Han che tieng in do thi, nhung dieu cap bach can lam

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Han che tieng in do thi,

nhung dieu cap bach can lam

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0 NHIEM TIENG ON, NOi "Ki NH HOANG" TRONG cAc KHU DAN ell

Hi¢n nay, nhieu khu dan cu, ke ca cac khu dan cu kieu mau, khu dan cu cao cap, khu do th! xanh ... du c6 chat luqng c6ng trlnh xay dl,lng, muc d9 ti¢n nghi sinh hoc;it chung la rat tot, nhung sau mot thoi gian di vao hoat dong, nhieu ti@en nghi ve tieng on van chua duqc xem xet m9t each dung muc.

Ngoai 6 nhiem tieng 6n do phuong ti¢n giao thong, Karaoke gia dlnh, karaoke keo keo van duqc coi la noi kinh hoang doi vc'1i nhieu nguoi dan Vi¢t Nam khi cac co quan chuc nang bat I1,J'c trong vi¢c giai quyet van de trong khi qua rii ro, tham chi gay chet ngudi, de nguoi dan dia phuong

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minh giai quyet van de (Tuoitrenews.vn, 2018). Karaoke di d9ng o TP.HCM: Am nhac cho mc;>t so nguoi, tra tan nguoi khac (vnexplorer.net, 2020).

Theo cac nghien ctu khoa hoc ve tien nghi am hoc, tieng on c6 the gay kh6 ch!u, lam gian doan cuoc tro chuyen, lam phien giac ngu. Trong dieu ki¢n khac nghi¢t, o nhiem tieng on c6 the gay ton thuong tai cua nhung nguoi b! anh huong.

To chuc Y te The gic'1i WHO gan day uc'1c tfnh rang it nhat 1 tri¢u nam song khoe manh bi mat di moi nam do tieng on lien quan den giao thong chi tinh rieng Tay Au. Chi phf xa h9i do tieng 6n tu' duong b9 va duong sat tren toan EU da dugc dinh gia khoang 40 ty euro moi nam.

Nghien ctu nha nghien cu Klatte va c9ng

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⁽²⁰¹⁷⁾

(University of Kaiserslautern) chi ra rang tre em la nh6m d~c bi¢t de bi ton thuong. Tre emkhu pho 6n ao cham phat trien kha nang doc den hai thang so vc'1i tre emkhu vvc ft on ao hon.

Tc;ii Vi¢t Nam, nhieu vu viec sang chan tam ly, dan den tranh cai, va cham, tham chi an mang gita cac ho gia dlnh trong cac khu dan cu da duqc ghi nhan. Tai Thia Thien- Hue,

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khoang 23h40 ngay 11/10/2019, hung th'u Ho Vinh Minh Quang c6 mau thuan vc'1i nh6m Le Viet Thien Gia (33 tuoi) do nhung nguoi nay khi an u6ng tai nha hang tren duong Vinh Ninh (Hue) da hat karaoke gay on ao, anh huong tc'1i xung quanh. Thang 4/2020, tai dja ban huy¢n Blnh Chanh (TP.HCM) da xay ra mot vu an mang co nguyen nhan vi hat karaoke gay 6n, dan den x6 xat. Trong luc nh~u o day tr<;>, nh6m thanh nien mo loa keo hat karaoke vc'1i am luqng lc'1n. M9t cu dan d gan do da ra nhdc nhd, rdi bi mot ngudi trong nhom nhau hung hangcl,( cai, dam chet. Ngay 21/02/2021, TP Can Tho, mc;>t nguoi dan 6ng uong ruqu roi keo loa ra hat karaoke tc;ii nha. Bi nhac gay on, nguoi nay da dam b! thuong cha vq, dam chetem vq...

Tac d9ng lc'1n tc'1i chat luqng song khu dan cu' cung nhu con ton tai nhi@u bit cap la vay nhung co the danh gii chung, tai Vi¢t Nam, hi¢n con thieu cac nghien cuu danh gia day du ve caic yeu to chfnh lien quan den tieng 6n m6i truong, va cac phuong phap hi@n dai de d!nh luqng (thong qua cic phep do hoic

du

doan) va danh gia tic dong ti@ng 6n cong dong de tiep tuc nang chit he thong tieu chuan- quy chuan ve tien nghi am hoc, nang cao chat luqng cuc;>c song dfch thl,J'c cho nguoi dan, hc;in che cac tac d9ng tieu

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ve tam sinh ly, tinh trang xay in mang, au da, mat an ninh trat tytrong khu dan cu.

HIEN TRANG Hg THONG CAC QUY DINH HAN CHE

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NHIEM TIENG ON TRONG KHU DAN CU TAI VIET NAM Hi¢n nay, Vi¢t Nam da chinh thic ban hanh khoang

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b9 tieu chuan TCVN ve Am thanh va Rung d9ng da duqc ban hanh va c6 hi¢u I1,tc W cac B9 nganh khac nhau (Nguyen, 2016).

Dac biet, QCVN 26: 2010/BTNMT: Quy chuan ky thuat quoc gia ve tieng on, B9 Tai nguyen va Mai truong (MONRE), xac d!nh muc 6n m6i tru'ong thl,J'c hi¢n theo: ISO 1996-2: 2007 (rut gon va thay the bang ISO 1996-2: 2017) Gic'1i hc;in tieng 6n tai cac khu vuc co con nguoi sinh song va lam viec.

Cac khu vvc d~c bi¢t (truong h9c, nha tho, b¢nh vi¢n ...):

06h00- 21h00: 55 dBA; 21h00 - 06h00: 45 dBA.

Cac khu vuc thong th Uong: 06h00 - 21 h00: 70 dBA; 21 h00

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Du da c6, tuy nhien, he thong tieu chuan, quy chuan ve ti@en nghi am hoc tai Viet Nam cCmg con nhieu n(>i dung can dugc tiep tuc hoan thi@en dong b(>

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ca cac n(>i dung dinh muc, quy trinh trien khai - danh gia.

Ve quy trinh thuc hien, phuang phap do tieng on duqc thuc hien theo cac tieu chuan quoc gia TCVN 7878 Am hoc - Mo ta, do va danh gia tieng on moi tnJong, trong d6 c6 quy dinh day du cac phuong phap dinh luqng tieng on, tuy nhien,19i khong duqc ap d1,1ng day du trong QCVN 26: 2010/

BTNMT. 0ieu nay dan den nhung van de thieu thong nhat trong trien khai thuc hien.

Ve

dinh mic tien nghi am hoc, hien cac quy dinh con chua phan bi~t ranh m9ch va ro rang giua cac tieng on moi truong khac nhau, vl cac gia tri bang nhau cua LAeq, T (muc on tvong ducmg trong thoi gian T) c6 the dan den cac tac d(>ng khac nhau (We la phan ung cua con nguoi) va cac yeu to phi am thanh (vi du: thai do doi vdi nguon phat ra tieng on).

Vl d~t tfnh v~t ly cua cac tieng on khac nhau, To chuc WHO (2018) co st huing dan cu the ve tieng 6n moi truong, the hien qua muc phoi nhiem khuyen nghi doi voi tieng on moi truong de bao ve stc khoe c(>ng dong va tap trung vao cac chi so tieng on duqc su d1,1ng nhieu nhat la Lden (muc on ngay, t6i va dem 24h) va Lnight (muc on vao ban dem 19:00 - 23:00).

Ben C9nh d6, cac dinh muc ve ti~n nghi tieng 6n tai he thong quy chuan, tieu chuan Viet Nam con

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muc cao hon rat nhieu so v6'i chuan chung t9i nhieu quoc gia phat trien

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tren the gi6'i, dan den muc tieng on trong cac khu dan cu Viet Nam cao hon m~t bang chung cua quoc te va khu vl,(c.

HOAN THIEN HE TH6NG TIEU CHUAN, QUY CHUAN TIEN NGHI

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HOC TAI VIET NAM, HAN CHE

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NHIEM Tit NG 6N TRONG° KHU

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C6 the thay o nhiem tieng ong trong cac khu dan cu khong con la m(>t hai truong hqp ca biet ma dien ra pho bien tren khap ca nu6'c, d~c bi~t la cac do th! Ion nhu Ha N(>i va TPHCM. Dieu nay dang dit ra yeu cau s6'm hoan thi~n h~

thong quy dinh phap luat de quan ly tot chit lugng tien nghi am thanh moi truong song.

Trang m(>t d(>ng thai tien phong, theo Cong van 797 cua UBND TP.HCM, chfnh quyen thanh pho se mo dqt cao diem XU ly tieng on, tap trung

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nay den cuoi nam 2021 nham x't ly triet de va dam baa khong xay ra viec vi ph9m tieng on trong khu dan cu. Tuy nhien, de giai quyet "rot rao" tri~t de nan o nhiem tieng 6n, can co su doi mdi dong b(>

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cac quy dinh, dinh muc c1,1 the den cac quy che ve to chuc do, kiem tra, giam sat, xt phat cac vi pham ngay F@F khau dau tu xay dl,J'ng ban dau den cac giai do9n su d1,1ng v~n hanh tiep theo.

Kinh nghiem *n* cac quoc gia phat trien c6 the la nhung bai hoc rat hru hieu cho viec som hoan thien he thing quy dinh phap luat tai Viet Nam ve linh vljc nay. Chfnh sach thiet yeu ve tieng on moi truong

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Vuong quoc Anh quy d!nh chi tiet vdi cac khuyen nghi cu the v6'i cac muc khac nhau duqc dua ra trong quy hoach phat trien do th!, xay dl,(ng cong trlnh, tieng on giao thong duong b(>, tieng on duong sat, tieng on

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may bay, tieng on tuabin gi6 va tieng on giai trf. Cac quy d!nh nay thu'ong du'c;tc ap d1,mg bao gom:

• Pro PG: Quy hoach & Tieng 6n- Phat trien khu dan cu mdi

• BS 8233: 2014. Hung dan cach am, giam 6n cho cong trlnh

• BS 4142: 2014. Phuong phap danh gia va danh gia am thanh cong nghi@p va thuong mai.

• Tfnh toain tieng 6n

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giao thong duong b9 (CRTN)

• Tfnh toan tieng 6n dung sat (CRN)

·Tuy@en bo Chinh sach Qudc gia cho Anh, NPSE

• NPPG - Huong dan thuc hanh lap ke hoach Quoc gia:

Tieng 6n

• PPG24: Huting dan chinh sach lap ke hoach 24: Hoach d!nh va tieng on (1994 den 2012)

• Quy d!nh each am nguon on

• Cach am (£>Vong sat)

• BS 5228-1: 2009 "Quy ph9m thl,l'c hanh ve kiem soat tieng on va d9 rung tren cac cong truong xay dl,l'ng va cong tru'ong mo. Tieng on"

• 56 tay thiet ke cau dung

• Nguyen tac cua WHO ve tieng 6n c9ng dong

• Huong dan ve tieng on ban dem cho chau Au

• Huong dan ve tieng on moi tru'ong cua WHO cho khu vl,l'c chau Au 2018

• Khung chfnh sach ke ho9ch quoc gia, NPPF

• Phong ngua va liem soat o nhiem tfch h<;tp (IPPC) (2008/1/EC)

• Quy d!nh ve xay dl,l'ng toa nha

·Dao luat tieng 6n

• H9i dong tieng on CoP ve tieng 6n moi tru'ong tu cac buoi hoa nhac 1994

• Huong dan thl,l'c hanh tot ve tieng on W cac quan ruc;tu va cau lac bo cua Vien Am hoc

• Ban tin Xay dung 93: 'Thiet ke am h9c cua tru'ong h9c'

·Bo Y te 'Ban ghi nhi Ky thuat Y te 08-01 Am hoc'

·Tieng on trang trai gio - ETSU-97 va "cap nhat"

·Dao luat ve tieng 6n va phien toai theo luat dinh nam 1993

·Tieng 6n tan so thap

Neu tieng 6n cong nghi@ep va/ hoic tieng on thuong mai xuat hi¢n tren dja diem va duc;tc coi la "chi phoi", b9 quy chuan BS 4142: 2014. Phuong phap danh gia va danh gia tieng on cong nghiep va thuong mai se dugc sit dung de danh gia tac dong cua tieng 6n.

D6i vdi cac du an phat trien khu dan cu moi, ProPG:

Quy hoach & Tieng on - Phat trien khu dan cu moi duc;tc sv dung de danh gia anh hung tieng on W cac nguon giao thong (du'ong b9, duong sat va hang khong) va moi truong (cong nghi¢p, thu'O'ng m9i) den dl,I' an hlnh thanh trong tu'O'ng lai nay.

B9 quy chuan ProPG du'c;tc xem xet ap d,,mg tu giai doan som nhat c6 the cua qua trlnh phat trien dl,I' an nham kiem soat thiet ke tieng 6n tot hon cho toa nha, bat diu tiu giai doan xin giay phep phat trien du an. Phuong phap tiep can cua ProPG du'c;tc chia thanh hai giai doan

·Giai doan 1-Danh gia rii ro tieng on

·Giai doan 2 -Dinh gii day d'

Tuyen bo thiet ke am hoc (Acoustic Design Statement ADS) se dugc tao de:

• Chi ra cac diem/ bi¢n phap can lu'u y khi l~p ke ho9ch dl,I' an

• Khuyen ngh! tu'O'ng xung voi muc d9 rui ro do tieng on moi truong anh hu'ong den cong dong dan cutu'ong lai.

Nham dinh lu'c;tng tieng on moi truong va anh huong cua n6, cac tieu chuan su' d1,mg cac bi¢n phap khach quan khac nhau bao gom:

• Cac bi¢n phap khach quan dl,l'a tren muc ap suat am thanh (dB).

o Tieng on moi truong: 'A weighted', vi du: dBA hoic dB (A).

• Cac chi so tieng on phd bien khac bao gom:

o LAeq hi¢u qua la muc am thanh trung blnh trong khoang thoi gian do va la chi so duqc sv d1,1ng pho bien nhat de thiet lap gidi han ti@ng 6n moi truing;

o LA10 la muc on vu'c;tt qua 10% cua khoang thoi gian do;

o LA90 la muc on vuqt qua 90% cua khoang thoi gian do va tuong ung voi muc on nen on d!nh (giua cac sl,I' ki¢n);

o Lden la mtc ngay-toi-dem (d = ngay, e =toi, n = dem);

o Lnight la mtc thi gian ban dem.

o Khoang thoi gian cho phep do phai dugc ghi trong ngoac sau chi so tieng on, vf d1,1: LA90 (16 gio, 07: 00-23: 00).

Ngoai ra trong cac tieu chuan nay con quy d!nh muc on dl,l'a tren muc d9 am thanh so vdi tinh chat cua am thanh:

• Day r9ng tan so am thanh (broadband noise)

• Am sac tieng 6n (tonal noise)

• Tieng on xung d9ng (impulsive noise)

• Bien dong tam thoi (temporal fluctuations)

Cac chi so tam ly am thanh (psychoacoustic metrics) nhv do to (loudness), d9 tho (roughness), d9 sac net (sharpness), cu'ong d9 dao d9ng (fluctuation strength), am sac (tonality), d9 boc dong (impulsiveness) c0ng c6 luc duqc xem xet tuy chu'a th~t sl,I' tfch hqp vao cac danh gia tieng on moi truong (van dang du'qc cac chuyen gia am hoc tren the gioi tfch cl,l'c nghien cuu).

Cac quy d!nh ve cac chi so khach quan nay duqc ap d1,1ng dl,l'a vao c6 cac nghien cuu sau r9ng ve cac anh hu'ong cua tieng in doi vdi cuc song con nguoi nhu la:

• Kh6 ch!u

• Roi loan giac ngu

• Anh hu'ong den sue kh6e: v.d. b¢nh tim mach

·Hieu fng thinh giic (khong phd bien trong tieng

=

^moi

tru'ong).

Day c6 the la nhung kinh nghi¢m rat tot de trong thoi gian toi, cac b9, ban nganh, co quan huu quan cung tiep t1,1c xem xet, dainh gia va co nhing dieu chinh k!P thoi h¢

thong tieu chuan va quy chuan Vi¢t Nam. Dong thoi, do nguon nhan ll,l'c trong linh Vl,l'C nay con rat thieu, nen rat can som c6 nhieu co che chinh sach hgp ly de khuyen khfch sl,I' tham gia vao cuoc manh me cua cua cac chuyen gia chuyen nganh, cac to chuc*! van khoa hoc co uy tfn chat lu'c;tng trong nu'oc va quoc te, tren CO' so su' d1,1ng cac nen tang - h¢

thong thiet b! chuyen d1,1ng hi¢n d9i, hu'ong toi xay dl,fng mot moi truong song van minh, hien dai, an toan, ti¢n nghi theo dung nghia.❖

sKKm 2734-9888 I 04.2021

Han che tieng in do thi, nhung dieu cap bach can lam