Nguyen Tlij Kim Chi \v < •
T H L H t T \ . \ S U ' D L N G NGLON VON H O T R Q PHAT TRIKN C H I ^ H T H U C CL A CAC T O CHL C DA P H U O N G TAI \ l l X i
D.AN T Q C THIEU SO \ A MIEN NUI VIET N A M '
PGS.TS. Nguyen Thi Kim Chi Tran Manh Quy§n Truong Dai hoc Kinh te, Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ngi Tran Minh Hang Vien Dan toe hoc Tom tdt: Hd trg phdt trien chinh thirc (ODA) la nguon vdn cita cdc nu&c phdt triin cho cdc nudc dang phdt trien vd nu&c ngheo vay di phdt trien kinh ti, ndng cao phiic lgi thong qua cdc td chirc tdi chinh qudc ti ldn. ODA cho Viet Nam gdn ba thdp niin qua co vai tro rai lan di phdt triin kinh te - xd hgi vitng ddn tgc thieu so vd mien niii. Ve quy mo, von ODA cho vimg ndy ldng ddn theo cdc giai dogn. nhdt la tif ndm 20! 1 den nay. Von ODA va vay int ddi da phuang luy ki iheo ngdnh ndng nghiep, phdt triin nong thdn, xoa doi gidm ngheo: trong do moi irumig. giao thong van tdi Id nhung linh vuc su dung nguon von vay nhiiu nhdl, bao gom cd viin trg khong hodn lgi. Nguon von ndy da ho trg tdi chinh, ndng cao ndng luc vd diiu kien y ti chdm soc sue khde cgng dong. phdt trien gido due, xoa ddi gidm ngheo... d vimg ddn lgc thiiu so vd mien nui. gop phdn thirc hiin thdng igi chlnh sdch ddn lgc ciia Ddng vd Nhd nu&c la trong thdi k}' Doi mdi. Bdi viit de cap din thuc trgng thu hut vd sir dung ODA cua cdc i6 chirc da phuang, di ra mgl so gidi phdp su dung hiiu qud nguon vdn ndy lgi viing ddn lgc thiiu so vd mien niii Viet Nam.
Tir khoa: Vdn ho trg phdt tiiin, ODA, to chiic da phucmg, thu hul vd su dung ODA, ddn ldc thieu sd vd miin niii. i'lci .Wain.
.\'gdv nhdn bdi: 20/4/2020: ngdy giri phdn hiin: 27/4/2020; ngdy duyet ddng: 30/5/2020
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Hd trg phat trien chinh thiic (ODA - Official Development Assistance) l i ngudn tii chinh cua cic nudc phat trien danh cho cac qudc gia dang phit trien v i ngheo d l phat triln kinh tl, ning cao phiic lgi x i hdi vdi lai suat 2,5%/nam, c6 thdi gian vay tir 20 din 40 nam
' Bai vi^t la k ^ qua cua dk tai "Thu Im vd su dung nguon vdn hd lra phdt Irien chinh thuc ciia N^d„ 1,^^,,^ j.^^:
gidi tgi tinh Can Tha". lu?n van Thac sT kinh te quoc te - Chuong trinh djnh hircmg img dung thu^c iruang Dai hpc kinh te • Dai hgc Q u i c gia Ha Noi. do hoc vien cao hoc Tran Manh Quyen thuc hi?n. Bai vi^t ct. su dyng s6 lieu va du^c su ho trg cua d^ tai cap Nha nuac "Bdnh gid tdc dong. hifu qud chucmg trinh. du d,t u,a cdc ui chirc qudc li ihuc hien a \-iing ddn lpc ihieu so mien niii tii ndm 1990 ddn nay", ma so CTDT.40. i K ] r,.2o^ ^^
Vien Dan toe hoc chu tri. TS. Trin Minh Hing lam chu nhu.,
Tgp chi Pan tdc hgc sd'3 -2020
va cd thi an han din 10 nam. ODA dugc cung cap thdng qua cic td chirc tii chinh qude le nhu Ngin hing Thi gidi (WB), Quy Tien te Qudc tl (IMF), Ngin hing Phat triln chiu A (ADB), T6 chiic Luang thyc vi Ndng nghiep eua Lien hiep qudc (FAO), T6 chiic Y tl Thi gidi (WHO), Chuang trinh Phit triln cua Lien hiep qudc (UNDP),.., Nhimg nim diu thap nien 90 the ky XX, Viet Nam khi thoat khdi cupc khiing hoing kinh te - xi hdi trim trgng vi keo dii da tao ca hpi lot de cgng ddng tii frp qudc te ndi lai quan he hgp tie phat triln. Nhd vao phat trien npi lyc la chinh vdi sy hd trp tir ben ngoii, lrong dd cd ODA, Viet Nam di dat dugc nhirng thanh tuu dang ghi nhan trong cdng cupc phat triln kinh tl - xa hgi trong horn 30 nim thuc hien sy nghiep Ddi mdi dat nudc. Thyc te niy di ciing cd niem tin dl cac quy tiln t? vi to chtic qudc te da phuang danh nhirng khoin vay tai chinh ldn giup Viet Nam tilp frie thyc hien eong cupc phat trien ben viing va hgi nhap qude te sau rpng han.
Tren ca sd sd heu thong ke, dii lieu bio cio tir cic co quan chuyen mdn cua Bg Ke hoach vi Diu tu, bai viel di siu phan tich thuc frang thu hiit, hieu qua sir dimg ODA cua cic td chtic da phuang d vung dan tpc thieu sd vi mien mii (DTTS&MN) nudc la lir Ddi mdi (1986) den nay, qua dd de xual mpl sd y kien ve giii phip trong thai gian ldi ve ITnh vye niy d viing DTTS&MN Viet Nam.
I. Thyc trang thu hut von ODA va vay UTI dai da phtrong tai vung DTTS&MN Vung DTTS&MN ludn nlian dugc nhieu su quan tam ciia Ding va Nha nudc ta. Cic chuang trinh cua Chinh phii dupe trien khai fren dien rpng vdi nhieu chinh sach mdi bd sung cho hd frg phit trien kinh te - xa hdi d khu vuc nay. Khdng chi nhin dugc quan tam tir trong nudc, day ciing li dja ban thu hiil dugc nhieu sy quan lam ciia cac nhi tii trg ODA da phuang ke tir nam 1993, khi cac nudc vi cac td chirc qudc te ndi lai vien trg cho Viet Nam.
Trong sd cic nhi tai frg da phuang ODA cho Viet Nam, Ngan hing The gidi (WB) la dan vi vien frg ldn nhit tir nam 1993 den 2017. Tinh den het nam 2017, sd vdn do WB tai trp len tai 27 ty USD, chiem 56% frong tdng sd ODA va vdn vay uu dii da phuomg^ cho Viet Nam, xap xi 30% tdng vdn ODA vdi 783 dy in/chucmg trinh. Tiep theo li, Ngan hing Phit frien chau A (ADB) cd sd vdn ODA dau tu tai Viet Nam len tdi 16,6 ty USD, chiem ty frpng 34% tdng vdn ODA va vay uu dii da phuang, vdi quy md 694 dy an/chucmg trinh. Chi rieng hai nhi lai trp nay da cd so chuang frinh/du an dau tu chiem den 71% tdng so chuang trinh/dy an sii dyng ngudn vdn da phuang. Diing thii ba li Quy Tien le Qudc te (IMF) vdi
• - \'6n ODA la von ho trg phat tnen chinh thiJC {Official Development Assistance), day la mot hinh thuc dau tu nuoc ngoai ducri dang cac khoan vay ciia cac nuoc phat trien danh cho nhimg nuoc dang phat trien voi dac diem noi bat do la cac khoan cho vay nay thuang khong lai suSt hoac Iai suit th4p \'oi thoi gian vay dai hoac doi khi con ggi la vien trg. Muc tieu duy nhat ciia von ODA la phat tri^n kinh t l va nang cao phiic lgi 6 nuoc duoc dau tu.
- Von vay uu dai da phuong la vien trg phat trien chinh thitc ciia mot to chiic quoc te. hay to chirc khu vuc hoac ciia chinh mgt nucrc danh cho chinh phii mgt nuoc nao do, nhimg co th^ dugc thuc hien thong qua cac to chuc da phuong nhu L'NDP, IMF.... hoac cac khoan vien trg ciia cac to chiic tai chinh quoc te dugc chuyen tryc tiep cho ben nhiin vien tn?.
iVgi/ven 77ti Kim CJii cti • rniie dau tu 1,1 ty USD. ehi6m t\ trpng 2.4'\,. Ti^p iin la Hpi ddng chau Au (ECl "'• "^"'^
dau tu la 733 trieu USD. ehi^m 1.5" o tong vdn. Nhu vay, ehi rieng 4 nha tai trcr na> t> trpng vpn dau hr da len tcri 94°o (Bi6u d6 I). Theo danh gia cua ADB, ty le trung binh 79.1°'» ^f *"
dupe danh gia la thanh cpng a Vict Nam (ADB. 2015).
Bleu do I: Tong \ on ODA \ ii vay tru dai da phirong theo nguon t^i trp' cho Viet Nam giai doan 1993 - 2017
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56% ; WBNgudn: Bd Ke hoach va Dau tu, nam 2018
Tu 1993 den nay, nhieu chuong frinh/dy in phat trien ca sd ha tang kinh le - xa hpi ciia Tmng ucmg \ a dia phucmg di dugc diu tu bing ngudn von ODA va vdn vay uu dal da phuang, gdp phan xda ddi, giim ngheo, tao mdi trudng thuan Igi cho hoat dpng dau tu, san xuat, kinh doanh vi cii thien ddi sdng ciia ngudi dan, die biet d khu vyc ndng thdn, miln nui \a vung cdn khd khan. The manh, tiem nang cua nhieu dia phuang dupe tang cudng thdng qua cic dy in ket ndi vung vi vdi cic tmng tam kinh te ldn nhu TP. Ha Ndi, TP. Hd Chi Minh; eic thinh phd ldn nhu Da Nang, Can Tha, Hai Phdng; cic cira khiu qudc tl va cing bien, cing hing khdng fren ca nudc.
Tinh den nim 2017, Viet Nam da ky ket 3,8 ty USD vdn ODA va vdn vay uu dai da phuang \ dl cac nha tii frg tai cic vimg DTTS&MN vdi 588 chuang trinh/du an, tuong duang 8% tdng vdn da phuang va 28" o chuang frinh/dy in da phuang. Trung binh moi nam Viet Nam ky ket khoang 152 frieu USD nam vdn ODA va vdn vay uu dii da phuong thuc hien d viing DTTS&MN. Tnmg binh quy md \ on moi dy an d mire 6,5 trieu USD/du an, thip ban rat nhilu so vtji mtic trung binh 23 trieu USD/dy an cua toin bg vdn ODA da phuong.
Tap chi Dan l6c hoc sd3 - 2020
Biiu dd 2: Tong von ODA va vay mi dai da phirffng ky ket hang nam tai vdng DTTS&MN (dem vi: trieu USD)
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Ngudn: Bd Ke hoach va Dau tu, nim 2018
Giai doan 1993 - 2002, Viet Nam ky ket trung binh 105 trieu USD/nam cho cac chuang trinh/dy in lai vimg DTTS&MN. Diem ding chii y li neu nhu trong giai doan 2003 - 2010, sd vdn da phuang fren ca nudc ky ket trung binh hing nim ling manh so vdi giai doan trudc - gap khoing hai lin, thi sd vdn ky ket Irung binh hang nim lai dia ban nay khong cd bien dpng qui Idn. O giai doan tiep theo, quy md vdn ky kel lai dja ban DTTS&MN tang manh me - gin gip doi so vdi giai doan trudc - thu hiit 250 frieu USD/nam, diy la miic tang dang ke neu so vdi sd vdn da phuang ky ket trung binh hang nam cua ci nudc (Bieu do 2).
Bieu do 3: Tong von ODA va vay un dai da phuomg ky ket luy ke hang nam tai vung DTTS&MN (dan vi: trieu USD)
Ngudn: Bg Ke hoach va Dau tu nim 2018
Ding luu y giai doan 1993 - 2017 la ty frgng vdn ODA da phucmg, vdn vay uu dii danh cho viing DTTS&MN cdn han che. Ty trpng cao nhit chi 10%/tdng vdn ODA vi vay uu dai da phuang vao nim 2002, sau dd giim din vi giim manh xudng con xap xi 8% tir nim 2010 (Bilu dd 4).
Nguyen Tlij Kim Chi w ; , '"J^_.'^'S Bieu do 4: T\trQngvoaOD.\\ii \a\ uu dai da phumig tai viing DTTS&M"^ ""^"
tong von O D . \ va von \a> uu dai da p h u o n g giai doan 1993 - 2017
1393 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017
Nguon: Bg K I hoach v i Diu lu, nam 2018
Sd chuang trinh/du i n ODA da phuomg fai viing nay cao nhat la 63 dy in/chuong trinh dupc ky kit nam 2005. rdi giam din. Tuy \ u hudng chung, lugng chucmg trinh/dy an co giam xudng nhung quy md mpt dy an lai dang ting len. Nam 2016, quy md trung binh mpt dy an len tdi 94 trieu USD/du in, g i p 15 lan so vai miic quy md trung binh cua toan giai doan (Bieu dd 5).
Bieu dd 5: So lugng d y an ODA da p h u o n g va so von t r u n g binh mot dif an tai viing DTTS&MN
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1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017
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\'gu6n Bp Ke hoach va Dau tu, n i m 2018
Chi linh rieng hai nha tai trp von ODA da phuang chu chdt la WB va ADB, sd vdn diu tu d i chiem den 83" o tren long von dau tu trong giai doan 1993 - 2017. Nyoai ra cdn mpt sd cic nha tii frp khac nhu Quy Phal trien quoc te cua cac nudc xual khau diu md OPEC. Quy Cd-oet. Uy ban Chau Au,... Mac dii nha lai frg Idn nhit la WB nhung quy mfi
\ d n fren dy i n ldn nhil l i ciia Quy Phat trien ndng nghiep the gidi - IFAD, vdi quy m6 trung binhl5 frieu USD'du in.
Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd'3 - 2020
Biiu do 6: Quv mo von trung binh cua mot chuong trinti/du an ODA da phuong theo nha tai try tai vimg DTTS&MN, giai doan 1993 - 2017 (dan vi: trieu USD/dy an)
QUY KUWAIT QUY PHAT TRl^N KINH
Ngudn: Bp Ke hoach va Diu tu, nam 2018
2. Cac giai doan sii' dung von ODA va vay uu dai da phuong tai vung DTTS&MN Dya tren sd lieu ke hoach su dung ODA, vdn vay uu dai cita Bd Ke hoach vi Diu tu, danh cho dja bin vimg DTTS&MN tir 1993 den 2017, cd the phin chia thanh cac giai doan nhusau:
- Giai dogn 1993 - 2002: ODA da phuang dupc sir dung de dau tu vao 19 nhom nganh. Trong do, tdng vdn ODA va vdn vay uu dai ky ket nhieu nhil lrong ITnh vyc nong nghiep va phat trien ndng thdn, xda ddi giam ngheo, dat 3,2 ty USD, gdm 238 chuang trinli/dy in, vdi quy md vdn tiung binh dat 13,4 frieu USD/du an. LTnh vuc giao thong van tai sd vdn dupc diu tu len ldi 1,67 ty USD, gdm cd 120 chuang trinh/du in, quy md von tmng binh dat 13,7 trieu USD/du an. Mac dii nginh tii chinh - ngan hang chi diing thu 3 frong thu hiit ODA da phuong dat 1,6 ty USD, nhung quy md von trung binh mot chuang trinh/du an len tdi 47 trieu USD/dy an (quy md von cao gap 3.4 lan so vdi cac dy in ciia 2 ITnh vuc dugc dau tu la ndng nghiep vi giao thdng).
Nang lugng la nganh thu hut vdn ODA da phucmg dimg thii tu, vdi so vdn li 1,4 ty USD, gim 53 dy an dugc diu tu d giai doan nay. Moi trudng ciing dugc quan tam vdi so vdn ODA va vay uu dai da phuang len tren 1,1 ty USD, gdm 89 chuang trinh/dy an. Tren pham vi qudc gia. 5 nginh vira de cap fren chiem ty trgng 81% fren long vdn ODA vi vdn vay uu dai da phuang lrong giai doan nay. Ngoai ra, mgt sd nganh khac cijng dugc quan tam nhu y te. giao due, cai cich hinh chinh.
Tai cac dja ban khac nhau thupc viing DTTS&MN, cic nginh/lTnh vuc dugc dau tu cd sd lugng il han, chi c6 7/19 nhdm nginh/lTnh vyc d giai doan niy, lrong dd tap trung vio
\ ice xda ddi giim ngheo - phil frien nong thon vai 549,5 trieu USD, gom 86 chuang trinh/
dy in (ehiem 52% tdng vdn diu tu ODA vi vdn vay uu dai da phuang tai viing DTTS&MN). Diy li ITnh vuc dugc dac biel quan tam khi sd xa ngheo vi khd khan chiem ly
-0 _ ^ Nguyin Thj Kun Chl Ul. . j 4 i i i ^ le Idn. Da sd cie dy in cho vay nhim hudng tdi myc tieu xda ddi giam ngheo, tin dyng »'^"'' ihon va da dang hda ndng nghiep uen dja ban.
Tiep dd li nganh giao thdng van tai chilm 18% long vdn. \di sd \dn li 176 frieu USD cho 48 dy an, ndi bit vdi cic dy in nana cap tinh 16. cai tao. ning eip dudng tinh. \;i> d'^S giao thdng ndng thdn. dudng lien \a. khdi phuc ciic luyen dudng giao thdng lien tinh,...
Thdng qua diu m, budc diu cic dy in mudn hudng den viec tao ra sy lien ket phat trien kinh ll - xa hpi ddi vtii nhung xa, ban vimg sau. vung xa cdn d trinh dp phat trien kinh ic - Na hpi chua cao.
Mdi trudng Ii ITnh vvc dugc diu tu dting thir ba, chiem ty le 12% tdng sd vdn, vdi 124 trieu USD gdm 17 dy in. chii ylu la cic du an cip nudc sach hoac xay dyng nhirng he thdng cip nudc lai dja phuong cdn kho khan frong ITnh vue nay.
Tuy \ay, quy md \6n cua moi dy in giai doan nay cdn tuang ddi thip so vdi mirc trung binh cua ca nudc, chi 4.8 trieu USD/chucmg trinh/dy in. Vi vay, cae chucmg frinli/dy in cdn kha nhd Ic. phan tan va tdn kem dan tdi hieu qua chua dugc nhu mong mudn.
- Giai dogn 2003 - 2010: do cd nhimg dieu chinh trong ke hoach phal trien kinh le - xa hpi d tim vT md, nen vi?c phan bo, sir dung vdn ODA vi vay mi dii da phuang cd mpt so thay doi lrong ITnh \yc diu lu. Giai doan nay, cic ITnh vyc im tien sir dung vdn ODA ciia Chinh phil gdm: phal trien ndng nghiep vi ndng thon (nong nghiep, thiiy Igi, Iam nghiep, thuy san ket hgp xoi ddi, giim ngheo); xiy dyng ha ting kinh te theo hudng hien dai; xiy dyng ket cau ha lang xi hdi (y le, giio due va dio lao, dan sd vi phit trien, vi mpl sd ITnh vyc khic); bao ve mdi trudng va cac ngudn tii nguyen thien nhien; ting cudng nang lyc the che vi phat trien nguon nhan luc, chuyen giao cdng nghe, nang cao ning lyc nghien ciiu va trien khai. Mpl sd nganli/lTnh vuc bj loai ra khoi nhdm nganh dau tu nhu ITnh vyc chinh sach, quy hoach va dao lao nginh ning lugng/nginh cdng nghiep/nganh moi trudng, giao thong van tii dudng sdng. van hoa thdng tin \a hd frg ngan sich; trong khi mdt sd nganh diu tu nhu nang lugng nhiet dien, giao thdng dudng sat dugc bo sung them.
Vdn ODA va vdn vay uu dai da phucmg giai doan nay doi vdi hau het cic ITnh vyc diu tang len. Trong dd. dang ke la nhom ITnh vye nang lugng khi tdng vdn ODA va vay uu dai da phuang ting manh, len tdi 3,3 ty USD frong 8 nam, gdm 43 chucmg frinh dy an, quy md trung binh ctia mgl dy in/chuong trinh len tdi 77 frieu USD. LTnh vyc ndng nghiep va phat triln nong thdn ticp tyc dugc quan lam dau tu. song ty trpng cita nginh nay lrong giai doan 2003 - 2010 da giam \udng cdn 22^,. Nganh giao thong van tii da Ihu hut fren 3,15 iy USD o giai doan na\. nhung chi chiem 17% fren long vdn. LTnh vyc mdi trudng, giao due va dao tao chiem 7% fren tdng vdn. vdi quy md trung binh moi dy in, lan lugt la 16 vi 12 trieu USD
\'e tdng the. vdn ODA va vdn vay uu dai da phuang tai cic vung DTTS&MN pjaj doan lir 2003 - 2010 di dupc md rpng len 11 nhdm nginh/lTnh vyc nhu phii men do thi thuane mai - du hch vi da dang han viii mpt sd ITnh vuc khdng dugc phan loai khac g6m ^^
frg nang luc quan ly has cai Ihien mdi frudng dau tu, hoan thien he Uidng quin ly dit dai. Do
Tgp chi Ddn tdc hoc sd3 - 2020 21 vi?c md rpng cic lmh vyc dau tu nen ty frpng cua cic nginh nay ciing dugc phan bd dan trii han. Linh vyc xda ddi giam ng^eo - phit trien ndng thdn vin chiem ty frpng chii yeu, chiem 4 i % tren tdng via vtii tong so vdn len ttji 412 trieu USD cho 47 chuong frinh dy in/ehu yeu la tu nha tii trg ADB. Cac dy in tap trung nhieu hon den ning cao chat lupng sin pham ndng nghiep, phat trien lam nghiep de cai thien ddi sdng eiia ngudi dan vimg DTTS&MN vi eac du an diu tu phat trien thuy lgi cho ndng nghiep. Mue lieu diu tu frong cac nginh nay ngiy cing md rpng vi pham vi lim hem, khdng chi frong mdt linh ma cdn lien tinh.
Giao thdng van tii va mdi tnrdng li cac ITnh vyc chiem 12% tdng vdn. Cic chuang trinh dy in ldn de phil trien co sd ha ting giao thdng dudng bd Ddng bing sdng Ctiu Long;
cai tao, ning cap mang ludi giao thdng khu vyc mien Trung. Nhi tai frg chu yeu la WB vi mpl sd ddi tic khie. Cac dy in mdi trudng tai mpl sd tinh rieng biet nhim cai thien mdi tmdng dd thj nhu Thanh Hda, Quing Tri va eic dy in cip nudc sach vi ve sinh moi Irudng.
LTnh vyc y te diing thii ba ve thu hut vdn ODA vi vay uu dai da phuang giai doan nay vdi tdng so vdn 97 trieu USD, tap trung vio cac dy in/chuong trinh cii thien benh vien cap huyen va cung cap djch vu cham sdc y le lai cac linh mien nui phia Bac; ho frg y te cic linh BSc Tmng Bp vi tinh Quing Tri; cham sdc sire khde nhan dan lai mgl sd tinh ngheo nhu Dik Lik, Dak Ndng, Kon Tum, Lam Ddng; giam ty Ie tir vong me va fre so sinh, chim sdc sire khoe ngudi ngheo tai eac tinh mien mii phia Bac, Tay Nguyen. WB vi ADB la 2 nha tii frg chinh ciia cie dy in d y le.
Giai doan 2003 - 2010 cung bit diu frien khai cic dy in/chucmg trinh ODA da phuang nhim phat triln dd thj nhu ddi mdi nang cap co sd ha ting dd thj, phit trien do thj vira va nhd mien Trung..., cd tdng vdn diu tu 92 trieu USD cho 3 du an, quy md frung binh len tdi 30,7 trieu USD/dy in. Nha lii frg la WB vi ADB phoi hgp vdi chinh phu Han Quoc vi Nhil Ban.
Tuy vay, quy md vdn fren dy an giai doan nay lai dia ban DTTS&MN lai giim xudng vi d miie tuang ddi thip so vdi mtic trung binh ciia ci nudc, chi 4,2 trieu USD/dy an, di ngupc vdi xu hudng ting len ndi chung cua vdn ODA diu tu ca nudc.
- Giai dogn tir ndm 2011 - 2017: cd sy thay dii dang ke cic ITnh vyc/nganh diu tu.
Nong nghiep va phat triln ndng thdn chi edn chiem ty frgng 17% tdng vdn ODA vi vay uu dai da phucmg, vdi sd vdn gin 3,4 ty USD, gdm 97 chuang trinh/dy in. Tuy chi diing vj tri Uiti hai nhung quy mo vdn fren mgt chuong trinh/du an da ting Ien miic trung binh 35 trieu USD/dy an. LTnh vyc giao thdng van tii dupc diu tu nhieu nhat, vdi sd vdn ODA va vay uu dii da phuang dat 4,6 ty USD, gdm 48 dy an, quy md von ldi 95 trieu USD/dy an. ODA vi vdn vay uu dii da hd frp phat triln kit ciu ha ting giao thong (phan ciing), bao gdm dudng bp, dudng sal, dudng thuy, hang hii vi cing bien, hing khdng; hd frg ky thuit phit trien ning lyc the che, nguon nhan lyc vi chuyin giao cong nghe (phan mem). Nhieu cong trinh, du an trpng diem qudc gia trong ITnh vyc giao thong van tai sir dung ODA va vdn vay uu dai nhu Dy in dudng eao ldc Npi Bai - Lao Cai, Dy in dudng cao tdc Long Thinh - Diu Giiy,
y^tiyj'n rill Kim lhi i
Du an duong cap tie B^n Liic - Long Thanh, cdu \7nh Thjnh, eau Nh?t Tan. nuitng ""' NhJii Tan - Npi Bai. Xha ga hanh khach quic ic^ T : siin bay Npi Bai... d.i hpan th.inh- di"
vao khai thac, gpp phin hoan chinh. hien dai hoa he th6ng ccr sd h? tdng kinh ic - M' ^^'•]- nang cap sue eanh tranh cua nin kinh te nong b6i eanh hpi nhap quoc te sau rotia cua N ic'l Nam Ben eanh do. nhimg du an ho trp ky diuat da gop phjn dao tao dpi ngu can bp k5 ll™?' phuc vu \.i>' dung duong eao toe a \iet Nam: v iin tai du6ng bien va ducmg song; .
Moi trucmg dimg thil ba voi long sd v6n 3.36 ty USD dSu tu, quy mo ^ on irung binh 49 tripu USD/du an. cao gSp doi so quy mp ^ in trung binh ctia eac chuong trinli/du an vay v6n ODA tren ca nuac npi chung. Nlut ngudn v6n ODA va vpn vay uu dai, chuang trinh nang cap dp thi qu6c gia da dupe tric^n khai nhJm ho trp eac viing con kho khan nhu D5ng being song Cim Long, mien nui phia BSc. gop phk giam chenh lech giau ngheo. Cac thanh ph6 ldn, thanh phd true thugc tinh, thi xa va mpt s6 thi Iran viing DTTS&MN deu sir dung ODA va vdn vay uu dai dd xay dimg nhimg he thdng eip nuoc sinh hpat (Du an cap nudc eho thanh phd Lat Chau; Dir an cip nudc Song Cong d tinh Thai Nguyen...).
Linh virc nang lupng tuy chi thu hin dupe 2,4 ty USD trong giai doan nay, nhung quy md v6n trung binh dat tdi 154 tneu USD/dir an, cao nhat trong cac nganh/llnh vuc sir dung von ODA va vay uu dai da phuang. Ngudn vdn ODA va vdn vay uu dai da dupe sit dung hicu qua. thd hien qua su phat tnen manh me eiia nganh dien lire, gdm ngudn dien, ludi dipn truydn tai, ludi dien phan phdi, nang cap dp tin eay, an toan van hanh he thong,... Cac chuong trinli/du an thue su mang lai hieu qua thiet thuc chp diu tu phat trien nganh dipn, gdp phin quan trpng tang trudng kinh te. cai thien ddi sdng ngudi dan, cung nhu dong gop dang ke vao su nghiep edng nghiep hda. hien dai hoa dat nudc. Trong giai doan nay, vdn ODA va von vay mi dai da ho trd xiiy dimg mpt so ngudn va he thdng truyen tai, phan phdi dien quan trpng nhu cac du an dien Pha Lai, Hitm Thuan - Da Mi, Phu My, O Mon, du an dudng day truyen tai dien qudc gia, cac du an dien ndng thdn. Du an dudng day 500ICV Pleiku - My Phudc - Ciiu Bdng co y nghTa to Itm trong viec dap img nhu cau cap bach truyen till edng suat cac nhii may dien khu virc Tay Nguyen vao he thong dien qude gia, tang cudng kha niing cung eiip dien diiy du cho khu vuc mien Nam va hinh thanh moi lien ket ludi dien truyen tai 220KV' gitra he thdng dii;n Tay Nguyen va mien Nam. Du an cap ngam I lOKV
\u\cn bien Ha Tien - Phil Qudc dam bao eung cip dien on dinh cho huyen dao Phit Qude tir he thdng dien qude gia vdt kha nang truyen tai cong suit len den 131 MVA, dap img ycu eiu phat trien kmh te - xa hpi va niing eao sire canh tranh. Tir dd, hudng den dua Phii Qude trd thanli dac khu kinh te quan trpng. khu du ljch chit lupng cap ciia ca nudc, trong khu vuc va qudc lc Du iin Mu't mii\' nhiet dien Nghi Son I vdi san Iupng 3,6 ty kWh sc bao ditm eung clip dien phuc \u hoat dpng san xuat tai KJiu kinh te Nghi Son, dap img nhu ciiu phat tridn kinh lc - xii hpi cua tinh Thanh Hpa noi rieng, khu vuc Bie Trung Bp ndi chung,
\Cin ODA \a xay uu dai da phuong d viing DTTS&MN eung dupc dicu chtnh vc cae ITnh vuc sir dung vdn \ a quy mo tai chinh ddi vdi cac du an/ehuong trinh. Dii cit 1 (j nhom nganh linh \iic. linh vue quan ly nha nudc da bj loai ra khdi danh saeh dau tu, Linh vuc
Tgp chi Ddn ldc hgc sd3 - 2020
ndng nghi&p vi phil trien ndng thdn vin chiem ty frgng chti yeu, chiem 45% tdng vdn, nhung ed thi Ihiy ty le niy tang len vdi sd vdn len tdi 782,9 frieu USD cho 48 chuang trinh/dy an. Chu yeu la cic chuang trinh/dy an dupc tii frg bdi WB vi ADB, cic dy in lap trung nhieu han den phit trien co sd ha tang ndng thdn ben vung lien tinh, tiep tuc cic dy in giam ngheo theo khu vyc, pham vi cac dy an ngay cing md rdng.
Phil triln do thj thu hut khdng it vdn diu tu ODA da phucmg tai viing DTTS&MN, day la diem khic biet so vdi cic giai doan trudc dd. Ty frpng vdn ODA vi vay uu dii da phuang eho ITnh vyc nay lai viing DTTS&MN di tang len miic 14%, li nginh trpng dilm dugc diu m dling thii ba vdi quy md dy in cao nhit so vdi cic nginh cdn Iai, chiem tdi 26,7 tri?u USD/dy in. Hai nhi tii trg diu tu ehinh van dan diu la WB vi ADB, tieu bieu vdi dy an Phat trien cac dd thi dge hanh lang lieu viing sdng Me Kong md rpng, linh Quang Trj vdi quy md vdn len tdi 88 trieu USD; dy an Phal trien cic dd thi loai vira - TDA Lao Cai; dy in Ph^t frien toan dien kinh te - xa hgi cic dd thi Viet Tri, Htmg Yen vi Ddng Ding - Hgp phin dy an t^l thanh phd Vipt Tri, Phat trien toin dien kinh te - xi hpi do thi Hung Yen - Viet Tri - Dong Ding - TDA Lang Son. Quy md trung binh tang len 13 trieu USD/dy in, nhung quy mo niy van cdn rat thap so vdi mirc trung binh chung ciia ci nudc.
Nhin chung, ci giai doan 1993 - 2017, long vdn ODA vi vdn vay uu dai da phuang tai vung DTTS&MN chi dat 3,8 ty USD, chiem 8% tdng von ODA va von vay uu dai da phuang m^e dii sd dy in chiem den 29%. Quy md trung binh dat 6,5 frieu USD/dy in li rit nhd so vdi mirc trung binh ci nudc (Bang 1).
Bdng 1: Ty trong von ODA va vay uu dai da phuong ky ket theo nganh/ITnh vuc tai cac vimg DTTS&MN giai doan 1993 - 2017
STT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Nganh
Nong nghiep ndng thdn va xda ddi giam ngheo
Mdi trudng Giao thong van tai Phat trien dd thi Yte Niing lupng Giao diic va dap tao Xahpi
So von ODA va von vay iru dai da
phirong ky ket (trieu USD)
1.744,9 528,8 528,1 334,7 291,6 183,0 143,8 34,9
Ty trong tren tong v6n ODA va von
vay im dai da phirong ky' ket theo nganh
16,9%
2,5%
5,6%
9,2%
9,4%
5,8%
11,6%
16.2%
Quy mo dir an (trieu USD/du-an)
9,64 11,02 5,44 27,89
2,83 6,10 1,42 4,36
M^«.^ K^jgfSQ^
.Xgiin'ii Till Kim Cln ... •<'»!f3' 9
10 11 12
Nganh khac Quan ly nha nudc Thuong mai \ ii du hch khach san Cat each hanh chinh Tong
^ V
1.; 1 .1S14..5
1.8%
0.7%
1.7%
0.5%
S.0%
1.26 1.15
Ngudn: Bd Kd hoach va Dau tu, nam 2018
Tinh ddn nam 2017, vdn ODA Mi vdn vay uu dai da va dang dupc sir diing vao 20 nhdm nganh/linh v(rc tai \ i c t Nam. trong dd vdn ODA va vay uu dai da phuong dupc phan bd 19.20 nhdm nganh/ITnh vuc. Tuy xay. vdn ODA va vay uu dai da phuang dupc sOr dung tai cae vung DTTS&MN mdi ehi cd 12/20 nhdm nganh/ITnh vvc.
Tinh chung ca giai doan. vdn ODA va vay uu dai da phuang luy ke cda nganh nong nghiep va phat tridn ndng thdn tai viing DTTS&MN dat 1,7 ty USD, chidm ty trpng 17%
tren long vdn ODA va \ay uu dai da phuong cho nganh nay. Cd the thay vdn ODA va vay uu dai da phuang ky ket chi rieng cho nganh nay ed xu hudng tiing nhanh so vdi cac nganh khac. Day la mdt ngudn von quan trpng trong phat trien kinh te - xa hpi tai cae viing kho khan, ttung du mien niii va viing DTTS.
Ve ITnh vuc xa hdi, cu the la hd trp y te du phdng va phat trien y te cham sdc sire khoe cpng ddng, phdng chong ma niy, HIV/AIDS... Ia ITnh vue cung dupe quan tam d i u tu, mac dil ehi ky ket 35 trieu USD nhung ty trpng chidm ddn 16% tdng vdn ODA da phuong danh cho ITnh vuc nay tren ca nudc. Den nam 2006, vin dd vd phat tridn do thj bit d i u xuit hien va trd thanh mot Iinh vue dau tu quan trpng tai viing DTTS&MN va dang cd xu hudng gia tang nhanh chdng (Bieu dd 7).
Bieu dd 7: \'6n ODA va vay iru dai da phuong luy kc theo nganh tai viing DTTS&MN
Nguon: Bd Kd hoach va Dau tu, nam 201
Tgp chi Ddn ldc hgc sd3 - 2020
Tgi vung DTTS&MN, vdn ODA va vdn vay uu dai da phuang dupe diu tu dudi hinh thtic von vay ODA chilm fren 91% tong vdn ODA da phuang. Vdn vay ODA da phuang chilm 60%
tren long vdn ODA tai vting DTTS&MN. Trong khi, vdn vay uu dii khdng phai la hinh thiie vdn duge huy dgng cho vimg DTTS&MN, den nim 2017 mdi cd 1 chuong trinh/dy in sii dung vdn vay uu dai nay.
Ngudn vdn vi$n frg khdng hoin Iai da phuang din hit nim 2017 dat 194 trieu USD, bang 30% long vdn vien frg khdng hoan lai da phuang vi song phuang tren dja ban. Trong dd, ndng nghi?p, phat trien nong thdn sir dung vdn vien fro nhilu nhit, len tdi 85 trieu USD, chilm 44%
tong vi?n trg. Nginh quin Iy nha nudc vi eai cich hinh chinh dugc ngudn diu tu 100% la vdn vi?n trg khdng hoin lai. Nhdm nganh xi hpi su dung vdn vien frg khdng hoin lai vdi ty le len ldi 53% tdng von ODA vi vdn vay uu dii. Trong khi nginh y te su dung vdn vien frp khdng hoin lai vin ty 1? khi cao, 22,5% tdng vien frg vi 15% tdng vdn ODA \a vdn vay uu dai dinh cho nganh nay de hd frp y te dy phdng, phit trien y le chim sdc siic khde cgng ddng eho eac viing ngheo d ndng thdn, viing DTTS&MN, hd frg ting cudng ning lyc xay dung va thyc hien chinh sach, ke hogch hda vi quin ly phit trien nginh (Bieu dd 8).
Bieu do 8: Co* cau nganh sir diing von vi^n trg khong hoan lai da phuong tai viing DTTS&MN giai doan 1993 - 2017
Xahpi
10% ^ ^ ^
Moi _{|UB!9
Irnnnq ^ ^
14% ^ ^ P
Nganh
^ khacI
N|o%l
E. 1
K
Nong nghi&p vaphat
^ i e n . . . i
Nguon: Bd Ke hoach vi Diu tu, nim 2018
Rieng nguon von vay ODA, den het nim 2017, so vdn dat 3,5 ty USD. Vdn vay ODA da phuang ky ket ed xu huiing tang, nim 2012 dat miic cao nhat frong ca giai doan la 356,5 trieu USD. Trong dd, ndng nghiep vi phit trien ndng thdn sii dung vdn vien frp nhieu nhit len ldi 1,5 ty USD, chiem 44% long von vay ODA da phucmg tai viing DTTS&MN. Mot sd nganh nhu thuang mai vi du lieli/khich san, phat trien do thj vi nhieu nginh khic sii dung 100% ngudn von niy. Cac nginh nhu giao due va dao tao, mdi trudng, giao thdng van lai, phat trien do thi va y te ciing sir dung fren 95% vdn tir ngudn vdn niy.
Nha lai frp ldn nhit vdn vay ODA da phuang cho viing DTTS&MN la WB vdi sd von vay ODA gin 1,6 ty USD vien trg. WB da diu tu vio 10 nhdm nginh/lTnh vyc tai vung DTTS&MN. Trong dd nganh ndng nghiep dugc nhan sd von \ ay len ldi 409 trieu USD, tiep
^fflMV/1 77iii" Kill! Cm »
dcn la nganh mdi trudmg - cip nudc sach cho vimg DTTS&MN dupe uu tien xai 261 nr?"
USD. Ngiinh dung \j tri Uiir ba la giao didng van tai, vdi sd v6n vay ODA la I.'2 incuUSD.
Cac du an nay da nang eip co so ha ting ndng thdn, cap nudc sach cho ngudi DTTS. cat thien nang suat ndng nghiep tai khu vue na\'.
Biiu dd 9: \ on \a> OD.4 da phudng theo nha tai trp-tai viing DTTS&MN giai doan 1993-2017
«
l WB "Nguon: Bd Ke hoach va Dau tu, niim 2018
ADB hien t^i mdi chi dau tu 9 nhdm nganh/ITnh vyc tren dja ban DTTS&MN. Trong do, nhdm nganh thupc ITnh vyc npng nghiep van la mdi quan tam hang diiu eiia nha tai trp nay, thu hiit 275 trieu USD. Diem khae biet vdi WB la ADB rit chu trpng ddn phat tridn dp thj, day la ITnh vyc trpng diem thu hai dupc ADB tai trp va diu tu phat tridn vilng DTTS&MN cd s6 vdn len tdi 272 hieu USD. Tidp theo la thiiy Igi vdi sd vdn 193 trieu USD.
Ket luan va khuyen nghj
Trong giai doan 1993 - 2017, Viet Nam da huy dpng dupc nhidu td chirc qude td nhu WB, IMF, ADB, JICA, CARE, Plan International, Worid Vision International... diu tu phat trien kinh te - xa htji vung DTTS&MN. Trong dd, WB va ADB la nhirng nha tai trg va diu tu phiit trien ldn nhat cua nguon vdn nay. Mac dii dupc su quan tam cua Dang va Nha nudc, song trong eac giai doan ty ffpng vdn ODA da phuong va vdn vay uu dai danh cho viing DTTS&MN edn rat han ehd. Ty trpng cao nhit chi la 10% tren tdng vdn vao nam 2002, sau dd giam dan va giam manh xudng con xip xi 8%> Kr nam 2010. Thdi gian sau do, ciing vdi cac chuong trinh/dy an phat nidn kinh td - xa hpi eua Chinh phit, khu vyc DTTS&MN ngay cang dupc dau tu ngudn vdn ODA. Quy md vdn ODA d khu vyc nay cd xu hudng tang theo cae giai doan. Dang chit y la d giai doan nam 2011 - 2017 quy md vdn ky kdt lai dja ban nay tang giin gap doi so vdi giai doan trudc, thu hut 250 trieu USD/nam. Day la miic tang dang ke neu so vdi sd vdn da phuang ky kdt trung binh hang nam cua ca nudc. Xiit theo llnh vuc
\ on 0D.'\ vii vay uu dai da phuong luy kd cita nganh ndng nghiep, phat trien nong thdn va xda ddi giam ngheo; mdi trudng. giao thdng van tai la nhimg ITnh vyc sir dung v6n vien tro nhieu nhiit. Cac ITnh vyc khac nhu xa hdi. nhit la vd van hda dupc dau tu vdi ty trpng rit nh' so vdi tdng ngudn vdn ehung. Trong bdi canh ngudn vien tro khdng hoan lai giam
uong
Tgp chi Pan tdc hoc sd3 - 2020 27_
nhanh chdng se la mgl thach thiic de tim kiem ngudn vdn bd sung phti hgp de phil trien cic ITnh vyc nay.
ODA da vi dang gdp phin tao nen nhung chuyen bien tich cyc frong cdng cudc xda ddi giim ngheo, ning cao ddi sdng vat chat, linh thin ciia ngudi din ci nude ndi chung vi viing DTTS&MN ndi rieng. Tuy nhien, cdng tic quan ly ngudn vdn ODA d nhilu cip nhin chung vin cdn mot sd han ehe nhu quin ly kem, chim giii ngin. giy dpi vdn, ca eau kiem soat khdng chat che lao dieu kien cho tham nhiing hoic nhiing mat frai ve kinh ll, ehinh tri va anh hudng den su phit trien kinh te va quan he qudc le. De co the thu hiit vi sir dung c6 hi?u qui han nira ngudn ODA tai vimg DTTS&MN d Viet Nam, chung ldi xin neu ra mpt sd khuyen nghj nhu sau:
Mgt Id, cin nhan thire diing din ve ODA vi vdn vay uu dai. Diy la ngudn lyc ben ngoai rat quan trgng nhung khong the thay the ngudn lyc npi sinh ddi vdi qui trinh phit Irien d cap dg qudc gia, nginh, dia phuang va dem vj thu hudng. ODA khong phai la "thir cho khdng" mi chu yeu li vay ng nudc ngoai theo cac dieu kien uu dai, gin vdi uy tin va trach nhi?m quoc gia trong quan he vdi cgng ddng tii trg qudc te. Vi vay, ddi hoi tinh minh bach va trich nhiem giii trinh rat cao ciia chinh phii nudc tiep nhan trudc du luan trong nudc cung nhu du luin nudc lai trp la nguyen tac tdi thugng.
Hai Id, xay dyng mdi quan he ddi tic tin ciy vdi cic nhi tii trg fren ca sd tin cay Ian nhau, hgp tac xay dyng va ciing chia se frich nhiem trong cung cap va tiep nhin ODA la yeu to khdng the thieu de quin ly vi sir dung ODA cd hieu qua.
Ba Id, can gin ket va long ghep mgt cich ddng bg chien lugc ke hoach thu hiil, sir dyng ODA vi vdn vay uu dai vdi cac chien lugc phat trien, cic ehinh sich va quy hoach phat frien nginh, viing va qudc gia ciing nhu cic ke hoach dii han va hing nim de bao dam sy chil dgng cua Viet Nam trong sir dung ODA.
Bon Id, qui frinh thyc lhi phan bd nguon vdn ODA vi vdn vay uu dai d viing DTTS&MN, ngoii viee chii y din cic ITnh vyc xi hdi va van hda cua cic tpc ngudi, can cd ke hoach sir dung mot cich cu the, chi liet sao cho ngudn vdn niy thyc su c6 hieu qui va phii hgp vdi die thii timg dia phucmg, vimg mien, gdp phan cai thien ddi sdng vat chat vi tinh thin eho ngudi din.
Nam Id, coi viec phin bd vdn ODA va vdn vay uu dii tir cic to chiic qudc te da phuang ddi vdi viing DTTS&MN la mgt hpp phan quan frpng, gdp phin thyc hien chinh sach din tdc eiia Ding vi Nha nudc. Cu the li thuc day sy phit trien kinh te - xi hpi vi hgi nhap kinh te qude tl d viing ddng bio cic dan tgc frong su nghiep cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda va bio ve dat nudc; ddng thdi cung la ca sd quan trpng lao dyng niem tin cua cpng ddng qudc lc. la lien de bio dim cho sy lhinh cdng cho viec van ddng vi thu hut ODA frong giai doan Idicua Viet Nam.
.\gu)Jn Thi Kim Chi vd cd^^SjJi^
Tai Iicu tham khao 1. .-VDB (2017), ADB and Vietnam, fact shcel 2017.
2 Bp K I hoach va Diu tu (2013), Bdo cdo Ddnh gid todn difn 20 ndm qiuvi he hgp tdc phdt Iriin giira I let .\am vd cdc nhd tdi tra (1993-2013), H i Ndi.
3. Bp Kl hoach va Diu tu (2018), Dir lieu vi ODA giai dogn 1993 - 2017: Cac b i o cao tham luin Hpi diao khoa hpc qude l l "Danh gia 20 nam huy ddng va sir dyng vdn ODA ciia Vicl Nam" (Di Ning. ngav 07 8'2015).
4. Bp Lao dpng - Thuang binh va Xa hdi, UNDP, Vien Han Iim Khoa hgc xa hpi Vi?l Nam (20IS). Bdo cdo ngheo da chieu d Viel Nam: Gidm ngheo d lat cd cdc chiiu cgnh de dam bdo cugc sdng cd chdt lugng cho mgi ngudi. Ha Npi.
5. Bg Tai chinh (2017), Bdo cdo dnh hinh dip nhgn vd su dung vdn ODA vd von vay iru ddi ndm 20! 7, Ha Ngi.
6. Uy ban Din ldc (2010), Vdn kien chucmg trinh phdt triin kinh te - xd hgi cdc xa.
ihdn, hdn ddc biel khd khdn vimg ddng bdo ddn tgc thiiu so vd miin niii giai dogn 2011 - 2015 vd dinh hu&ng 2020. Dy thao lin 5, H i Ngi.
7. Uy ban Kinh te ciia Qudc hgi (2014), Ddi mdi the che qudn ly. sudung vd gidm sdi vdn ODA nhdm idng cu&ng tinh ben vCrng cua ng nu&c ngodi vd ng quoc gia Viet Nam trong giai dogn phdt triin mdi 2013 - 2020, Ha Npi.
8. Thil tudng Chinh phu (2016), De i n "Dinh hudng thu hdt, qudn ly vd su dying ngudn vdn ODA vd von vay iru ddi cua cdc nhd tdi trg nu&c ngodi thai ky 2016 - 2020", Quyit djnh sd 251/QD-TTg, ngay 17/02/2016.
9. Thu tudng Chinli phu (2013), Quyet dinh phi duyet de dn tdng cudng hgp tdc quoc li' hd trg phdt triin kinh te - xd hgi vimg ddng bdo ddn tgc thiiu sd. Quyit dinh s6 2214/QD- TTg, ngiy 1411/2013.
10. World Bank (2011), Bdo cdo Ngdn hdng Thi gi&i dong hdnh cimg v&i Viet Nam Iren duong phdi trien. Ha Npi.