NGHIEN c u u LI LUAN
Van dung day hpc kham pha trong day hpc Khoa hpc Gl tracing tieu hpc
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Tnlclng Cao ding Si/ pham Ba Ria - ViJng Taj 689 Cach Mang Thang Tam, thanh pho Ba Ria, tinh Ba Ria - Vung Tau, Viet Mam
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TOM TAT: Phat huy tinh tich cue cua hpc sinh la mdt trong nhdng muc tieu quan trong ma nen giao due dang dat ra De dat dUdc muc tieu dd, can doi mdi phUdng phap giang day, giao vien tao cd hoi de ngddi hoc tu do tham hiem va khim pha nhdng dieu ki dieu xung quanh. Day hoc thong qua kham pha la mot trong cac phuang phap day hoe tich cue khuyen khich tri tu hoc dua tren kien thde va kinh nghiem trong qua khd sd dung tri tudng tUdng va sing tao, ket hdp tim kiem thong tin mdi de tim ra sd that va mot tUdng quan giQa chiing thdng qua cac hoat ddng tim tdi kham phi, qua dd ren luyen tinh each tich cue cho bin than.
Jii KHOA: Phiiting phap day hoc tich cUc; day hpc kham pha; phat trien nang lUc.
-}• Nhar bai 09/11/2019 ;- Nhan ke'l qua ph^n bien va chinti siia 12/12/2019 -?• Ojyet dang 25/01/2020
1 . 0 | t van de
Phat huy tinh tich crrc cua hoc sinh (HS) la mot trong lUTig muc tieu quan trong ma nen giao due dang dat ra.
Dong luc cua qua trinh hpc tap la HS phai co long ham piuon hoc tap. Dong co kich thich true tiep HS hpc tap la jlhrnig dong CO gan lien voi ban than qua trinh hoat dpng bhan thirc Nhirng dpng co do phai bat nguon tir ban than CO khat vpng tu tim ra cau tra lai cho mpt van de neu ra, cam gidc hai long khi giai quyet thanh cong van de. De dat ilupc muc tieu do, can doi moi phuong phap giang day, tir giang day theo phuong phap truyen thong den nhiing
^uong phap moi nham nang cao vai tro cua nguoi hoc, phat huy tinh tich cue trong hpc tap cua HS Hoc thong qua kham pha (Discovery-based Learning) la phuong phap d?y hpc bang each tuong tac va ty tim hieu the gioi xung quanh. Phuong phap nay khuyen khich tre tu hpc dua tren fcin thirc va kinh nghiem trong qua khu; sir dung tri tucrng tugng va sang tao, ket hgp tim kiem thong tin mai de cho ra nhirng sir that va moi tuong quan giira chiing Vdi phuong phap nay, giao vien (GV) can tao co hpi de ngirdi hoc tu do kham pha nhiing dieu ki dieu xung quanh. Mat khac, GV co th6 sir dung nhirng cau chuyen, tro choi. de ggi su to mo va hung thii ciia ngudi hgc, dan dat hg theo nhiing hudng suy nghT, hanh dgng va phucmg dien phan hoi mdi.
2. N p i d u n g n g h i e n ciiu 2.1. Day hpc kham pha 2,1.1. Khai niem
Day hoc kham pha la qua trinh day hoc ma trong dd dudi su t6 chuc, digu khien ciia ngudi day, ngudi hoc tu giac, tich cue chii dong chiSm ITnh tri thiic, kT nang thong qua cac hoat dong tim toi kham pha, phat hien tn thuc mdi, each thuc hoat dong mdi, qua dd ren luyen tinh tich cue cho ban than.
2.1.2. Oac triing cd ban cua day hoc kham pha Nhimg dau hieu dac trung de nhan thay la:
- HS lam viec ciing nhau de giai quyet van de, phan tich va van dung cac khai niem mdi bang each dat cau hoi, quan sat, phan tich va nit ra ket luan HS tu chiem ITnh tn thiic thong cac hoat dgng tim toi, phat hien dudi su td chitc cua GV. Hoat dpng cua ngudi hpc duac dat len vi tri trung tam.
- Ngudi day to chuc cho ngudi hpc hgp tac, trao doi, thao luan vdi nhau phat hien ra tn thiic mdi.
- Qua hoat dgng tu kham pha, HS riit ra kinh nghiem hpc tap tir ban be va GV, Tir dd, HS tu dieu chinh phucmg phap hpc ciia minh sao cho phii hgp nhat, hieu qua nhat doi vdi ban than. Dong thdi biet each tu hgc, tu kiem tra, danh gia ket qua hoc tap ciia minh.
Bdn chat cua day hpc kham phd: Trong day hgc kham pha ddi hdi ngudi GV gia cdng rat nhieu mdi cd the td chitc va hudng din cac hoat dong nhan thirc ciia HS. Cu the:
Hogl ddng cua GV Dmh hudng phat trifin tu duy cho HS, lua chgn ngi dung ciia van de va dam bao tinh vira siic vdi HS, to chirc HS trao ddi theo nhdm tren Idp, hudng din HS lua chgn, sir dung cac phuong tien true quan hd tro c3n thiet va tao ra mdi trudng hoc tap de HS giai quy^t vin de.
Hoat dong cua HS: Tir tn thirc, vdn sdng, kinh nghiem ciia ban than thong qua hoat dgng hgp tac vdi ban da hinh thanh tn thirc cd tinh chat xa hgi cua cdng ddng Idp hpc, GV nhan xet y kign cua HS va chdt lai y chinh dk HS lam CO sd tir kifim tra, tu digu chinh tri thirc ciia ban than.
Giai quyet thanh cong cac vin dk kich thich true ti8p Idng ham me hgc tap cua HS. dd chinh la dgng lire ciia qua trinh day hpc, Hoat dgng kham pha tri thirc mdi la mgt qua trinh nhan thuc dgc dao ciia ngudi hoc, Hg co kha nang tu difiu chinh nhan thiic gdp phan tang cudng tinh m8m deo trong tu duy va nang lire tu hoc. Dd chinh la nhan td quylt dinh su phat tnen ban than ngudi hgc. Ket qua day hgc kham pha dem lai y nghTa vk tinh than cho ngudi hoc va ngudi day.
Nhu vay, ban chat ciia qua trinh day hgc kham pha la: su
34 TAP CHi KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET NAM
tim kiem, kham pha tri thiic khoa hgc va chuSn muc xa hdi.
2.1.3. Quy trinh day hgc kham pha
Day hoc tim tdi kham pha la mot tifin trinh HS dat cau hdi va tra ldi nhijtig cau hoi quan trgng ciia bai hgc Khoa hpc d tmdng ti6u hgc. HS phat trign cSu hdi, thu thap va td chirc d& lieu lien quan dkn cac cau hoi, phan tich dii lieu va dua ra nhOng suy luan hoac nit ra nhiJng kit luan vk dii lieu ky.
Ddy la phucmg phap nghien ciiu khoa hgc dugc ap dung vao qua trinh hgc mdn Khoa hgc. Ddu hieu ndi bat phan biet Idi day hoc tim toi, kham pha la hoat dgng ciia HS. GV lam cho viec hoc ciia HS dl dang. Kilu hgc tap nay dugc thye hien tdt nhat khi HS lam viec hgp tac theo nhdm nhd.Day hpc tim tdi kham pha cd nhiing Igi ich nhu sau:
- HS dua/phat ra kiln thiic ciia rieng minh.
- Cau tra ldi do chinh HS kham pha ra, vi vay dl nhd hon.
- Khuyin khich tu duy sang tao da hudng.
- Cac kT nang tu duy cao cap dugc nhin manh (phan tich, tdng hpp, danh gia).
- KT nang dugc tich hgp vdi kiln thiic khi HS td chiic va phan tich dii lieu theo nhung each khac nhau (ban dd, so dd, bieu dd, bang bilu, bang tdm tat, bao cao...).
Mac dii cd nhieu hinh thiic hgc khac nhau nhung vl co ban Idi hpc tim tdi kham pha trai qua nam budc nhu sau (xem Hinh 1):
... \
5. BSnh gid 1 (Evaluate) '
1 4. Ap dyng [ (Elaborate)
. Xfic dinh nhi^
vy nh^n thurc (Engage)
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2. Tim t6i, kh&m pM (Explore)
*
3. Giai thich (Explain)
Hinh 1: Quy trinh day hpc kham phd a. Xac dinh nhiem v« nhan thuc (Engage)
Trong giai doan dau ciia chu trinh hgc tap, GV can tao dieu kien giup HS gSn ket, lien he lai vdi cac trai nghiem va quan sat thirc te ma cac em da cd trudc dd (kien thiic san co /da hpc) vdi ngi dung kien thiic can ITnh hgi, khuyen khich cac em quan tam den cac khai niem, kien thitc sap tdi de cd the sin sang tim hieu. GV cd the tao dieu kien cho HS dat cau hdi ho^c ghi lai nhiing gi hp da biet vl kiln thiic mdi (chu de mdi). Thdng qua cac hoat dgng da dang, GV thu hiit su chii y va quan tam cua HS, tao khdng khi trong Idp hgc.
b. Tim tdi, kham phd (Explore)
Trong giai doan nay, HS duac chu ddng kham pha cac khdi ni?m mdi thdng qua cac trai nghiem hgc tap cu the.
GV cung cap nhiing kien thuc hoac nhiing trai nghiem mang tinh co ban, nen tang, dua vao dd cac kien thiic mdi CO the dugc bat dSu. 0 giai doan nay, HS sS tr\rc tilp kham pha va thao tac tren cac vat H^u ho§c hgc cy dS dugc chuan
bi sin. GV cd the yeu ciu HS thuc hien cac hoat dgng nhu quan sat, lam thi nghiem, thilt kl, thu so lieu.
c. Gidi thich (Explanation)
0 giai doan nay, GV se hudng din HS tdng hgp kiln thuc mdi va dat cau hdi neu hg can lam rd them. GV t^o dieu kien cho HS dugc trinh bay, mieu ta, phan tich cac trai nghiem hoac quan sat thu nhan duoc d budc Kham pha.
0 budc nay, GV cd the gidi thi^u cac thuat ngii mdi, khai niem mdi, cdng thiic mdi, giiip HS kit ndi va thiy dugc su lien he vdi trai nghiem trudc dd. Dl giai doan nay cd hi?u qua, GV nen yeu cau HS chia se nhirng gi ma cac em dS hgc dugc trong giai doan Kham pha truac khi gidi thieu thong tin chi tiet mpt each true tilp hem.
d. Ap dung cu the (Elaborate)
Giai doan nay tap trung vao viec tao cho HS cd dugc khong gian ap dung nhirng gi da hgc duac. GV giup HS thuc hanh va van dung cac kiln thiic da hgc dugc d budc Giai thich, giiip HS lam sau sic hon cac hieu bilt, kheo leo hern cac kl nang va co the ap dung dugc trong nhiing tinh hudng va hoan canh da dang khac nhau, Dilu nay gnip cac kien thuc trd nen sau sac hon. GV cd thi yeu ciu HS trinh bay chi tiet hoac tien hanh khao sat bd sung de cimg cd cac kl nang mdi, Giai doan nay giiip HS cung cd kiln thiic trudc khi dugc danh gia thdng qua cac bai kiem tra.
e. Ddnh gid (Evaluate)
Giai doan danh gia bao gdm tu danh gia, bai tap vilt va bai tap trac nghiem hoac cac san pham. Trong giai doan nay, GV cd the quan sat HS thdng qua cac hoat ddng nhom nhd hoac nhom Idn de xem sir tuang tac trong qua trinh hpc. O day, GV se linh hoat sii dung cac kT thuat danh gia da dang de nhan biet qua trinh nhan ihiic va kha nang cua tiing HS, tir dd dua ra cac phuang hudng dieu chinh va hd trg HS phii hgrp, giiip HS dat dugc cac muc tieu hgc t^p nhu da de ra.
2.2. Van dung day hpc kham phd trong day hpc Khoa hpc d trifdng tieu hpc
Mdn Khoa hpc d lap 4, 5 dugc xay dung tren co sd kl thira va phat trien tii mdn Tu nhien va Xa hdi (cac lop 1, 2, 3), tich hgp nhiing kien thiic ve Vat li, Hoa hgc, Sinh hgc va ngi dung giao due site khoe, giao due mdi trudng. Mon hgc ddng vai trd quan trgng trong viec giup HS hgc tap mdn Khoa hgc tu nhien d cap Trung hgc sa sd va cac mdn Vat li, Hoa hgc, Sinh hgc d cap Trung hgc phd thdng.
Chuong trinh mdn Khoa hgc bao gdm 6 chii de: Chat;
Nang lugng; Thuc vat vit ddng vat; Nam, vi khuan va virus;
Con ngudi va sire khde; Sinh vat va moi trudng, Nhiing chu de nay dugc phat trien tir lap 4 den Idp 5. Trong timg chu dl, ngi dung giao due gia tri va kT nang sdng, giao due siic khoe, cdng nghe, giao due mdi trudng, ling phd vdi bien doi khi hau, phdng tranh giam nhe nii ro thien tai,... dugc dua vao d miic do don gian va phii hgp. Mdn hgc chii trgng tdi vi?c khai day tri td md khoa hgc, budc dau tao cho HS ca hgi tim hieu, kham pha the gidi tu nhien; van dung kiln thiic vao thuc tien, hpc each giii gin siic khoe va img xu phii hgp vdi mdi trudng sdng xung quanh. Vdi nhimg dac dilm So 25 Mng 01/2020 35
NGHIEN cu'u LI LUAN
ndi dung nhu vay. ngudi day cd the van dung hgc tap kham pha trong day hgc de nang cao chat lugng day hgc mdn Khoa hgc d trudng tieu hgc.
Vi du: Bai O nhiem. xdi mdn dat. Bao ve mdi trudng dat - Khoa hoc Idp 4
Muc tiiu bdi hpc: Sau khi hgc xong bai hgc, HS cd thi:
- Neu dugc nguyen nhan lam dat d nhiem, xdi mdn.
- Neu dugc tac hai ciia dat bi 6 nhiem, xdi mdn.
- Trinh bay dugc mdt sd bien phap bao ve dat khdi bi d nhiem, xdi mdn.
- Tien hanh thi nghiem/thu thap thdng tin, nit ra nhan xet ve nguyen nhan Iam dat d nhiem, xdi mdn, tac hai, mdt so bien phap bao ve dat khdi bi 6 nhiem, xdi mdn. Trinh bay va thao luan ve ket qua thi nghiem/thu thap thdng tin va cac nhan xet.
- De xuat va thuc hien mot so viec lam giiip bao ve mdi trudng dat
- Cd y thirc van dung hieu biet vao thuc tien cugc sdng (bao ve mdi trudng dat, cham sdc, bao ve cay,,,,),
Npi dung bdi hoc: Tim hieu nguyen nhan, tac hai ciia dat bi d nhiem, xdi mdn va cac bien phap ehdng d nhiem, xdi mdn dat
De hinh thanh kien thiic mdi, GV nen td chuc cac hoat dOng sau-
a. Xac dinh nhiem vu nhdn thuc (Engage) De dan nhap vao bai va tao dieu kien giiip HS gan ket, GV chieu mdt sd hinh anh ve sir xdi mdn cho HS quan sat va neu nhan xet ve cac hire tranh (anh) ma cac em quan sat dugc (xem Hinh 2), DSn dat de dua ra ndi dung kien thiic cin linh hdi thdng qua cac cau hdi: Xdi mdn dat la gi?
Nguyen nhan gay ra xdi mdn dat? Tac hai ciia xdi mdn dat?
^L^m the nao de chong bi xdi mdn dat?
Hinh 2: Mdt sd hinh dnh vi suxdi mdn ddi b. Tim tot, kham phd (Explore)
Td chiic cho HS tim hieu nguyen nhan, tac hai ciia dat bj d nhilm, xdi mdn qua cac boat ddng va cac bien phap ehdng xdi mdn dit. GV td chirc cho HS:
Lam viec ca nhan, dpc cac thdng tin trong sach giao khoa vl nguyen nhan, tac hai ciia dat bi d nhiem/xdi mdn.
- Lam viec theo nhdm tim thdng tin, hen he thuc tien, rut ra nhan xet ve mpt sd bien phap bao ve dat khdi bi d nhiem, xdi mdn Trinh bay va thao luan ve ket qua dgc tim thdng tin va cac nhan xet.
- Thi nghiem theo nhdm tim hieu ve xdi mdn dit do nude chay: HS tu thilt kl va tien hanh lam thi nghiem. Trong qua trinh dd, GV theo ddi va cd the dua ra cac cau hdi ggi y.
giiip dd cac em.
c. Gidi thich (Explanation) Thdng qua hoat dgng, HS can:
- Neu dugc nguyen nhan, tac hai ciia dat bi 6 nhiem, xdi mdn.
- Tiln hanh thi nghiem/thu thap thdng tin, nit ra nhan xet ve nguyen nhan lam dat d nhiem, xdi mdn; tac hai.
Nude chay, vi du do mua, lu lut,... mang theo dat, lam cho dit bi xdi mdn. Su xdi mdn lam dat di chuyen tir chd nay tdi chd khac.
Old thdi ciing la nguyen nhan gay ra xdi mdn dat. Gid thdi mang theo dit, cat, nhit la vao hdm trdi nang, dat kho va nhe neu dat khdng dugc bao phii bdi cd, cay,
Khi dat bi xdi mdn, Idp dat phia tren hi trdi di, Phan giau dinh dudng ciia tang dat mat la miin (chiia xac dpng thuc vat thdi rifa) bi mit di. Khi dd tro ra lap dat chira nhieu da, cat va se khdng tdt cho cay. Nhieu vimg dat trd thanh khong the trdng trgt dugc niia. Dat bi xdi mdn ciing gay hu hai dudng xa, nha cira, lam tro gdc cay va dd cay,,,,
Cd y kien cho rang: Dgng vat ciing cd the gay ra xdi mdn dat. Y kien cua em nhu the nao?
- Neu va li giai dugc cac bien phap ehdng xdi mdn dat, d. Ap dung cu the (Elaborate)
Lien he thuc te, thao luan ve xdi mdn dat, dat bi d nhiem.
Tim cac vi du khac ve xdi mdn dat d dia phuang em hoac nhiing nai khac ma em biet? Cd the td chiic cho HS thuc hanh, van dung qua trd choi "Ai nhanh, ai diing": Cac em cd 2 ddi chai. Mdi dpi sap thanh hang, choi tiep siic, lan lugt timg ban len ghi Dung (D) hoac Sai (S) vao d phia trudc ciia cau tra ldi ma GV thiet ke dudi dang trac nghiem.
Ddi nao dung va nhanh hon thi thang.
Vi du: Cau hdi cho Trd chai: Trong cac cau sau, cau nao noi ve nguyln nhan nao lam cho dat suy thoai?
Hay danh dau Diing (D) hoac Sai (S) vao 6 trvd^c cau phii hgp!
Mua to, gid manh Bdn phan hda hgc
Phun thudc hda chat diet cd, diet cdn trimg
Xa rac thai, chat dpc hai xudng dat (hoac nude)
Trdng rimg va bao ve rimg Sdng du canh, du cu, pha rimg trdng lua Bdn phan hun co
Trdng xen cac loai cay khac nhau giiia cac vu mua
Lam rudng bac thang.
GV khuyen khich HS thuc hien d nha: Dilu tra vl vj6c thu thap va xii li rac thai d dia phuong em. Neu nhan xet
36 TAP CHi KHOA HOC GIAO OUC VIET NAM
ciia ern;Thiet ke va tiln hanh thi nghiem dk tim hilu lieu tren dSt cd Idp cd, cay thi cd giiip han che xdi mdn dit khi cd nude chay qua?
e. Ddnh gid (Evaluate)
Td chiic cho HS danh gia ket qua hoat ddng ciia cac nhdm thdng qua san pham thuc hien: Ban tdng hgp kit qua thao lu^n ciia nhdm bang Idi hoac bing hinh ve, trinh bay thi nghiem. Thdng qua hoat ddng, HS:
-Trinh bay dugc mOt sd bien phap bao ve dit khdi bj 6 nhiSm, xdi mdn.
- Tien hanh dgc dl tim thong tin. Hen he thuc tiln, nit ra nh|n x^t ve mgt sd bien phap bao ve dit khdi bj d nhilm, xdi mdn. Trinh bay va thao luan vl kit qua dgc tim thdng tin va cac nhan xet.
>Jhu vay, thdng qua vi?c td chitc cac hoat ddng kham pha cho HS, GV da giiip cho HS tu hinh thanh cho minh kien thiic mdi. Van dung kien thiic da hgc trong mdt sd tinh hudng lien quan tdi d nhiem, xdi mdn dat, bao ve mdi trudng dat, de xuat va thuc hien mdt sd viec lam giiip bao ve mdi trudng dat.
Vi du 1: Bai Cay con cd the moc len tir mgt so bd phan cua cay me - Khoa hgc lap 5
Muc tieu bdi hpc: Sau khi hgc xong bai hgc, HS cd the:
- HS neu dugc cay con cdn cd the mgc ra tir cac bp phan khac ciia cay me nhu: Than, la, re (cu).
- Ke dugc mdt sd loai cay duoc mgc ra tir cac bp phan khac ciia cay me.
- Trdng va cham sdc dugc mdt cay con tu mpt bg phan ciia cay me.
Npi dung bdi hpc: Cac bd phan ciia cay me de cay con cd the mgc len. Thuc hien trong mgt cay con tir mdt bd phan ciia cay me.
a. Xac dinh nhiem vu nhdn thuc (Engage)
De dan nhap vao bai va tao su gan ket, GV chuan bj mdt doan video ve each trdng cay mia tir ngpn mia cho HS quan sat va dat van de bai mdi: Hdm trudc, chiing ta da dugc hgc ve cay con mgc len tir hat, bay gid cd se cho cac em xem mgt doan Video xem bac ndng dan dang trdng cay gi va cay nay cd phai mgc len tir hat hay khdng, hay tir mdt bg phan nao ciia cay. Sau khi HS quan sat va tra Idi day la cay mia.
Cay mia dugc trdng tir mpt bd phan than ciia cay mia. Nhu vay, ngoai cay con mgc len tir hat thi cay con cd the mgc len tir nhiing bp phan nao ciia cay me, bai hgc hdm nay chung
ta Cling di tim hieu.
b. Tim toi, kham phd (Explore): Cay con cd the mgc len tir nhiing bd phan nao cua cay me?
Td chirc cho HS lam viec theo nhdm quan sat cac hinh trong SGK va dien vao phieu bai tap (xem Hinh 3 va Bang 1).
Bdng 1: Phieu bai tap
• S l i ^ ^ ^ B i i i l l S i ^ M l i i l i i i l i l l i l MIIH
Ket qua HS dat dugc sau kham bang
p h a b a n g e a c h h o a n t h a n h
m ^ ^ H V H I i ^ H i j i i i i J i i i i J i II11^
Cay ktioai tay Cay h^nh Cay mia cay piing
Cu khoal tay CO hanh (than) Ph^n ngon Cu giing (re)
Cac vet lorn Phan dau cua cO Mat (nach \A) V^t Idm
Cay la b6ng La Mepia
c. Gidi thich (Explanation)
Sau khi HS quan sat, kham pha, HS nit ra dugc nhan xet:
Trong tu nhien cung nhu trong trong trpt khong phai cay nao cung moc len tir hat ma mdt sd cay cd the mgc len tir cac bd phan re, than, la ciia cay me. Thao luan each trdng va td chiic trdng cay bang bp phan ciia cay me. Cd the giai thich them mgt sd dieu kien thuan Igi cho cay con phat tnen tdt.
d. Ap dung cu the (Elaborate)
Cho HS trdng cay bang each chpn mpt bd phan ciia cay me (re, than, la de trdng, yeu cau HS ghi (chup anh) lai each tien hanh trdng va cham sdc de trd thanh cay con (Hoat dpng nay cd the td chiic cho HS neu each tien hanh each trdng cay tir mdt bd phan em chpn phan thuc hanh lam d
* M.^Mi^'^
Hinh 3: Cac bQ phan ciia cay me di cay con cd Ihi moc len
So 25 Wng 01/2020 37
NGHlENCCrULfLUAN
nha). Cac em quan sat timg ngay theo ddi su phat tnen ciia cay rdi ghi theo bang.
cua cay me mang trdng dUdc
Ngay 2 Ngay 3
e. Ddnh gid (Evaluate)
Td chirc cho HS bao cao ket qua, cac nhdm nhan xet danh gia ket qua hoat dpng ciia cac n h d m thdng qua san pham thuc hien: Ban ghi ket qua quan sat s\r phat trien cua cay con mgc len tir mdt bp phan ciia cay m?, ciing cd thS b i n g h m h ve hoac bang anh chup. Sau dd, GV nhan xet, danh gia
chung va d i l u chinh n l u HS trinh bay chua chinh xac, 3. Ket lu$n
Day hgc kham pha ta mpt trong nhiing p h u a n g phap dam bao tinh tich cue ciia H S , ddng thdi phat triln t u duy, ki nang van dung, giup phat huy vai trd trung tam ciia ngudi hgc. Theo dd, G V ddng vai trd la ngudi hudng d i n , ggi md va tao cac c o hdi cho HS dugc t i l p can cac khai niem mdi, kien thiic d nhieu gdc dp va miic do khac nhau. Cac budc d u g c tien hanh tuan t u va cd ke thira. Cac hoat dgng trai nghiem la c o hdi de H S cd the dao sau va ap dimg cac kien thiic dugc hpc, ddng thdi giup lien h§ vdi cac kien thiic hoac trai nghiem trudc dd. Tuy nhien, d l thuc hien dugc p h u a n g phap nay, can ed su hd trg ciia p h u a n g tien day hpc, trong day hgc phai cd sir ket hgp hai hda giiia GV va HS dk tao ra si^ cdng h u d n g . Miic do thanh cdng n h u the nao tuy thupc vao nhiing van de m a GV dua ra va phai t h | t su kheo leo trong khau td chiic, van dyng linh hoat cho timg ddi tugng HS.
Tai li^u tham khao
[1] Nguyen Hiiu Chi, (2004), Cdc cdn cir li ludn vd thifc tien lifa chon phucmg phdp day hoc, Bai tii Tu sach Khoa hoc VLOS, Vien Chien iugc va Chuang trinh Giao due.
[2] Tran Ba Hoanh, (2006), Ddi mdi phucmg phdp day hoc, chucmg trinh vd sdch gido khoa, NXB Dai hoc Su pham Ha Ngi.
[3] D^ng Thanh Hung, (2002), Day hqc hien dai - Li ludn - bi$nphdp td thuat, NXB Dai hgc Quoc giaffiNOi.
[4J Dang Thanh Himg, (2005), Tuang tdc vd hoat ddng thay n-d tren lop hoc, NXB Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Npi.
[5] Phan Trong Ngg, (2002), Day hoc vd phucmg phdp day hpc trong nhd trudng, NXB Giao dye, Ha Noi.
[6] Nguyen Van Tuin, (2007), Tdi li?ii hoc lap vi Phuang phdp day hgc dgi hgc theo hudng tich cue hoa ngudi hgc.
[7] Bp Giao due va Dao tao, Du an Viet Bi. (2010). Day vd hpc tich cue — Mgt so phucmg phdp vd ki thuat dgy hoc
[8]
PJ
tich cue, NXB Dai hgc Su pham Ha Ngi, Tong cue Day nghi, (2004), Tdi li^u boi dudng phucmg phdp day hpc - Ddo tao ma rgng, Du an Giao due KT thuat va Day nghe. Ha Noi.
TongcucDay nghe, (2010), Tdi lieu hudng ddn khda ddo tao gido vien day nghe theo nang luc thuc hien - TTC, H^
Npi.
[10] Trin Ba Hoanh, (2004),//oc bdng hoiit dong khdm phd.
Tap ehi Thong tin Khoa hpe Giao dye, so 103.
[11] Duong Giang Thien Huang, (2017), Day hgc khdmphd theo md hinh 5E - Mot hudng vgn dung li thuyet kien tgo trong day hoc a Tieu hoe. Tap chi Khoa hoc, Tnrdng D91 hpc Su pham Ha N6i.
[12] D6 Hircmg Tra, (2009), Cdc kieu td chiie day hgc hien dai, NXB Dai hpc Su pham. Ha Npi.
https://tusach.thuvienkhoahoc.com/
GUIDED DISCOVERY AND ITS APPLICATION IN TEACHING SCIENCE AT PRIMARY SCHOOLS
Le Thi Trung
Ba Ria-Vung Tau College of Education 689 Cach Mang Ttiang Tam, Ba Ria city, Ba Ria - Vung Tau province, Vietnam Email, lelnjngsp@gmail,com
ABSTRACT: Promoting the autonomy of students is one of the Important goals that our education Is aiming for. To achieve that goal. It is of great significance for teachers to innovate their teaching methods and provide students with ample opportunities to unravel the magical things around them. Guided discovery is one of the positive teaching methods that encourages children to learn on their own based on their past knowledge and experience; develop their imagination and creativity, as well as discover the unknown to find out the truth and the relationship between them through exploratory activities, thanks to which positive personality can be shaped amongst students themselves.
KEYWORDS: Positive teaching methods; guided-discovery teaching; competence development.
^? CHi KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET NAM