Green Technologies

Yunus, Nur Hamizah Halim, Cecilia Devi Wilfred, Thanabalan Murugesan, Jun Wei Lim and Pau Loke Show. Pau Loke Show is the Research Director of the Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering at the University of Nottingham, Malaysia.

Special Issue “Green Technologies: Bridging Conventional Practices and Industry 4.0”

Introduction

Papers Presented in the Special Issue

The top four compositions (i.e. food waste, agricultural waste, paper and plastic) of MSW generated in Malaysia were optimized using a P-graph. Few of the articles published in this special issue also explored the concept of automation, and investigations were made into the underlying principles and technologies for implementation in an automated industry.

Conclusions

16] and concerns potential co-substrates and operating factors for an improved methane yield from the perspective of anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge. Anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge: A review of potential co-substrates and operative factors for improving methane yield. Processes2020,8, 39.

Robust Design of PC/ABS Filled with Nano Carbon Black for Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness and

Materials and Methods

This method is recommended when there are limitations in the ratio of the mixture components [18]. When mixed with a high amount of carbon black, the viscosity of the composite material increases.

Figure 1. The mechanism of electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE).

Results and Discussion

There were three sets of test data: EMI SE, dielectric constant, and surface resistance. The SE and surface resistance results of the optimized PC/ABS/CB are also shown in Tables 2 and 3 .

Figure 5. Shielding effectiveness (SE) at 800 MHz with the carbon black.

Conclusions

The results showed that using a large amount of PC and CB optimized the mixture, yielding the high EMI shielding efficiency for each test frequency, but yielding the low surface resistivity of about 107Ω/square. The polarity of the material can also influence the shielding effect of the composite.

In-Situ Yeast Fermentation Medium in Fortifying Protein and Lipid Accumulations in the Harvested

Results and Discussion 1. Growth Performances of BSFL

Bioconversion Performance and Survival Chart of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) on Fermented Corn Straw.J. Effects of black soldier fly (hermetia illucens) larval meal protein as a fishmeal substitute on the growth and immune index of yellow catfish (pelteobagrus fulvidraco).Aquac.

Figure 2. Impact of different yeast concentrations inoculating CEW on corrected protein yields and protein productivities from BSFL.

Hygro-Thermo-Mechanical Responses of Balsa Wood Core Sandwich Composite Beam Exposed to Fire

Experiment Set-Up

The direction of the heat flow was perpendicular to one surface of the sandwich sample test. Sketch of the support (a) and the device (b) for the three-point bending test of sandwich beams.

Figure 1. The studied E-glass/polyester/balsa sandwich composite beam specimen (a). Dimensions were illustrated the chosen directions of the moisture and heat flux

Experimental Results 1. Moisture Di ff usion

This analysis allows the examination of the residual mechanical strength of the sandwich structured composite after exposure to fire. Three-point bending test: Force-displacement curve of dry and water-saturated sandwich samples (a), failure mode of dry sandwich sample (b) and water-saturated sandwich sample (c).

Figure 4. Diffusion kinetics of moisture at 40 ◦ C in a sandwich beam (a) and a bi-blade (one skin and a core) (b).

Multivariate Analysis and Machine Learning for Ripeness Classification of Cape Gooseberry Fruits

• Ripeness Classification
• Materials and Methods
• Experimental Results
• Conclusions and Future Work

Models based on the L*a*b* color space and the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier showed the highest performance regardless of the color space. The parameter controlling the number of clusters was moved from 1 to 9 (ie, the maximum number of features possible).

Table 1. Color spaces and classification approaches for fruit classification in literature

Recovery of Protein from Dairy Milk Waste Product Using Alcohol-Salt Liquid Biphasic Flotation

Materials and Methods 1. Materials

CB is the concentration of protein in the bottom phase VI is the volume of the bottom phase. The concentration of alcohol used also affects the overall performance of the LBF system. However, when the alcohol concentration decreases, the water in the upper phase tends to migrate to the lower phase of the LBF system [16].

In this section, the effect of the milk concentration of the bottom phase of the LBF system was investigated. The effect of pH has been studied by changing the pH of the bottom phase using 1M hydrochloric acid.

Figure 2. Figure showing the effect of different types of salts on the protein recovery yield and separation efficiency using LBF system.

Characterization and Modelling Studies of Activated Carbon Produced from Rubber-Seed Shell Using

Materials and Methods 1. Materials and Pre-Treatment

The specific surface area of ​​AC samples is determined using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method using computer tabulated nitrogen adsorption isotherm data. To ensure the equilibrium of the adsorption process, the retention time at each pressure range was fixed at The suitability of the aforementioned models is assessed by R2 values ​​that are close to unity.

The linearized pseudo-first-order Lagergen model was the first adsorption rate equation shown for the sorption of a liquid/solid system and is one of the most commonly used adsorption rate models. Additionally, the slope and intercept of the graph can be used to determine the pseudo-first-order parameters.

Table 1. Model isotherm equations.

Results and Discussion 1. Elemental Composition Analysis

Synthesis of activated carbon and MCM-41 from bagasse and rice husk and their carbon dioxide adsorption capacity.J. Modification of rubber seed husk activated carbon using chitosan for removal of Cu2+ and Pb2+ from aqueous solution. Carbon dioxide separation from nitrogen/hydrogen mixtures over activated carbon beads: Adsorption isotherms and breakthrough studies.Energy fuels.

Adsorption kinetics and breakthrough of carbon dioxide for the chemically modified activated carbon filter used in the building. Sustainability. Exploration of adsorption process of lead (II) and chromium (VI) ions from aqueous solutions on acid activated carbon prepared from Juniperus procera leaves. Processes.

Table 3. Surface area and porosity results.

Thermophysical Properties and CO 2 Absorption of Ammonium-Based Protic Ionic Liquids Containing

Materials and Methods 1. Chemicals

The structure of ammonium-based protic ionic liquids was analyzed and confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The thermal decomposition (Td) of ammonium-based protic ionic liquids was measured at a heating rate of 10◦C·min-1. The thermal stability of the ammonium-based protic ionic liquids in this study varies with the combination of ions.

The experimental results of CO2 absorption in the ammonium-based protic ionic liquids are shown in Figure 7. Results show the potential of the ammonium-based protic ionic liquids to be used as solvents for CO2 capture.

Table 1. Structures of cations and anions, names and abbreviations.

Physical and Thermal Studies of Carbon-Enriched Silicon Oxycarbide Synthesized from Floating Plants

Experimental

Finally, acid treatment (HCl) was used to change the surface functional groups, surface morphology and textural properties of the samples. The crystalline structures of the carbon enriched silicon oxycarbide samples were investigated using an X-ray diffractometer (PANalytical X'Pert PRO, Almelo, The Netherlands) with copper K-alpha radiation (λ=0.15418 nm) scanning from 10◦ to 70◦. The morphology and composition of the SiOC samples were analyzed via a field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, JEOL JSM-6700F, JEOL, Peabody, MA, USA) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).

The pore texture characterizations of the samples were measured with a volumetric sorption analyzer (Micromeritics ASAP 2020, Micromeritics Instrument Corporation, Norcross, GA, USA). An adsorption/desorption isotherm of nitrogen gas was recorded at −196◦C and the pore size distribution was investigated using the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) model for the specific surface area and pore volume of the samples.

Results and Discussion 1. Structural Analysis

The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface area (SBET) of the floating moss sample is greater than that of the watercress and water flake samples. As can be seen, the thermal conductivity of the floating moss sample is the highest among these samples due to the smallest pore volume and larger grain size [12]. The aqueous caltrop sample has the lowest thermal conductivity among these samples, indicating that the surface hydroxyl groups on the silica decreased the thermal conductivity of the sample due to the increased amount of voids [37].

Three floating plants: floating moss, water cabbage and water caldera were used as the precursors of the SiOC powders. The maximum thermal conductivity of the prepared samples in this study was found to be 6.55 Wm−1K−1 from floating moss.

Figure 2. Raman spectra of the silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) samples.

Conversion Technologies: Evaluation of Economic Performance and Environmental Impact Analysis

To summarize, the P-graph methodology is composed of the following algorithms: (i) maximum structure generation (MSG); (ii) solution structure generation (SSG); and (iii) accelerated branch and bound (ABB) [29]. Table 1 shows different types of optimization models for solid waste management based on previous studies. Table 2 shows the list of raw materials, intermediate products and products of the conversion technologies.

Organic waste is the main component of municipal waste in Malaysia, accounting for up to 50% of all waste. This selected feasible structure was the same as the feasible structure of the largest EP.

Figure 1. Possible waste generation relationship between their conversion technologies, reproduced with permission from [20]

Gaussian Process Methodology for Multi-Frequency Marine Controlled-Source Electromagnetic Profile

• Statistical Background: Gaussian Process in Computer Experiments
• Methodology
• Results and Discussion
• Conclusions

From these characteristics, the subsurface resistivity can be resolved via electric (E-) and magnetic (H-) field data obtained from the marine CSEM survey. Li and Key [3] mentioned that the most time-consuming task in their code (FE algorithms) is the solutions of the linear systems of equations. The EM wave was transmitted from the source, which was located at the center of the SBL model.

The signal traveled equidistant from the source to the boundaries of the model (left and right for the SBL model). From the CST computer output, we developed a 2D forward GP model for each frequency to provide EM profiles at the observed and unobserved hydrocarbon depths.

Figure 1. Basic layout of marine CSEM application in hydrocarbon exploration. The source is towed nearly to the seabed receivers

The Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with

Materials and Methods 1. Crude Oils

First, the mixture was prepared by mixing 1 L of the crude oil from each source with 1 % phosphoric acid (H3PO4, Merck Sdn. Bhd., Kuala Lumput, Malaysia) and 10 % purified water (v/v) for 30 min. 21] also found that the high temperature of the purification process leads to hydrolysis of the triglycerides, which in turn removes water from the esterified oil. The properties (i.e. density, kinematic viscosity (KV), flash point (FP), acid value (AV), high heating value (HHV), FAME content and oxidation stability of the CPME and its blends were investigated and compared with diesel, POME, CIME, as well as their blends.

A is the summation of the peak areas of FAME, AEI is the methyl heptadecanoate peak area, which is the internal standard, CEI is the methyl heptadecanoate solution concentration in heptane (mg/mL), VEI is the methyl heptadecanoate solution volume (mL), and mis is the methyl ester mass (mg). Therefore, to ensure the accuracy of the data between the limits, the accuracy of the experimental data should be verified.

Table 1. Diesel engine technical specifications.

Results and Discussion 1. Physicochemical Properties

This can be explained by the higher calorific value and lower BSFC of diesel fuel [41]. This can be explained by the lean air/fuel ratio because biodiesel fuel has more inherent oxygen than diesel fuel. Among the fuel samples, biodiesel fuel lowers CO emissions by 5% to 15% on average compared to diesel fuel.

They explained that lower hydrocarbon emissions of moringa biodiesel diesel occur due to higher oxygen content of biodiesel than diesel. Properties and application of Moringa oleifera biodiesel and diesel fuel blends in a multi-cylinder diesel engine.Energy Convers.

Table 4. Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) composition of Calophyllym inophyllum Methyl ester, CIME, Palm Oil Methyl Ester (POME), and Ceiba Pentandra Methyl ester (CPME).

A Sugarcane-Bagasse-Based Adsorbent Employed for Mitigating Eutrophication Threats and Producing

Points of zero charge (pHPZC) were initially measured for each of the fabricated acid-modified sugarcane bagasse-based adsorbents. The potential of various acid-modified sugarcane bagasse-based adsorbents for microalgal biomass removal via adsorption-enhanced flocculation is shown in Table 1. 21 types of FAMEs were identified in the microalgal biomass-derived biodiesel adsorbed on the sugarcane-bagasse-based adsorbent.

According to Song and Pei [25], feedstock suitable for the production of biodiesel should contain palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2) and linolenic (18:3) acids, all of which were found in the FAME profile of the microalgae-to-based biomass-adsorbed sugar, adsorbed sugar, adsorbed sugar. Acid-modified sugarcane bagasse-based adsorbent was successfully used to remove microalgal biomass from eutrophic water via adsorption-enhanced flocculation processes.

Figure 1. Eutrophic body which currently receives discharged streams from the aquacultural activities in the vicinity.

Thermal Analysis of Nigerian Oil Palm Biomass with Sachet-Water Plastic Wastes for Sustainable

Production of Biofuel

Materials and Methods 1. Biomass Samples

The degree of drying can also be detected by the presence of a first small peak in the DTG curves (Figures 1B and 2B). Obvious differences in the pyrolysis of the original OPEFB/SWP from the blend were observed in the central pyrolysis region. However, the value of activation energy and pre-exponential factor decreases as the weight percentage of SWP in the mixture decreases.

It can also be concluded that a significant difference can be seen in the distribution of thermal and elemental composition. It can also be concluded that significant differences can be seen in the distribution of thermal and elemental composition.

Table 1. Ultimate and proximate composition of samples.