HANH PHUC CUA NGUdl PHU Ntf THAI:
NHIN Ttf DAN CA T R f TINH SINH HOAT
HAXUANHU'dNG^'*
Tom tat: Qua viec tie'p can dan ca trd tinh sinh hoat cua ngiidi Thai, bai viit de cap den vin dS than phan va hanh phiic cda ngUdi phu nd Thai Td dd, thay diidc hanh phiic cua ngiidi phu na Thai thi hiin tren hai phiidng dien chinh la: Hanh phiic td sii hai hda cac mdi quan hi tinh yeu vk gia dinh; hanh phuc td viec tii khang dinh ban than va tim kiim hanh phdc ca nhan cua ngiidi phu nvt.
Niu nhu sii the hien cua phiidng dien thd nhat la phd hdp vdi van hoa sa hpi Thai xiia theo chidd nam quyen thi khi dat sii the hiin cua phiidng diin thd hai trong boi canh van hda do se thay diidc diem tien bp cua tac gia dan gian trong viic viit vi ngiidi phu nS Thai Diem tien bp i'y la da nhinra va trao cho ngiidi phu nd sii chu dpng trong viic khang dinh ban than vk kiim tim hanh phiic.
Tdkhoa: Hanh phuc; phu nQ; dan ca trd tinh sinh boat; ngiidi Thai
Abstract: Through an analysis of romantic folk songs about daily life of Thai people, the paper discussed Thai women's perception of fate and happiness. Happiness of Thai women means a harmonious relationship with their family and loved ones and the ability to search for personal happiness and self-affirmation. If the former fits traditional patrilineal Thai culture, the latter shows the revolutionary view of folk culture on happiness of Thai women. Thai women were encouraged to actively define themselves and search for their own happiness.
Keywords: Happiness; women; romantic folk songs about daily life; Thai women.
Ngaynhan bar 15/8/2019; Ngay sda bar 20/9/2019; Ngay duyet dang bai 27/12/2019.
1. Dat v a n d l
Hanh phuc dUde coi la muc dich eao nhit, gia tri nhan sinh quan trpng bac nhat trong ddi sd'ng cua mdi con ngUdi.
Nghien eflu hanh phuc eiia con ngfldi trong mdi cpng dong ed y nghia thid't tbflc dd'i vdi viec danh gid sfl phat tridn eua edng ddng dd. Dan ca vd'n la mot the loai trfl tinh dan gian, bdc Id the' gidi tam tfl, tinh cam phong pbu cua con ngfldi. Do dd, kM tim hieu v l hanh phuc cua ngfldi phu nfl trong dan ca trfl tinh sinh boat (DCTTSH) Thai, chung tdi quan tam den khia canh tam li, tinh than tich cflc cua ngfldi phu nfl hdn Id nhflng cH bao v l xa hgi va sfle khde ma cd
hen quan chit Iflpng eudc sd'ng, tfle la eac kMa canh vat chat, mdi trfldng song. Tarn li tich ctfc, hay ndi each khac la mfle do hanh phuc dfldc kham pha thdng qua sii cam nhan ciia ngfldi phu nfl ve hanb phuc.
T i t nhien, bdi hanh phflc cua ngUdi phu nfl Thai dfldc nhin nhan tfl gdc do DCTTSH Thai, khdng phai tfl thflc te Uch s^, xa hdi, nen nhiing ket Man dfla ra khong nha't tbid't trflng khdp vdi sfl thflc trong ddi sd'ng. Bdi cd dac diem dd nen trong van hoc ndi chung, DCTTSH Thai ndi ridng, chung ta phai lflu y dd'n eac khai
Ea
NHAN LUE KHOA HOC XA HOI'*' TS., Giang vien Tnjctng Dai hoc Khoa hoc Thai Nguygn.
sci 4-2020
HA XUAN HUONG niem con ngfldi thieng va con ngfldi pham.
Con ngfldi pham la con ngfldi dfldc phan anh dung vdi cuoc song thfle td'. Cuoc ddi eua hp vui buon, dau kho hay sung sfldng deu la kd't qua cua sfl tae dpng phflc hpp eua che' dp kinh te', xa hpi, van hda, Ijeh sii. Con ngfldi tMeng la eon ngfldi pbi Mdn thflc, la ndi trao gtfi nhflng fldc md, khat vpng ma con ngfldi khd cd dflpc trong eudc ddi thtfc tai. Vi the, con ngfldi thidng la con ngfldi cua li tfldng, chi cd nhflng dieu tdt dep. v a n hge bao chfla ca bai khia canh thidng, phara nay. Hieu nhfl vay, chung ta mdi ed the li giai dflpc sfl the hidn cua hanh phue cua ngfldi pbu nfl Thai trong DCTTSH.
Va, dfl sfl thd hidn eua hanh phuc cua phu nfl trong dan ca dflpe li giai theo hfldng thieng hay pbam thi nd diu cd y ngbia nhat dinh dd'i vdi vide tira bidu bd'i eanh van hda, xa hpi - tiln de eho sfl ra ddi va tdn tai cua DCTTSH Thai ma qua do, he Id phin nao trinh do phat trien cua tgc ngfldi.
2. Cac binh dien hanh phuc cua ngfldfi phu nflf Thai dfltfc the hien trong dan ca trvt tinh sinh hoat
2.L Hanh phuc tit sy( hai hoa cac moi quan hS tinh yeu va gia dinh
Vl ed ban, van hda Thai van hanh cung quy dao vdi van hda phfldng Ddng ndi chung, van hda Viet Nam ndi rieng. Ngfldi phfldng Ddng coi trgng mdi quan he hda hdp gifla mpi ngfldi. Sfl k i t nd'i, phu thupe cua ban than va nhflng ngfldi xung quanh r i t dfldc coi trpng va dfldc cu the hda tren cae khia canh sfl cam thdng, tfldng tac, bd trp, ydu thfldng nhau. Trong bdi eanh van hda ay, ngfldi phu nfl phfldng Dong thfldng
dat hanh phue eua ban than trong quan he vdi hanh phuc tinh yeu va hanb phue gia dinb. Tfldng ttf nhfl the, sfl hai hda, gin kd't trong tinh ydu va gia dinh ed y ngMa quan trpng ddi vdi hanh phuc cua ngfldi phu nfl Thai.
Xa bdi Thai ed truyin dfldc td chflc theo c h i do nara quyen. Ngfldi Thai ed nhflng he gia tri va chuan mflc kba dn djnh va ben vflng xung quanh eae mdi quan hd gifla ngfldi vdi ngfldi. Doi vdi quan he yeu dflpng, ngfldi Thai cbo phep Ifla ddi tfl do tira bieu, ydu dfldng nhflng vide hdn nhan phai do be tren quye't dinb. Hp cam ki tuydt dd'i mpi bieu hien ndi hdn trong ddng hp. Hdn nhan phai dfldc cha me cho phep, phai cflng dang cip va hpp sd' raenb.
Ngfldi ddn dng nim gifl mpi quyen hanh trong gia dinb va xa hgi. Trong gia dinb tbi thuan hda, yeu thfldng, gan bd nhflng ngfldi chdng, ngfldi eha - vdi tfl each gia trfldng - cd quyen uy tuydt ddi trong td chflc san xuit cua gia dinh va diiu hda cac radi quan he trong, ngoai gia dinh. O ddng hg, dd la che' do nara tdn nfl ti, tren dfldi thfl bac rd rang. Tit ea nhflng dieu nay cd anb hfldng ldn tdi hanh phue va sfl cam nhan ve hanb phue eua ngfldi pbu nfl.
2.1.1. Ngddi phu nd hanh phiic trong tinh yiu
Nd'u nhfl so vdi vide thoa man dfldc cac dieu kien khac nhfl vat chat, mdi trfldng sd'ng... tbi banh phuc do tinb ydu dem lai cd y nghTa ldn hdn r i t nbilu ddi vdi con ngfldi ma vi nd, ngfldi ta cd the vfldt qua nbilu trd ngai, khd khan ve raat vat chat.
Dieu dd cang quan trpng ddi vdi ngfldi phu nfl trong xa hdi cd truyen Thdi theo ehi dp nam quyen - nhiing ngfldi ma than phan
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XAHOI ^
HANH PHUC CUA NGUQl PHU N U THAI...
bi phu thudc, khdng dflpc trao quyen Ifla chgn ddi tfldng kd't hdn.
Trong DCTTSH Thai, ngfldi phu nfl hanh phuc trong tinh yeu dflde nhae de'n 74 lan/286 bai, nbilu hdn sd vdi kbi ndi ve ngfldi phu nfl dau khd vi tinh ydu (45 lin/286 bai). SI Ifldng cae l i n nhic tdi cd gai dau khd it hdn la nhic dd'n cd gii hanb phfle trong tinh yeu cd thd li giai tfl dae diem tam hdn ngfldi Thai. Hp la nhflng ngfldi rat trpng ddi sd'ng tinb cam. Nhflng tam hdn thie't tha yeu thfldng cua nfli rflng Tay Bic khi sang tae dan ea da ludn mud'n cd't len nhflng ldi ca ve hanh phuc hpn la khd dau, ai oan.
Dan ea trfl tinh sinh boat Thai ndi nhieu ve Ifla ddi yeu nbau tfl thud cdn nhd, tfl khi bu chung sfla me, tfl khi gidng mia bo chia ddi, tfl khi nghjeb d i t gifla mfldng. Trong tara thflc hg, day la tinb yeu dep nhat, li tfldng n h i t , thfldng dfldc vi vdi hinh anh ddi vit non lgi ao beo, vit gia ldi ao reu. Nhflng cude tinh tfl nhd, rdi nhflng dera tinb hd hen ndi ban khudng, nhflng tid'ng hat vfldn cao, tie'ng sao pi pap dap diu da trd thanh hanh phue giau kin trong coi long eiia bie't bao cd gai. Tinb ydu hanh phfle nha't la tinh yeu dfldc dap flng tfl ea hai phia. Tinb ydu cd the cd budn philn, gian hdn nhflng van dem lai cho cd gai hanb phuc bdi banh phuc la sfl tieh bdp cua ca nhflng niem vui va ndi budn trong rapt qua trinh. Vi ydu va dupe yeu, CO gai da khdng ngai ngin bay td ndi nhd nhung din chay bdng va cd phan tao bao:
Ngn khang nogng nhinh eg nhang phan khip/... Phan day cot chu then kinh ngn ddi
xoon^^^ (Ddm nim ngu em vin md minh hat/... Md dfldc dm anb ngii ehung chan)*^\
Ngfldi phu nfl hanh phuc vi tinh yeu dfldc dupe mieu ta trong DCTTSH Thai la ngUdi phu nfl dflpe chang trai tran trpng va ydu thfldng bang tinh ydu dam say cua tudi tre. Bdi the, chang trai da danh eho ed gai khdng it ldi khen ngdi cd eanh, flde ao cd dflpc cd:
Oi panh can di... nogng panh nhang chang pak tin sgt sdi pan nam lay hat nim xoong da nogng la ai aJ Oi panh can a... xa lai thien pi day khot pak nogng panh ma xad horn cudng quoa da nogng li ai a...'^' (Em kheo ndi, tfla nfldc trdi chay qua ghenh thac/ U'dc gi anh dem dfldc ldi ndi cua em thfldng ve cat d trong bdm, trong tu)'*'.
Dang ndi, ldi khen ngdi eua chang trai thfldng gin vdi gipng hat cua cd gii. Dieu nay xuit phat tfl ddi sd'ng van hda eua dan tdc. Trai gai Thai xfla quen nbau thfldng qua nhflng budi khap bao xao ndi san tinh, ndi diu ban bay hien nha... Dan ca da trd thanh mdn an tinh t h i n khdng thd thieu trong viec giao duyen cua ddng bao. Gigng hat va tai hat eua ddi phfldng la an tfldng ban diu, cung la thU men say ddi vdi tinh yeu. Cho ndn, dd hidu la cd nbilu bai ca khen ngdi cd gai kheo hat, ndi nhd dpng
Ea
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XAHOI' " Ha Manh Phong, D6 Thi Tac (siJu t i m , bien dich, 2012), DSn ca Thai Lai Chdu, Quyen 2 - Tha va dan ca tinh yeu cua ngudi Thai Mudng So, Nxb. Van h6a dan tpc, Hoi Van hoc n g h | t h u a t tinh Lai Chau, Ha Noi, tr.342.
*^> Ha Manh Phong, D 5 Thi Tac (2012), Sdd, tr.558.
''' De Thi Tac (sau tam va dich, 2012), Dan ca Thai Lai Chau, Quyen 1 - Chieng xoong mo bdk (Mta xuan mua hoa), Nxh, Van hoa dan toe. Ha Noi, tr. 225.
<'" D6 Thi Tac (2012), Sdd, tr. 356 - 357.
SO 4-2020
_J I
HA XUAN HU*ONG lai t r o n g c h a n g t r a i c u n g la gipng h a t ciia
ed gai.
Bdn e a n h loat h a i ea ndi ldn t r a n g t h a i h a n h p h u e e u a cac cd gai t r o n g t i n h yeu t M cung cd mot n h d m bai k h a e ndi ldn sii b a t h a n h cua h o khi t i n h yeu gap n b i l u t r i e trd. Dae bidt, n e u nhfl vide cd gai y e u v a dfldc yeu, roi tid'n tdi h o n n h a n la bieu M e n tich cflc n h i t cua h a n b p h u c t r o n g t i n h ydu tM vide tfl ttf lai la bieu bidn tidu cflc n h a t . Nd la chi bao thd hidn stf t h a t vgng c u a h a n h phuc trong t i n h yeu d mflc do cao bdi nd ed tac ddng x i u de'n sfle kbde, t i n b t h a n , m i trfle tid'p n h a t l a cam giac h a n h phfle cua ed gai. Trong D C T T S H Thai, ed 11/286 bai n h i c de'n vide ttf ttf eua ed gai k M kbdng dat dflpc m o n g fldc t r o n g t i n h yeu.
- Xdng can diy bd can/ Cip can pay kin ngdn bdk dd tai nham^^^ (Yeu n h a u e h a n g la'y dfldc n b a u / T a se c u n g n h a u a n la ngdn hoa s u n g chd't cho hd't kie'p)'^'.
- Nhinh chi tai pin hg kip hd pai may da Ig/ Chai a nhinh chi tai pin ki din dang na dan xi da Ig/... Chai a nhinh bd tai nhinh chi pin me xi'u ua'^' (Em m u d n c h e t t h a n b sde l a m d t r d n n g p n cayl Mud'n ehe't t h a n h ddi n g u treo vach da/... A n b a, e m se chd't de khdi t h a n b vd ngfldi)'^*.
Song, xet d k M a canh khac, vide tfl tii eua cac ed gai khdng h o a n toan la tieu cflc. B i n g viec ttf td, hp da n g a n g nMen dflng len chd'ng lai cai ggi la "djnh menh". Theo q u a n mdm cua ngfldi T h a i va n b i l u d a n tdc khac, tinb ydu cd d a t dflpc kd't q u a td't dep h a y khdng p h u thupc n h i e u vao q u a n Mem
"dinh mdnh". D i n b m d n h dfldc bieu vdi y ngMa so'kie'p, n h a n duyen d i u la nhflng thfl da dfldc djnh s i n , r a t khd t h a y ddi. Sfl thd Men eua q u a n m e m d i n h m d n h t r o n g t i n b sd 4-2020
yeu, hdn n b a n eua ngfldi Thai dfldc M n h tflpng h d a b i n g M n h tfldng Then, Trdi, ba Mu, n e n (sdi day s d m e n h ) vdi sfle m a n h cua nhiing vj t h a n bdn n b a n , q u a n h n h a n duyen cua con ngfldi. D a n g ndi la, nd'u nhfl q u a n Mem d i n b mdnh t h e Men t h a i dp sdng tieu ctfc, budng xudi, phd mac cho dinb m e n h tM trong DCTTSH eua ngfldi Thai, n b a n v a t trfl t i n h nfl lai r a t tich cflc ehd'ng lai eai gpi la dinh m e n h ay, du rang, sfl da'u t r a n h dd la bang con dfldng tfl tfl. Luc nay, tfl tti kbdng h a m ngMa xa'u m a the bien t h a i dp sd'ng tieh cflc, ehu ddng ddi quyen h a n b p h u c cua ngfldi p h u nfl.
Sfl x u a t hidn d mfle dp n b i e u nhflng ldi ca ndi ve h a n b p h u c cua ngfldi p h u nfl va viec tfl ttf cd lien q u a n de'n t i n h each ngfldi T h a i . Dd la nhflng eon ngfldi dju dang, t i n b tfl nhflng lai hd't sfle say d i r a , m a n h liet k h i yeu thfldng, Khi t i n h yeu kbdng thflc hidn dfldc, hp p h a n flng gay g i t bang vide tfl ttf.
2.1.2. Ngiidi phu nd hanh phiic trong sfl hda hdp cua cac md'i quan he cha me - con cai, vd - chong, hg hang
6 d a n tdc Thai, gia dinb b a t n h a n t r u y i n tbd'ng theo k h u d n phep p b u quyin, p h u h e nhflng ludn tdn tai ragt sfl d a n chu, b i n h dang nha't dinb trong quan be gia dinh, n h a t la q u a n be vd chdng. Ngfldi chdng, ngfldi cha ed quyen uy tuydt ddi song bg v i n d a n b cho ngfldi p h u nfl sfl tdn trgng, yeu thfldng n h a t dinb. D i i u n a y cd a n b hfldng tdi h a n h phuc eua ngfldi p h u nfl t r o n g eac radi q u a n he gia dinh, hg h a n g . '^' Ha Manh Phong, D5 Thi Tac (2012), Sdd, tr.324, («' Ha Manh Phong, D6 Thi Tac (2012), Sdd, tr,357.
*'' Ha Manh Phong, D6 Thi Tac (2012), Sdd, tr.555
<«' Ha Manh Phong, D6 Thi Tac (2012), Sdd, tr.748 NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XAHOI Q
HANH PHUC CUA NGUdl PHU NCT THAI..
Vdi truyen tbd'ng coi trpng tdn ti trat ttf cd tmh phep tic ro rang cua tdc ngfldi, ngfldi phu nfl Thai cd gia dinh dat hanh phuc cua minh trong viec kie'm tira sfl boa bdp va gin ke't vdi mpi ngfldi trong gia i^nh, coi sfl cam thdng, chia se, yeu thfldng l i n nbau ciia ragi ngfldi la nen tang banh phue eiia minh.
Trong quan he vdi cha me, ed gai Thai r i t ton trgng y kid'n cua bae be tren v l vide bdn nban cua rainh. Bdi the', cd gai Thai thfldng than trpng, kin dao, khdng xdc ndi, bdng bdt. Tinh ydu ein dfldc xem xet ki eang, khdng ndn vdi va, xet ddi bdn cbo can than. Nd'u ddi bdn cha rae thuan tinb, hg bang ddi bdn ddng y tbi bdn nban mdi dfldc dm am, td't dep va ben vflng. Cd gai thfldng hdi xm y kie'n cha me kT eang:
- Po ok chau me lieng ching&m ba xdJXo po peng cao cha top quam udn ngi, po ai!
(Cha sinh, me dfldng ngM sao viee nay?/ Xm eha Man y dap ldi bao con, thfla eha!)'^'.
- Luc ching tan dp cung chiu me liing po dk tan dam/...Nogng eg to xau ai me liing chdm mudn quam li (Con xin thfla lai cha me td tfldng/... Em trinh eha me thuan tinb flng ebo)*^"*.
Bieu bien eua banh phfle ciia ngfldi phu nfl trong eudc sd'ng gia dinh la ngfldi pbu nfl dflde hfldng thai dp khd thoai mai, cdi rad ciia cha rae ehdng, hp hang nha chdng dd'i vdi con dau. Sfl duy tri nen dan cbu tdc ngfldi d mdt mflc nhat dinh la cd sd cbo sfl ra ddi cua nbilu bai hat khen ngdi con dau, mflng nang dau mdi (15/286 bai):
Chgm bin chgm thdk in ma ta/ Chgm thdk ta ma ni/ Chgm thifk ni em da xoong hiidn/ Pad Ink la em chi hu pan khau nda xiii ma y/ Chang chi khau xu mii aJ Chang
hu bai pa xd nu em me nu (Vfla nMn da tha'y flng rait/ Thuan m i t flng ea mat/ Vfla thuan mat ba ndi ea hai nha/ Con dau quy eiia me kheo bie't nim xdi dfla tay chi/ Kheo nfldng xdi dfla tay ed/ Kheo bid't trdn ca nam xdi dfla tay me)'^^\
Ngfldi con dau khdng ehi dfldc eha me chdng ydu quy raa cdn dflpe hp hang, lang xdra khen ngdi, yeu thfldng vi chara chi, kheo leo:
Pay hac pay ma dam/Pa hu pa xoong ke xam nang khdn xu/ Hun hiin leo ting bin mudn tom le 16 paii ai! (Ba con rae'n nang de'n thara/ Ca bie't ba nga bd'n khue ea tdi/ Rara rap xdra lang xum vui, dau di!)*^^'.
Trong quan he vp chdng, mflc dp hanh phflc ciia ngfldi pbu nfl cd hen quan ldn tdi thai dp, tinb cam eiia ngfldi chdng danb cbo vp. Sfl gin kd't, rang budc vd chdng cd y nghia quan trgng trong vide dara bao banh phuc cua ngfldi phu nfl. DCTTSH Thai da mieu ta nMeu kMa canh bidu hien eua ngfldi phu nfl hanh phuc trong quan he vd chdng: dflpc chdng bieu Id tinb yeu, chia se vide nba, cflng cham sde con cai, benh vflc vd trflde cac thd' lfle nba chdng nhfl me chdng, era cd, ba ba...
Po me hai xoong hau cdi chang het hdn kin/ Nhinh i, nogng a hai nogng a h^ng hu kha na/ Pi pi hai pi pa hang tang hdn iin''^' (Cha rae khdng flng hai ta se tfl dtfng nha/ Em cd khdng hdp rdi em cd se di
'"' Nguygn Van Hoa (siJu t^m, bien dich, 2001), Truyen cd va dan ca Thai vUng Tay Bac Vidt Nam, Nxb, Van hoa dan tpc, Ha Noi, tr.341,
'"*' Nguyin Van Hoa (2001), Sdd, tr,343.
" " Nguyin Van Hoa (2001), Scfd,tr, 3 1 0 - 3 1 1 .
"^' Nguyin Van H6aJ2001), Sdd, t r . 285 - 286.
''^' Ha Mgnh Phong, D6 Thi T k (2012), Sdfe/,tr 511.
m
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XAHOI 80 4-2020H A XUAN HUONG liy chdng/ Bdc gai khong hdp, bac gai
cung cd rieng nba ciia)*^^^'.
Mac du so' Ifldng cac bai hat ve banh phuc eua ngfldi phu nfl trong ddi sd'ng gia dinh, ddng bp khdng nbilu (15/286 bai) song trong diiu kidn chd' dp xa hpi nam quyin mien nfli, day vin dfldc coi la rapt diera sang mang tinh than nhan ban - diiu ma khdng phai DCTTSH eiia tpc ngfldi nao eflng phan anh. Sfl hanb phflc nay ciia ngfldi phu nfl la hoan toan cd the li giai tfl dac didm van hda, xa bdi tpc ngfldi - mpt tdc ngudi kha tdn trgng phu nfl ma dac diem nay cd the tira thay trong tin ngUdng, ludt mUdng, td chflc gia dinh va trcng kho tang tuc ngfl cua dan tdc.
DCTTSH Thai da phan anh trung thfle dae didm nay, eho tha'y ngfldi phu nfl Thai cd dflde hfldng hanh phuc tfl quan he gia dinh, ddng hp va thdng qua dd, cbo thd'y it nhieu tinh t h i n dan cbu ciia tgc ngfldi.
2.2. Hanh phuc tii viec tU khang dinh ban than va chu dpng tim kiem hanh phdc ca nhan cua ngitdi phu ni?
DCTTSH Thai khdng chi phan anb ngfldi phu nfl hanh phflc tfl sfl kit ndi, hda hdp vdi nhflng ngfldi xung quanh theo quan diera ciia van hda A Ddng ma cdn mieu ta nhflng ngfldi phu nfl mang dac diem ndi bat la loi flng xtf ehu ddng, manh me va quye't liet trong vide tim kie'm hanh phuc va khing dinb ban than. Dieu nay tao nen diem nha'n eho DTTSH Thai.
Trudc hd't, ay la nhflng cd gai cbu dgng kie'm tim va n i m gifl hanh phuc ca nhan. Xa hpi phong kiln Thai xfla cbo phep nam nfl tfl do tim hieu, yeu dfldng, song viec ke't hdn lai tbudc quyin quyd't dinh eua eha me. Tinh chat dan chu cua sd 4-2020
tpc ngfldi trong chuydn tinh ydu nhfl t h i la cd sd nudi dfldng tinh each cbii dpng trong tinh ydu cua nhan vat trfl tinh nfl.
Trong dan ca, nhieu lan nhan vat trfl tinh nfl edng khai bay td sfl ehu ddng dd cua rainh. Gap dfldc ngfldi vfla y, cd gai ndi ro y mudn theo dudi ehang trai, sin sang bd eha rae, ddi hg de theo chang dfl eho ngfldi ngoai ed dj nghi. Khao sat 286 bai DCTTSH Thai, ehung tdi thay cd din 22 lan cic cd gai cdng khai bay td flde mud'n raanh liet a'y, ehang ban nhfl ed gai trong bai ca dfldi day:
Chai bd khdi nogng eg hing tdd'c ban hit pad/ Chai bd chad eg hing mi sd ma tham^^^^ (Anb kbdng cfldi, era ciing tdi nba anh lara daul Anb kbdng cdy, cung se cd mdi mai de'n hdi''^'.
Mdt phfldng dien khac nfla the Men rat ro tinh each cbu ddng vdi banh phuc ciia nhan vat trfl tinh nfl trong DCTTSH Thai la vide dam ndi ve chuyen chan gdi nhfl mot an du eho sfl hda hdp trong banh phfle cao nhat. Trong DCTTSH Thai, ehung tdi thay cae hinb anb chan gdi, gifldng chieu gin lien vdi banh phflc Ifla ddi xuat hidn kha nbilu (81 lin/ 286 bai). Dfldi chan ay la bdi am ngfldi tinh, dfldi gdi ay la ldi ydu thfldng i n giau. De rdi, mdi kbi nhd nbau bay trach gian nhau, bg deu nhic tdi hinh anh chan gdi ay: Phan hin ngu xinh cip ngu xa khdn la lot/Phan day cot chu then kinh ngn ddi xoon^^^^ (Em md thay r i n rao qua'n len canh nhdt/ Md dfldc dm anb ngu chung chan)'^^'. Trdn thflc te, tinh
*'^i Ha Manh Phong, D6 Thi Tac (2012), Sdd, tr,736,
"^1 Ha Manh Phong, D5 Thi Tac (2012), Sdd, tr.361,
"*' Ha Manh Phong, D6 Thi Tac (2012), Sdd, tr.578.
'•'' Ha Manh Phong, D5 Thi Tac (2012), Sdd. tr.342.
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI ^
HANH PHUC CUA NGUOl PHU NU" THAI..
each ngfldi Thai rat kin dao, than trgng.
Hg ludn coi trgng vide gifl gin khudn phep va eac chuan mfle dao dflc. Vide nhan vat trfl tinh nfl nhic dd'n hinh anh chan gdi nbilu l i n cho thay flde md cua hp v l vide con ngfldi dflpc cbu ddng sd'ng trpn ven vdi yeu thfldng, hanh phfle.
Dang ndi la eac cd gai Thai r i t thang than trong tinh ydu. Khi phai ddi didn vdi tinh hud'ng chang trai phu bac vi nghe ldi bd' me hoac yeu dfldng phfl phie'm, ed mdi ndi eu, ed gai se khdng ngai ngin ma bay td sfl tUc gian, phan flng bang cac Mnh thflc tfl ndi thang cbo ddn ndi kbay mang tinb tra dua (14/290 bai). O nhflng bai ca nay, ed gai kbdng cbi len tie'ng trach mdc ma edn mia mai tfldng lai cua chang trai:
di dfldng hi ma treu, la'y vp xa'u nhfl eon rai ca... Tham ehi, d trfldng hdp bi phu bae va ndi xd xidn, trong ndi uat fle, ed gai cdn ndi nhflng ldi raang tinh chat nguyin rua:
Na ac had nhinh lai/ Ac nhinh lai ting luk bd ma/ ... Ac la lai bd phung ceng ban Id chai a*^^' (Dflng ac cho era nbilu/ Ac nhieu nudi con se khdng ldn/... Ac nhiiu se chang dfldc khde raanh dau anh a!)*^"'.
Ngudi pbu nfl trach gian nbUng trung thflc. Hg ndi thang, ndi rd rang vl sfl traeh gian va day la da'u Mdu dd chang trai bie't hanh vi dd la khdng dfldc chap nhan, qua do tfl dieu chinh ban than:
Xoong hau xang can bd day can li bau/
Xdng can bd day can na chu cau na nhan/
Keo ban pan na nhdP^^ (Ddi ta yeu nhau chang lay dfldc nhau thi thdi/ (Khdng la'y dfldc nbau mat dflng nban nhd/ cung dflng ndi xau nhau)'^^\
Hanb dgng nay cua ngfldi pbu nfl ed the khdng eflu van dfldc tinb ydu hien tai nhflng
lai cd y ngMa ddi vdi vide giflp hp dflt khoat dfldc vdi qua kbfl, tao cd sd cbo vide ddn nhan va xay dflng hanh phuc lau dai ve sau.
Bdn canh sfl cbu dpng, nban vat trfl tinb nfl rat cd y thflc vl ban than minh.
Khi chang trai che cd gai cdn nhd, lai khdng xinh nen kbdng tan, cd diing tilng hat tfl tin khang dinh ban ve dep ciia ban than, tfl tin cbo rang cd hoan toan cd du diiu kidn de dfldc ydu thfldng va hudng hanh phuc:
Na luk ngai nogng peng cang nhang ngi/ Xic md nhinh hing hu nhid pin xao/
Xac md nhinh hing hu dao pin poon^^^^
(Dflng eoi thfldng em dang cdn nhd/ Ngay ndo dd em se thdnh thieu nii/ Ngay nao do era se ldn dep xinh)'^''l
Ngay ca trong hoan eanh tinh yeu thit bai, bg eflng khang djnh dflpe stf dgc lap va gia trj cua minh. Ro rang, phai la ngfldi y thflc ro ve ban than, cd gai mdi ed thd tfl tin vao tmh ydu kd'tid'p d tflpng lai nhfl thd'nay:
Chai pay nhinh eg d tai dai/ Nhinh eg hing hu mi keo kho xai td mid da Ig chai a/ Chai pay nhinh nhinh eg mi ma da/ Chai bd thi nhinh nhinh eg hang hu mi phd^^^^ (Anb xa em, em eung chang d mpt rainh/ Em lai se tim den tinh yeu radi/ Anh bd era, em van se cd chdng/ Anb khdng chd em, thi era vin cd ngfldi khac)'^^^'.
*'*' Ha Manh Phong,
" ' ' Ha Manh Phong,
<'"' Ha Manh Phong, 1^" Ha Manh Phong, '^^^ Ha Manh Phong, ''^' Ha Manh Phong,
<'" Ha Manh Phong, ' " ' Ha Manh Phong,
<^^' Ha Manh Phong,
D6 Thi Tac (2012), D6 Thi Ta'c (2012), , D§ Thi Tac (2012), D5 Thi Tac (2012), D§ Thi Tac (2012), , D6 Thi Tac (2012), D6 Thi Tac (2012), , Do Thi Tac (2012), D6 Thi Tac (2012),
, Sdd, tr.557.
, Sdd. tr.381.
, Sdd, tr.598.
, Sdd, tr,433.
Sdd, tr.652.
, Sdd, tr.415.
Sdd, tr.463.
, Sdd, tr.493.
Sdd, tr.718.
Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI SO 4-2020
HA XUAN HUONG Cd the ndi, stf ehu ddng tira kid'm
hanh phuc, stf tfl y thfle, ttf khang dinh ban than, stf trach gian - bieu hidn eua long ttf trgng dfldc xem la nhflng chi bao dang ehu y v l hanh phuc ciia ngfldi phu nfl trong DCTTSH Thai. Bdi, ngfldi phu nfl cd hidu vl ban than, tfl dinh hfldng va dam dinh doat hanh phuc ctia minh, dd mdi la ngfldi phu nfl thflc sfl banh phuc.
Dieu nay ra't cd y nghia ddi vdi viec gdp phan xda nhda di khoang each ve gidi trong tbu hfldng hanh phflc. Nd gin vdi suy ngbi v l cai tdi ca nhan va quyen hanb phuc cua ngfldi phu nfl hidn dai.
Nhan vat trfl tinh nfl trong DCTTSH Thai da dflde tae gia dan gian xay dflng thanh nhflng "con ngfldi thieng", gfli gim trong dd la md fldc lam cbu cude ddi minh cua nban dan.
3. Kd't l u a n
Dan tdc Thai la mpt dan tgc dflpe danh gia la kha van minh vdi trinh dp td chflc xa hdi cao va cd danh cho ngfldi phu nfl sfl dan chu, tdn trgng nhat dinh so vdi mot so' dan tgc thieu sd khac. Vi the', ngfldi phu nfl Thai dfldc hfldng banh phuc nha't dinh trong tinh yeu, trong cuoc sdng gia dinh va diiu do dfldc phan anb chan thfle trong DCTTSH. Song, ben canh dd, DCTTSH la mpt the loai van hpc, phan anh rad fldc cua nhan dan, nen trong pham vi cua minh, nd da midu ta nhan vat trfl tinb nfl cua minh la nhflng ngfldi phu nfl chu dgng trong viee khang dinh ban than va kie'm tim hanb phuc.
Dieu nay la trdi so vdi viec mieu ta ngfldi pbu nfl dau khd vi tinh yeu, hdn nhan.
Day dflpc coi la rapt diem tid'n bp cua tac gia dan gian Thai khi viit ve banh phue eua ngfldi phu nfl trong bdi canh van hda cua mpt dan tdc theo chd' dp nam quyen.
TAX LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Gustavo Le Bon (Nguyin Tie'n Van dieh, 2017), Nhdng quy luat tam li ve sii tien hda cua cac dan tpc, Nxb. The gidi.
2. Nguydn Van Hda (sflu tam, bidn dich) (2001), Truyen co va dan ca Thai vung Tay Bic Viet Nam, Nxb. Van hda dan tdc, Ha Ndi.
3. Ha Manh Phong, Dd Thi Tie (sUu tim, bien dieh) (2012), Dan ca Thai Lai Chau, Quyen 2 - Tha va dan ca tinh yeu cua ngiidi Thai I^ddng So, Nxb. Van hda dan tdc, Hdi Van hpc nghe thuat tinh Lai Chau, Ha Ndi.
4. Ruut Veenhoven (1991), "Is happmess relative?" (Hanh phuc la tUdng ddi?), Social Indicators Research 24.
5. Ruut Veenhoven (2003), "Happiness"
(Hanh phuc). The Psychologist, Vol 16.
Pp. 128- 129.
6. Dd Thi Tac (sUu tam va dicb) (2012), Dan ca Thai Lai Chau, Quyen 1 - Chieng xoong mo bdk (Miia xuan mua hoa), Nxb. Van hda dan toe. Ha Ndi.
7. Bui Tbj HUdng Tram (2018), "Hanb phuc cua phu nfl - tilp can qua rapt sd nghien cflu qud'e t l va Viet Nara", Tap chi Van hda dan gian, so 2 (176)/2018.
SO 4-2020 NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XAHOI { Q |
