Bai vigt sit tiung kS qua nghien ciiru cua £)§ tai dflc lap cap Nha nude: "Nghien curu nhOng dac didm tam ly xa h6i co ban cua cSng d6ng t i n lanh cac dan tSc thilu so d Tay Nguyen hiSn nay" do GS.TS. Vu Dung lam chti nhiem (2013 - 2014).
NIEM TIN CUA C O N G DONG TIN LANH CAC DAN T O C THIEU SO TAY NGUYEN VAO LUC LUONG THAN LINH
VA VAO THE GIOI LINH HON
GSTS. Vu Dung
Vien tricdng Vien Tdm ly hoc.
I 1^ TOM TAT
Trong xd hpi truyen thd'ng, cdc ddn tdc thieu sd' tqi chd Tay Nguyen cd niem tin sdu sdc vdo cdc licc licqng thdn linh. Moi ddn tpc cd nhieu vi thdn ctia minh. Hq icng xd vdi cdc vi thdn vdi sic thdnh kinh vd tdn siing. Khi theo dqo Tin Idnh cdc ddn tpc thieu sd chuyen tic dn ngudng da thdn sang tin ngudng dpc thdn. Ho chi thd phuang Dice Chiia Trdi, vi thdn tdi cao cua Tin tdnh. Cdc lin da Tin tdnh cdc ddn tpc thieu so tqi chd Tay Nguyen cd niem tin sdu sac vdo mdt tlie gidi kliac ddnh cho con ngudi sau khi chet - The'gidi linh hdn. The gidi ndy gdm Thien dudng vd Dia nguc.
Tin khoa: Niem tin; Luc luang thdn tinh; The gidi linh hdn; Thien dudng; Dia nguc.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 13/6/2014; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 25/6/2014.
Ni^m tin t6n giao la mpt niem tin dac biet. Do la dmh hirdfng gia tri vihig chac cua nhimg ngucfi theo ton giao vao lire luong than thanh, vao mot the gidi khac... Tuy vay, khi theo dao Tin lanh cac tin do dan toe thieu s6' tai ch6 Tay Nguy6n chuyen tOr niem tin vao eae vi th^n truyln thong sang niem tin vao mot vi th^n duy nha't, do la Thien Chua. Day la su thay ddi rat dang chii y v6 tam ly cia cac tin dd. Ben canh do, cac lin dd Tin lanh cac dan tpc thieu s6' co niem tin sau sac vao m6t \h6 gi6i khac - dd la the gidi linh hdn danh cho ngudi chet (k6't ihiic cudc sdng d ihe gidi tr^n gian). Viec nghien cihi nhiJng khia canh tam ly nay se giup chiing la hi^u sau hon ve ddi sdng tam ly cua cae tin dd, tCr dd cd bi^n phap quan ly dao Tin lanh tdt hcfn.
TAPCHfTAM L?HOC, Sd7 (184). 7 - 2014 I
Bai via't nay dua tren ket qua khao sat 4.188 tm dd Tin lanh eac dan toe thieu sd tai chd tai 5 tinh Tay Nguyen la: Dak Lak, Dak Ndng, Gia Lai, Kon Turn va Lam Dong.
1. Vai net ve tin ngirong truyen thdng cua cac dan tpc Tay Nguyen Cac dan tpc thieu sd tai chd Tay Nguyen cd nen van hda truyln thd'ng vd ciJng sau sac, da dang. Mot trong nhung bieu hien ciia su da dang va dac sac dd la tin ngudng truyln thd'ng. Tir xa xua, ngudi dan Tay Nguyen da cd nilm tin vao cac vi than vdi su mong mudn tim kiem su phu hd ciia cac vi than cho ban than, gia dinh va edng ddng de cd siie khde va su a'm no.
Tin ngudng truyln thd'ng ciia cac dan tdc Tay Nguyen la tin ngudng da thSn. Cac dan tpc tai chd Tay Nguyen tin rang trong the' gidi tu nhien cd mpt luc lupng vd hinh, nhung cd quyin nang vd han anh hudng quye't dinh tdi mpi mat ddi sd'ng cua ho - dd la cac vi than. Hp tin cac vi thSn la cd that va la nhiJng Dang "Chi dieu, chi linh, cd quyen phep giang hpa, phuc cho ngudi". Bdi vay, hp rat kinh so cac than va quanh nam lo dat ll vat de' cung, cau xin th^n phii hp cho minh. Ddi vdi cac dan tdc Tay Nguyen, cd nhilu loai than khac nhau.
Nhung moi dan tpc lai cd nhCrng vj than rieng ciia minh, ttiy theo quan niem ciia mdi dan tdc: ngudi Ba na cd than Lua (lang Xori), than Nude (Yang Dak), than Nui (lang Kong), than Cay (lang Long)...; ngudi Gia rai quan niem cd than Nha, than Lang (Yang ala blolon), than Ben nude (Yang Pen la)... De cung than, ho thudng giet md rat nhilu trau, bd, heo, ga, cung rupu ghe, td chiJc Cling va sau dd an udng nhilu ngay liln, het .sire tdn kem ve tien cua, thdi gian edng siic.
Anh 1: Cdc tuq'ng gd the hien tin ngudng cua cdc ddn tdc Tay Nguyen
TAP CHI'TAM LV HOC, Sd'7 (184), 7 - 2014
Tin ngitong cci iruySn co vai tro rat Idn trong viec lien ket dftng bao cac dan toe thieu so trong cong dong buon lang, dong ho, nhtmg gdn lien vtii ntj la nhimg tap tue, 16 nghi vita eo ti'nh chat lac hiu me tin, vira phttc tap ton kem vi vat chat. V6i sit tac dong ciia kinh te thi trudng, hoi nhap quflc te va mo ciia, Irinh do dan tri dtrgc nang ISn, cac tin nguong c6 truySn bat dau giam sii anh huong doi v6i ddng biio. NiSm tin cua cac dan toe tai ch6 vao cac vi than truySn thSng bi suy giam va co nhOng thay ddi quan trong.
IVIdt trong nhOng bien ddi manh me ciia tin ngudng truySn thdng d Tay Nguyen la cac tin dd Tin lanh chuyen tti tin ngudng da thin vdi quan niem van vat hiru linh sang ddc thSn - NiSm tin vao mot vi than duy nhat la Ditc Chua Trdi. Chiing ta hay tim hieu van dd nay qua ket qua nghien ciru ctia de tai.
2. Niem tin ciia cong dong tin do vao luc luong th4n linh
Luc lirong than linh da cd vai trd quan trong trong ddi sdng tam linh, trong van hda cdng chieng cua cac dan tdc thieu sd tai chd Tay Nguyen. Khi dao Tin lanh xam nhap vao khu vitc cao nguyen nay thi vai trd va anh hltcVng cua cac lire luong than linh truyen thdng da giam manh.
Bdng 1: Thtrc trqng niem tin ciia crmg dong lin do Tin lanh vdo lire lirr/iig thdn linh (Srilieu tdng qttdi)
T T 1 2 3
Thtrc trang niem tin Cd tin
Kh6n<t tin Khdng tra Idi
Timg so'
So' ngudi tra Idi 941) 3000 239 4.188
Ty le % 22,7 71,6 5,7 100
Trong nghien eiru nay chi ed 22,7% so tin dd duoc hoi cdn tin vao lire lugng thiln linh truyen thdng, dai da sd tin dd khdng cdn tin vao luc lirgng than linh nay niia. Day la sir chuydn bie'n Idn ve nhan thue va niem tin ciia cac tin dd Tin lanh cite dan tdc thieu sd tai chd Tay Nguyen. Bdi le, cac vi than trong tin ngirdng truyen thdng da tdn tai trong thdi gian rat dai, tdn tai qua nhiSu the he.
Nd dii timg anh hudng Idn den ddi sdng sinh hoat ciia cdng ddng budn lang. Nd dii tiic ddng den nhan thtrc, tinh cam va hanh vi ciia cac ca nhan va cdng ddng Ciic dan tdc tai chd. Nhtmg khi theo Tin lanh thi ho da nhanh chdng chuyen niditi tin sang Dilc Chua Trdi.
TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, So' 7 (184), 7 - 2014
Bdng 2: Micc do niem tin cua c<}ng diing tin dd Tin lanh vdo luc luang thdn linh {So lieu tdng quat)
TT 1 2 3 4 5
Miic do tin Rat thap Binh thudng Sau sac Rai sau sic Khdng tra Idi
Tdng sd
Sd ngudi tra Idi 193 113 73 530 40 949
Ty le % 20,3 11,9 7,7 55,8 4,2 100,0
Ddi vdi nhiJng ngudi cdn tin vao luc lupng than linh thi cd 63,5% tin d miJc sau sac, cdn lai tin d muc binh thudng hoac ra't tha'p. Ty le nay tha'p hcfn nhieu so vdi nilm tin vao Thien Chiia ciia cac tin dd. Sd dT cac tin dd khdng eon tin vao luc lupng than linh ma hp da cd thdi gian dai thd phung la vi Tin lanh khi xam nhap vao cac dia phuong, nd dat ra nhiem vu la xay dung mdt nln van hda chung mang ti'nh loan cau la van hda ciia Chiia. Ddi vdi cac tin dd Chiia la tdi thupng, la duy nhat. Chinh vi vSy trong 10 dilu ran ciia Chua cd dilu
"NgUoi khdng cd Thien Chiia nao khdc ngodi TalKhdng co thdn khdc" va dilu nay dupe xep d vi tri sd I ciia 10 dilu ran. Chinh vi vay, cac vi than ban dia dSn ditn mat di trong tam thiic ciia cac tin dd. Chiing ta hay tim hieu tai sao cac tin dd lai tin vao than linh?
Bdng 3: Nguyen nhdn cpng ddng tin do Tin Idnh lin vdo life luong thdn linh {Sdlieu long quat)
T T 1 2 3 4
5
Nguyen nhan Co thai
Nghe ngirdi khiic ke- Tir tudng cu
La do lac ddng ciia lire luong chdng phii Dang va chinh quyen
Mil quy do Satan sai khien Chung
Sd ngtrdi tra Idi 61 37 31 67 79 275
Ty le % 22,2 13,5 11,2 24,4 28,7 100
TAP CHi TAM L t HOC, Sd 7 (184), 7 - 2 0 1 4
Vdi cac tin d6 tin vao .sii ton tai ciia thSn linh (ngoai Thien Chua) ho dua ra cac ly do sau d^ly giai cho niim tin nay: Ma quy do Satan sai khifn (28,7%) chiSm vj tri cao nhSt, tie'p de'n la do tac ddng ciia liic lugng chd'ng pha Dang va chi'nh quygn (24,4%) va nghe ngucri khac ki 13,5%. Cd mdt sd' ngudi tin vao su tdn tai cia thSn linh trong cudc sdng (22,2%) nhu hg va cac the' he cha anh da timg tin trudrc day. NhOng hiftn tugng khd ly giai va trung hgp tinh cd da khie'n hg tin vao su tdn tai ctia thin linh, ma quy.
Vdi nhiJng ngudi khdng tin vao thSn linh (chie'm dai da sd) ly giai nhu sau:
Bdng 4: Nguyen nhdn cpng dpng tin do Tin tdnh khong tin vdo Itfc luang thdn tinh (Sd'tieu tong quat)
TT 1 2 3 4
5
Nguyen nhan Khdng cd that
Chi tin Chiia
Khdng cd trong Kinh Thanh
Ne'u tin vao th^n linh thi khi chet khdng duoc len Thien dang
Khdng CO quyin nang nhu Chiia Tdng sd
So' ngudi tra Idi 407 1.155
93 71 113 1.839
Ty le % 22,1 62,8 5,1 3,9 6,1 100
Da sd' ngudi dugc hdi cho rang, hg khdng tin vao th^n linh vi hg chi tin vao Thien Chiia (62,8%). Ngoai Thien Oiiia ra khdng cdn luc lugng thSn thanh nao khac. Nguyen nhan quan trgng thii hai la hg cho rSng thSn linh, ma quy la khdng c6 that (22,1%). Ngoai ra cdn mdt sd nguyen nhan khac nhu: Luc lugng thSn linh khdng cd quyen nang nhu Chiia; khdng cd ndi de'n trong Kinh thanh va neu tin vao luc lugng nay thi khi che't khdng dugc len Thien dang nhu trong Kinh thanh da day. Chiing ta hay xem mdt sd' y kien cu the ciia cac tin dd".
"Vi thdn linh khong co that, khong gidi cilu duoc con ngu&i, td me tin di doan, khdng Idm duqc viec gi cd, chi la do tudng, khong cho minh su sdng" (H.
A Ngung, nam, 58 tudi, thi tra'n Dak Doa, Gia Lai).
"Vi minh chi tin Chua, klidng lin vdo thdn tinh khdc, chei ve vol Chita.
Dd CO Chiia ddn ddt. .xda bd nhiing suy nghi sai Iqc vd loi sdng khdng tdnh mqnh. ddn de'n tdi sd'ng toi dep hem" (Dob, nam, 34 tudi, xa Hneng, huyen Dak Doa, Gia Lai).
TAP CH( TAM ly HOC, Sd 7 (184), 7 - 2014
"Klidng CO tdi sd'ng ndy theo Kinh thdnh, trong Dice Thdnh Linli" (HIek, nam, 46 tudi, xa H'neng, huyen Dak Doa, Gia Lai)...
3. Niem tin cua cpng dong tin do vao mot th£' gidi Idiac
Ne'u hiiu vi mdt the' gidi khac - the' gidi linh hon la khia canh quan trgng trong nhan thirc tdn giao cia cdng ddng tin dd cac dan tdc thieu sd tai chd Tay Nguyen thi niem tin vao the' gidi linh hdn cung la khia canh quan trgng cua niem tin tdn giao ciia cac tin do. Ke't quit khao sat vi khia canh nay dugc phan anh d cac bang sd lieu sau:
Bdng 5: Thuc trqng niem tin ctia cpng dong tin do Tin tdnh vdo thegi&i khdc (So'lieu tdng quat)
TT 1 2 3
Thuc trang niem tin Colin
Khdng tin Khd tra Idi
Tdng sd
Sd ngudi tra Idi 4.094
36 58 4.188
Ty le % 97,7
0,9 1,4 100
H^u he't cac tin dd dupe hdi cd tin vao mdt the' gidi khac - the' gidi linh hdn, the gidi danh cho con ngudi sau khi chet, ke't thiic cudc .sd'ng tran gian (97,7%). Chi cd mot ty le ra't nhd tin dd ndi khdng tin (0,9%). NhU vay, ciing nhu nilm tin vao Thien Chiia, cac tm dd tin vao su tdn tai cua mdt the gidi danh cho linh hdn con ngudi. Chiing ta hay tim hieu miJc dp ciia nilm tin nay d tin dd.
Bdng 6: Mice dp niem tin ciia cdng ddng tin do Tin lanh vdo the gidi khdc (Sdlieu tdng quat)
TT 1 2 3 4
Miirc do tin Tin It
Tin mtrc binh Ihirdng Tin tuong ddi nhieu Rai tin
Tdng sd
Sd ngudl tra Itri 39 57 352 3.646 4.094
Ty le % 1,0 1,4 8,6 89,0
100
TAP CHl TAM Lf HOC. Sd 7 (184), 7 - 2014
Ddi vdi cac tin dd cd tin vao th^ gidi linh hdn thi miic dd tin nhu sau:
Mdt ty le rat cao cac tin dd dugc hdi tin nhi& vao the'gidi linh hdn (89,0%); cd 8,6% tin d miic tuong dd'i nhi^u. Ne'u tinh t6ng so cac tin do tin 6 mtrc dd cao vao the' gidi linh hdn thi ty le y kie'n la 97,6%. Chi cd 2,6% tin dd trong sd cac tin dd cd tin vao the' gidi linh hdn tin d mtic binh thudng va it. Nhu vay cac tin dd cac dan tdc thi^u sd tai chd Tay Nguyen tin vao the' gidi linh hdn 6 miic do cao.
Qua phong va'n sau cho tha'y, eac tin do tin vao the' gidi linh hdn la hg tin vao su tdn tai cia hai the' gidi dd'i lap nhau: Thien dudng va Dia nguc. Cac tin dd tin rang Thien dudng la thS gidi vd cung tdt dep, con ngudi ilugc trudng tdn, hanh phiic, noi cd Thien Chtia. Thien dudng chi danh cho nhCrng ngudi tin va theo Chua. Trai vdi Thien dudng, Dia nguc la the' gidi kinh sg, chet chdc va khd ai, noi danh cho nhihig ngudi khdng tin va theo Chua.
Bdng 7: Nguyen nhdn cpng dong tin do Tin tdnh lin vdo the gidi khdc (Sdlieu tdng c/udt)
T T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Nguyen nhan Tu tim hieu
Doc Kinh thanh
Sinh hoat cua cdng ddng Tin lanh Giao due gia dinh
Chiic sac tdn giao tuyen truyen Anh hudng ciia cac tin dd khac Tac ddng tit dai phat thanh Tac ddng ciia gia lang
Tdng so'
Sd luort ngutii tra Idi 974 3.182
1.471 768 1.780
230 49 93 8.547
Ty le % 11,4 37,2 17,2 9,0 20,8
2,7 0,6 1,1 100
COng gid'ng nhu nguyen nhan cia cac khia canh khac cua niem tin, cac nguyen nhSn chu ye'u giup cac tin dd tin vao the' gidi linh hdn la do cac tin dd dgc Kinh thanh, do cac chiic sdc tdn giao tuyen truyen, do sinh hoat cua cgng ddng Tin lanh va tin dd tu tim hi^u. Ngoai ra cd nhtmg nguyen nhan tam ly xa hdi nhu: giao due cua gia dinh, tac ddng cua cac tin dd khac, cia gia lang...
Chung ta hay xem mdt sd y kien cu the' cia chic sac tdn giao va tin dd:
"Theo Kinh thdnh ciia cliiing tdi Dilc Chua Tr&i dd siia sdn, hai nai la Dia ngitc vd Thien ddng md Diic Chita Trdi da ddnh cho con ngu&i. Ve Dia
TAP CHllAM LV HOC, Sd 7 (184), 7 - 2014
nguc td hinh phql ddnh cho con ngu&i khong tin Ngdi. Thien du&ng Id nai Dire Chiia Tr&i ddnh cho nhOng ngudi tin vd theo Ngdi" (Dan tdc Gia rai, nam, 36 tu6i, hgc van 11/12, chi hdi lang Blang 1, xa la Der, huyen la Grai, Gia Lai).
"Ai tin nhdn Chua Gie su ditac co sic sdng d&i d&i dn&i Thien du&ng. Ai khong tin nhdn Chiia Gie su chiu humdt chet d&i d&i trong dja nguc" (Dan tdc Gia rai, nam, 31 tu6i, hgc van 9/12, chi hdi lang Blang 3, xa la Der, huyen la Grai, Gia Lai).
4. Ket luan
Tir phan ti'ch tren cd the rut ra mdt sd nhan xet sau:
Ni^m tin cia cac tin do Tin lanh cac dan tdc thidu sd tai chd Tay Nguyen vao tin nguong truyen thd'ng, cu the la cac vi thSn truyen thd'ng da giam manh tir khi hg theo dao Tin lanh. Hg chuyfo niem tin c i a minh sang Die Chua Trdi. Sd dT ni^m tin vao cac vj thfa truyfa thd'ng giam la vi hg thuc hien theo 10 dieu ran cua Chua, hg lam theo Kinh thanh, hg khdng tha'y cac vi th^n nay cd quyen nang nhu Thien Chua.
cac tin dd dugc khao sat cd niem tin sSu sac vao thi gidi linh hdn - the gidi danh cho con ngudi sau khi chet. Dd la Thien dudng va Dia nguc. Thien dudng danh cho nhiing ngudi di theo va tin vao Chua. Dia nguc danh cho nhiing ngudi khdng theo Chua.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Vuofng Thi Kim Oanh. Nguyen nhdn tdm ly xd hpi ciia sir phuc hoi, phdt Irien dqo Tin lanh trong ddng bao cdc dun tpc Ihieu sd d Tay Nguyen vd nhimg vdn de dqi ra ddi vdi cdng tdc an ninh, De lai khoa hpc cap Bd, Ma sd BA - 2002 - T31 - 025, Bo Cdng an. Ha Ndi, 2005.
2. Sd lieu dieu tra De tai dpc lap ca'p Nha nude: "Nghien ciru nhirng ddc diem tdm ly xd hpi ca bdn cita cpng ddng Tin Idnh cdc ddn lpc thieu sd d Tay Nguyen hien nay"
do GS.TS. Vii Dung lam chii nhiem.
3. Ngd Die Thinh, Nghi le vd phong luc cdc lpc ngirdi dTdy Nguyen, NXB Khoa hpc xa hdi. Ha Ndi, 2006.
TAPCHI TAM LVHOC, Sd7 (184), 7 - 2 0 1 4