So l(293)-2020 NGON N G f & BCtt SONG 49
[NGQN N G f VOl VAN CHfONGl
VAI TRO CUA TlT LAY TRONG TAP THO
"GOC SAN VA KHOANG TRdr CUA TRAN DANG KHOA
NGUYEN TU QUYEN* - NGUYEN DIEU LINH**
J 6 M TAT: Tii lay mang trong minh nhilu gia tii ngu nghTa d3c bi^t. Co sd cua tii Idy la sy hda phdi vl mat ngii am tiong ngi bg ciu hiic cua nd cho nen tii lay cd tinh nhac, dl dang cham din trai tun ngudi dgc. Tan dyng dac diem nay cua tir lay, trong tap tho Gdc san vd khodng trdi, Trin Dang Khoa da sir dyng tir lay rat nhieu. Cac tii lay thuc sy da dem lai hieu qua cao trong viec giiip tac gia thi hifn nhiing y dl nghe thuat, tii dd gdp phin lam cho tac phim tiio ciia Trin Dang Khoa mang dugc phong each rat rieng, rat dgc dao.
T f KHOA: tii lay; ngir nghTa; tho; phong each; nghe thuat.
NHAN BAI: 26/7/2019. BIEN TAP-CHINH S f A-DUYET DANG: 15/1/2020 1. B^t van dl
La mgt trong ba loai tii xet ve kieu cau tao, tir lay mang Uong minh nhilu gia tri ngii nghia dac biet. Day la loai tii dugc hinh thanh tren co sd su hda phdi ve mat ngir am trong ndi bd ciu tnic cua nd cho nen tir lay tao ra nhung hieu qua bit ngd Uong viec the hien y dd nghe thuat ciia ngudi vilt.
Ndi den tha thieu nhi, khdng the khdng nhac den than ddng thi ca cua Viet Nam - Trin Dang Khoa. Dgc tho Tran Dang Khoa, an tugng de lai dugc goi gon trong 6 chii. gian di, xiic dgng va dm anh. Vi the, tho Tran Dang Khoa cd sue lan tda rgng rai va neu da dpc rdi thi khdng thi quen dugc, Cd dugc thanh cdng nay, phai ke den nhieu but phap ngh? thuat ma tdc gia da sir dung trong do cd mpt phan khdng nhd la kha nang dung tir lay. Bai viet nay se di sau vao khia canh tim hieu vai trd cua tii lay trong tap tho Gdc san vd khodng trdi cua Tran Dang Khoa, mpt tap tho gdi dau giudng cua thieu nhi Viet Nam. Day la tap tho dugc sang tac trong giai doan nien thieu ciia nha tho va cd rat nhieu bai dugc chgn lua de giang day trong chuang trinh Tieng Viet tieu hgc.
2. Vai trd ciia tir lay trong tap tho Gdc san vd khodng trdi cua Tran Bang Khoa Theo tu lieu da thdng ke, tap tho Gdc san vd khodng trdi cd 100 bai thi cd den 74 bai nha tha cd sii dyng tir lay. Trong 74 bai tho nay, cd 221 tir lay dugc su dyng. Them vao do, cd nhirng bai, tii lay dugc diing vdi tin suit "dam dac". Ching ban, bai Cdu co cd 11 tir lay, bai Hg Long cd 10 tii lay, bai Di tau hda cd 9 tir lay.
221 tir lay dugc su dyng, da sd la tir lay ddi. Chi cd bai Tiing vong keu cd xuat hien tii lay tu (dd la tii keo cd keo ket - dugc lap lai 9 lin). Nhirng tii lay ddi xuit hien day dii theo diing ciu tao cua tii lay ddi trong tilng Viet, dd la: lay hoan toan, Idy bd phan (trong lay bd phan cung cd lay arn va lay vin). Theo su phan tich cua chung tdi, cac tir lay trong tap tho Gdc sdn vd khodng trdi cua Tran Dang Khoa cd nhiing vai trd sau:
2.1. Vai tro giup tdc gid thi Men bien phdp nhan hda fihi mieu td su vat
Nhan hda la mgt bien phap tu tii ma ngudi vilt da gan cho su vat nhiing dac tinh cua con ngudi.
Biln phap tu tii nay cd gia tn sau sic trong viec biln cac su vat, hien tugng tro nen gin gdi, tiian thiet vdi con ngudi. Trong tap tha Goc sdn vd khodng trdi ciia Trin Dang Khoa, cd nhiing tit lay mang y nghTa chi hoat dpng hay dac dilm cua con ngudi nhung lai dugc gan cho su vat. Chang han:
(I) Trdng thap tho ngodi ciea
Muon ni em di chai. (Trdng trang)
Thap tho la tii lay "ggi td ddng ve nhd ra, hien ra rdi lai lui di. khudt ngay di, nhieu lan nhu vdy, CO ye sg, rut re" [8,894]. Vdi viec su dyng tii lay nay, trang khdng cdn la su vat vd Ui vd giac nfta.
Trang Ud nen than thilt nhu mpt ngudi ban, cho nen mdi mudn ni em di chai.
* TS: Trudng Dgi hgc Suphgm, Dgi hgc Thdi Nguyen; Email: [email protected]
** TS; TrudngDgi hgc Khoa hgc. Dgi hgc Thdi Nguyen; Email: [email protected]
50 NGON N G f & BOI S 6 N G So l(293)-2020 Mgt vi du khac:
(2) Cdc nhay chom chom Chd sita
Cdy Id hd he (Mua)
Hd he cd nghia la "vui sudng vi cdm thay dugc day du nhuy mudn " [8,399]. Su dyng td My nky, tac gia da bien cay cdi trd nen cd cam xuc nhu con ngudi, biet vui, biet sung sudng. Dgc can tho, ta cd cam giac sy xuit hign ciia con mua da lam cho van vat chuyin dgng, diy siic sdng va trd ndn gin gdi hon bao gid het.
(3) Chdn trudc chdm, may bat Bdt tay tao rat chat The Id may tat bat
Dua vdi tao vdo nhd (Sao khdng ve Vang oi)
Dudi nhiing vin tho cua Trin Dang Khoa, con chd Vang khdng con la con chd nfta. Nd da la mpt ngudi ban, va th|it su trd thanh ngudi ban cua tac gia. Chi cd nhiing ngudi ban vdi nhau mdi cd canh vui miing tdt bat khi thiy ban cua minh vl nhu thi. Tii lay tdt bat a day thuc su mang nhilu y nghia.
Nd vita the hien sy vgi vang, ludn chan vi qua ban biu, vira the hien dugc su sung sudng ciia con Vang khi dugc ddn ngudi ban ciia minh trd ve nha.
(4) Nghe hdng chudi vudn em Gio trd minh tran trd Chudt chgy gian bi do
Lodng va anh trdng vdng (Nua dem tinh giac)
Tran trd c6 n^ia \a "trd minh ludn, khdng nam yen d mdt tu the" [8,991]. Vdi td lay nay, tac gia da coi gid nhu con ngudi, cd xuc cam va hanh dgng nhu mpt con ngudi.
(5) Keo cd keo ket Cdy na thiu thiu Mat na he md
Nhin trdi trong veo (Tieng vdng keu)
Nghe tilng vdng keu deu deu "kgo ca keo ket", van vat chim vao giac ngu. Cay na cung bit dau
"thiu thiu". Viec tac gia diing tir lay thiu thiu de bien cay na cd hanh dgng nhu con ngudi da lam cho nd trd nen sinh dpng hon bao gid het. Dudng nhu, vdi bien pbdp nhan hda nay, tac gia da lam cho su vat "tinh" ma thanh "dgng".
Qua su phan tich d tren, ta thay tir lay da cd vai Ud ro ret trong viec giup tac gia the hien biSn phap nhan hda khi mieu ta su vat. Bien phap nghf thuat nay cd hieu iing rat tich cue de tdc gia trayin tai ngi dung va vi thi, bai tha da dugc nang tam len, Ud thanh nhung thi pham cd siic Idi cudn ki la.
2.2. Vai tro bieu cdm
Bilu cam chinh la kha nang bieu thi thai dg, cam xuc. Mdt bai tho mudn dat ddn dd xuc ddng va am anh cao, bai tha iy phai cd sue bieu cam. Trong tap tho Gdc sdn vd khodng trdi, cic tir lay da cd vai trd to Idn Uong viec bieu thi thai do, cam xuc cua tac gia. Hay ndi each khac, cac tu lay dugc sii dyng da cd kha nang bidu cam cao.
Xin xet vi dy dudi day:
(6) Sao Mai chdn vdn ngang mat Nam Tao, Bdc Ddu gdn thdi
Vua mdi budc qua ngd dudi Dd di la lung giaa trdi Tdn da bteng ra dgt nggt
Co ai? O bdc thg cdy Ngoi thdi nim ram, rit thudc
So 1(293)-2Q20 NGON N G f & BCW SONG 51
Sau lung, dong linh Idng bay.
Cong Idng bong binh may ndi Bon bi suang khdi ngon ngang Trdu quen ddi sieng Idm dat Tudng minh lOng thOng lin Trang
(Trong suang sdm) Bai tho cd ba khd ydi 12 ddng tho, nhung da cd 7 tii My dugc su dyng. Va mdi tii lay nay diu cd gia tri bieu cam sau sic. Xuyen sudt bai tha la hmh anh con uau vdi nhung phut giay lang man. Vira buoc ra khdi cdng lang, con h-au da thiy sao Mai chdn vdn Uudc mat, thiy may bdng binh trdi va suong khdi bin bl ngdn ngang. Trudc khung canh tien nhu vay, con ttau cam thiy minh nhu dang la limg giiia trdi va lOng thOngXea Trang. Chdn vdn cd nghia la lugn quanh quin khdng rdi, luc gin luc xa, khi an khi hifn. Bong benh la tii "ggi td ddng chuyin dgng len xudng nhe nhdng theo Idn sdng.
Idn gid" [8,81]. Ngdn ngang chi "trgng thdi bay ra. gidng ra mgi chd, mgi nai mot cdch khdng cd hdng Idi, trat ti/' [8,666]. La lOng cd ngMa la "di dgng nhe a khodng giua lung chieng, khdng dinh bdm vdo ddu" [8,564]. Cdn lOng thieng la hi "ggi la ddng di thong tha. cham rai tieng budc mdt"
[8,577]. Rd rang, cac tir lay chdn vdn, bdng benh. ngdn ngang, la lung va lOng thieng da cd gia tri bieu cam cao Uong viec td ve bite tranh thien bdng that in tugng ddng thdi dac ta dugc phong thai ciia con trau trudc khung canh thien bdng ay. Gia tn bilu cam cua tu My cang duac thi hien dam net hon n&a khi ngay dau khd tho sau, tac gia sii dyng tir My dgt nggt.
Tdn da bitng ra dot nggt Co ai? O bdc thg cdy
Dgt nggt cd nghTa la "bdt ngd, hoan todn khdng co mgt ddu hiiu gi bao trudc" [8,336]. Con trau dang say sua vdi khung cdnh tien day lang man nhu vay, chgt "khung" lai khi nhin thiy d tan da khdng phai la chii Cudi ma la bac thg cay. Su himg ra dgt nggt cua tan da vdi hinh anh bac thg cay da k^o con trau trd ve thuc tai. Chang cd canh tien bdng benh may ndi nao ca, cung chang phai d cung uang vdi chu Cudi cay da, chi cd bac thg cay vdi "nun ram, rit thudc" cung nhung cdng viec mudn thiia cua nha ndng ma thdi. Hinh anh con tiau hay chinh la cugc sdng cua ngudi ndng dan vat va, lam lii. Bai tho kit thuc trong hinh anh nhat nhda cua budi sang sdm cd cam giac nhu canh ddng linh Idng bay. Nhu vay, nhiing tir lay ma tac gia sii dyng da cd gia tri bieu cam sau sac, giup ngucri dgc cam nhan rd ban sy ddi lap giiia mdt ben la ma udc ve cudc sdng tho mdng day chat trii tinh, mot ben la cudc sdng hien thyc ddy khac nghiet.
Mgt tiong nhiing dac sic Uong tap tho Gdc sdn vd khodng trdi cd le chinh M kha nang sit dyng tit ngii ciia Trin Dang Khoa. Cd nhiing tit nha tho dimg rat dac biet ma tii diln ciing khdng cd. Ching ban, mieu ta tilng ga, tieng chd, nha tho dimg tii khdt khdt, khau khau.
(7) Tiing go/Khdt khdt/ Tieng chd/Khau khau (Tilng trdng lang)
Nhiing tir lay nay da tao nen mdt khdng gian In a vdi tilng ga, tieng chd hdn ddn. Nlu thay hai tii khdt khdt, khau khau bing nhung rtr mieu ta tilng ga, tilng chd thdng thudng nhu cue tdc. gdu gdu thi cd le cau tha se that xoang va khdng thi cd siic bilu cam dugc.
Mdt vi dy khac:
(8) Sdn kho mdy tuot liia Thdc mac do vdng ong Md mi$ng cudi am dm Thd hi hop tren sdn
(Thdn xdm vao mua) Hi hop cd nghTa M met nhgc, ylu dt nhu sip hit hoi. Sii dyng tii My nay, tac gia da lot ta dugc su met mdi cua hat thdc trong khdng khi nhpn nhip khi thdn xdm vao miia.
Tdm lai, gia tri bilu cam la cai dich cin dat din khi mdi tac gia mudn bai tha ciia mmh cd siic lay dpng ddi vdi ban dgc. Vdi Trin Dang Khoa, dl dat din su lay ddng iy, nha tiio da tan dyng tdi da
52 NGON N G f & BOH SONG So l(293)-202q_
tinh nhac trong tir My. Hay ndi cdch khac, viec su dyng tii My mang tinh chit nghd thuat cua Tran Dang Khoa da giup cho tho cua tac gia cd cam xiic ban, giau chit bilu cam hon.
2.3. Vai trd giup tdc gid trong vi$c xay dung hinh tie^g vdn hgc ngh$ thuat
"Hinh tugng van hpc nghe thuat la mdt hue tranh sdng dgng nhit cua cupc sdng dugc xay dung bing ngdn ngu nhd tri tudng, dc sang tao va each danh gia cua ngudi nghe sT' [4, 125]. Tho cdng la mgt loai hinh cua van hgc nghe thuat. Do vay, viec xay dyng hinh tugng van hgc nghd trong tha la dieu vd cimg can thiet de san pham tho ay cd thi truyin tai nhiing thdng diep ma tac gia mudn giii den cupc sdng.
De xay dung dugc hinh tugng van hgc nghe thuat tiong tho, vdi Trin Dang Khoa, nha tha da su dyng nhiing ngdn hi rat gian di nhung lai cd hieu ling cao, ching ban nhu tir My. Cd the nhan thay dieu nay qua su phan tich nhiing vi du dudi day:
(9) Trong giac ma em Menh mdng. menh mdng Cd gap con co Cd gap bong me Lan Igi bdsdng Lom khom tren ddng Cd gap cdnh budm
(Tieng vdng keu) Hinh anh con cd khdng phai M hinh anh mdi me Uong tho Viet Nam. Dudi con mat cua cac nhi tho, con cd la hien than cua ngudi phy nil lam lu, co cue, vat va. Va khi mdi 11 tudi, Trin Dang Khoa cdng y thirc dugc dieu nay. Vi the, trong giac mo cua cau, con cd ciing vat va nhu the. Tii lay lan Idi da khic hpa duoc hinh anh kilm an co cue ciia con cd nai bd sdng. Va di lien vdi hinh anh con cd la dang ngudi me lom khom tren ddng. Mgt lan niia, tir lay lom khom lai ve nen hinh anh ngudi me tan tao. Con cd va ngudi me, hai hinh mgng tho that dep da di vao tho Tran Dang Khoa vdi nhiing net chung ma vin rieng, the hifn dugc su ddng cam sau sic cua cau be vdi nhiing vat va cua con ngudi trong cudc sdng.
Mgt vi du khac:
(10) Dudi bdng da. con trdu Dung dinh ddn bd vi Thong thd nhai huang liia Long hdng nhu ddm lua
(Cay da) Cay da vdn la hinh anh quen thudc ciia lang que Viet Nam. Khi ndi den gieng nude gdc da, ngudi ta thudng hinh dung den mgt ve dep binh lang, em a chdn que nha. Vdi TrBn Dang Khoa, lang que trong em ciing mgc mac va gian don nhu the. Dudi gdc da M con trau, dan bd, nhirng con vat vdn la ngudi ban than thugc cua ngudi lao ddng. Con trau thi thong thd nhai lua, dan bd thi dung dinh ra ve.
Hai tir My thong thd va diing dinh deu cd nghTa la cham rai, tir ton, khdng td ra vgi vang, gap gap, Viec dung hai tu nay khi mieu ta con uau va dan bd da ggi cho ngudi dpc mdt khdng khi lang que that thanh binh. Chinh dieu nay tao nen net dep rat gian di, rat trii tinh cua que huong Tran Dang Khoa.
(11) Gid cuon Chop Bui bay Rgch ngang trdi Cuon cugn Kho khoc
Sdm Bui tre Ghe xudng sdn Tdn ngdn Khanh khdch
Gd tdc Cudi Hdng budi
Du dua Cdy la hd he
(Mua)
So l(293)-2020 NGON N G f & BCfl SONG 53^
Trong bai Mua, Tran Dang Khoa da cho thay su chuyen ddng cua van vat khi trdi sap va bit diu mua. D I diln ta su chuydn ddng ay, tac gid su dyng mdt loat cac tit lay nhu cudn cudn, tdn ngdn. du dua, kho khdc, khanh khdch va hd hi. Bang nhdng tir lay nay, canh vat hien len vdi nhiing hoat dgng diy nao nhipt, co ve nhu lam lay chuyen ca dat Udi. Va de rdi bit ngd tu su nao nhiet ay, hinh anh ngudi bd hien len cudi bai tho vira long long, vira vi dai.
Bd em di cdy vi/Dgi sdm/Dgi chap/ Dgi cd trdi mua.
Nhu vay, cd the ndi, khdng phai la tat ca nhung ro ro rang viec sit dyng tii My diing liic, diing chd da gdp phin giup Trin Dang Khoa khic hga dugc nhiing hinh tugng nghe thuat ma nha tho mudn gtri gim den ban dgc.
3.KetluSn
Tom Mi, so vdi tit dan va tir ghdp, tii lay cd nhidu Igi the tiong viec the hien nhiing gia tri nghe thuat, dac biet la trong tho ca. Li do la vi co sd cua tir My M su hda phdi vl mat ngii am trong ndi bg ciu tnic cua nd. Chinh su hda phdi ve mat ngii am da lam cho tii My cd tinh nhac, lam cho nd de dang cham din trai tim ngudi doc. Tan dung dac diem nay cua tii lay, trong tap tha Gdc sdn vd khodng trdi. Trin Dang Khoa da su dyng tii My rit nhilu. Cac tir My thyc su da dem Mi hieu qua cao trong viec giup tac gia thi hien nhiing y dd nghe thuat, tii dd gdp phin lam cho tac pham tha cua Trin Dang Khoa mang dugc phong each rit rieng, rit dpc dao. Day ciing la mot Uong nhiing li do ma ngudi ta ggi Trin Dang Khoa bing sau chu vd cung tran tigng: thdn ddng thi ca Viit Nam.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. D§ Huu Chau (1986), Cdc binh dien cua tu vd tie tiing Viet, Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi. Ha Ngi.
2. Dd Hiiu Chau (1987), Ca sd nga nghTa hgc tie vung, Nxb Dai hgc va Trung hoc chuyen nghiep. Ha Ngi.
3. Dd Hiiu Chau (1999), Tu vung- ngu nghia tiing Viet, Nxb. Giao due. Ha Ngi.
4. Hiiu Dat (2000), Ngon ngu tha Viet Nam, Nxb KHXH, Ha Noi.
5. Nguyin Thien Giap (2002), Tu vung hgc tiing Viet, Nxb Giao dye. Ha Ndi.
6. Cao Xuan H^o (1998), Tiing Viet - Mdy vdn de vi ngie dm, nguphdp. nga nghia, Nxb.
Giao due. Ha Ndi.
7. Dinh Trgng Lac - Bui Minh Toan (2001), Tiing Viet tap hai, Nxb Giao dye. Ha Npi.
8. Hoang Phe (chu bidn) (1996), Tiediin tiing Viit, Nxb. Da Ning - Tmng tam tii diln hpc HaNgi-DaNlng.
N G U 6 N N G f LIfU
1 Trin Dang Khoa (2017), Gdc sdn vd khodng trdi, Nxb MI thuat. Ha Ngi.
The role of reduplicarive words in the poem "Gdc sdn vd khodng trdi "
written by Tran Dang Khoa
Abstract: Reduplicative words have many special semantic values. The namre of the reduplicative words is the harmonization of the phonetic feamres and their sUucture, so it is easy to touch tiie heart of the readers with rhytimi. Taking advantage of this charactenstic, in the poems of The comer courtyard and sky interval, Tran Dang Khoa used a lot of reduplicative words. The words have really high efficiency in helping the autiior express the artistic intentions, thereby contnbutmg to the very unique style of Tran Dang Khoa's work.
Key words: Reduplicative words; meaning; poem; style, art.