tuyln Sai Gdn - Ldc Ninh boat ddng cam chimg. Dudng sit ludn ludn bi de dpa vi chien sy nen cGng it hanh khach mudn diing phuong tien nay.
V l dudng thuy, d m i l n B i c cd tuyln Ha Ndi - Nam Dinh - Thai Binh, Ha Npi - Hung Yen, Ha Ngi Ninh Giang (Hai Ducmg), cac tuyln nay chd khach va hang
Luang Thj Hong boa kem theo. Thang 9/1950, Phdng
Thuang meii Ha Ndi dl nghi Phap va chinh quyen thanh phd md Iai dudng sdng Ha Ndi - Hai Phdng de giam gia van chuyen than va hang hoa cd hpng tai nang (vi than thudng chd bang xe lira ve Ha Npi).
Giao thdng dudng bien cd cac tuyen Hai Phong - Sai Gdn (tuyln nay do ngudi Phap kinh doanh va giir ddc quyen). Ngudi Viet chi CO mdt sd tau ehay ven bien va ndi cac doan ngan nhu: Hai Phdng - Hdn Gai, Hai Phdng - Cam Pha, Hue - Quy Nhon, Quy Nhon - Nha Trang, Hue - Da Nang - Nha Trang - Quy Nhcm, Nha Trang - Viing Tau, Rach Gia - Phii Qudc.
Ve dudng bang khdng, tinh hinh chien ttanh d Ddng Duong da lam cho nhu cau di lai bang may bay giiia Viet Nam vdi Phap va cac nudc khac trd nen quan trpng va ngay cang tang. Trong vimg Phap chiem ddng giai doan 1945-1954, loai hinh dich vu van tai hang khdng phat trien manh.
Nhieu tuyen dudng hang khdng qudc te da dugc md thera.
3. Vai tro cua he thong giao thong doi vdi tioat dpng kinh te
He thdng giao thdng da gdp phan van chuyen hang hda phuc vu san xuat va ddi sdng cho nhan dan. Van tai dudng sat cd 11 tuySn dugc khai thac. Cac tuyen dd la: Ha Ndi - Sai Gdn, Ha Npi - Lao Cai, Ha Ndi - Hai Phdng, Ha Ndi - Na Sam, Hdn Gai - Ha Tu, cim Pha - Mdng Duong, Thap Cham - Da Lat, Tan Ap - Xdm Ciii, Sai Gdn - Loc Ninh, Sai Gdn - My Tho. Den giai doan 1950-1954, cd 5 tuyen dudng sit khai thac dn dinh, la Sai Gon - Ldc Ninh, Sai Gdn - My Tho, Sai Gdn - Ninh Hoa, Da NSng -
Ddng Ha, Ha Ndi - Hai Phdng va Ha Ndi - Van Diln. Tuy nhien, do dieu kien chien tranh, van tai bang dudng sat kha nguy hilm nen Iugng hanh khach khdng nhieu.
Trong nam 1950, cd 812 nghin hanh khach; nam 1951 co 1,197 trieu hanh khach; nam 1952 cd 1,352 trieu khach;
nam 1954 (ehua thdng ke tuyen Ha Ndi - Hai Phdng va Ha Ndi - Van Dien) cd 1,372 trieu khach [1, tr.l46], [12, tt.I85].
Trong dilu kien dudng sit khdng an toan, dudng hang khdng chua phd cap tdi ngudi dan thudng, van tai dudng bd d nhiing cung doan ngan van la giai phap phd bien nhat. Tren timg tuyen ngan (nhu Ha Npi - Nam Dinh, Ha Ngi - Hai Phdng, Ha Npi - Bac Giang, Ha Npi - San Tay, Ha Ndi - VTnh Yen, Sai Gdn - Bien Hda, Sai Gon - My Tho - Cin Tha - Rach Gia, Sai Gdn - Dit Lat...), nhieu phuang tien van tai ca gidi (chil yeu cua nhiing nha kinh doanh Viet Nam) da phat ttien. Nhiing tuyen dudng xa nhu Ha Ndi - Nam Dinh - Ninh Binh thudng do mdt sd hang ngudi Viet Nam diing ra td chirc kinb doanh. Hp thudng dimg loai xe Renault de chd khoang 20 khacb. Xe nay vira di nhanh, vira gpn, ttanh dupc nguy hiem. Gia ve xe tuong ddi re, trung binh 0,2 ddng Ddng Duong^/km. Ddi vdi loai xe tdc hanh, gia ve la 0,5 ddng Ddng Duang/km. Di tuyen Ha Npi - Hai Phdng mat khoang 20-50 ddng Ddng Duong hen ve, chay ttong 1,5-2 gid. Chinh quyen Phap khuyen khich boat ddng kinh doanh di lai. Chit hang chi phai nop tien ben bai, mdi thang khoang 200 ddng Ddng Duong.
Viec kinh doanh nay mang Iai nhieu lgi nhuan cho cac chii xe va chng tao thuan lgi dang ke cho dan cu di Iai. Dudng Ha Ndi - Hai Phdng la con dudng rat tap nap. Nhiing ngudi di budn va ca mpt sd vien chiic cd the di ve lam viee hang ngay. Nhung ngudi giau co, neu can di gap thudng sir dung xe tdc hanh ciia hang
Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam, so 1 - 2019 Doan Xuan So, vdi loai xe toi tan liic dd la Star Wagon 24 chd. Hang nay cd 4 xe, chay ttr Ha Ndi liic 6 gid din 7 gid 15 phiit c6 mat d Hai Phdng. Khi vl, chay tir Hai Phdng liic 5 gid din 6 gid 15 phiit cd mat tai HaNoi.
Giiia vung Phap chiem ddng vdi vimg ty do thudng khdng cd d td, nen viec budn ban ttao doi hang hda thudng la di bp, gdng ganh hoac dung cac phuang tien van tai thd so nhu xe dap thd, do... Chinh quyln vimg Phap chilm ddng kilm soat rit chat che viec van chuyin hang hda, do lo ngai hang hda van chuyin se cung cip cho lye lugng khang chiln. Vi quy djnh ngat ngheo nhu vay, nen sd giay phep chuyen chd di cac tinh rat ban chi. Tai miln Trung, ttong tbang 2/1950 cbi cip phat cd 14 giay phep chuyen chd di cac tinh, cdng 34 tin hang trj gia 156.150 ddng, ttong 3 thang cip 10 giiy phep chuyen tir Sai Gdn 14.273kg hang, 227 giiy phep di cac tinh, cdng 638.082kg hang, 133 giay phep chuyen chd vat lieu van phdng cho ca quan hanh chinh cac tinh [7].
Tmh hinh giao thdng dudng bd d mien Nam phong phii va nhpn nhjp hon d mien Bac. Dieu dd mdt phan la do dia ban cua vimg Phap chiem ddng tuang ddi rdng, O mien Bac, nhiing tuyen dudng bd dai nhat thudng ciing chi tten dudi 100km. O mien Nam, cd nhimg tuyen xe khach dai tdi 200- 300km, nhu dudng Sai Gon - Can Tho, Sai Gdn - Da Lat. Tham chi ciing cd nhiing tuyen dudng bd ma xe khach cd the chay thdng sudt tdi 500km, nhu tuyln Sai Gdn - Nha Trang, Sai Gdn - Bae Lieu - Ca Mau, (tuy nhien tuyen nay khong chay thudng xuyen va khdng phai liic nao ciing an toan).
Van tai hang khdng ndi dia dan din dugc ldp hanh khach trung luu su dung. Do cac mien bi chia cat, dudng bd ciing nhu dudng sit bj gian doan bdi hinh thi cai rang lugc,
nen each duy nhit la each dimg hang khdng dl vugt qua nhtmg viing do. Ngay ca ttong viee di chuyin gitta nhiing vimg thupc Phap quan ly, dl ttanh nguy hilm ciia chien cupc, ngudi ta cilng thich di may bay. Gia ve may bay Dakota di tir Sai Gon ra Ha Ndi khoang 5.500 ddng, hrong duong 1 tin gao [2, fr.494].
d miln Bic, ngay nhiing tuyln khdng xa lim nhu Ha Ndi - Hai Phdng, Ha Npi - Nam Dinh, nhilu ngudi Viet Nam ciing thich dung may bay, vi nd nhanh va an toan hon. Tuyen dudng nay kha phat trien, vi nlu di dudng bp rat nguy hiem, min d vung giap ranh rit nhilu. Gia ve cho mdi lin di \k 100 ddng. Ngoai ra, hang Asis edn td chiic cac loai djch vu dua ddn khach va hang hda tu san bay ve tan nha, chu dao va hoan toan mien phi. Hang hang khong C.L.C.T co may bay kilu Noorduyn 7 chd ngoi chay mdi ngay 2 chuyen (trir chu nhat) nhirng tuyln dudng: Ha Ngi - Nam Djnh va Nam Dinh - Hai Phdng (vdi gia hanh khach 300d/ngudi va hang hda 3d/kg). Ddng thdi hang nay ciing nhan cho thue ca chuyen di cac tuyen dudng Ha Ndi - Hda Binh, Ha Npi-NghTa Lp [4].
Ci miln Nam Trung Bd, van chuyen bang may bay cang ngay cang tang. Rieng d Da Ning, cd 3 cdng ty hang khdng voi 15-16 may bay. Mdi tuan cd 2-3 chuyen bay tuyen Sai Gdn - Ha Ngi - Vientiane - Savanakhet va ngugc Iai [6]. San bay Da Nang dugc rad rdng va chia lam hai khu;
trong do rapt khu danh cho may bay van tai, mdt khu danh cho may bay quan su.
Theo thdng ke cua Phap, sd hanh khach di may bay tang len dang ke so vdi thdi ky trudc chiln ttanh. Nam 1947 da cd 3.749 chuyin bay dugc thyc hien, nam 1948 tang len 13.961 chuyin (ttong dd cd 688 chuyin bay qudc tl). Nam 1949, sd hanh khach tren
Luong Thi Hong cac hiyen dudng bay qudc tl (chu yeu la
tuyln Viet Nam di Paris Calcutta Bangkok Singapore Hongkong) la 10.289 hanh khach din va 12.656 hanh khach di. So hanh khach cua cac tuyen bay npi dia ciing tang len den 132.741 (so vdi
103.983 nam 1948) [2, tt.494].
Rieng san bay Sai Gdn, nam 1949 cd cac tuyen bay tir Sai Gdn di Calcutta, Bangkok, Hongkong va Singapore. Sd chuyen bay den san bay Sai Gdn cd 370 lupt, chuyen chd 8.692 hanh khach, 723 tan hang. Sd chuyen xuat phat tir san bay Sai Gon di cd 385 lugt, 11.314 hanh khach, 573 tan hang. Den nam 1954, cd cac tuyen bay tii Sai Gdn di tdi 10 san bay khac d Calcutta, Paris, Bangkok, Hongkong, Noumea (Phap), New-Delhi, Rangoon (Myanmar), Batavia (Indonesia), Singapore, Tokyo, Manila (Philippin). Sd lugt chuyen bay den san bay Sai Gdn cd 1.333 lupt, vdi 33.692 hanh khach, 1.993 tan hang. Xuat phat tir san bay Sai Gdn di cd 1.284 lugt, vdi 37.824 hanh khach, 1.061 tin hang [10, tr.l70; 12, tr.l21].
De cd the dap iing ydu cau chuydn chd ngay cang tang, mgt so san bay dugc sira chua, nang cap de may bay hang nang cd the len xudng dugc va hang ngay tang them sd chuyen bay. Thdi ky nay, cac hang hang khdng hoat ddng d Ddng Duong deu ciia nudc ngoai. Dd la cac hang: Air France, Aigle Ajur, Autex, C.I.C.E., Cosaca (bay qudc te), S.I.T.A (bay tuyen ndi dia).
Trong cac nganh van tai, dudng hang khdng la nganh chiem uu the nhat ttong cac loai hinh. Nganh hang khdng phat trien tuong ddi manh trong thdi ky chien tranh.
Rieng d Ddng Duong, do tinh hinh chiln ttanh, viec di lai giua Viet Nam vdi Phap va vdi mdt sd nudc khac la nhu cau thilt ylu.
Nhilu tuyen dudng hang khdng qudc te da dugc md them va Iugng hang hda, hanh khach van chuyen cung tang len dang ke.
4. Vai trd cua he thdng giao thong doi vdi hoat d6ng chien tranh cua Phap Trong cudc ehiln ttanh x3m lugc Viet Nam (1945-1954), quan dpi Phap da sir dung tat ca cac loai hinh phuang tien van tai de dam bao hau can cho chien trudng. He thdng van chuyen d Ddng Duong kha khd khan, sii dung nhieu loai hinh van tai khac nhau (dudng bp, dudng sit, dudng bien, dudng sdng), va sti dung ca siic ngudi ciing nhu ciia gia sue.
Van tai dudng bd chi mang tinh chat tam thdi vi he thdng dudng sa ngheo nan va thudng gap cac cudc phuc kich. Trong hau het cac khu vyc, vkn chuyen ban dem thudng bi cam va van chuyen ban ngay tren cac tuyen dudng thudng dupc cac dpi hd tdng bao ve vdi gia dat dd. Hon niia, Viet Minh kiem soat nhieu khu vuc rdng Idn d Ddng Duong, dieu do lam cho viec van chuyen bang dudng bd khd khan. He thdng dudng bd vdn it di Iai thudng tap tmng day dac d khu vyc ddng bang cdn thua thdt d mien mii. Mang ludi dudng bd thudng ttong tinh trang xudng cap tram trpng, ddi hdi phai dugc nang cap, sira chua.
Trong nam 1946-1947, thyc dan Phap cd 4 dai dpi van tai 6 td (240 xe tai) do Quan doan vien chinh Vien Ddng true tiep quan ly, bao phu khoang 3,1 trieu dam, van chuyen 73.000 binli lirili va chuyen chd 160.000 tin hang hda. Nam 1949, Phap co khoang 9.000 xe, sd xe dd da van chuyen 60.000 bmh linh va 34.000 tin hang hoa.
Trong ca nara 1953, khoang 116.821 tin
Khoa hpc xa hoi Viet Nam, sd 1 - 2019 bang da dugc van chuyen bang dudng bp tren toan Ddng Duang [9, tr.l 12].
Viec van chuyen bang dudng sat bi gidi han, bdi sd Iugng cac tuyen dudng cdn it, he thdng ca sd ha tang cdn ngheo nan, sd lugng dau may xe lira cdn it. Nam 1953, chi cd khoang 50% trong tdng sd he thdng dudng sit d Ddng Duong cd the hoat dpng dugc [9, tr.l 13]. Han thi, he thdng dudng sit Iai bi chia cit thanh 4 khu vuc tach rdi, khdng the lien thdng vdi nhau. Tuy vay, day van la phuang tien quan ttpng trong viec van chuyen hang hda. Chi rieng nam 1953, khoang 580.944 tin hang hda phuc vu cho quan dpi dugc van chuyen bang dudng sit [9, tt. 113].
Ngoai ra, de phyc vy chien ttanh, quan dpi Phap sir dung ca he thdng dudng thiiy ndi dia va dudng bien. Van chuyen linh va hang hda d Ddng Duang bang dudng thiiy ndi dja va dudng bien kha re, de dang va an toan, nhat la d khu vuc ddng bang sdng Cim Long va sdng Hdng. Nam 1953 cd 235.460 tan hang dugc van chuyen bang dudng bien, va 29.493 tan dugc van chuyen bang dudng thuy ndi dia [9, tr.l 15]. Cang Sai Gdn va cang Da Nang la hai dia diem cho hang hoa qua canh. Cdn cang Hai Phong vira la mdt can cir quan sy, vira la mdt cang bien. Sd lugng hang hoa ngoai nhap d 3 hai cang nay la khoang 361.000 tin (nam 1951), gin 360.000 tin (ttong 11 thang d i u nam 1952) va hon 535.000 tin (nam 1953, ttong dd nhap cang Sai Gdn la 391.752 tan, nliap cang Hai Phdng 131.191 tin, va nhap cang Da Ning la 12.783 tin) [9, tr.I09].
Trong giai doan dau ciia chiln tranh Ddng Duong, van tai hang khdng ciia Phap kliong dong vai trd quan trpng. Tuy nhien, khi cupc chien ttanh ngay cang ac liet, van tai hang khdng da dugc cai tiln ca v l so
lugng va ky thuat. Van chuyen binh Iinh va cung cip bing hang khdng cd uu the ve tdc dp va sy Iinh loat, k h i c phuc nhung khd khan v l dia hinh va td chiic dugc cac cupc hanh quan ben ngoai khu vyc lye lupng quan sy Phap k i l m soat tten mat dit. Tuy nhien, dpi may bay quan su (tham chi cdn tang them tir ca hang khdng dan su) chng khdng bao gid du cho nhu cau chien sy va thudng xuydn phai bay ttong dieu kien thdi tilt xiu, thieu cho ha canh, ciing nhu thieu dii va cac trang thiet bj khac dimg cho van tai hang khdng.
Cac can cii khdng quan cua Phap thudng dupc xay dung d nhung noi cd lap va thudng chi dugc cung cap bang dudng hang khdng. Dien Bien Phii la rapt vi du dien hinh nhat. Cho den cudi cupc chien ttanh, rat nhieu can cii chi cd the cung cap luong thyc va ttang thiet bj bang viec tha dii. Sd Iugng hang cung cap cho toan Ddng Duong bang tha dii tang len nhanh chdng, trtmg bmh tii 1.700 tin/thang ttong khoang thdi gian tir thang 01 d i n thang 11/1953 tang len 2.200 tin vao thang 12/1953, len 4.700 tin vao thang 3/1954 va 7.000 t i n vao tiiang 4/1954.
Giai doan tang cao nhat la giai doan dien ra han Dien Bien Phu, vdi tdng sd 30.000 tan, tuong duong 12.000 ttpng lugng cua xe van tai, dugc van chuyen bang cac don vj khdng quan Phap hen toan Ddng Duong [9, tt.ll6].
Trong khoang thdi gian ttr ngay 20/11/1953 d i n ngay 7/5/1954, cd khoang 20.860 tan hang hda dugc van chuyen den Dien Bien Phu. Trong do, khoang 6.584 tin dugc tiep te trudc khi san bay d Dien Bien Phu khdng cdn boat ddng dupc. Cdn lai 14.276 tin dugc tiep t l trong thdi gian 169 ngay cua chien djch, trung binh khoang lOOkg/phiit hay 124 tin/ngay, 80.000 chile du va day thimg [9, h . l 16]. Van tai hang
Luang Thi Hong khdng quan sy cua Phap da thuc hien ban
22.500 gid bay, 10 may bay bi pha hiiy, ttong dd cd rapt chile C-119, 17 nhan vien ciia cac doan bay da chet hay hi thuong. Chi tinh tir ngay 13/3/1954 din ngay 7/5/1954, vin cd 7.000 tin hang, 4.300 quan dii (ttong dd cd 3.000 vao ban dem) da dd xudng Dien Bien Phil [8].
5. Ket Iuan
Nam (1945-1954), thyc dan Phap da huy ddng toan bp cac loai hinh phucmg tien van tai de phuc vu cho cupc chien ttanh. Tuy nhien, ttang thiet bi hien dai, ngudn hau can ddi dao va vugt trdi so vdi lye Iugng khang chien cdng khdng the nao thang dugc trong cudc chien hanh xam luge nay. Nhan dan Viet Nam bang nhiing ddi chan ttan, xe dap tho tren cac tuyen dudng deo ddc da Iam nen mpt ky tich lich sir, ma dinh cao ky tich dd la chien dich Dien Bien Phu.
0 giai doan dau, do nhu cau day nhanh cudc chien ttanh nham nhanh chdng binh djnh Ddng Duang, nen chinh quyen ttong viing Phap chiem ddng da tang dau tu md rdng su phat trien cua mang ludi giao thdng. Sy rad rdng co sd ha tang ciia djch vu van tai tang len, trong dd ed viec khdi phuc lai cac tuyen dudng sat, dudng bd, md rdng cac san bay, hai cang. Viec van chuyen hang hda va hanh khach (ttong ndi dja ciing nhu ra nudc ngoai) gia tang la su phat trien cua nganh dich vy van tai. Sy phat trien cua nganh kinh te nay ttong chung myc nhat dinh da gdp phan thiic day su phat trien cua cac nganh kinh te khac va tao ra su chuyin bien ciia xa hdi hong viing Phap chiem ddng. Tuy nhien, trong giai doan 1945-1954, giao thdng van tai vung Phap chiem ddng chiu tac ddng manh me ciia chien tranh. Khi cudc chien tranh biing nd, ViSt Minh chu truang pha buy hoan toan cac tuyen ducmg giao thdng de ngan can thyc dan Phap tan cdng. Loai hinh giao thdng van tai dudng bd va dudng thiiy trd nen nguy hiem. Chinh vi vay, thyc dan Phap chu truang day manh phat ttien giao thdng dudng hang khdng de lap day chd ttdng ciia nganh van tai dudng sat va dudng bp. Trong cudc chien tranh xam lugc Viet
Chu thich
^Ddng Ddng Duong (tieng Phap:/j/a^/re) dem vj tien te ngudi Phap cho phat hanh va lim thong tai Ddng Duong thudc Phap trong thdi gian tii nam 1885 den nam 1954. Tren thuc te, mot thdi gian ngan khi Nhat thay Phap va mpt minh cai tri Ddng Duong, tien nay dupc ngudi Nhat phat hanh (in tai Nhat Ban) va cho luu thdng Tien Ddng Duong do Nhat Ban phat hanh khdng cd chir Nhat.
Tai lieu tham khao
[1] Dinh Thi Thu Cue (Chu bien) (2013), Lich su VietNam, t.lO, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hdi, HaNoi.
[2] Dang Phong (2002), Lich su Kinh ti Viet Nam 1945-2000, t.l, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hdi. Ha Ndi.
[3] "Mdt ngan tan may mdc dang tiep tue tu Bac Viet tai sang Con Minh va chung 3 ngan tan soi tai qua Ha Npi", Bao Tia sdng, zo'iSZ, 1949.
[4] "Hang hang khdng van tai C.L.C.T (Avions Noorduyn)", Bao Tia sdng, sd 633, 1950.
[5] "Hang hang khdng van tai C.L.C.T", Bao Tia sdng,s6 1976, 1954.
[6] Ho sa 268: Chuang trinh bdo cdo linh hinh chung trong ndm 1950 cita Uy ban khdng chien hdnh chinh lien khu miin Nam Trung bp, Tnmg tam Luu trft Qudc gia III, Ha Ndi.
K h o a hoc xa h p i V i e t N a m , sd 1 - 2 0 1 9
[7] Ho sa 1940: Bdo cdo tinh hinh tdi chinh vd kinh li etia Trung phdn trong 3 thdng ddu ndm 1950, Trung tam Luu tru Qudc gia III, Ha Npi.
[8] Jean Claude Sup (2004), "Van tai hang khdng quan su Phap d Ddng Ducmg", Tap chi Ljch su Qudnsu, sd 6.
[9] Charles R.Shrader (2015), A War of Logistics - Parachutes and Porters in Indochina. 1945- 1954, University Press of Kentucke.
[10] Etat du Vietnam, Ministere de I'economie nationale, Annuaire Statistique du Vietnam, 1949-1950, Institut de la statistique et des etudes economique du Viemam.
[11] Etat du Vietnam, Presidence du gouvemment (1952), Annuaire Statistique du Vietnam, I950-I95I, Institut de la statistique et des etudes economique du Vietnam.
[12] Repuhlique du Vietnam, Secretariat d'etat a I'economie nationale (1957), Annuaire Statistique du Vietnam 1954 -1955, Institut national de la statistique.
[13] Union Francaise, Haut-commissariat de France en Indochines (1949), Affaires e'conomiques, Annuaire Statistique de I'lndochine, 1947- 1948, Statistique generate de I'lndochine.
[14] Vietnam, I95I - 1952, Institut de la statistique et des etudes economique du Vietnam, 1953.