Gop fliem i kien vl khai niSm xa lioi dan sy
N g i i y ^ Hihi Dong*
hoc J i " l ^ H ^ f S •*• f ' i * ^ "^^ " ' '^ dta su « dugc nhilu rt.4 khoa
^ - : ! ? ^ * * ' dta svr bao gim cie to chic xi hpi mang tfnh dftc lta vdi cic tl
. « ^ S ^ ? " ^ ' ^ " ' •*"« ' * "'"^'° " * ^ * * nhi nude dua eie tnile Eia tft. xa hftt Biiu manh, cftng btag, blnh A g vi vta minh.
Tft-khfta: XI hfti; din sy; xa hfti dto sa.
h Bin chit c i a xa hfi din s y
^ > H hfti dta svr dugc cic nhi khoa hgc bta A nhilu bit diu t i thl ky XVm. Nen ttag cia khii nifm xi hfti dta svi duge xuit phit tit nhttag tu niftrng v l "chi quyen nhta dta"
vi svt phi djnh vai ttft tuylt dfti cia nhi nude mi * nhi ttilt hgc chfnh ttj thfti ky khai sing nhu Rousseau hay Montesquier nSu ta.
X i hfti dto svr v l thyc chit d i hinh thinh tft thfti eft dai khi ttong x i hfti Ioii nguoi
^irft hi?n nhi nudc. T i c li, vifc nhi nudc w i t hifn, "tieh ra" khfti x i hfti Ii nguySn nMn khich quan hlnh thtah xa hgi dta sy.
Khftng cft mftt chi thl nio eft thl xiy dyng
« hgi dto sy, m i ty nft hlnh thinh nhu mftt qny luat khich quto tit yeu cia ty nhiSn vi Ki hfti.
Nhi nudc v i x i hfti dto sy dugc nhin nhta nhu hai mjt "dfti lip" cia eae sy vat hiftn tugng trong thl gifti loii ngufti. Hai m|t dfti lap l i nhi nudc vi x i hfti dta su dfa dugc hlnh thtah v i tin tai, vta dftng biln dfti mftt cich khieh quan ttong qui' ttinh phit ttiln. Sy tin tai, vta dftng biln
dfti cia hai mit nhi nudc vi xi hfti din sy theo quy luit tit yiu khich quan Ii ching ngiy ctag duge hota thiftn, tiln bft hon. Do viy, cd thl nhta thic ting, xi hfti din sy li x i hfti phi nhi nudc, ft dft, cic mli quto hf giia con ngufti vfti nhau dugc giai quyit mftt cich dftc lap, theo hinh thie "ty lip",
"ty quta", khftng cin cd sy can thifp ttve Uep cia nhi nuoc. Xa hfti dta sy Ii hinh thie xa hfti dugc ciu thtah tu cic to chic dta sy hoat dftng trong llnh vyc tu nhin vdi nhftng Ioai hinh S chf khic nhau eia cftng dong. Bfa thta cac tft ehie niy ty dilu chmh, hto chl htah vi ticu cyc khftng phil hgp vfti lgi feh cgng ding bing cic quy tic bit thtah vta mi khftng cin cft $1/ can thiftp tryc tiep t i phfa nhi nudc. T i c li, nhi nudc chi lim tihirng gl mi xa hfti din sy khftng ty giii quyit hay ty quta dugc nila. Tu sy tilp cto nSu tren, eft thl nhta thic ring, xi hfti dta sy bao gftm cic tft chic x i hfti dftc Itip nhu cic hifp hfti, hgi t i thifn, cftng doin.
•^hS gifo SB, tiin sT, Visn CWnh irj hgc, Hgc vign Lhtnh tn quoc gia Ho Chi Minh. DT: 0983600506 Email: nguyenhiiiiiio„g52@g„aiI.com
Tap chl Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam, s6 8( 105) - 2016 cac phong trao xa hgi, cac nhdm tutmg trg, cac hiep hgi kinh doanh hay cac doan lual su... Cac to chuc niy hoat dgng mang tinh chat tu nguyen nhim dat dupc cac gia trj, lgi ich hay cac mlic tieu, so Ihi'ch chung.
Hien nay cd mot so nhi khoa hgc khi nghien ciiu xa hgi dan su lai thuftng dl cap den xa hgi cong dan. Trong cac cong trinh nghien ciiu ciia minh, C.Mac cling thuang ndi vl xa hgi cong dan. Nhin tftng thl qua trinh phat ttiln cua xa hgi loai nguoi, cd thl nhan thiy rang, xa hpi cong dan cung li xa hgi dan sy nhung da dugc phap che hda khi ma nha nuftc da cd nhirng budc phat triln lien bg, hinh thinh nen nha nudc phap quyen. Trong nhi nudc phap quyin, mgi ngufti deu dugc blnh ding vdi nhau trudc phap luat vdi tu thl cua cac cong dan Iu dc.
Ndi den xa hgi cong dan li ndi den xa hgi can phai cd nha nudc phap quyen, lien quan chat che vdi nhi nudc do. Ndi each khac, ndi den xa hpi cong dan la ndi din quyen cong dan (dan quyin), con ndi din xa hpi dan sy li ndi din quyin Iu nhien cua con ngufti (nhan quyen). Din quyin chfnh la ca sft ciia viec hinh thinh nha nudc phap quyen. Trong nha nuac phap quyin Ihi ngufti dan lim chii nhi nudc, tao ra nha nudc. Tuy nhien, muln lam chu nhi nudc, lao ra nhi nudc thi ngufti dan phai lim n|hra vu cong dan ciia minh. Nhu vay, ndi den xa hdi cong dan li ndi din xa hoi cd lien quan chat che vai nhi nudc phap quyen, Iiic vdi luat phap; cdn ndi din xa hoi dan su la ndi din xa hgi tu nd, khftng le Ihugc vio nha nudc ngoii luat phap hoac cac ban "hpp dong", "quy udc" trong cong dong dia phuong, co sd. Xa hpi dan su li khai mem cd npi him rgng han xa hgi cong dan Giaa xa hpi dan su vi nhi nudc co moi quan he ho trg, bft khuylt lan nhau, vira dau Iranh vira hgp tac vdi nhau, dong thoi Ihl
Men ft hai mat "dfti lap" (dgc lap) tten tat ca cac Iinh vuc ca bto ciia doi song xa hfti:
kinh te, ehinh trj va vta hda.
2. Xa hfti d i n su trong linh vuc kinh te Trong ITnh vyc kinh tl, cac t l chiic xa hpi din su thl hien ft cic Ift chiic xa hgi hoat dgng trong khu vuc kinh tl tu nhan.
Chung dugc nhin nhan l i cac tft chiic xa hgi dgc l|p, t i c khong do nhi nuftc lap ra va bao cap. Cac I6 chiic niy phu thupc vao su Ion tai, djch chuyin cia cac khu vyc kinh tl tu nhan vi khu vyc kinh tl nha nudc. Trong thyc tl, cac khu vuc kinh t l tu nhan vi khu vyc kinh te nhi nudc lai luon cd sy "chuyin hoa" lan nhau, cd xu hudng "can bing" vdi nhau thong qua cac hinh Ihiic ciu true, Iai co cau hay chuyin dich ca ciu kinh tl. Vio thap ky 70 cua thl ky XX, tren thl gidi da timg Chung kiln viec ciu tnic lai nin kinh te ft nhieu nudc phat triln. Ci Vift Nam vio Ihfti ky dau cua cong cugc dfti mdi (1986) ciing da timg dien ra qua trinh chuyin dli nen kinh te, hinh thinh nen khu vyc kinh Ie Iu nhto mang tfnh tit yeu Iheo dung quy luat, tao dgng luc cho su phit triln kinh tl trong 30 nam qua. Hien nay, vifc tai ca cau nen kinh tl ft Viet Nam vfti qui trtnh diy manh co phin hda cac doanh nghifp nhi nudc chfnh li sy chuyin djch manh me, lim
"can bing" han niia giira hai khu vuc kinh te nha nudc vi khu vyc kinh tl tu nhan.
Trong mgt (julc gia, niu ndi ragt cich vf von rang, thl chl ndi chung (kinh tl, chi'nh Iri, van hda) cua quoc gia nhu mgl ngufti cu Ihl nio dd, thi hai khu vuc kinh tl nay cd the dugc nhin nhan nhu hai "cing chan"
(hai mat) doi lap vdi nhau. Hai khu vyc kinh Ie dfti lap niy bao gom cac td chuc xi hgi thugc nhi nudc vi cac tft chiic xa hfti dgc lap vfti nha nuftc (tft chuc xa hpi dan sy) nhu cac hiep hgi kinh tl (cac hifp hfti
B * d ^ g san; h ^ Ling n ^ l ; hfti Nnfti ong...), hay cic tichftc ^ n g doin, bio chf
^ % ttong cic doani ngMfp hi n h i a Wn hai khu vyc kinh l l tiflng iihu hai mit g _ lip giia cic t i chic x i hgi thuftc hai Htt vyc dft ttong nen Mnh t l thi ttuftng ft n«i quftc gta duftc dny til, phit ttiln "cta Mi", dugc dfti S i "blnh ^ g " sg tao dieu f * thijn lgi, gftp phin tao dftng luc eho
# phit triln kinh t l nhanh hon, cd khi ning dat dttgc cac myc tieu "din giiu, nude manh".
3. Xa h$i d l b Sf frong lihh Vfc dunh tri . Trong liiih vyc chfnh tti, cic tft chue xa hfti dta sy thl hi$n ft cic lyc lugng (dtag)
" « i l|p", ttic cic lyc lugng "ding ft phfa d ^ ngugc lai" [10, h-.338] dfti vdi cic lyc IJWng (dtag) "cim quyin". Lyc lugng cim 9yyln l i cic to chfte x i hgi "die b i ^ " cia ri hfti dto sy, ttic cic dtog chfnh tti d i Tida thto" vio nhi nudc sau khi thing c i theo lult dinh. Cftn cic Iyc lugng dfti I|p khftng cd dja vj cam quyin nhu cic Iyc luftng cim quyen. Ching dugc coi Ii cic tft
*ftc thuftc xa hfti dto sy, nic cic tft ehftc
* I§p, dfti d i ^ vdi Iyc Iugng cim quyin p a n g chi cd thl dugc tham chfnh ft m i c dft nhit djnh, tiiy thuftc vio y chf, quto dilra hay vta hda cim quyin cfta ding cim W i n , die bift phy thuftc vio cic quy djnh Sftaphip lult. Cic lyc lugng dli I|p niy eft M h a o gftm nhilu dtag phii khic nhau sft lugng nhiSu hay tt, tft ehftc vi ho»t dftng a t e d t i n g nhu dil nio Ii tiy thuftc vio Bhtag quy djnh cia phip luJt, hoin cinh diiu a ^ hinh thtah, d|c dilm vl chfnh tn' ktoh tl, vto hfta. x i hgi cia moi quftc gia' Trong mftt quftc gia, niu vf thl chl nfti rtung cia qnic gia nhu mftt ngufti cy thl nio dd, thi hai lyc lugng (dtag) dfti Ita vi cira quyin ttong quftc gia dft cft thl duge
Ngnyin Han Bftng nhin nhan nhu hai cinh tay (hai mat) doi lip vdi nhau. Trong moi quftc gia, hai mat dm lip niy thugc v l thl chS chfnh tti. N I U ching dugc dny tti su tftn tai, dugc'"blnh dtag" hoat dgng theo Iu|t, cd sy hgp tic, ho ttg, bft khnylt lan nhau thi se khong chi tao diSn kien cho ehfnh ttj ftn dinh thuc chit, llu dii, m i quftc gia dft se con eft nhilu co hgi, khi ntag dua ra dugc nhitag duftng Ifti sing snftt, tli uu hon, dong thfti lim hto che cic tinh ttang quto USu, tham nhung, ltog phf hay cic tinh ttang tieu cyc khic do nay sinh tti kirih t l thj ttuong, gdp phin diy manh phit ttiln kinh t l - x i hfti cia mSi quftc gia.
4. Xa hfti dan svf trong Uih vvrc vin hda Trong Itnh vyc vto hda, cic to chic xi hgi dto sy thl hifn ft cic t l chfte x i hfti dftc lip (phi chfnh phi), hoat dftng trong cic liiih vyc ttr nhta (dta sy) nhu: vta hda nghf thuat, bio chf, y tl, giio dye dio tao, gidi tfnh, the thao du Iieh. Vl vin hfta ngh^
thuit, ching han cft cie hfti nhu Hfti My thujt, Hfti Sta khiu difn tah, Hfti nhftng nguoi yen tho; vS bio chi, ed cic hfti nhu Hfti cia nhftng nguoi lim bio tah, bio vilt, Hfti cic blogger; vl y tl, cd cic hfti nhu Hfti Chim ciu, Hfti Dftng y, Hfti Trii tim yen thuong; vl giio dyc dio tao, cd cic Hfti nhu hfti Giio chfte, Hfti Phy huynh hgc sinh, Hfti Khuyin hgc; vS gifti tfnh, cd cic hfti nhu Hfti Phy nii, Hfti Ngufti cao tuii; vl the thao du ljch, cft cic hfti nhu Hifp Hfti Du ljch, Hiftp Hfti Golf, Hfti Bio Vf thien nhiSn vi moi ttuftng v.v.. Cie tft chfte xi hfti dgc lip ttong cic Hnh vyc nay dugc nhin nhto Ii cic tft ehftc hay eic "mit" dli lap (dftng ft phfa dfti ngugc Iji) dfti vdi cic to chfte thuftc nhi nudc. Trong ragt quftc gia, nSu vf thl chl nfti chung nhu rapt
Tap chf Khoa hgc xi hfti Vi^ Nam, no 8(105) - aitfi ngufti cy thl nio dd, thl cic tft chfte xi hgi dta sy trong Imh vtrc vta hfta dugc nhin nhaa Ii cic giic quan tiii (tai, mit, lo mui... trii); con cic tft chic xi hfti thufic nhi nuoc la cic giic qum phii (tai, mit, iS mui... phai). Trong mSi quic gia, niu cic mat hay cic tft ehftc xi hgi dto su vi cic tft ehftc xi hfti thuftc nhi nudc nhu neu ttftn dugc duy tti sy tin tai, dugc tftn ttgng, dim bta sy binh ding, dftng thai bilt hgp tic, ho ttg, bl khuylt cho nhau sS tao dilu kifn cho vin hda ndi riSng vi thl chl ndi chung phit huy vai trft cia minh, thic dky str phit ttiln vto hda theo htrdng linh manh, cing nhu sy phit ttiln kinh tl - xi hfti cia dit nudc nhtoh, ftn djnh, bin vflng vi vto minh.
5. Vai Irft cfla xa h$i dan svr v& nhi nuAc Tft vifC nhin nh|n cic tfl chic xi hfti dta sy tin tai, hoat dftng ft cic lihh vyc khic nhau nhu nSu ft trftn cd thl khing dinh rSiig, sy hiftn di^ cia cic ti chfte niy ttong raSi quic gia li dfti hfti tit yiu khich quto.
Trong mSi itnh vyc khic nhau vl kinh tl, chfnh tti, vill hfta, cic ti chfte xi hfti dto sy deu cd nhftng vai trft, chfte ntag nhit dinh, ttiong ty nhu cic ehftc ntag cia "chto trii",
"tay ttii" vi cic "giic quto bSn ttii" nhu di dugc phta tfch ft ttftn. Hon nfta, cic chfte ntog cia chung cftn luftn dugc bilu hifn thftng qua mii quan hft tic dftng, phfti hgp gin hft chit che vdi nhau gifta cic mit ttong tftng thl cic llnh vyc kinh tl, chfnh trj vi yta hda. Dilu dft cd nghia li, ttong mii quftc gia, cic ti chic xi hfti dta sy vdi nr cich Ii cic mit dfti lip cd vai ttft to ldn li hi ttg cho nhi nudc, phfti hgp, phta bifn cac duimg lli, chfnh sich cia nhi nudc (dang eim quyin); thyc h i ^ giii quyit nhieu cftng viftc mang tt'nh dftc l|p, ty quto
de "gtah dft" cftng vdi nhi nudc; thvtc hi|n giim sit, tham gia phftng chong cic tf nan quan lieu, tham nhung, ltag phf...; dim thfti, cung vdi cac to chuc thuftc nhi nu^' tao thl "can doi", "dong diu" vi the chi^
kinh ti, chfnh tti, vta hoa trong thl chl Chung, dip ftng yftu ciu phit triin nhtoh.Vi bta vflng cia quoc gia, hudng tdi xa h^
din chft, cftng bing, vta minh. Khing dj)*
nhu vjy khftng cd nghia li, bto thin cic ti chfte xi hfti dto su li khftng cft nhftng khilm khuylt, hay cic tinh trang cyc doan vS mit to chic vi hoat dftng cia chftng.
Thyc tl di cho thiy ting, chung cft khong tt cic khiem khuylt, mi quic gia nio cftng can phii bilt dl khic phyc trong quta 1^.
Ching han, thvic ti cd nhftng ttniftng hgp mftt sl tft chft:c xS hfti din sy da "dugc t»o' ra mftt cich co hfti, di tiln cft nhftng Igi f^
hfp hfti vi nhflng thtah vien cd cftng d^
quyin die lgi, thuftng lim thift hai cHo nhftng ngufti khflng cd tieng nfti vi yen i^, Vi cftng nhftng quy tic vi chuin m y c ^ hfti tao dilu ki$n dS dtag cho hinh dftngi thl niy cft thl duy tti nhftng bit binh d ^ vi nhflng khie biftt vi quyin lvtc ft b ^ ttong nhftng c^ng-t^ng" [ft, n-.144]. D^j^, can phii nh|n thftc iS ting, di .ggi-.lijfti che thl bao gift cung phii cft sy chi phii.e^j mgt CO che nhit djnh, mi trong xi hfti M^
dai, dft li phip ln|t. Phip lu|t cia mii qu4 gia ctag cy the, ctag hota thiftn sS Bi^
Iim giim thiiu tii da nhihig khiim khuylt cia cic ti chic xi hfti dta sy. Chiiih vi y ^ mi viftc qufa 1;^ cic ti diftc xi hfti dto^^
bao gift cflng dit Iftn vai nhi nudc. Vai *&
cia nhi nudc li quta ly cic ti ehftc niy bing phip lult vdi hft ttting phip lu|t ng^
ctag hoto thi^, bing dfti ngfl cftng chlfe troag sach, cd ttich nWftm chft khftng phii
Jllllll
Nguy&l Hita Bine
htag SVI "cU dao" c i a mfit c i nhto hay tap
* = cia mgt dfag chflih tti nio do.
& K e t l i ] | ] i
Xa hfti dta su dugc nhin nhta Ii cac t i chic x i hfti dftc Up vdi cic tft chfte xa hfti taftc nhi nudc, hay cftn ggi l i cic tft d l * ; phi nhi nudc (phi chuih i * i ) , ding ttioi do nhi nudc quta ly Uieo phip luit. Cic t i
* i c niy tftn tai mfit cich khich quan, tit yen ttong cic Bnh vuc eg bto cfta doi sing x i hgi: kinh te, chiiih tti v i vta hda. Cic t i
*ftc niy cftng dugc nhin nhta l i cic mat dii l|p vdi cic t i ehftc thufic nhi nudc, va
<4fag khftng UiS ttiiiu ttong qui tttah phit tiiln CM mii quftc gia hifn dai. Cic nhi ldnh ififa Mic - Lenin da tftng khing dinh mftt qny luit tit yen khich quan ring: -^y phit ttiin l i mftt cugc "diu traaW gifla cic mit dii l|p" [11, tt.379]. Sy "din ttanh"
gifla cic m|t dfti lip trong quy lu|t niy dimh l i nhflng tic dftng ho ttg, giai'quylt hii hfta. hgp tie v i bft khnylt lan nhau gifta ching nhim tao dftng lyc cho sy phit ttiln i4anh v i ben vflng cfta mgi quic gia ndi n«ng, cftng nhu cfta x i hfti loii ngufti ndi
*ung dat tlii cic x i hgi giiu mtoh, cftng Mng, binh dtag v i vta rainh.
qnya. coa Bang B", Tsp chi WgAift, ^ j ^ plu^ so n (249).
m
15]
(61
IT]
[81
[91
m Hfn duim k h i o (11
121
[31
AiKtew 1 D n i ™ , Carol Dalglish yj P e , „ Milfct (2010), Ldnh daa hK (bin dich ijn 1) Hoc vi#n Chinh trj - Hilnh chft* , „ & g j , H S CW Minh - Tradng ( J o i , l# nha nudc Mark O HMfidd. m Nfti.
NgujF^ HSU B ^ g (Chi bira) (2009), Ding yicddddidvchtthnt-ahdlimghididng dtid, m vm Nam Uen nay. Nxb Chlnh In qiicgia,HjlN«i.
NgoySo Hilu DSng (2013), - D i , g h&, u ^ vk. Nh» mric trong dii mffi phmng ortc ci,„
tlgnyln H t a Ddng (2014), -V5„ hda cSm quyen v4 xiy dymg van hda cam qnyJn cOa Bang-, Tsp cMtji (U&, C S M <ri sd S.
Ngnyii Hih, Dd„g . p t ^ j ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ j j ^ Tinli p h i bien ,1 Knh die thil ciia con diiong lli len J i hpi xa hpi chil nghia d Viel Nam", T^ lid Khaa hue xd hfi VietNam. so 5 (90).
NgSn hing Th^ gidi (1997), fo^ „ ^ „ . ^ ^ 10'tlti gidi dang chuyin ddi. Bdocdovidnh ldnh phdl niin Thi gidi. Nib CMnh bi quoc gia-Svr thai. Ha Npi.
Tlin H t a Qnang (2009), "MdtsS quan nijm dirong dai v l xa bpi dibi siT, T?p chl Khaa hac xd hpi. s6 12 (136).
Thomas Friedman (2008), Thi gidi phdng (Bdn dfch ding Vifij: Tdm lupc Lich si Thi
« i * W t , ; X f / , NxbTre, Tp.HdchtMinh.
V6 Kbinh Vinh (2008), " M j , s6 . i n d j IJ luin v j a h$i dSn sir", Tt/f tdd Khaa hpc xd hpi, 504(116).
[101 Vijn Ngan ngO hpc (2005), Tit diin Tting Viet, Nxb B i Ning - Trang tSm Tit dijn hpc.
Hi Npi-BiNSng.
[ I l l V . I i a i i n (1981). Taan tap, 1.29, Nxb Tijn bp, Matxcova.
[121 NgnySn Trjn Bat (2014). "Bin , j , 5 hji djp SK". ngiy 22fl/2014, xem htIps://lnatminhl(hue.vn/dan-sii/ban-ve-xa-hoi- dan-su.aspx
[131 Tdn That Nguyen TMem (2006), "Von xS hpi nhin t i mong quan gitia ba gdc dp: Nhi nudc, ihi tnrdng, xa hpi dan chi'nh". Tap cht TTo sdng, www.liasang.com. vn/news?id=634.
[141 v a Qudc Tnin, -Xa hpi dan sir se ngiy cing can thia". tuanvielnam.viemamnel.vn/2011- 02-10 xa-hoi-dan-su-ngay.cang-can-lhicl
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