Nguyen Thj Dien, Ngo TningThinh,..., Di cu theo gidi va sdn xudi..
DI c i r THEO GIOI VA SAN XUAT NONG NGHIEP P VUNG DONG BANG SONG HONG (PItan 1)
Nguyen Thi Dien*, Ngo Trung Thanh*', Nguyen Thi Minh Khue"'*, Philippe Lebailly**'''', Nguyen Due Chien*****
* Hoc viin Ndng nghiep Viit Nam. **, ***,**** Bg mdn Kinh te nong thon vdxd hoi hgc.
Gembloux Agro-BiO'Tech. Dai hgc Liege. ***** Vien Xa hdi hoc, Vien Hdn ldm KHXHVN Ngdynhdnbai' 06/06/2018, ngdy giri phdn biin: 11/06/2018. ngdy duyel ddng. 30/08/2018
T~\i cu lao dgng Id xu hu&ng phd bien cua cdc nong hg & vung Ddng bdng sdng Hdng.
J.^Di cu theo gi&i cd tdc ddng nhiiu mat den sdn xudt ndng nghiep vdphdt triin ndng thdn. Thong qua diiu tra 215 nong hg tgi 4 xd cua Tinh Bdc Ninh, nghien ciru cho thdy cdc ho cd nu giai di cu co xu huong tap trung nhiiu hon vdo sdn xudt ndng nghiip bdng cdch su dung hieu qud ddt nong nghiep dugc giao (97,4%), tdn dung cdc cahgidi thue them ddt ndng nghiep mo rgng sdn xudt (26,5%) vd kit qud Id ed thu nhdp nong nghiep eao han so vol nhdm hg cd nam gi&i di cu. Thdng qua ldng kinh gioi, nghiin ciru ndy nhdn mgnh tinh hai mdt trong bdn chdt d&i sdng cua ngu&i di cu vd nhirng hdm y cua di cu lao ddng ddi v&i nhOng cdch phdn hang CO dinh
Tu khda: Di cu theo gidi, sdn xudt nong nghiep, loai hinh sir dung ddt Gidi thieu
Cdc chinh sach ddi mdi vd hien dai hda cua Viet Nam da tao nen nhung thay ddi ddng ke trong sdn xuat ndng nghiep va phdt trien ndng thon, trong dd Idn song di cu lao dgng vdi nhieu hinh thai rat da dang la hien tupng ndi bat nhdt. Theo bao cdo mdi day ciia Chuong trinh phdt trien Lien hpp Qudc, trong vdng 20 nam qua, Viet Nam da chimg kien nhiing ddng di cu trong nudc vd qudc te ldn nhdt trong Ijeh sir (UNDP Vietnam 2010). CJ viing D6ng bdng song Hong, rdt nhieu hp gia dinh md rdng cdc boat dpng sinh ke cua hp ra nhieu ITnh vyc khac, ngoai sdn xudt nong nghiep vd ndng thdn. Di cu lao ddng vdi nhieu hinh thiic khac nhau tao nen ldi sdng cua nhieu ngudi dan ndng thon mang tinh chat '"chdn trong" (d lang) vd
"chdn ngodi" (d noi khde).
* xhhchien@yahoo com
La mgt binh thai di ddng ddn sd quan trpng nhdt d ndng thdn, di cu gdn bd chat che vdi san xuat ndng nghiep va phat trien ndng thdn. Trong cdc nghien ciru ve di cu, cdc nha nghien ciiu deu cd diem chung thong nhdt la nhiing bien ddng trong sdn xudt nong nghiep vira Id nguyen nhan vira la hdu qud cua di cu (Anh 2003, Philip 2011) nhung tac ddng cu the cua di cu ddi vdi sdn xudt ndng nghiep nhu the nao van cdn nbieu tranh cai. Mdt sd nghien ciiu cho rdng, di cu ddn tdi su thilu hut lao dgng do do ddn tdi suy thoai ndng thdn (de- agrarianization) (Bryceson 1996). Quan diem nay cho rang, vi nhimg ngudi di cu thudng Id lyc lupng lao dgng tre tudi d ndng thdn nen di cu dan den tinh trang thieu lao ddng nong nghiep vd la nguyen nhdn dan din ngheo khi cua cdc cpng ddng ndng thdn (Skeldon 2003).
Trudc het, sy mat di lao ddng tre tudi cd tac 70
Nghien ciiu An Do va Chau A. S6 9 - 2018 ddng tieu cyc den thu nhdp ciia cae ndng hd d
nai di cho du nd khdng dnh hudng nhilu din nang sudt lao ddng (CroII and Huang 1997, de Brauw 2010). Viee thilu hut lao ddng ndng nghiep ed t h i dan tdi viec quang canh ndng nghiep, gidm dien tich gieo trdng (de Haas 2005) va cd hai cho cdc t6 chiic van hda - xd hgi cd nhiem vu dam bdo tinh bin vung cho cac boat ddng ndng nghiep (Jokisch 2002).
Khi tien giri ve khdng dupe ddu tu vao sdn xudt ndng nghiep, di cu con cd tac ddng tieu cyc ddi vdi vice md rpng san xuat ndng nghiep dae biet ddi vdi nen ndng nghiep dya tren sdn xudt ty cung ty cap vd khdng cd ddi du de ddu tu them. Mdt Iy do kbdc niia Id viec giam lao dgng gia dinh, tang lao ddng Idm thue dan tdi gidm hieu qud sdn xuat ndng nghiep (McKay 2005).
Ngupc lai, mdt sd tdc gid khde lai cho rang di cu CO tdc ddng tich eye den san xudt ndng nghiep. Tien gui tir di cu gdp phan gidm ngheo d ndng thdn va tao nen nhiing dau tu ldn hon vdo ndng nghiep (Le Bach Duong and Nguyen Thanh Liem 2011). Cac nghien ciiu theo hudng nay da ehi ra rdng dl cu co the gidi quyet van de thdt nghiep vd thieu viec Idm d viing ndng thdn vd do dd chua ban da Idm thieu but lao ddng ndng nghiep (CroII and Huang 1997, Rigg 1998, Jokisch 2002).
Ngudn lao dpng cdn lai d trong cdc Idng cd the du d l tham gia vdo boat ddng ndng nghiep trong khi nhung ngudi kbdc trong lang di cu.
Quan diem nay ciing cho rang, tien giri ve cho phep cac hd cd ngudi di cu cd t h i thue them lao dpng,mua cac yeu td ddu vao cho san xudt ndng nghiep nhu may mdc thilt bj, giong ma, phdn bdn, thudc trir sau, siic keo tbay tbi eho lao dpng nong nghiep da thieu hut vi di cu (de Brauw 2010). Ngay ca khi ehi mdt lupng nho
tiln giri dupe dung de dau tu vdo kinh doanh ndng nghiep, nd van cd vai trd quan trpng trong viec thiic ddy hieu qua sir dung ddt ndng nghiep vd ban che nhiing khd khan ve tdi chinh cho cdc hg (Tiffen M, Mortimer Met al.
1994, McDowell C and de Haan 1997, de Haas 2005, McKay 2005).
Mac dil cd rdt nhieu nghien cuu ve di cu va tac ddng cua di cu ddi vdi ndng nghiep nhung cdc nghien ciiu ve chieu canh gidi cua di cu vd sdn xudt ndng nghiep cdn rdt It.
Nghien ciiu don thudn tdc ddng tieu eye hay ti'ch cyc cua di cu ma khdng xet den khia canh gidi Id khong du de hieu sau hon ve tac dgng da chieu va phiic tap cua di cu den ndng nghiep va phdt trien ndng thdn. Gidi bien hiiu trong tdt ca cdc giai doan trong hanh trinh ciia ngudi di cu. Tu viec ra quyet djnh di cu, lya chgn hinh thiic di eu, ho trp ngudi di cu den sir dung tien gui deu Id ket qua ciia viee can nhac, tinh todn can trpng bao gdm trong dd viec xem xet ehi phi vd Ipi Ich ciia cdc thdnh vien nam va nir trong hp dong thdi dya tren su phan cong lao dpng theo gidi va ngudn lue ciia hd d cac giai doan khac nhau cua ddi sdng gia dinh. Cdc quyet djnh di cu khdng chi lien quan den cd nhan ngudi di cu ma edn lien quan den ca hd. Ket qud Id di cu da tao ra cdc hinh thiie phdn bd lao ddng pbii hop vdi dieu kien cua mdi hd (Nguyen Thj Dien, Vii Dinh Tdn et al.
2012). Sy phdt trien cua cac hinh thiic di cu ciing vdi sy thay ddi trong vai tro gidi khdng nhdt thiet dan den nhiing tac ddng gidng nhau ddi vdi tat ca cac hd nhu Id sy thieu hut lao dgng ndng nghiep hay sy suy gidm san xudt ndng nghiep. Hon nira, vdi sy gia tang cua nhung ''nong ddn lai" (Peemans 2013), tac dgng cua di cu ddi vdi sdn xudt ndng nghiep phdi dupe xem xet thdng qua lang kinh gidi.
Nguyen Thi Dien, Ngo Trung Thanh...., Di cir theo gidi va sdn xudi..
Mgt khia canh khac trong quan he giiia di cu va sdn xuat ndng nghiep la vai trd ciia ndng nghiep trong kinh te hd hien nay. Cae hg cd nam gidi vd nii gidi di cu cd nhiing mong mudn khac nhau ve muc dich cua sdn xudt nong nghiep, khong chi gidi han d sdn xuat ra cac san phdm cdo thiet cho tieu diing hay san xuat hang hda md Id nhiing gid trj mang tinh bieu trung va phi kinh te ciia san xuat ndng nghiep (Ferguson 2013). Nhirng muc dich da dang nay quyet dinh cdch thiic sii dyng ddt nong nghiep vd cac ngudn lyc khac cho san xudt nong nghiep. Do do, cdc hinh thiic sii dung dat nong nghiep trd nen rdt phiic tap vdi cac xu hudng kbdc nhau thdm chi ddi lap nhau nhu viec tich tu tap trung rugng ddt vd bo ddt hoang ehi vdi muc tieu dam bdo quyen sir dung dat vd giir mgt chdn d Idng (Nguyen Thj Dien 2017). Di cu theo gidi vd tien giii ve cung tao nen cac khudn mau img xir ciia cac hg lien quan den dau tu tu ban khae nhau. Ket qua la, di cu ddn tdi nhimg thay ddi trong ban chdt ciia san xuat nong nghiep theo do, sdn xuat nong nghiep cd nhieu chiic ndng ben canh chiic nang tmyen thdng la cung cap luong thyc, thyc pham.
Di cu lao dgng theo gidi tao nen nhiing nguon lyc mdi trong sinh ke ndng hg va mang den nhimg tbay ddi trong dja vj xa hdi, ban sdc ciia cd nhan dong thdi them vao nhirng khia canh mdi trong phan tdng xa hgi va trong cdch phdn hang theo kieu co dinh d ndng thdn.
Quan he gidi phdn anh sy sdp x i p thuang lupng ben trong moi nong hp, dong thdi phan dnh nhung tdc ddng cua edu tnic kinh t l xa hgi ben ngoai bg. Quan he gidi cd lien quan din tinb hieu qud cua viec sir dyng dat ndng nghiep, phdn bd lao ddng vd sir dyng tiln giri (Bettina 2006, Gorman 2006). Trong boi cdnh
ciia di cu lao ddng, sy tich luy tu ban trong san xudt ndng nghiep khdng phdi Id con dudng duy nhdt ciia sy phdn tdng xa hdi Cdc co hgi de kiem them thu nhdp ngodi ndng nghiep va ngodi lang xa tao ra cac binh thirc khac cua viec tich liiy tu ban. Nii gidi vd nam gidi trdi nghiem cac co hdl vd thdch thiic nay khde nhau. Ben canh tinb trang bdt binh dang gidi gan vdi cac yeu td truyen thdng, di cu va nhirng nii ro trong di cu cdng Idm cho tinh de bj ton thucmg vd dja vj thap kem ciia phu nii trong xa hdi trd nen sdu sac hon vdi sy xuat hien ngdy cdng tang cua phu nii trong ede cong vice dupe tra lucmg thap d ed khu vue ehinh thiic va phi chinh thiic (Mason and King 2001, Sally 2006, Sylvia 2007, Cling, Huyen et al.
2010). Ket qua la, di cu theo gidi vd san xuat ndng nghiep da mang lai nhiing khia canh mdi trong sy phdn tdng xa hdl d ndng thdn. Di cu dan den su da dang ve dja vj giai cap, bdn sac nghe nghiep vd bdn sac gidi d cdc khdng gian khde nhau. Mgt ngudi Idm thue d bdi cdnh ndy CO the la ngudi chu d boi cdnh kbdc (Philip 2011), mgt ngudi giiip viec Id ngudi ngheo d thdnh phd nbung cd the la ngudi gidu d ndng thdn. Vai tro gidi ciing thay ddi, khi di cu, nii gidi cd the phdi dam nhdn eac vai trd cua nam gidi vd ngupc lai. Ngudi di cu Idm cac nghe kbdc nhau ngoai ldng xa nhung vdn giii dat va duy tri san xuat ndng nghiep tai Idng, hp la ndng ddn md ciing khdng phdi ndng dan. Id ngudi thdn que ma eiing khdng phdi ngudi thon que. Do tinh chat hai mat nay trong ddi sdng ciia ngudi di cu ma sy phan bang trd nen linh boat, bdn sac gidi, ban sac nghe nghiep vd bdn sac cu trii cung thay doi theo.
Bdi viet nay phan tieh tinh hai mat cua ddi sdng ngudi di cu thdng qua xem xet ede khudn mau kbdc nhau ciia viec sii dyng dat ndng
Nghien ciiu An Dg va Chau A. So 9 - 2018 nghiep, phdn bd lao ddng va quylt dinh dau tu
eiia cdc ndng hd. Bai vilt tap trung tim hieu eac hdm y ma di cu theo gidi gpi ra trong sdn xuat ndng nghiep vd sy phan hang e l djnh trong ndng thdn lien quan din tinh co ddng ciia hp vd bdn sac eiia cac ed nhdn. Dya uen each tilp can kinh t l chinh trj (White 1989, Razavi 2009) vd cdch tiep can xa hdi bpc nghien ciiu nay hudng den phdn tich sdu sac hon ve qua trinh bien doi ndng thon hien nay vdi hai true chi'nh Id di cu vd sdn xuat nong nghiep trong sy tucmg tac ngdy cang gia tang giira khdng gian xa hgi ndng thon va dd thi.
Tinh Bdc Ninh dupe lua chpn la diem nghien eiiu do tinh dai dien cua tinh nay ve cac dac diem ndi bdt cua qud trinh cdng nghiep hda vd hien dai hda d viing Ddng bang song Hong. Bdc Ninh ed dien tich la 823 km^
vdi 1,038 tri$u ngudi, day la tinh nhd nhdt cua Ddng bdng song Hong nhung diing tbii 5 trong so cac tinh cd miic do ddu tu nudc ngoai cao nhat cua ea nudc. Hien nay Bdc ninh cd 15 khu cdng nghiep, 35 cum cdng nghiep vdi dien tieh len tdi hem 9.400 ha (People commitee of Bac Ninh province 2013). Dya tren ty le chuyen ddi ddt ndng nghiep cho cdng nghiep hda va tl Ie lao ddng di cu ciia tinh, chiing tdi chpn hai huyen Que Vo vd Yen Phong Idm dia ban nghien ciiu (Bac Ninh Industrial Zones 2013). De tim hieu ve cdc khia canh gidi cita di cu va san xudt ndng nghiep, 215 hd d 4 xa ciia 2 huyen ndy dupe lua chpn de dieu tra. Cac hd dieu tra duoc chia thanh 4 nhom nhu sau:
Nhdm I: Cac hp khdng di cu: Id cdc hp khong CO thanh vien ndo Id ngudi di cu;
Nhdm 2: Cdc hd cd nam gidi di cu: Id cdc hd chi CO cdc lao dgng nam di cu;
Nhdm 3: Cdc hd ed nir gidi di eu: Id cae hg chi cd cdc lao dgng nii di cu;
Nhdm 4: Cdc bd cd ca nam gidi va nir gidi di cu: la cdc hg cd cd lao dgng nam vd lao ddng nir di cu.
Ben canh dieu tra hd gia dinh, cdc thao ludn nhdm, quan sat ed sy tham gia, phdng van sau, phdng vdn chuyen gia va cdc cdng cu PRA khac dupe sir dung trong cdc xa muc tieu. Phuong phdp djnh tinh dupe ket hpp vdi phuong phap dinh lupng de xir ly vd phdn tich thong tin tir nghien ciru thyc dja.
2. Ket qua nghien cihi
2.1. Tong quan ve di cir tgi dia bdn nghien edu
Trudc ddi mdi, di cu d Bac Ninh ndi rieng vd d Viet nam ndi chung gdn lien vdi cdc chinb sdch xdy dyng vimg kinh te mdi cua Chinh phu. Hien nay, cdc ddng di cu trong nudc va quoc te ngay cdng gia tang vd dong vai trd quan trpng trong chien lupc sinh ke ciia nhieu hp gia dinh d Bac Ninh. Phdn ndy se tap trung vao phdn tich cdc ddc diem ciia lao dgng di cu vd chieu canh gidi trong di cu, khia canh it dupe quan tdm trong cac nghien ctiu ve di cu va trong chinb sdch ciia nha nudc. Quy mo cua lao ddng di cu khong nhirng tang Ien ma hinh thiic di cu cdn da dang va cd sy tham gia ngay cang tang ciia phu nii. Tuy nhien, cac sd lieu chinh thiic ve di cu thudng khdng tach biet di cu theo gidi ciing nhu khdng xet den nhung nhan td quyet djnh quy md vd hinh thiic di cu theo gidi, do do, khdng khai quat dupe cdc tdc ddng ciia di cu den sdn xudt ndng nghiep.
2.11 Do tudi vd gi&i linh cua ngu&i di eu De hieu mdi quan he giiia dl cu vd san xudt ndng nghiep, nghien ciru nay xem xet
Nguyen Thj Dien, Ngo Trung Thanh,..., Di cu theo gidi yd sdn xudt.
trudc bit nhung ddc diem ve dp tudi vd gidi tinh ciia ngudi di cu vi nhirng dac diem nay gdn lien vdi vin de lieu rang di cu cd tao ra sy thilu but lao ddng ndng nghiep khdng?
Ty Ie nam gidi vd nil gidi di cu trong nghien eiiu nay hau nhu la edn bang. Trong 215 hp dilu tra cd tdng sd 353 lao ddng di cu trong dd cd 178 nam gidi di cu (50,4%) vd 175 nii gidi di cu (49,6%) (bang 1). Da phdn ngudi Bang 1: Twong quan giira dp
di cu Id nhung ngudi tre tudi, lao ddng di cu tir 16 d i n 30 tudi chilm 53,8%, va gidm ddn d nhiing dp tudi Idn ban. Ddng thdi, nii gidi cd xu hudng di cu sdm b a n va nhieu ngudi tre ban so vdi nam gidi vdi 59,4% nir gidi di cu trong nhdm tudi dudi 30 vd chi cd 4 8 , 3 % nam gidi di cu trong dp tudi nay nhung d dp tudi trung nien ti le nii gidi di cu lai thdp ban.
tuoi va gidi tinh cua lao dong di cv
Do tuoi
I6-<30 30-<40 40-<50 50-60
Tdng
Ngu-ff]
Nam N
86 49 28 15 178
%
48,3 27,5 15,7 8,5 100,0
di cir
N i l
N 104
52 15 4 175
%
59,4 29,7 8,6 2,3 100,0
Tong N
190 101 43 19 353
%
53,8 28,6 12,2 5,4 100,0 Ngudn: Dieu tra hd 2016
2.1.2. Tinh trgng hon nhdn vd trinh do hgc vdn cua ngu&i di eu
Tinh trang bdn nhan, quan he vdi chu hd vd trinh dp hpc vdn ciia ngudi di cu phdn anb chat l u p n g lao dpng di cu, khd ndng ra quyet djnh ddng thdi Id nhiing khia canh cbinh trong mdi quan be giQa di cu vd sdn xudt ndng nghiep. Ket qud d bdng 2 cho thdy hau bet lao dpng di cu (81,9%) da k i t hdn. Cd mpt chiit khac biet giira nam vd nii ve dieu nay, trong sd cdc lao ddng nir di cu, 8 5 , 1 % Id da k i t hdn, con d nam gidi di cu Id 7 8 , 7 % do nir gidi
t h u d n g ket hdn sdm h o n . TI Ie nam gidi di cu giu vai trd la chu hd nhieu hon so vdi nii gidi di cu ( 2 4 , 2 % vd 1,7%.) cd nguon gdc tir gia dinh phu quyen d Viet Nam.
N g u d i di cu khdng nhiing tre ma cdn co hpc vdn cao, ehi cd 7,1%) n g u d i di cu hpc bet tieu hpc, cdn lai 3 5 , 4 % hpc het trung hpc CO sd vd 3 8 , 0 % hpc bet trung hpc phd thdng, thdm chi 19,5%) cd trinh dp cao dang hoac dai hpc. Rat nhieu sinh vien sau khi tdt nghiep d cdc t r u o n g dai bpc da quay ve ede khu cdng nghiep d Bac Ninh xin viec Idm.
Nghien ciiu An Bo va Chau A. So 9 - 2018 Bang 2 : Tinh t r a n g hon nhan va
Chi tieu Tinh trang
hdn nhan
Quan he vdi chii ho
Trinh do hoc van
Da ket Hon Doc than
Chu hp Vg/chong
Con Khac Tieu hoc
THCS THPT DH.CD
^oc van cua ngu-oi Ngutri di CIT
Nam N 140 38 43 6 128
I 11 64 69 34
%
78,7 21,3 24,2 3,4 71,9 0,6 6,2 36,0 38,8 19,1
NO- N 149 26
3 37 132
3 14 61 65 35
85,1
%
14,9 1,7 21,1 75,4 1,7 8,0 34,9 37,1 20,0
di cu Tong N 289
64 46 43 260 4 25 125 134 69
81,9
%
18,1 13,0 12,2 73,7 1,1 7,1 35,4 38,0 19,5 Nguon: Dieu tra hd 2016
2.1.3. Logi hinh di cu
Phdn ldn nhung ngudi di eu tham gia vao loai hinh di cu con Idc (83,9%) tdng sd ngudi di cu) vi viec di chuyen trong ngdy cho phep ngudi di cu gidm bdt dupe cdc chi phi vd cd the tdi da hoa cae ngudn thu nhap. Ben canh do, ngudi di cu, ddc biet Id nii gidi di cu cd the dong thdi chdm sdc dupe con cai, nha ciia va
lam ndng nghiep - nhung cdng viee ma hg cho rang dd Id trdch nhiem va thien ehiie cua hp.
Chinh vi the, tl Ie nii gidi lya chpn hinh thirc di cu con lac chiem ti Ie cao ban ban so vdi nam gidi di cu (88,0%> vd 79,8%) trong khi dd nam gidi tham gia vdo di cu ddi ban, di cu cd dinh vd di cu qudc te nhieu hon so vdi nii gidi (bang 3).
Bang 3 : Loai hinh di cir theo gioi
Loai liinh di c u Di cif con lac Di cu miia vu Dieu dai han Di cu CO dinh Di cu quoc te
Nguoi Nam N
142 8 15 8 5
%
79,8 4,5 8,4 4,5 2,8
di c u NO- N
154 10 5 4 2
%
88,0 5,7 2,9 2,3 1,1
Tong N
296 18 20 12 7
%
83,9 5,1 5,7 3,4 2,0 Nguon: Dieu tra ho 2016
(Trong bai tiip theo chung toi se phdn tich su tuang tac giira di cu theo giai va sdn xudt nong nghiep cOng nhu ham y ma di cu theo giai gai ra doi vai phdn hang co dinh trong nong thon)
(Con nua)
Nguyen Thj Dien, Ngo Trung Thanh, .., Di cu theo gidi va sdn xudt...
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