THIF TUC XET HOI, TRANH LUAN TAI PHIEN TOA HINH Sir SO T H A M 6 NHAT BAN
VA GOI M d DOI V 6 l VIET NAM
Nguyen Ngoc Kien Tdm tat: Thu tuc xet hdi, tranh lugn tgi phien tda hinh su sa thdm a Nhdt Bdn dugc xdc lgp man^ tinh tranh tung cao bdo dam quyin cho bj cdo, ddc biit Id quyin bdo chua vd nguyen tdc suy dodn vd tgi Nhimg hgt nhdn hgp ly cua nd cd thi tham khdo trong qud trinh sua ddi Bg lugt Td tyng Hinh su Viet Nam.
Abstract: Procedure for questioning and arguing in a criminal trial of the first instance court in Japan is established for a more adversarial ground to protect rights of the accused, 'particularly the right to defence and the principle of innocence presumption. Its advantages could be studied for the amendment of Vietnamese Criminal
Procedure Code.
1. Quy djnh ve thu tyc xet hdi, tranh luan tai phiSn toa binh sy so tham d Nh^t Ban
Bg lugt Td tung Hinh sy nara 1948 cua Nhat Ban' (sfla ddi, bd sung mOt phan vao nam 2004)^ the hifn md hinh td tung hinh sy (TTHS) tranh tung, dan xen mpt sd thfl tuc tham van. Cd thS ndi, Bg luat Td tyng Hinh sy (BLTTHS) cfla Nhat Ban chiu anh hudng cua lugt TTHS My. DiSm khac nhau ca ban nhat la Nhgt Ban xet xfl khdng cd Bdi thdm doan nhu d My.
Gidng nhu Viet Nara, tda an Nhgt Ban chi xet xfl tOi danh cfla bi cao fren ca sd quylt dinh tmy to dugc frinh bay trade tda.
* ThS., Khoa Lufit, D^i hpe Hul.
' http://tks.edu.vn/law/eate_type/40_l_Luat-nuoe- ngoai.html.
^httpV/tks edu.vn/portal/detailtks/5143_66_0_MO- HINH-TO-TUNG-HINH-SU-NHAT-
BAN.htmI?TabId=&pos=. Cfip nhfit: 25/11/2011 04h 21' 53"i tldd theo Thflng tin khoa hpe KtIm sfit s6 1+2 nfim 2011.
Cdng td vien cd quySn thay ddi, bd sung hoac rut quyet dinh tray td tmdc va frong giai doan xet xu. Tda an cd quyk xu tgi danh nh^ ban tOi danh ma vien cdng td da truy td. Khi xet xfl hi cao ve tOi danh nang hon, cdng to viSn phai thay ddi cao ttgng, neu khdng tda an hoan phien tda dl ySu cdu cdng td vien thay ddi cao trgng (Dilu 312 BLTTHS Nhat Ban). Dilu nay cho tiidy dilm khac vdi thu tyc td tung Vift Nara:
ThO nhdt, tgi phien tda hinh sy so thdm, viec thay ddi, bd sung quySt dinh tray td khdng dugc dan den viec thay ddi tdi danh, chi cd thi thay ddi tinh tiet, thdng tin liSn quan d k quyet dinh hinh phat. ThO hai neu vifc bd sung, thay ddi lugn diSm tray td hoac thay ddi dieu lugt ap dyng cd nguy co gay bat lgi nghiqm ttgng cho vifc bao chfta ciia bi cao thi tda an cd thS tam hoan phien tda dl bi cao chuan bi bao chua ve van de bd sung, thay ddi dd.
Thfl tuc xet xu d Nhgt Ban khdng cho phep tda an dugc biet trade hd sa vy an.
67
NHA Nifdc VA PHAPLUATSd4/2015 Cdng td vien chuyen hd sa cho tham phan chfl tpa khi bit ddu vao phien tda nhim ngan ngua dinh kiSn cfla tham phan. Tmdc khi md phiSn tda chinh thflc, tham phan dugc giao ban cao trang, cdn chflng cfl, tai lieu do cdng td viSn nim gifl, lya chgn va trinh len tgi phien tda. Ndi dung cao ttang hSt sue cd dgng, chi neu thdng tin vS nhan than cua bi cao, su kien cau thanh tdi pham bi tray to. Khi nhan dugc cao ttgng, tda an phai giri ngay cho bi cao ban sao cao trang, ddng thdi thdng bao ngay cho bj cao quySn cd luat su va tda an cd thS yeu cau chi dinh luat su nSu ngudi dd khdng the ty thue lugt su.
Thfl tuc TTHS Nhat Ban khdng phan chia xet hdi, ttanh luan thanh hai giai dogn riSng re nhu d ViSt Nam. PhiSn tda dugc bit dau bkg vifc cdng td vien cdng bd cao ttgng. Phap luat TTHS Nhat Ban khong cho phep cdng td vien tiSt 10 thdng tin ngudi hi hgi ttong cac tradng hgp tda an dang giai quylt vu an ma hi hgi chSt, hoac bi tdn thucmg nghiem trgng vS the chat hoac tinh than; ho§c theo yeu cau cfla dgi difn cfla bj hai, luat su cua bi hai. Day la mOt diSm dOc dao, vi thfl tuc nay hoan toan khac bift vdi phap lugt nhieu nudc tten the gidi.
Sau khi cdng td vien dgc cao trang, chfl tpa phien tda thdng bao cho bj cao quySn dugc im lang ttong qua trinh xet xu. Tiep dSn, hi cao va lugt su trinh bay nhirng van dS lien quan dSn vy an. Day la co hdi dS bi cao va ngudi bao chfta trinh bay quan diem cfla minh vS vu an, vS sy cao buOc cua cdng td vien la dung hay sai. Bi cao dua ra y k i k cd nhgn tOi hay khdng; cd the nhan tOi vl mOt hoac nhiSu lugn diera tray td ttong cao trang. Nghia la, bi cao cd thS thfla nhan tdi
hanh vi khac. Sau khi nghe bj cao dua ra y kien nhan tOi, cdng td vien dua ra quan diem cua minh. Y kiln ciia cdng td viSn la ca sd de chu tga phiSn tda xera xet quyet djnh ap dyng thu tyc rflt ggn vdi luan diem ma hi cao thfla nhan la cd tOi va trong tradng hgp vy an dcm gian (Dilu 291, Dilu 291-2). Nhu vay, ngay khi cdng bd cao trgng se d i k ra vifc tranh luan, lap Iuan, chu khdng phai qua xet hdi. ViSc nhan tfi cfla bi cao rat dugc coi ttgng, quylt dinh den phuang thuc xet xfl tiSp theo. Mgi thii tuc xet xfl tgi phien tda khdng dugc iam phuang hgi den quySn bao chira cua bj cao.
Vdi muc dich nhu vay nSn thfl tuc xet hdi, tranh lugn khdng cho phep sy ap dat tfl phia cdng td viSn va tham phan chu tga.
Tradng hgp bj cao ty nguySn khai bao, tham phan chfl tga cd quyen dat cau hdi va ySu cau hg tta Idi ttong bat ky thdi dilm nao cfla qua tiinh xet xfl (khoan 2 Dilu 311). Viec xet hdi cua tham phan chfl tga rat Iinh dOng, khdng bat buOc ca vl phuong phap va nOi dung; chi hdi khi bi cao ty nguyfn khai bao va khi can cung cap nhiing thdng tin can thiet. Dieu nay khac biet hoan toan thfl tuc xet hdi d phiSn tda hinh sy so thdm Vift Nara vdi thdi diem xet hdi va phuang phap xet hdi bi cao dat nang ttach nhiem ISn vai tham phan chd tga, ma khdng cd sy lya chpn hdi hay khdng hdi. Hoat ddng xet hdi ttSn cd sd tu nguyen cfla hi cao cdn dugc quy djnh tgi khoan 3 Dilu 311 BLTTHS Nhgt Ban. Cac thdm phan thanh vien frong Hdi ddng xet xfl, cdng td vien, lugt su, cac ddng pham khac hoac luat su cfla hg cd thS dat cau hdi va ySu cdu bj cao tra Idi, nhung phai dugc
Rd rang thu tuc xdt xfl d Nhgt Ban khdng cho phep cac chfl thi tham gia phien tda hdi nhieu ddi vdi bi cao, nhim franh sy can thifp din quyk cua bj cao dugc hudng, dac biet la quySn dugc im lang va quyen bao chfta. Dilu dd phfl hgp vdi thfl tuc xet xu v k g mat bi cao. Cy thS, bj cao dugc vkg mat tai phien tda hinh sy so tham trong nhiSu Ioai tOi pham raa khung hinh phgt khdng phai la tu giam, vi du nhu hinh phgt tiln d mfle khdng ldn. KS ca tmdng hgp phai ap dung hinh phgt tu giam thi bj cao chi can cd ragt khi tuyen an. Trong cac hirdng hgp khac, neu sy vang ra^t cfla bj cao khdng anh hudng den vifc bao vf quyk cfla hg, tham phan cd the cho phep bi cao khdng c k cd mat tgi phien tda. Ben cgnh dd, tda an cdn cd the xSt xfl v k g mgt bj cao frong tmdng hgp bj cao dang bj tgra giam dugc frifu tap hgp If nhung tfl chdi cd mat (Dik 284, Dilu 285, Dilu 286 - 2 BLTTHS Nhgt Ban). Nhu vay, tiifl tuc xet xfl v k g mat linh dpng, thyc chdt, xudt phat tir muc dich franh tyng va bao dam quyk lgi cfla bj cao. Day la quy djnh tien bg dang dugc tilp thu tham khao. 6 nudc ta, phap lugt TTHS quy djnh ciing nhie ba tradng hgp xet xfl v k g mat la: a) Bj cao frdn franh va vifc tray na khdng cd kit qua; b) Bj cao dang d nudc ngoai va khdng thS trieu tgp d k phien tda; c) Nlu su v k g mat cua bj cao khdng frd ngai cho vifc xet xfl va ho da dflgc giao gidy tiifu tgp hgp If (khoan 2 Dilu 187 BLTTHS). Rdt nhik vy an bi hoan nhieu i k , keo dai tiidi gian khdng c k thilt do sy v k g ra§t cfla bi cao, ttong khi v k cd thi xet xfl vy an.
Theo thfl tyc tham van ngudi bj hgi cfla Nhgt Ban, ngudi dd dugc trinh bay y kiln ciia minh vS viec giai quyet vy an, neu quan diSm ap dung phap lugt, kiSm tta chflng cfl va dat cau hdi can thilt ddi vdi ldi khai liSn quan den rainh; dugc dua ra cac yeu ciu nhu ddi bdi thudng thift hgi, xac rainh chflng cfl, sfla ddi ldi huge tdi... (DiSu 292 BLTTHS Nhgt Ban). Tham phan chfl tga va cac thara phan trong Hdi ddng xet xfl cd the dgt cau hdi ddi vdi ngudi bj hgi. Nhiing ngudi tham gia td tyng khac ciing cd the dat cau hdi ddi vdi ngudi bj hai nhung phai xin phep tham phan chu tpa. Trong tradng hgp nay, chfl tga cd quyen khdng chap nhan cau hdi neu ngi dung vdng vo hogc khdng liSn quan den vu an. Tai phiSn tda, nSu ngudi bj hai nop tai lieu de chflng minh thi tham phan chfl tga phai cd ttach nhiem dgc to tai lieu dd dl mgi ngudi nghe. Nhu vgy, viec xet hdi cfla cac chfl the tham gia phiSn tda nhu cdng td vien, luat su, ngudi tham gia td tyng khac phai dugc su ddng y cua thdm phan. Thfl tyc nay kha gidng vdi Vift Nara va nd da ban che quyen xet hdi tgi phien tda. Tuy nhiSn, dilm khac la tham phan chfl tga va cac thanh vien Hdi ddng xet xfl khdng bit buOc phai hdi, chi hdi khi thdy c k thilt va nlu dgt cau hdi thi phai thyc hien sau khi ngudi bj hgi da ttinh bay y kik, quan dilm cua minh ve vifc giai quyet vy an.
Theo quy djnh tai D i k 299 BLTTHS Nhat Ban, sau khi thdng bao vdi tham phan chfl tga phiSn tda, cdng td viSn, hi cao hoac Iugt su cd thi thara van ngudi lara chflng, ngudi giara djnh, ngudi phiSn dich ttSn co sd nguyen tac bSn nao ySu cau kiSra tta
69
NHA Nifdc VA PHAPLUATSd4/2015
chflng cu tmdc thi ben dd dugc tham van trudc ddi vdi nhiing ngudi nay. Phap lugt TTHS Niiat Ban quy dinh chat che boat dOng thdm van ngudi lam chflng gan lien vdi thfl tuc kiSm tra chflng cfl d cac van de:
Mgt Id, trade khi tham van cheo ngudi iam chflng thi mdt ttong cac ben (bupc tOi, bao chfta) phai cung cap ten, dia chi ngudi lam chflng va chflng cfl se dua ra de ttanh lugn cho ddi phucmg biet. Thu tuc nay nham ttanh sy tfl chdi cfla cdng td vien ddi vdi chflng cfl dugc trinh ra trade tda, vdi ly do la chua dugc biSt vS chflng cfl nay.
Hai Id, tgi phiSn tda, neu hd sa chflng cfl bao chua dua ra khdng nhiSu thi tham phan chu tpa cho phep cdng td vien kiera tta ngay tai chd, nSu hd sa chflng cfl bSn bao chiia dua ra qua nhiSu thi phiSn tda dugc tgm hoan d l cdng td vien xera xet. Ngugc lai, luat su cd quyen thu thgp chflng cfl va dugc nghien cflu hd sa cua cdng td vien dS chuan bj cho viec bao chfta. Cdng td vien cd q u y k thu thap chflng cu va xem hd sa cfla luat su^. Nhu vgy, c a che thu thap chflng cfl, kiSm fra, danh gia chflng cfl d Nhgt Ban hoan toan binh dang cho cac ben budc tOi va bao chfla. DiSu dd cd y nghia rat tich cyc frong hogt dOng ttanh tung tgi tda.
v l thfl tyc each li, phap luat TTHS Nhgt Ban quy djnh kha gidng vdi Viet Nara.
Dd la, tda an cd the each li bj cao trong khi cdng td vien, lugt su bao chfta hogc tham phan lay ldi khai ngudi lam chflng, bdi sy cd mat bi cao se gay ap lye cho hp. Sau khi lay ldi khai xong, bj cao ttd lai phdng xfl an
' http://tks.edu.vn/portal/detailtks/5l43_66_0_MO- HINH-TO-TUNG-HINH-SU-NHAT-
BAN.html?TabId=&pos=. Cfip nhfit liic: 25/11/2011
va dugc thdng bao ngi dung chinh cfla ldi khai; luc nay bj cao dugc dat cau hdi ddi vdi ngudi lara chung. Tuy nhien, chi dugc phep lay idi khai ngudi iam chflng khi da each li bi cao ttong tradng hgp cd sy hien difn lugt su cfla bi cao tgi phien tda. BSn canh d6, theo yeu cau cua cac bSn tranh tung, tham phan chu tga phien tda cd thS thay ddi trinh ty thara van ngudi iam chimg neu thay phu hgp (Dilu 304-2 BLTTHS Nhat Ban).
Cd the thay, thfl tyc tham van d Nhat Ban kha chat che, dugc dya fren muc tieu dam bao quyen cfla bj cao. Hogt ddng tham van cfla tham phan ddi vdi bj cao va ngudi iam chung chi la phu. Tham phan chfl tga tgp tnmg diSu khiSn phiSn tda, hudng d k , giup dd cac bSn ttong vifc dua ra chflng cfl chflng minh va thyc hifn cac quySn dugc phap tuat quy dinh. Cac boat dpng ciia tda an nhu tam hoan phiSn tda va md phien tda frd lgi, hgn che vifc tham van va lay ldi khai cfla cac ben deu xuat phat t u yeu cdu cua cdng td vien, cfla luat su hogc dS bao dam quyen bao chiia va cac quySn khac ciia bi cao. PhiSn tda hinh su sa tham d Nhgt Ban nhan manh hogt dOng tham van ngudi lam chflng va ngudi bi hgi han la ddi vdi bj cao.
Xuat phat tu muc tieu bao dam quySn cho bj cao, ngay khi budc vao thfl tuc tham van, tham phan chfl tga phien tda phai thdng bao tmdc cho bj cao quyen dugc un lang.
Q u y k bao chira cfla bj cao dugc bao vf day dfl. Co chl thu thgp, kiem tra, danh gia chting cfl va trinh bay chting cfl ciia cac ben binh d k g thyc su"*. Bj cao, Iugt su khdng cdn d vj thi bdt Jgi, raa hg dugc binh dang vdi cdng td vien ttong viec thu thgp tai lieu.
chflng cu dh chflng minh. Luat su dugc tham gia vao hogt ddng td tyng tik xet xfl tun kiem chflng cfl, nhu kham xet, thu gift, kiem tta chflng cu, phan ddi vifc kilm tra chirng cfl, tham van nhan chflng...; dua ra cac ySu cdu nhu nhgp, taeh, chuyk vu an, tiiay ddi Ijch xet xfl...; dua ra y k i k phan bac hogt ddng td tung cfla cac chfl the cd thdm quyk... Tuy vgy, d Nhat Ban, thfl tuc ttanh lugn khdng keo dai nhu phien tda cfla cac nudc theo he tranh tung nhu MJ.
2. Mgt sl gffi md doi vdi Viet Nam Nhftng v k dl rut ra cd gia trj tham khao ddi vdi Vift Nam khi nghiSn cflu thu tuc xet hdi, tranh Iuan tgi phiSn tda hinh sy sa thdm d Nhgt Ban, do la:
ThO nhdt, de bao dam nguySn tic tranh tyng dugc ap dung dung thi khdng nSn dl cho tda an biSt trade hd sa vy an. Chi khi bat ddu vao phien tda, tham phan mdi dugc chuySn giao hd sa va cao frang cho chu tga phiSn tda. NSu chuyk giao hd so va chflng cfl cho tham phan nghiSn cflu trade, thi vifc quy djnh nguySn tac tranh tung chi mang tinh hinh thflc. Thu tuc dd nhim tranh sy djnh kiSn cfla tda an, bao dam binh d k g cho cac ben budc tdi va bao chfta. Trade dd, ddi hdi thfl tyc TTHS phai tao ra co chS binh d k g trong viec thu thap chflng cfl gifta kilm sat vien, ngudi bao chua cho bj cao.
Hg cd quyk thu thgp chflng cfl mpt each binh d k g nhu nhau, va kilm sat vien chju frach nhiera xudt trinh chflng cfl budc tOi chfl khdng phai la tda an. Trade khi xet xfl, kilra sat vien chi gui cho tda an ban tdm tat thdng tin bupc tpi, danh sach ngudi lam
chflng va ngudi thara gia td tung dugc dl nghi trieu tap ra tda.
ThO hai, khi sfla ddi BLTTHS nam 2003 c k phai bd sung tradng hgp HOi d k g xet xfl dugc hoan phiSn tda, k djnh mdt thdi gian nhat dinh de bj cao chuk bi bao chfta neu kiSm sat viSn thay ddi lugn dilm tray td hoac thay ddi d i k Iugt ap dyng tgi phien tda gay nguy co bdt Igi nghiSm ttpng cho vifc bao chfta cua bj cao.
ThO ba, khi sfla ddi BLTTHS nam 2003 can thiet phai bd sung quy djnh nOi dung ban cao ttang phai cd dpng, chi nSu thdng tin vS nhan than cfla bj cao, sy kien cau thanh tOi pham bj tray to. Ddi vdi thfl tuc cdng bd cao ttang tgi tda: tradng hgp vi ly do dam bao bi mat ddi tu, nhan than, uy tin, danh dy cua ngudi bj hgi ho^c khi cd ySu cau cua ngudi bao chfta, ngudi bj hgi hoac ngudi dai dien cua hg thi kiSm sat viSn khdng dugc cdng bd thdng tin ngudi bj hgi khi dpc cao trang. Trong trudng hgp can thiSt phai cdng bd thdng tin ngudi bj hai cho bj cao, thi phai ap dung thu tuc each li bj cao.
Thu tu, khi sfla ddi BLTTHS nam 2003 can bd sung thfl tyc "bj cao dua ra y kien cd nhgn tdi hay khdng". Thu tuc nay dugc thyc hifn sau khi kiera sat viSn cdng bd cao frgng. Bj cao cd thS nhan tOi ve mOt hoac nhiSu luan diem tmy td trong cao frgng. Neu bj cao nhan tOi thi phai xac lap thii tyc xet xfl rut gpn frong tmdng hgp bj cao nhan tOi.
Tu dd nang cao kha nang bao dam quyk bao chfta cfla bj cao va bao dam nguyen tic suy doan vd tOi frong sfla ddi BLTTHS nudc ta thdi gian tdi.