j'ilhin ra the gioi
GIOI THIEU HE THONG CHI DAN THAM KHAO O X F O R D
T
rich din, tham khao cac cong trinh nghien cuu hay y tirang khoa hoc ciia cac nha khoa hoc khae, cac cong trinh khoa hoc khae la viec rat phd bien trong nghien cuu khoa hoc. Luat phap cac nuac, thong le trong quan he qudc te va dao ly khoa hoc doi hoi trong moi cong trinh nghien cuu can phai the hien dugc mot each tuong minh, day du va chi tiet a miic cao nhat viec trich din, tham khao do.Cung vi the, chi din trich din khoa hoc xuat hien. Mue dich chii yeu ciia chi din trich din khoa hoc vdi tinh each mot san pham thong tin la xae nhan cong sue v^ su dong gop ciia moi nha khoa hoc, moi cong trinh khoa hoc trong mdi quan he voi cac ket qua nghien cuu da co - nhung ket qua d mue dp va goc dp khae nhau da gop phan tao nen cong trinh khoa hoc dang dugc khao sat'. Chi din tham khao (reference) la viee tae gia mpt cong trinh khoa hoc the hien mpt each chi tiet, cu the cac npi dung CO trong cac nguon tin khae (cdc nguon dugc trich ddn) da dugc su dung trong mpt cong trinh nghien cuu (tdi lieu trich ddn) ciia minh.
Xu hudng nghien cuu va mpt sd hoat dpng dang rat dugc quan tam hien nay la:
trie lircmg thu mue, trie lugng web; su hinh thanh va phat trien cac san pham thong tin dugc tao nen tren co sd ap dung eae phuang phap khoa hpe do; va viee su dung cac cong cu nay de danh gia, phan hang cac cpng ddng khoa hpe, ca nhan nha khoa hpe, cong trinh khoa hpe. Su xuat
hien danh mue cac tap chf khoa hpe co uy tin do Vien Thong lin Khoa hpe (Hoa Ky) xay dung va cap nhal hing nam, viee phan thu hang cac trudng dai hpe tren the gidi, viec cung cap dich vu Iiet kc cac lai lieu dugc trich din tren cac ngudn thong lin khoa hpe ldn va quan trpng tren the gidi nhu ScienceDirect.com,... la cac vi du lieu bieu phan anh xu hudng va cac hoat dpng mang linh trao luu do.
De thue hien mpt each day du, ehinh xae cac sd lieu trich din ma cac cong trinh nghien cuu da thuc hien, cac tap chi va nha xuat ban eo uy tin tren the gidi da xay dung eac quy lac nghiem ngat de phan anh viec tham khao, trich dan trong cac cong trinh dugc cong bo. O nudc ta, cung da xuat hien cac quy tac tuong ling ddi vdi cae luan an khoa hpe. Vdi mue dich hudng tdi su hoa hgp cac quy chuan thong dung tren the gidi, chung toi gidi thieu cac npi dung chinh cua bp quy tic trinh bay cac trich din, tham khao dang rat phd bien hien nay:
He thdng chi din tham khao Oxford (Oxford Referencing System). Vi npi dung dugc gidi thieu chu yeu mang tinh chat eae quy tic nen hinh thuc xu ly thong tin dugc ap dung la chpn dieh eae npi dung chfnh cua He thdng nay. Neu khong co ghi ehii khae, eac npi dung dugc trinh bay deu tij tai lieu tham khao [1].
Cdc hinh thiic trich ddn trong cdc cdng trinh khoa hge: Footnote^/Thu mue hay hi thdng tra ciiu Oxford
' 6 day can phSn biet hai khai niem: tai lieu trich dan (citing document)- tai lieu dang duoc khao sat, ti-ong do CO six dung thong tin, y tuong cua tac gia khae, tai lieu khae - tai lieu duoc trich din (cited document).
' Duong nhien c6 the dich la Ghi chu/Chii thich chan trang. Tuy nhien, do thuat ngu Footnote da rat quen thuoc trong cac he soan thao van ban, nen trong tai lieu nay, no duoc su dung true tiep.
THONG TIN va TU'LIEU 1/2012 33
iplhin ra thS gidi
He thdnu chi dan tham khao O.xibrd.
hay con duoc biel den la he thdng trich dan chu thich lai lieu dugc sii dung dau lien irong mpt sd cong trinh nghien cuii ve trici hoc va su hoc. He thdng nay bao gdm cat.
hinh thuc: Inch clan Irong phan npi dun^
ciia cong trinh nghien ciiii, su dung chu so d \ i iri cao hon va mpt danh sach ft)(>lnotL' d cudi nioi trang van ban doi voi cac In'ch dan trong trang do. Mol thu mue dinh kem dugc gan o phan cuoi nbam cung cap ca*.
thong lin chi iict ve mdi tai lieu tham khao va doi khi la cac tu lieu bd sung co gia tri lu van trong qua trinh ticn hanh cong trinh nghien ciin do.
Cac chir so d vi tri cao hon ket hcrp vcVi cac footnote irong phirong phap chi dan tham khao Oxford thudng dugc sir dung mdi khi lien hanh trich din mpt thong tin nao do va thirdng ducyc dat d lir eudi ciia cau. Ddi vdi viee trich true tiep mpt dpan van ban thi co the chen vao d vi tri thich hpp trong ngu" canh cua doan van ban do'
Chi ddn tham khdo. Theo mpt each tiep can khae, chi din tham khao (chi dan den ngudn dugc tham khao) dugc xem la mpt he thdng cho phep mpt tac gia Ihira nhan cac dong gop ciia ngirdi khae trong cong trinh nghien cuu ciia minh. O bat ky dau neu sii dung bat ky tir nao, y tudng nao hay thong lin nao lir bat ky ngudn nao trong cong trinh ciia minh, thi tac gia phai chi din tham khao den eae ngudn do. Dieu do CO nghla neu sii dung viec trich doan cac tir eiia mpt tac gia nao do, neu tae gia dien giai eac lir do hoac neu lac gia tom luge cac y tudng cua lac gia khae, thi bit bupe phai dua ra mpt ehi din tham khao. Neu thieu chi din tham khao do thi ngudi trich din eo the bi bupe tpi la dao van v^ cong trinh do se bi xii ly theo phap luat.
Cdch thi' hien chi ddn tham khdo.
Phuxyng phap footnote /thu mue doi hoi phai:
Dua mol footnote vao van ban (eiia tai lieu Irich dan);
Lap mpt Ihu mue hay mpt danh sach cac nguon tham khao d phan cudi ciia lai lieu.
Footnote (doi khi dugc gpi la chu thich) la cai ma tii-ong tu nhu mpt ehu thich (hay chi din den ngudn thong tin) dugc xuat liien (V cudi hay diu trang. Trong he thdng chi din tham khao kieu footnote, ban co the chi ra mpt chi din tham khao bing mot trong sd cac each:
Them mpt chO sd dugc gpi la ky tu nhan dien chi din tham khao. Chir sd n^y thudng CO cd nho hon, dugc dat tai vi tri cao han so vdi dong van ban, kieu nhu "Vi du "'
Them mpt chir sd tuang ling dugc gan kem mpt trich dan tdi ngudn tham khao.
Footnote nen dugc the hien bing mpt chii sd va theo thir tu cac chii thich dugc Iiet ke:
chi dan tham khao thu nhat la 1, thu hai la 2, v.v... Uu diem ciia hinh thuc footnote la ngudi dpc de dang ludt qua trang de xae dinh dugc cac ngudn chi dan tham khao quan lam. Cung can luu y ring, chi din iham khao dudi hinh thuc footnote la rat can thiet. M(3t danh muc/thu mue tai lieu tham khao d cuoi tai lieu tuy khong the thieu song khong dii chi tiet de co the thay the cho hinh thuc chi din quan trpng nay.
Do do, cac cong trinh nghien cuu can phai xay dung he thdng footnote phan anh trung thuc viec lac gia da sii dung cdc kit qud nghien eiiu trudc do nhu the nao mpt each chi tiet d miic co the.
^ 'Oxford referencing - What is it' And how to use it' Ngay tham khao: 19/8/2011
< http://wwA\-.oxbridgcwriters.com/study-aids/rcfercncing/oxford-referencing.php>
34 THONG TIN va TU" LIEU 1/2012
f
» . * * .(^, *v't'
. - * » ^ '
,«^-' l i
//!!!/A)/>j ra the giai
Cdc trudng hgp cu the ciia footnotea) Chu thich ddu tien ddi vdi mot ngudn duae trich ddn
The hien trong van ban
Cac ky tu nhan dien chii thich nen dugc dat d cudi cau va tiep theo mpt dau cham (nhung tnrdc mot chiit). Neu ban su dung mpt trich din dai (hon 3 dong \ an ban) thi ky tu nhan dien chii thich nen dat d eudi doan trich din do.
The hien d vi tri chan trang
Khi chi din tham khao den mpt ngudn nao do d lan dau tien thi can phai cung cap mpi thong tin can thiet de co the giiip ban doe tim dugc den ngudn do. Thong tin ein thiet d day bao gdm hai phan: thong tin thu mue eua ngudn dugc trich va thong tin chi tiet ve vi tri ma thong tin do cu tni. Cu the:
* Thong tin thu mue (thong tin ve ngudn trich) bao gdm:
Hp ten day dii ciia tac gia;
Ten eiia bai bao, eudn sach hoac ten tap chi;
Danh sach nhiing ngudi bien tap (neu co);
- Ten nha xuat ban va dia diem xuat ban;
- Nam xuat ban.
* Vi tri cu tru cua thong tin dugc trich din. Do chinh la sd trang/vi tri trang chinh xae neu viec tham khao cua ban la su trich din true tiep mpt cau, doan, y tudng hay mpt luge trich cu the va true tiep tir ngudn.
Vl du 4:
' M Lake, intimate strangers in Making a Life: a People s History of Australia Since 1788, V. Burgman and J. Lee (eds), Penguin, Victoria, 1988, p. 155.
Mpt sd chii y khi bien soan cac chii thich
Ten eua cac an pham nen de dudi dgng cha nghieng (italic).
Han che den miic thap nhal viec sir dung chir in hoa ddi vdi ten xual ban pham.
Sii dung viet hoa mot each han che ddi vdi ten tap ehi hoac ten bai trfeh eudn sach.
- Ten eac b^i trich nen dua vao khoang giua eae dau nhay don.
Sii dung cac dau phay de phan each mdi don vi trich din va ket ihiic bing dau cham cau.
b) Chii thieh thii hai vd cdc ehu thich tiip theo
Khi the hien chii thich lan Ihiihai va eac lin tiep theo ddi vdi ciing mpt tai lieu dugc chi din tham khao tdi, khong can thiet phai neu day du cae thong tin ve tai lieu nay nhu khi ehii thieh cho lan cha din tham khao thii nhat. O day chi can neu thong tin tdi thieu, song vin du chi ro tai lieu nao dugc chi din tham khao tdi.
Ddi vdi tnrdng hgp lac gia ca nhan, cin phai cung cap mpi thong tin can thiet d Ian chii thich diu tien. Neu mudn chi din tham khao den chfnh ngudn do sau nay, phuang phap don gian la dua ra ten tac gia, nam xuat ban va sd trang. Vi du:
' I Reid, Higher Education or Education for Hire? Language and Values in
Australian Universities, CQU Press, Roekhampton, 1996, p. 87.
' Reid, p. 98.
" Cac vi du trong tai lieu tham khao [1] duoc su dung de trinh bay trong bai gioi thieu na\-.
THONG TIN va TU" LIEU 1/2012 35
Mhin ra thS gl6i
Neu >:o qua hai cong tnnh ciia cimg nioi lac gia ma ban da tham khao t(Vi trong lai lieu ciia minh, thi can hd Ming them ten cu,i tai lii^u duoc tham khao. \'i du:
' E Gaskell, North and S(>iiih. I'cnguiii.
Harmondsworlh, l'>7(). p. 228.
^ E Gaskell, The Life «l Charlotte Bronte. Penguin, llainiondsworlh, 1975.
p. 53.
' Gaskell, North and South, p. 222.
Cac lan tham khao iicp theo ddi vcVi cac bai trich bao/lap chi cung dugc tiiin hanh theo each lirong tu:
'^ M, Doyle, 'Captain Mbaye Diagne', Granta, vol. 48. August 1994, pp. 99-103.
8
"Doyle, Granta,p. 101.
Cdc chit viit tat ddnh cho hinh thuc footnote nhieu ldn. Mol each khae dugc su dung ddi vdi cac chi dan tham khao ihii hai hay nhirng lin tiep la sii dung cac chii viet tit Latinh da duac sii dung phd bien' Cu the la:
ibid ed nghia Id " luong lu nhu tai lieu tren"
Sii dung ibid khi hai chi dan tham khao ddi vdi ciing mpt lai lieu dugc tham khao xuat hien lien tiep trong lai lieu trich dan.
op.cit. cd nghia Id "nhu (tai lieu) da dugc trich dan trudc"
Sii dung op.cit. klii dira ra cac chi tiei day du cua ngudn Iham khao da dugc chii thich trudc do. Khi sii dung op.cit. can phai cung cap cac thong tin nhu ve ten tac gia de tao cho su ro rang ddi vdi lai lieu dugc chi din tham khao tdi. Cac ehu viet tit nky nen de d dang chii nho va d phan dau mdi
chu thich.
Ciic vi du:
' I Reid, Higher luluccniim or Educalion for Hire'.'' Language and Values In Australian Universiues. CQ\] Press, Roekhampton, 1996. p 87
'-' ibid., p. 26.
" M Doyle, 'Captain M'Diye DiiJi'nc , Granta, vol. 48, August 19'M. p. 99.
'"Reid, op. cit., p. 147.
1
Trich ddn cdc logi tai lieu klidc nhau.
Cac chi tiet thu mue la cac thong tin vc mpt tai lieu cu the, d day ia lai lieu dugc trich din. Cac chi Iiet do bao gdm ten tac gia.
ten tai lieu, thdi gian xuat ban, ten nha xuat ban, dia diem xuat ban. Can nhd rang, cae chir sd dugc dua ra dudi dang chu nho, tren
vi tri cao hon trong cac chu thich.
- Ddi vdi lai lieu la sach. Thong tin can dugc Iiet ke theo trinh tu sau:
1. Hp, ten tac gia
2. Ten sach (gach chan hay in nghieng) 3. Ten nha xuat ban
4. Dia diem xuat ban 5. Nam xuat ban 6. Vi tri trang Vl du:
' M. Henninger, Don t Just Surf:
Effective Research Strategies for the Net, UNSW Press. Sydney, 1997. p. 91.
Ddi vdi bai trich/chuong sach trong mpt suu tap sach. Thong tin can dugc Iiet ke theo trinh tu sau:
1. Hp, ten tac gia
2. Ten ciia bai trich (nim giua hai dau ngoae don)
6 Viet Nam, nhieu tac gia da su dung cum tu " Sach da din" hay cac chii viet tSt "sdd"
36 THONG TIN va TU" LIEU 1 /2012
IMhin ra thSgiai
3. Ten ciia sach/ten bp suu lap (gach chan hay in nghieng)
4. Nhiing ngudi bien soan 5. Ten nha xuat ban
6. Dja diem xuat biin 7. Nam xuat ban 8. Vi tri trang Vi du:
- M. Blaxter, 'Social class and health inequahties', in Equalities and Inecjualities in Health, C. Carter & J. Peel (eds).
Academic Press, London, 1976. pp. 6-7.
- Ddi vdi bai tap chi. Thong tin dugc Iiet ke theo trinh tu:
1. Hp, ten tac gia
2. Ten bai bao (dat giiia dau ngoac don)
3. Ten tap chi hay an pham dinh ky (gach chan hay in nghieng)
4. Sd tap chi theo nam 5. Sd tap chi trong nam
6. Thang xuat ban (neu co the) 7. Nam xuat ban
8. Vi tri trang Vi du:
^ M. Doyle, 'Captain Mbaye Diagne' Granta, vol. 48, August 1994, pp. 99-103.
- Ddi vdi tai lieu dien tu
+ Mpt website. Thong tin dugc Iiet ke theo trinh tu:
1. Tac gia
2. Ten hay dia diem ngudi bao trg ciia trang web
3. Ngay trang web dugc lao ra hay dugc cap nhat
4. Ngay tham khao
5. URL
+ Tai lieu tren mpt website. Thong tin dugc Iiet ke iheo rrinh tu.
1. Tac gia hay ngudi bien soan 2. Nhan de
3. Ten cua ngudi bao trg trang web 4. Thdi diem cap nhal gan nhal 5. Ngay iham khao
6. URL Vi du:
^ N Curlhoys, 'Future directions for rhetoric - invention and elhos in public critique', in Australian Humanities Review. March-April 2001, viewed on
11 April 2001,
<hlltp://www.lib.latrobe.edu.au/AHR/ar chive/Issue-April- 2001 /curthoys.htmb-.
+ Email: thu dien tii dugc trich d i n tuong tu nhu ddi vdi cac hinh thuc trao ddi thong tin ca nhan.
-I- Danh sach thu dien tu. O day bao gdm cac danh sach thu dien tu, danh sach nhom nguai diing tin hay ban tin dien tii. Trinh tu Iiet ke thdng tin trong trudng hgp nay 1^:
1. Tac gia
2. Thong tin chi tiet de nhan dien tac gia (vi du dia chi e-mail)
3. Mo ta ve viec tai thong tin 4. Ten ciia ngudi sd hiiu danh sach 5. Thdi gian tai thong tin
6. Thdi diem tham kliao 7 URL
-{- CD-ROM. Vi(?c the hien su tham khao tdi cac dia CD-ROM eting turnig tu nhu film, video va ban ghi am phat thanh.
THONG TIN va TU'LIEU 1/2012 37
minrathSgi&l
Thu nine hay (hinh .sdch tai liiu tham khdo
Mac dau cac ihoni' lin thir mue day dii dugc dua ra IIOHL' hinh thuc chi d;in tham khao daiip fooinotc hay cac Iham khao d cudi tai lieu, hau hc( cac tai lieu hudng diin doi hoi Ciic tac gi;i phiii cung Ciip nipt danh sach ncng ciic cong trinh da dugc trich dan tic thuc hien cong trinh ciia minh. Dieu do se giup kiem tra vice licl ke diiy dii ciic nguon tham khiio mcil Ciich dc diing lurn va dua ra ciic y tudng ro rang han cho nghien ciiu dang dugc khao siil.
Cach thiic Iiet ke thong lin. Mpt don vi thu mue doi hoi ciic thong tin luang tu nhu mpt don vi dupe lao footnote nhu tren, song d day co hai su khae biet:
1. Hp ciia tac gia dugc dat d phfa tnrdc ten, gidng nhu cac tai lieu tham khao dugc Iiet ke iheo trat tu chir cai theo hp ciia tac gia
2. Mpt sd yeu id dugc ngan each b i n g dau cham thay cho dau phay
Dudi day la cac vi du img vdi moi trudng hgp:
- Ddi vdi sach
Ddi vdi liii lii^u Iren mang
Reid, I, Higher Education or Education for Hire? Language and Values in Australian Universities. CQU Press, Roekhampton, 1996.
- Ddi vdi bai trich tap chi
Doyle, M 'Captain Mbaye Diagne' Granta, vol. 48, August 1994, pp. 99-103.
Curthoys, N, 'Future directions for rhetoric - invention and elhos in public critique', in Australian Humanities Review, March-April 2001, viewed on
11 April 2001,
<hlllp://www.lib.liitrobe.edu.au/AHR/ar chive/Issue-ApriI-2001/curthoys.hlml>.
Chii thfch cudi bai. Mpt he thdng chi din tham khao dang chii thich cudi b^i cung dugc xem nhu mpt he thdng trich dan. Cac chir sd dugc su diing nhu eac chi sd nhan dien chii thich trong van ban. Mpt chii so dugc gan cho duy nhat mpt tai lieu dugc trich d i n nhu la de chi d i n tham khao den tai lieu do d lan dau lien. Mpt tai lieu tham khao se tuong ling vdi mpt chir sd trong toan bp cong trinh ciia ban vii neu tai lieu do dugc tiep tuc tham khao ldi thi chir sd dac trung cho tai lieu do se lai dugc nhic lai d cac lan tham khao sau.
Vi du:
Modem scientific nomenclature really began with Linnaeus in botany, 1 but other disciplines 2-3 were not many years behind in developing various systems for nomenclature and symbolisation. 4-7
Cac ghi chii nay thudng dugc tap hgp d phan cudi cua bai viet thay vi a phan d i u cua mdi trang. Cac ghi chii nay dugc td chiic theo diing nghia cua ten gpi ciia chiing: cac footnote dugc tap
38 THONG TIN va Ty LIEU 1/2012
Wlhin ra thS giai
hgp tai cudi (hay dau) mdi trang, con chii thich cudi bai dugc tap hgp d phin cudi ciia bai. Footnote va chii thich cudi bai dugc diing cho ciing mpt mue dich.
Song vi chiing la hai he thdng khae nhau cho nen khi sii dung thi can nhat quan theo mpt he thdng da chpn.
Chu thich vi cdc cong trinh dgng lugn dn, sdeh,...
Trong cac cong trinh ldn gdm nhieu phan hay chuang mue. thong thudng de bat dau lai viec lap ehi so d phan dau mdi chuang hay mue chiing dugc tach ra. Neu ban dang sii dung hinh thirc chii thich cudi bai thi co nghia la cac ngudn tham khao ciia ban se dugc tap hgp Iheo each de dang nhan biet dugc hon ddi vdi ngudi dpc. Neu cong trinh ciia ban dugc phan each theo tiing chuang, thi phan chii thich cuoi bai co the dugc phan each theo tiing chuang. Vi du chii thich thii 3 trong Chuang 7 se dugc chi ra bang each nay trong cac chii thich cudi bai:
Reference:
Chapter 7 1...
2...
3 M C Egerton, The Australian Film
Industry: An Overview, Dominion Press,Adelaide and Cirmamon Publishing, St.
Lucia, Queensland, 1986, p. 99.
Gan day trong boat dpng khoa hoc d nudc ta co hai van de dugc quan tam:
lam sao de gia tang so' lugng biii nghien ciiu ciia cac tac gia Viet Nam dugc cong bd tren cac lap chf khoa hoc CO uy tfn tren the gidi? va lam sao de mpt sd tap chi khoa hoc ciia Viet Nam dugc xuat hien trong danh sach cac tap chi khoa hoc co uy tin tren the gidi?
Xet ve khia canh the thiic trinh bay cac cong trinh nghien ciiu, co van de phai the hien dugc cac trich din theo cac quy chuan phd bien tren the gidi m^
cac tac gid cung nhu cac tap chi khoa hgc can tuan thii mot each thdng nhat.
Chfnh vi the, chiing toi gidi thieu khai luge cac npi dung chinh ciia Oxford Referecing System, mpt he thdng quy dinh phuong phap trinh bay cac trich din, tham khao trong cac cong trinh khoa hpe hien dang rat phd bien tai nhieu qud^c gia. Hy vpng d mpt khia canh nao do, cac tu lieu nay gop phin de chiing ta co mpt tieng noi chung vdi nhau va vdi cpng ddng khoa hoc, thdng tin va xuat ban tren the gidi.
Nguwi dich.- Trdn Mgnh Tudn
Ngudn:
^. 'The Footnote/ Bibliography or 'Oxford' Referencing System' 09A/II1/2011.
< http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/ref- bib.html>
2. 'Oxford referencing - What is it? And how to use it'. 18/V1II/201L
<http://www.oxbridgewriters.com/study- aids/referencing/oxford-referencing.php>
THONG TIN va TU" LIEU 1 /2012 39