Vghien ciiru Qudc tiso 1 (104)
/NHAN TO NHAT BAN TRONG VAN DE
^ CHU QUYEN HOANG SA VA TRU'OFNG SA THOI KY CHIEN TRANH THE GlOfI fc THU* HAI - GOC Tl£P CAN TlT NGUON
TAI LIEU LUtJ TRir CUA PHAP
PGS.TS. Nguyen Thi Hanh * Tom tdt
Hien nay khi ndi tai tranh chap chii quyen tren Bien Dong, .nguai ta thuang de cap t&i 5 nuac 6 ben gom Trung Quoc, Ma-lai-xi-a, Bru-ndy, Phi-lip-pin, Viet Nam vd Ddi Loan. Tuy nhien, vdo thdi diim truac vd ngay sau Chiin tranh The giai thie Hai dyra tren ca s& khai thac duac nguon tdi lieu luu trie khd phong phu cua Phdp vi vdn di tranh chap tren Bien Dong, bdi viet nay co muc tieu Idm ro nhimg tranh chap vi chu quyen doi vai hai quan ddo Hoang Sa vd Trucmg Sa giiea ba ben Nhdt Bdn - Phdp - Trung Quoc.
Mddiu
Chiln tranh The gidi thii Hai dien ra va ciing vdi nhiing he qua de lai da thyc sy lam thay ddi gdc nhin va each dinh gia ciia nhiing nha quan sy, chinh tri ve vi tri va tim quan trpng cua chiu A - Thai Binh Duang ndi chung va Ddng Nam A ndi rieng trong tuong quan dia chinh tri thi gidi. Trong dd, sue manh hai quan va su md rpng inh hudng ciia nd tren bien ddng vai trd quan trpng, sdng cdn ddi vdi nhieu qudc gia d Thii Binh Duang ma Nhit Ban la mot trudng hop dien hinh. Chinh
* Khoa Lich sit - Trucmg Dai hpc Sir pham Uk Ngi, B4i vi^t phdn tich vin dk tren ca so ngu6n tai lieu Imi trii kha phong phii cua Phap ve tranh chSp tr6n Bien Dong va chi phan anh quan diim c4 nhan cua tac gia, khong nhat thiet dai dien cho bat kj' co quan nao
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vi vay, ngay tii nhiing thap nien diu cua thi ky XX, de thuc Men cl»
muc tieu chinh tri ciia minh li trd thinh mpt di qudc co siic anh huoBj Idn d chiu A, Nhat Bin da rit chii y tdi lpi ich tren biin. Nhiing quiij dio tren Biin Dflng ttong dd cd Hoing Sa vi Trudng Sa, nam trong dich ngim ciia Nhat Bin ngay tir thdi diim dd. Tuy nMen, Nhit BaiKfi khdng de ding dat dupe muc tieu cua minh bdi phii ddi mat vdi hai doi thii diy siic manh vi cQng khflng kem phin tham vpng dd l i Phap vi Trung Qudc. Cupc chiin vi chu quyin dfli vdi hai quan dio Hoing Sj va Trudng Sa giiia ba ben: Phip (li dai dien cho Viet Nam), Trung Quoc va Nhit Bin trong sudt thdi ky thudc dia (1884-1954), trong do dinh cao ciia tranh chap la thdi ky chiin tranh Thi gidi thii Hai vdi nhung hi luy cdn keo dii cho din tin ngiy nay.
Ngiy 6/6/1884, Hiep udc Patendtre dupe ky kit giu:a Phip vi triiu dinh Hui, theo dd, Viet Nam chinh thiic trd thinh thuflc dia ciii Phip. Viec Phip ip dat ich thing tri len dat nude Viet Nam vi sa» &
li Dflng Duong ciing vdi nhiing chinh sich nhim md rdng inh hudng ra idm vuc chiu A - Thii Binh Duong ma trudc het l i d Trung Quoc da khien Nhat Bin het siic lo ling. Li cudng qudc cd quyen lpi sdng con d khu vuc va die biet gan bd vdi lpi ich tren bien, su cd mat cua Phap (mdt cudng qudc hii quin liic bay gid) da kMen Nhit Bin nhan thay mot mdi de dpa to Idn dfli vdi lpi ich chien lupc cua minh. Chinh vi v|y, Nhit Ban tim mpi each md rdng inh hudng m i trudc het la d viing Bien Dong nham canh tranh vdi Phip vi gat bd Trung Quflc. Loi dung su thd a ciia ca Phip vi Trung Quflc dfli vdi vin di chii quyin liic bay gii), Nhat Ban tang cudng cic boat ddng mi trudc hit li hudng vio cic muc dich thuong mai sau dd li muc tieu chiim ddng lanh thd vi chii quyin.
Dya tren co sd khai thac dupe ngudn tii lieu lim trir kha phong phii ciia Phip ve van di niy, bai viit cd muc tieu lim ro nhiing tranh chip ve chii quyin ddi vdi hai quin dio Hoing Sa v i Trudng Sa giOa
46 3/20U
Nghiin ciiru Quoc tiso 1 (104)
'a ben Nhit Ban - Phap - Trung Qudc. Them vao dd, liu nay cac nghien TJu ve van de nay thudng chi chii f xoay quanh y8u td Phap va Trung Jude ma chua de cap mot each diy du tdi yeu td Nhat Ban trong mdt am giac quan he va tic ddng da chilu. Chinh vi vay, chiing tdi hy vpng iai viet nay cd ddng gdp nhat dinh vl mat tu lieu trong khoing trdng ilia linh vyc nghien ciiu nay.
Nhat Ban - Phap - Trung Qudc vdi van di Hoang Sa, Trudng sa trirdc va trong Thi chiln thii Hai
Quan ddo Hoang Sa
Nhin thiic ro t ^ quan trpng eiia Bien Ddng ca ve lpi ich thuang nai lin muc tieu quin sy, ngay tir nhiing nam 20 (thi ky XX), Nhit 3an da tim each md rdng anh hudng va tham dd thai dp cua cac ben cd ien quan bang viSc dS nghi phia Phap cap giiy phep cho khai thac tai iguyen d khu vyc quin dao Hoang Sa. Tuy nhien, ciu tri Idi ma Nhit Ban ed dupe rit chung chung, khdng khang dinh chic chin quyen sd liiu eiia phia Phip ddi vdi quan dao nay vao thai diem do, da tao dieu
•cien thuin lpi cho Nhit Ban thyc hien than vpng ciia minh.' Va dieu lay da khiln ca Phip va Trung Qudc lo lang.
Nam 1928, de dap tri lai viec chinh quyen dao Hai Nam cii mot tau tuin tra cd mat d Hoang Sa vdi muc dich khaig dinh chu quyen lanh thd, Toan quyen Ddng Duong liic dd da gui bao cao cho Bp trudng Bp Thudc dia Phap, trong dd neu len tinh cip thiet ciia viec phii khang dinh :hu quyin lanh thd d Hoang Sa. Bao cao da nhan manh: "Day chinh la thdi diim chiing ta cin phai chiem lay quin dao nay trudc va khang ' MFAE, ASIE-OCEANIE, Indochine, Gouvememenf General de I'Indochine, Direction ies Affaires Politiques et Indigenes, Note le 6 mai 1921. (B6 Ngoai giao Phap, BNGP,
;hau A - Thai Binh Duong, D6ng Duomg, Chinh phu Toan quySn D6ng Duong, Ban Chinh sach v^ Thu6c dja. Ban ghi nM ngay 06/05/1921).
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dinh chu quyin lanh thd mi diiu nay di dupe cdng nhin ci bang nhJng bing chiing lich sii lin yiu td thuc ti Men tai ".^
Thing 2/1937, Phip cii mot tuin ducmg ham mang ten "La Motte- Picquet" din diiu tra tinh hinh d quin dio Hoing Sa. Chi vii thang sau dd, thing 10/1937, Phip cii mot phai doin tdi quan dio nay vi xaj dung mflt ngpn hai dang tren dio Hoang Sa (He Pattle) vdi myc dich khing dinh chii quyen.
"Vdn ik Hoang Sa" thuc su bi "quoc te hoa" til nam 1938 bdini nim trong muc tieu md rdng inh hudng cua Nhit Bin d khu vuc chau A - Thii Binh Duong. Nam 1938, Nhit Bin cii quin dpi tdi chiim dao Phii Lam {He Boisee) de md dau cho qui trinh xim cMem, khang diali chu quyin tren cic dio d khu vuc chiu A - Thai Binh Duong. Hanii ddng niy ciia Nhit Bin da chim ngdi cho mot cupc "khung hoan^
Hodng Sa " giGa ba ben Phip - Nhat Bin - Trung Qudc.
Dip tra lai hinh dpng ciia Nhit Bin, hang loat cic hoat dpng nhim khing dinh chu quyin cua Viet Nam tren quin dio Hoang Sa dupe ngudi Phip xiic tiin mdt cich manh me. Thing 3/1938, tiu lio tdng "Mame" ciia Phap da tdi quan dio Hoing Sa va cim nhiiu cot mflc khing dinh chu quyin.' Thing 7/1938, chinh phii toan quyin Dong Duong da lin lupt cho quin dpi tdi chiim giii cac nhdm dio thuOc quan dao Hoing Sa va khing dinh chu quyin lanh thfl d do.
^ MFAE, ASIE-OCEANIE, Indochine, Rapporl du Gouverneur General de I'lndockilK a Monsieur le Minislre des Colonies, Service des Affaires exterieures, le 17 dccembre 1928. (BO Ngoai giao Pliap, cliau A - Thai Binh Ducmg, Dong Dirong, Bao cao caa Toan quySn Bong Dirong giti B5 truong Bo Thujc dja, B6 phan DSi ngoiii, ngay 17/12/192!).
^ MFD, SHM, La /Marine frangaise en Indochine (1939-1955), Marine Nationale, Tra- vail etabli d'apres les Archives de la Marine et r^dige par le Capitaine de Vaisseau ^ ) Michel Jaques du Service Historique de la Marine, Vincennes, tome II. (Bo Qu6c PhJng Phap, Ban Lich sii Hai quan, Hai quan Pliap a Dong Duang (1939-1955), TSp tai liSu biln soan duoi su cho phip ciia Trung T»m Imi trit Hai quan va Tucng Vaisseau (R) Mi- chel Jaques thirc hien, Vincennes, tap II.)
Nghiin ciru Quoc tiso 1 (104)
Nh^t Bdn
Chinh phu Nhat Ban khi do da cd nhimg phan ling manh me vdi Ihanh dpng cua Phip. Ngay 8/7/1938, dai dien Nhit Ban gui cdng ham phan doi viec Phap cho quan dpi tdi ddng d Hoang Sa va cho ring Phap ikhdng cd chu quyin d dd. Cdng ham phia Nhat vien din cac li II sau:
Thii nhat, 'Warn 1920, phia Nhdt Bdn mudn tiin hanh khai thac a khu vuc Hodng Sa nen da gui cong vdn cho chinh quyin Dong Duang
•luc do de hoi ve chu quyen ddi v&i qudn ddo. Tu&ng Loumy da trd led rang Hodng Sa khong thuoc ve chu quyin cua nu&c Phdp".
: Thii hai, ""'Nam 1921, chinh quyin tinh Quang Dong dd ban hdnh nghi dinh sap nhap qudn ddo Hodng Sa du&i su qudn ly cua chinh quyen ddo Hdi Nam." ^
Sd dl Nhit Bin vien din yeu td thii hai la bdi tai thdi diim dd, nude niy dang xiic ti6n manh me qui trinh xam luac Trung Qudc va viec dinh chilm cic dio cua Trung Qudc nhu Dai Loan hay Hii Nam dang la uu tten sd mot ciia Nhat Bin.
Cung liic do, chinh phu Nhit Ban lien tiep dua ra tuyen bd cua Nhat Hoang Huohito va Thii tudng Konoye vdi nhiing Idi le kich ddng cugc chien tranh vdi Trung Quoc va gian tiep de dpa cac nude phuang Tiy.^ Bai tuyen bd cua Nhit Hoing nhin manh ''''canphdi huy dpng todn bo nguon luc cua quoc gia de tien hdnh chien tranh", ddng thdi dua ra Idi khen ngai chien thing ciia quin dpi Nhat Bin d Nam Kinh.^
Phdp
Trong khi dd, Chinh phii Phap cho rang toan bd nhiing lip luan ma Nhit Ban dua ra la nguy bien de nhim vao nhieu muc dich khac
* L'Humanite, Le Japon proteste et ment a propos des iles Paracels, Paris, le 9 juillet 1938.
5 Sdd.
* Sdd.
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nhau: mot mat nhSm de dpa cUnh quyin Trung Qu6c, mat khic dm ra Idi cinh bao vdi cic cudng quoc Au - My cdn giu mdi quan h$ binh thudng vdi Trung Quflc m i trudc hit li nude Phap. Sd dl Phip li nnic tiSu diu tien trong dich ngim tin cflng ciia Nhat Bin la bdi "no ndm trong chiin lucre chung cua khoi phat xit Id tan cong nuac Phdp m^t cdch todn dieri'? Trong con mit ciia ngudi Phap liic dd tM "niu nhuas tranh chap vl chu quyin a Hodng Sa thi cUng chi se Id giOa Viet Nm vd Trung Qudc md thoi. Nhat Bdn khong he co lien quan gi trong vm di nay. "*
Mdt mmh chiing niia cho nhiing luan diim vi "khSi^' ma PMp dua ra do Ii, cimg mdt thdi diem, bio chi cic nude phuong Tiy lien ti£p dua tin ve " Vdn di Hodng Sa" vdi hai luong y kien trai ngupc nhan mpt cich ro ret: bio chi ciia Diic vi I-ta-li-a len tieng gay gat to cao Phip xim ph^im chii quyen ciia Nhit Bin; ngupc lai, bao chi cac nuoc phuong Tiy khic tM cd quan diim ung hp hinh dflng ciia Phap.
Ngiy 12/7/1938, bio Nhit Bin (L'Agence Domei) dua ra Idi to cio Phap da dua siu tiu chiin tdi Hoing Sa cimg vdi viec van chuyin nhieu vii kM, trang thiit bi, luong thuc phuc vu cMin tranh tdi quin dao niy. Td bio niy ciing trich din ngufln tin ciia pMa Hdng Kflng di khiig, djnh nhiing cao bufle cua hp.'
Phap hoin toan bic bd thflng tin nay vi khing dinh khflng lie cd viec gui tiu chien ciing nhu phuong tien cMSn tranh tdi Hoing Sa.
Ddng thdi ciing chi ro day ching qua la im muu ciia Nhit Bin trong viec kich dflng vi gay cMa re mii quan he gitra Phip va Trung Quic.
•' Sdd
L'Humanite, Le Japon proteste et ment & propos des iles Paracels, Paris, le 9 juillet 193S.
• Les iles Paracelles n'ont jamais recu de materiel de guene, Le Jour du 13 juillet 1938
Nghien cuu Quoc tiso 1 (104)
Nhu vay, nhiing vin dl neu tren diu chiing td, v ^ dl Hoang Sa liic nay khdng chi cdn la su tranh chip vl "chii quyin" ciia quan dao giua cac ben m i di bien thanh mpt cai "cd" dl Nhit Bin sii dung trong tien trinh md rpng chien tranh d chiu A.
Trung Quoc
Trung Qudc d thdi diim dd dang d trong mot tinh trang vd ctmg khd khan khi phai ddi mat vdi cupc xim luac ciia Nhit Ban va vi thi khdng the diy mdi quan he vdi Phap qua cing thing. Ngay 10/7/1938, hai ngay sau khi Nhat Bin chinh thiic giii cdng dien phin ddi Phip, Dai sii Trung Qudc tai Phap, M.Wellington Koo, di cd cuOc gap vdi Bd trudng Bd Ngoai giao Phap, M. Georges Bonnet de bay td quan diem ciia Trung Qudc ve chii quyen ddi vdi quin dao Hoang Sa. Tuyen bd ciia Trung Qudc la: "Dua vdo thuc ti hiin nay thi viec nguai Phdp hien diin tren qudn ddo Hodng Sa tot han rdt nhieu so vai syr chiem dong cua Nhdt Bdn, song phia, Trung Quoc cUng luon bdo luu su phdn doi ciia minh tru&c sir chiim ddng cua Phdp doi vdi qudn ddo Hodng Sa."^°
Dip tri lai quan diem ciia Trung qudc, Bp trudng G. Bonnet khing dinh chii quyen ciia Viet Nam (ma hien ngudi Phap la dai dien) ddi vdi quin dao Hoang Sa bing viec vien din cie cii Ueu lich sii, ddng thdi khing dinh sir ed mat eiia ngudi Phip tren quin dao la mpt dieu hien nhien dl bao ve chii quyen. Ddng thdi, ciing ngay thdi diem dd, thing 7/1939, chinh phii Phap ra quylt djnh sip nhap quin dio Hoang Sa vao tinh Thiia Thien.
Chiln tranh Thi gidi thii Hai bimg nd, Biln Ddng vdi cac quin dio cua nd ddng mdt vai trd dac biet quan trpng trong cupc chien d chiu A - Thai Binh Duong. Do dd, ngay tii khi bit diu cupc chiln tranh, phia Nhit Ban da bdc Id y djnh phii chilm duoc Hoang Sa bing mpi gia:
"C/iMwg^ ta, nhdt Id luc luang hdi qudn, khong the de mgc cho Hodng '° Les Paracells, Chan le 11 aout 1938
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Sa bi chiim dong nhu Id mot cdn oil qudn su. Bai nd se cho phep liic luang hdi qudn cua cdc cuang qudc triin khai hoat dong mai a khu vac Biin Bong. Chiing taphdi gdn chat vdn di ndy vdi van de an ninh quic phdng quoc gia.""
Quyit tam thuc Men muc tieu dd, Nhit Bin di cho quan chiim quin dio Hoing Sa, tuyen bd sip nhip vio lanh thi Nhat Ban va sir dung quin dio niy phuc vu cho cupc chiin tranh d Thii Bmh Ducmg.
Qudn ddo Tru&ng Sa
Dfli vdi quin dao Trudng Sa, bit diu tit nhiing nam 1930, NUl Bin tang cudng su cd mat ciia cic tiu dinh ci tai khu vuc quan dio nay vdi hai muc tieu; tim kiim lpi ich kinh te va chuin bi cho qua trinh xam lupc ra toin bp khu vuc chiu A - Thii Binh Duong. Diing trade nguy CO xung dot tren tuyen dudng bien Bac - Nam cd the xiy ra neu Nhat Bin chiem quin dio Tradng Sa, Phip da het siic lo ling vi ngay lap tiic cd nhiing hanh ddng dip tra.
Thing 4/1930, Phap cu mpt tiu tuan tiiu tdi dio Bao Tfl (He de Tempite - thuoc qudn ddo Truang Sa) cim cd vi cot moc idling dinii chd quyin.'^ Tren thuc ti, cho din thing 4/1933, Phap da cd mat va khing dinh chii quyin tren 6 dio thudc quin dio Trudng Sa. Vi mat phap \j, thing 7/1933, Phip cdng bd ten Cflng Bao Phap danh sacli nhiJng hdn dio thuflc quin dio Tradng Sa mi Phip da cd mat va &
tuyen bfl khing dinh chu quyin.''
" MFAE,ASIE-OCEANIE,Chine,Paracels(l946-I947), N o t e n ° 3 2 6 , Ie25avrlll939, (BNGP, Trung Qu6c, Hoang Sa (1946-1947). Ban ghi nli& so 326, ngay 25/04/1939).
" F R C A O M , Fonds Indochine, Agence F.O.M., volume 285, les Ues Spralleys 1911.
(Trung tam luu trii van kh6 hai ngoai Phap, Ph6ng D6ng Duong, t^p 285, gadn ^ Truang Sa 1939).
" MFAE, Avis relalifd i 'occupation de certaines Ues par des unites novates frangaises.
Journal Officiel de la Republique fran^aise, n° 173 du 26 juillet 1933, p. 7837. (BNGP, Cong bdo ve viec khdng dinh chu quyen a cdc ddo ciia Hdi qudn Piidp, Cong Bao Plia^
s6 173, ngay 26/07/1933, tr. 7837).
52 3Mi
tvgmen cuu {/uoc te so 1 (104)
Hanh ddng tren cua Phip ngay lap tiic nhan duac sy: phan ddi tii phia Nhit Ban. Trudc tinh hmh dd, dl tim ra mdt giii phap, ca hai ben chip nhin cung ngdi vao ban dam phin. Nhiing cudc dam phan di diin ra cang thang d ca Tokyo lin Paris trong giai doan tir nam 1933 din nam 1935 song khdng di tdi duac mot giai phip thda dang nao. Nim 1935, dam phan tam thdi bi gian doan do y mudn cua ci hai ben va dudng nhu liic dd, ngudi Phip da tudng Nhit Ban chiu thuin theo li Ig ciia hp.
Thuc te khdng hoan toan nhu ngudi Phap nghi, bdi thing 8 nam 1937, trudc khi cit quin xim lupc Trung Qudc, vdi miic dich lam mdt
""phep thOr" thai dp cua Phap, ddng thai ciing mudn giai quylt diit diim vin de quin dao, chinh phii Nhat Ban chii ddng dl nghi ndi lai dam phan. Vin khdng dat dupe kit qui nhu mong mudn, thing 2 nim 1939, Phap dl nghi mang ra trpng tai qudc tl dl giii quylt. Song tinh hinh thi gidi liic dd da thay ddi manh me, chinh phii Nhit Ban khdng chip nhan de nghi vi lua chpn phuang an khic.
Sau khi chiem xong dao Hii Nam, ngay 30/3/1939, chinh phu Nhat Bin ra quyet dinh sap nhap ca Hoang Sa va Trudng Sa vao lanh thd Nhit Ban, dat dudi su quan ly cua chinh quySn Nhit tai Dii Loan vdi each gpi ten ciia Nhit li Shinan Gunto (gom ca Hoang Sa va Trudng Sa). Ngay 31/3/1939, tai Tokyo, Ngoai trudng Nhat Ban, M. Sawada da gap Dai su Phip tai Nhit, M. Arsenre Hemy de thdng bio quyet dinh ciia chinh phii Nhit Bin. Trong bin tuyen bd, Phia Nhit dua ra li le "hg la ngudi ddu tien cho tau ra tham do a Trucmg Sa nam 1917 vd tie dd din nay thi qudn ddo ndy vdn trong tinh trgng "v6 cha " (sans possesseurs)."^'* Ciing ngiy, Bd Ngoai giao Nhat Bin ra thdng cio chinh thiic Idling djnh su sip nhap. Diy la mpt hanh dpng cd tinh toin cua Nhat Bin trudc khi Chien tranh The gidi thii Hai thuc su bat diu.
Ngay lap tiic, Phip phan ling quyet li?t bdi hp ciing nhin ra mdi nguy '^ Le Japon aux iles de la Tempete possessions francaises, L' Ere Nouvelle, le 4 avril 1939.
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hiim dang can ki khi Nhit Ban lin lupt khflng chi cic vi tri cMin lud
tai Bien Dflng. H Ngiy 6/4/1939, Dai sii Phip tai Nhat Bin, A. Henry da frao cong]
ham phin ddi cho Bfl tradng Bp Ngoai giao Nhat Ban.'= Dflng thiri, Phap ciing md mpt "chiin dich" phin ddi tren bio chi v i k6u gpi cic nude dflng mmh len tiing. Ddi tuong mi Phip nhim vao trade hitvi vdi rit nhiiu hy vpng dd li hinh dpng ciia chinh phii Anh. PMa VM thi Men su cdng nhin vai trd cua ngudi Anh thdng qua vipe biy td qua!
diim ring tau Riflemam ciia Anh li tiu diu tien da vieng tham vati^' hinh viec cdng nhan chinh thiic nhOng cum dio pMa Tiy cua quin ik Trudng Sa Cling nhu da ve dupe bin dfl chi tiit quin dio. Cac cmnitio phia Dflng d thdi diim dd rit it tiu thuyin qua lai do hi coi li "rang nguy hiim" bdi thudng xuyen cd bao td vi di ngim. Tuy nMen, ti&
thuc ti thi tir thdi diim dd, nude Anh chua bao gid len tieng khing ^ chii quyen ciia minh d quan dio nay.
Bao Phip thdi diem dd ghi nhin viec chinh phu Anh cd giii mgt biic dien phin dfli su chiem ddng vi sip nhip ciia Nhit Bin doi vdi quin dio Hoing Sa va cho rang nhu vay l i xam pham vio chu quyen linh thd cua Anh d Vien Dflng.'^ Trong mflt cudc dieu tran tai Qu6cli5i Anh ngay 6/4/1939, dai dien Bp Ngoai giao Anh cung di the Men quan diim dling vi phia Phip. Song thuc ti tM nhiing gi mi Anh da lam lit dd li rit de dat va khdng dip ling dupe ky vpng eiia Phip. Cd thi li gii dupe thii dp cua chinh phii Anh la bdi tai thdi diim dd, Anh va Nhii Bin vira b? mpt thda thuan ve thue quan m i ndi dung ciia nd giy thi^
hai nMiu cho Trung Quoc." Diiu niy cung gdp them mdt minh chimj vio viec theo duSi chinh sich "dung duang" phe phit xit cua nude Anb d CMin tranh Thi gidi thii Hai.
'^ La France proteste officillement a Tokio centre I'annexion des iles SpratlyL'EpoqlH le 7 avril 1939, p,
" Revue depresse etrangiie, Autour de la question des Spratleys, le 5 avril I939,N.21I '^ L'occupation des lies Spratly, Action Francaise, le 7 avril 1939.
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fghien curu Quic teso I (104)
Hanh dflng ciia Nhit Bin khdng cM giy chin dpng du luin nude Phap liic d6 ma cd inh hudng Idn ddi vdi cic nude dflng minh cua Phap.
Bdi nd chiing td su that hiin nhien cua mpt cupc cMin tranh thi gidi khflng thi trinh khdi bing mdt chudi cic hanh ddng tiip ndi: xim cMim va sip nhip dio Dii Loan, chiim ddng Hii Nam v i cudi ciing la Hoing Sa va Tradng Sa. Sd di Nhit Bin phii kien quyit cd dupe Tradng Sa la bdi ngoii vi tri trung tim Biin Dflng, Tradng Sa cdn dupe coi nhu
"chia khoa" neu Nhat Ban mudn md rdng anh hudng xudng pMa Nam.
Mac du cupc cMen ngoai giao cang thing song tr6n thuc te tM cho den cudi nam 1940, tai lieu luu trfi Phip gM nhan vin cd nhiing toin quin cda Phap cd tren mat mdt s6 dio ben canh quan dpi Nhit Bin.
Bdn canh do, tai lidu lim trii Phap ciing gM nhin su cd mit cda quin dpi Nhat Bin chiem ddng mpt sfl dio quan trpng thudc quan dio Hoing Sa, sii dung cac dio niy lam cin cii tau ngim cho cic ehi6n dich ciia Nhit Bin d Dflng Nam A trong suit thdi gian diin ra cMin tranh.
Nhat Ban - Phap - Trung Quoc vdi van fle Hoang Sa, Trudng Sa sau Chien tranh The gioi thd- Hai
CMen tranh Thi gidi thii Hai kit thiic, song cudc chiin vi chu quyin linh tho doi vdi cac dio d Biin Dflng lai trd nen ngiy cing phiic t?p. Nhiing gi diin ra trong cupc cMin Thii Binh Duong va nhiing hiu qua m i Nhat Bin phii ganh chiu da kMen cic nude cd lien quan nhin thiy tim quan trpng cMin lupc cua Biin Ddng l i khflng thi bd qua.
Nhit Ban, thua trin vi phii ky lien tiip cic MSp udc vdi cic nude thing tran, ma thudng trong ndi dung cui cic M6p udc dd, mpt trong nhOng vin di duoc cac ben quan tam nhit va tim mpi cich de cd lpi cho minh dd chinh la vi lanh thd. Hoing Sa vi Tradng Sa nim trong ddi tuong cua su tranh chip dd. Chinh vi vay, mac dii Nhat Bin khong cdn hien dien tren hai quin dao Hoing Sa vi Tradng Sa m i thay bing Phap, song
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Nhit vin la mflt trong nhOng nhan td cd lien quan trong viec giii quyj vin de nay.'*
vin di Biin Bong qua Hiep u&c San Francisco 19S1 Ngiy 8/9/1951 Hiep udc Hda binh San Francisco giOa Nhit Bjii vdi cac luc lupng dflng minh dupe k^ kit cMnh thilc kit thiic Cliieii tranh Thi gidi thii Hai vi ciing chim diit dia vi cudng qudc ciia Nhii Ban. Vdi Hiep udc nay, Nhit Bin chinh thiic tuyen bd tCr bd chii quyin cua minh tren hai quan dio Hoing Sa vi Trudng Sa. Tuy nMSii, tuySn bfl niy l^i khdi ngufln cho nhiing mdi bit hda mdi vi kMin cho xung dot ve chii quyen linh thfl d Bien Dflng cang trd nen khd giii quyet lion, Nhit Bin, trong tuyen bd cua minh, cdng nhan su tir bd chu quyen tren hai quin dio Hoing Sa vi Trudng Sa song lai khdng in dinh rd ling trao tra quyin dd ve cho ben nio. Trong muc F, khoin 2, chuong II, phin Lanh thd cua Hiep udc, cd ghi rd: ^NhatBdn tuyen bd tic bd tilca cdc quyen vd cdc tuyen bo cd liin quan tai chit quyin cua NhatBdntrk hai qudn ddo Hodng Sa vd Truang Sa. "''
Cflng hda nhin din Trung Hoa da khflng hii long vdi nhiing dieu khoin trong Hiep dinh San Francisco, die biet l i vi vin di linh thi, Tren thuc te, Hiep djnh San Francisco dupe ky kit dua tren npi dung du thio cda MI va Anh. Chinh diiu niy khiin Trung Qudc khflng cliap nhin. Phia Trang Qudc di dua quan diim cua minh nhu sau: Phia Trung Quoc cao bufle du thio niy da ''xam pham t&i quyin lai vi ISii
" MFAE, ASIE-OCEANIE, Chine, volume 214, Paiacels (1944-1955), "L'arcliipel IJB Paracels, avant-garde de la mer du Sud", article special public par Chen Pao, le 2 7 j a n ^ 1946. (BNGP, chau A - Thai Binh Duong, Trung QuSc, t$p 214, Hoang Sa (1944-1955),
"Quan dao HoJng Sa, cua ng5 Clla Bl€n D6ng", bai xS luan dmrc dSng trin Chen Fa,
ngay 27/01/1946). ' 1^
" MFAE, ASIE-OCEANIE, Chine, volume 213, les iles Spratley, Pikin-23/8 - " A g » K Hsiihua", Telegramme de I'Ambassade de France en Chine, Shanghai le 8 septefflb 1951. (BNGP, chau A - Thai Buih Duong, Trung Qu6c, t§p 213, Q u k dao Truong Sa,Bic Kinh - 23/8 - Dien tin cua Sir quin Phap tai Trung Quoc, Tliu(mg H i i ngay 08/9/1959
56
sm
Nghien ciru Quoc tesd 1 (104)
thd cua Trung Qudc ddi vai Ddi Loan vd Bdnh Hd (Pescadores)"" bdi vi da khdng neu ro la tri vh cho Trung Qudc. ^°
Them vao do, ngay sau khi Du thio duac cdng b6, ngay 20/7/1951, Bd Ngoai giao Phap ra ngay tuyen bd: "Npi dung Du thdo Hiep u&c, nhdt Id nhimg dieu khoan cd lien quan den lanh tho, hoan todn phii hgp v&i quan diem cua chinh phu Phdp. Bai nd da xdc dinh chit quyin cua nuac Phdp doi v&i hai qudn ddo Hodng Sa vd Truang Sa".
Phia Trung Qudc vien din chuydn di cua Foster Dulles vao giiia thing 6/1951 tdi Paris la d6 thda thuan vdi chinh phu Phap ve viec cho nude Phap mot sd quyen Igfi d Ddng Ducmg va ddi lai, Phap se ling hd nhung diiu khoan cd lien quan tdi My va Nhit Ban.^'
De thi hien ro hon niia thai do ciia minh, trong cac ngiy 15/8/1951 vi 28/9/1951, Bd trudng Ngoai giao Chu An Lai lien tiep dua ra nhiing tuyen bd cua chinh phu Trung Qudc phin ddi su ky ket Hiep udc San Francisco va khing dinh: "Tdt cd nhitng hiep u&c co lien quan t&i Trung Qudc md khdng cd su tham du cua Trung Quoc thi diu bi coi Id "bdt hop phdp'' vd khong cd bdt cu gid tri ndo. "^^
Nhiing cio budc tii phia Trung Qudc, cho dii ed thS dua tren mot vai cin cii nao dd, ciing khdng duoc Phip vi cic nude khac chap nhin.
Phia Phip, dung trudc cio budc ciia Trung Qudc, da khing dinh mot each ro rang chu quyin cua minh ddi vdi hai quan dao Hoang Sa va Trudng Sa la duong nhien, va khdng phai chd din viec Nhit Ban tuyen
^^ MFAE, ASIE-OCEANIE, Chine, volume 213, les iles Spratley, Pekin-23/8 -"Agence Hsinhua", Telegramme de I'Ambassade de France en Chine, Shanghai le 8 septembre 1951. (BNGP, chau A - Thai Binh Ducmg, Tning Qu6c, tap 213, Q u ^ dao THiimg Sa, B5c Kinh - 23/8 - Dien tin cua Sii quan Phap tai Trung Qu6c, Thu9ng Hai ngay 08/9/1951).
-' MFAE, ASIE-OCEANIE, Pekin-23/8 - "Agence Hsinhua " Ambassade de France en Chine, Direction Asie-Oceanie, Shanghai le 8 septembre 1951, Telegramme.
" Francois Joyaux, La nouvelle question d'Extreme -Orient, lorn II, Frontieres et Strate- gies. Editions Complexe, 1991, p.98. (Francois Joyaux, Nhiing vdn de mdi & Vien Dong, t^pll, Bien giai va Chidn 1^0,^X3 Complexe, 199],tr.98).
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bfl til bo chii quySn thi moi khjng dinh no thuflc ve ai. Dieu nay dnoe the Men trong "Bdo cdo cua Bo ngoai giao Phdp ngdy 24/3/1950 ve v«
di qudn ddo Trudng Sa" da chi ro:
"1. Di tranh nhiing rdc rdi khong cdn thiit cd thi xdy ra viyk sdch chii quyin din tie mot cuang qudc ndo do, Phdp co chit truang til khdng dinh lai chu quyin cua minh bdng nhieu biin phdp khde nhau:^
dling litcc luang hdi qudn, xdy dtmg lai doi don tru, thay thi cdc cot mk bi thiit hii trong chiin tranh, dua ra tuyin bd chinh thicc.... vv
2. Khdng cdn phdi chd dai viic ky kit Hiep udc Hoa binh vol NhSl Ban, chung ta (Phap) da lihflng bao gio cflng nhan chii quyen ciiaNh^i Ban, do do, ciing Idiong phai cha dgi viic ho (Nhdt Bdn) tuyin bo tit ba chii quyin, vd cung khdng viic gi phdi di nghi ho ticbd nhiing thu v6n thudc vi chung ta. Tdt cd nhimg gi phdi cd trong Hiep udc chi Id ngan chdn tham vong ciia Nhdt Bdn md thdi "^
Tham du Hoi nghi San Francisco, Thii tuong Viet Nam Tr^ Van Hiiu, ngay 7/9/1951 da ra tuyen bfl idling dinh chii quySn lich sii cili Viet Nam tren hai quto dao Hoang Sa va Truong Sa.^'
Cling d thoi diem nay, Tniong Sa tra thanh khflng chi moi qujn tam dfli voi Phap va Trung Quflc ma con trd thanh muc tieu huflngtiS ciia Phi-iip-pin co My dling ding sau, va Idiong ioai trir ca nuoc Aili, Nam 1951, Anh cil mot tau giam hg toi Idiu vuc quin dao Hoang Sa, chup anh va tien hanh nghien ciiu tren thuc dia.^'
» MFAE, ASIE-OCEANIE, Note du 24 mai 1950 sur ies ties Spratley.
La declaration du Premier Ministre du Vietnam a la Conference de San Francis- co (7/9/1951), Revue "France-Asie", 6= arniee, decembre 1951, a° 66-67, pp. 502-505.
("Tuyen b6 ciia Thu Tucmg Viet Nam tai Hoi nghi San Francisco" (7/9/1951), T?pt»
Phdp - cliduA, nam thii 6, 12/1951, s6 66-67, tr. 502-505).
" MFAE, ASIE-OCEANIE, Consulat General de France ik Smgapour, TfliSgramine di M. le Consul general de France a Singapour a M. Le Ministre des affaires itrangeres,*:
11 fevrierl952.
58 3/2iq
Nghien ciru Quoc tesS 1 (104)
Van di Biin Bong qua Hoa u&c Trung Quoc - Nhgt Bdn 1952 Ngay 28/4/1952, bay nam sau khi kSt thuc ChiSn tranh ThS gioi thu Hai, Nhat Ban va Trung hoa D3n quoc ley Hiep uae Hoa binh (eon goi la Hoa uac Trung Qu6c - Nhat Ban 1952), chinh thiic chim dut chi^n tranh Trung Quoc - Nhat Ban. Tuy nhien, vice hai quan dao Hoang Sa va Trucmg Sa duac nh4e tai trong Hoa uac nay lai la ngu6n can cua nhung tranh cai giua Phap, Trung Quoc va Nhat Ban.
Khoan 2 cua Hoa uae Trung Nhat da lay lai noi dung ve lanh tho cua Khoan 2 mue b va muc f cua Hoa uoc San Fransisco de nhac toi su tuyen bo tir bo '"''moi quyin, danh nghia vdyeu sdch ddi vai cdc lanh thd Ddi Loan, Bdnh Ho vd Hodng Sa, Tru&ng Sa". ^^
Phdp
Phap ngay lap tuc bay to su phan d6i toi chinh phu Nhat Ban ve dieu khoan nay. Ngay 7/5/1952, Bo truong Ngoai giao Phap da gui mot hue dien cho Dai sii Phap tai Tokyo, npi dung biic dien neu ro:
"So ngogi giao Phdp thong bdo cho Bgi sir Phdp tgi Tokyo biit rdng, Khodn 2 cua Hda u&c Trung Qudc - Nhdt Bdn da nhac t&i cdc lanh thd md Nhdt Bdn ti^en bd tir bd, trong dd cd cd Hodng Sa vd Tru&ng Sa.
Tdi (Bo tru&ng Ngogi giao Phdp) da ngay lap tuc lien lac v&i phia Nhgt Bdn di luuy ho rdng, Hodng Sa vd Truang Sa Id lanh thd thudc vi nuac Phdp vd luu y nguai Nhdt su bdt nga cua toi tru&c viec nhiing dia danh do duac nhac tdi trong Hda u&c. B&i nd duang nhu la mot su "cd siiy ngdm " cho tham vong ciia Trung Qudc doi v&i phdn lanh thd ndy khi nd Igi duac nhac t&i trong mot Hda u&c song phucmg chi cd Nhgt Bdn vd Trung hoa Ddn qudc.
^ MFAE, ASIE-OCEANIE, Aifaires etrangeres, Telegramme a Tarrivee de Tokio le 13 mai 1952, DEJEAN, I'Ambassadeur de France a Tokio fBNGP, chau A - Thai Binh Duong, Dien tin tu Ngai M.DEJEAN Dai sd Phap tai Nhat Ban gui Bp Ngo^i giao Phap, ngay 13/05/1952).
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Chiing ta se cha bdn tuyen bo chinh thiic vd diin tiin ciia s^r vift:
di quyit dinh xem se gidi quyit viic ndy nhu thi ndo. Quan diim ck chirng ta Id tiiy tinh hinh se phdi cd suphdn ddi chinh thtic lin cW phii Nhdt Ban".^
Nhdt Bdn
Nhat Ban, dilng truo'c phan ling cua phia Phap, da dua ra loi gii thich vfl ly do hp su dving ca khoan b va Ichoan f ciia Dieu 2 trong Hii uoc song phuang Trung Quflc - Nh$t Ban 1952. Phia Nhat Ban cho ring dihu khoan nay dan g\ati"chi Id s{e nhac lai diiu khodn ve lanh lh&
trong Hiip dinh San Francisco vd phia Nhdt Bdn chi quan tdm tdi vipc thuc hiin tuyen bd tit bd chu quyin, md khdng hi cd bdt cHy dinh nao di cap tdi viic nhimg lanh thd ndy thudc vi nuac ndo a hiin tgi hoac trong viec gidi quyet vdn di dd trong tuang lai. "^*
Trong bao cao ciia ciia Dai sir Phap tai Nhat Ban, M. De Jean giii Bfl Ngoai giao Phap ngay 13/5/1952 co ghi ro nhiing giai thich tirpiiia Nhat Ban ve vSn di nay nhu sau: "Dif thdo ddu tien mdphia Nhgt Bin dua ra cho phdi doan Trung Hoa Ddn qudc chi nhdc tdi cd Ddi Loan vd Bdnh Hd trong Biiu khodn 2. Tuy nhien, dai diin Bdi Bdc kien qufh yiu cdu phdi cd cd ten Hodng Sa vd Truang Sa. Vd cudi cimg Id phia Nhdt Bdn chap nhan nhdn nhicgng. Tuy nhiin, muc tiiu cua cd pM dodn ddm phdn Idn chinh phu Nhdt Bdn Id chi khdng dinh su tit bow mat lanh thd cua Nhgt Bdn chit khdng hi cd dn y vi viec nhimg phan lanh thd ndy se thudc vi ben ndo cd a hiin tgi Idn tuang lot Ddi v«
trudng hap hai quan ddo Hodng Sa vd Trucmg Sa, phia dodn Nhdt Bin cUng da gidi thich ro cho phdi dodn Bdi Bdc vi y tuang cua ho.""
" MFAE, ASIE-OCEANIE, Asie-Oceanie(l944-1955), Chine, LeIIre du 7 mai 19521 Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres.
" MFAE, ASIE-OCEANIE, Affaires toangjres, Telegramme a I -arrivee de Tokyo le II mai 1952 dM.DEJEAN (BNGP, Chau A-Th4iBlnhDuimg,Dien tin tit Ng4iM.DEJBAN Dai s i Phap lai Nhat Ban giii B6 Ngoji giao Phap, ngdy 13/05/1952).
" Sdd.
60 3/2011.
Nghien ciru Quoc te so 1 (104)
I
i Ngay 21/5/1952, Dai sii Phap tai Nhat Ban giii ve S&i Gon mot ibiic dien thong bao noi dung cuoe noi chuyen giua Dai sii Phap tai Nh|t Ban va Bo truong Ngoai giao Nhat Ban nham lam r6 van de hai quan dao trong Hoa uoc Trung - Nhat. Biic dien neu r6: "Bg trudng Ngogi giao Nhgt Bdn khdng dinh rdng Diiu 2 trong Hda u&c Trung ' Qudc - Nhgt Bdn chi dan gian la su dp diing Khodn 2 cua Hda u&c San
^Francisco vai nguyin y nghia cua nd, ngodi ra khdng he cd sif dn dinh
^hogc any ndo khac". ^°
, Tuy nhien, de tranh lam mat long Trung Hoa Dan quoc, trong
;C6ng van tra lai cua Bp truang Ngoai giao, Nhat Ban da de nghi han , che toi da viec cong khai cae van ban tra loi cua phia NhSt Ban. Con
neu nude Phap van muon cong bo thi chi nen cong bo truac het o Paris.
Trung Qudc
Phia Trung Quoc cho rang, vdi Hoa uoc Trung Qu6c - Nhat B ^
! la hi6p uac song phuong giua Nhat Ban va Trung hoa Dan quoc, do do, i nhOng gi dugc nhac tdi trong hoa udc se chi lien quan tdi hai ben. Han I nua, quin dao Dai Loan dugc Nhat Ban tra ve cho Trung Qu6c thi ciang : d6ng nghTa vdi viec quin dao Trudng Sa cung phai dugc trao tra cho
; phia Trung Qudc. Tuy nhien, Phap hoan toan khong ddng y vdi quan : diSm nay, bdi theo hg, nam 1939, khi Nhat Ban len tieng khong chiu : cong nhan chu quy^n cua Phap tren quan dao Hoang Sa vh ra quySt dinh i sap nh^p qu§n dao nay vao lanh tho Nhat Ban thi da khong nhgn dugc
! su ddng tinh cua bit cii cudng qu6e nao.^'
" MFAE, ASIE-OCEANIE, Affaires etrangeres, Tokto le 21 mai 1952.
" MFAE, ASIE-OCEANIE, Chine (1944-1955), Spratleys (juillet 1946), volume 213, T^l^grammedu2] septembre 1946 duMinistredesAffaires Etrangeres au Secretaire Ge- n6ral du Comite de I'Indochine. (BNGP, Chiu A-Thai Binh Ducmg, Trung Qu6c (1944- 1955), Tnrfrng Sa (7/1946), t^ip 213, Dien tin ctja BO trudng Ngoai giao Phap gui T6ng thir ky Uy Ban Dong Duong, ngay 21/09/1946).
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1
d giai doan nay, van dfl hai quin dao tro' nen kho giai quyet boi CO qua nhiflu ben lien quan: Phap (dai dien cho Viet Nam), Nhat Ban, Cong hoa Nhan dan Trung Hoa va Trung Hoa dan quflc. Mfli ben deii bao luu quan diem ciia minh va chinh vi vay, tranh cai ve van de my tren phuang dien phap ly xuyen suflt cac giai doan lich sii voi su thang iiam khac nhau. Di^u nay khien cho vSn de Hoang Sa, Truang Sa von da phuc tap lai cang tra nen phiic tap hem nua trong cac giai doan lidi sii sau.
Ket luan
Nhu vay, co^ethay a trong giai doan nay, van de Hoang Sava Truong Sa vuot ra ngoai khuon kho ciia nhiing tranh chap lanh tho truyen thflng ma tra thanh van de hi "qudc ti hda", nham phuc vu clio muu dfl phat dflng chien tranh ciia Nhat Ban noi rieng va phe phat xit nfli chung.
Chii quyen dfli vai hai quan dao Hoang Sa va Truofng Sa xung quanh giai doan Chien tranh The gidi thii Hai da tror thanh muc tieu clio Nhat Ban thuc hien tham vong thflng tri chau A cua minh. Chi co mat thuc tfl tren hai quin dao trong mpt thoi gian ngjn (1938-1945), song nhihig tuyen bfl chii quyen cua Nhat Ban cung voi nhiing diflu khoan c6 lien quan toi Hoang Sa va Truong Sa trong cac hoa uac ma Nhat Banlty vai cac nuo'c thing tran da khien cho vin dfl hai quin dao tra nen philc t^p hon bao gia hflt.
Cung nhu nhieu vin de khac co lien quan tdi giai doan Chien h-anh The gioti thii Hai, tranh chap lanh thfl dfli vol quin dao Hoang Sa va Truong Sa teong giai doan nay da tra thanh mot cai "co" ma qua do, cac hen vita tranh thii co hoi dfl co dugc, song ciing thong qua do di tham do doi phuang, tham chi la sii dung dfl "mac ca" hay "thoa thuao' vi lai ich cho minh.
J/2W4
fgkiin ciru Quoc tiso 1 (104)
Thflng qua nhiing tu lieu gflc ma bai viflt tiep can dugc, chiing to nuorc Phap, ke ca truac va sau cuoc chifln, ke ca nhiing liic dang hiing manh hay suy yeu dflu rit coi trong dfln cac van dfl co lien quan den Dflng Duang noi chung va vin dfl chil quyen doi voi hai quan dao Hoang Sa va Trucmg Sa noi rieng. Do vay, mac dii co mflt thoi gian dai bi mat dpc lap va chju su thflng tri ciia Phap, song chua bao gio qua trinh khing dinh, thuc thi va bao ve chu quySn cua Viet Nam dfli voi hai quin dao Hoang Sa va Truong Sa bi gian doan hay diit gay./.
! TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. BO Ngoai giao Phap, BNGP, chau A - Thai Binh Duong, Dflng t)uong, Chinh phu Toan quyen Dflng Duong, Ban Chinh sach va Thuflc 'dia, Bdn ghi nha ngay 06/05/1921.
2. Bp Ngoai giao Phap, chau A - Thai Binh Duong, Dflng Ducmg, 'Bao cao ciia Toan quyen Dflng Duong giii Bp truang Bfl Thuflc dia, Bp
"phan Dfli ngoai, ngay 17/12/1928.
3. Bp Ngoai giao Phap, Trung Quflc, Hodng Sa (1946-1947), Bdn ghi nha so 326, ngay 25/04/1939.
'• 4. Bfl Ngoai giao Phap, Cdng bdo vi viec khdng dinh chd quyin d
•cdc ddo cua Hdi qudn Phdp, Cflng Bao Phap, sfl 173, ngay 26/07/1933.
5. Trung tam luu tru: van khfl hai ngoai Phap, Phong Dflng Duong, tap 285, Qudn ddo Truang Sa 1939.
6. Bp Qu6c Phong Phap, Bp Quflc phpng Phap, Ban Lich sii Hai quan, Hdi qudn Phdp a Bdng Duang (1939-1955).
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