HIEN CHUONG LIEN HOfP QUOC:
NHITNGQUY DINH ANH HUdNG DEN DIA VI PHAP LY, HAN CHE KHA NANG PHAT HUY VAI TRO CUA UY VIEN KHONG
THUOING T R U CHOI
D 6 N GBAO AN
Phgm Lan Dung*
H
di ddng bio an Lien hgp qudc li chu dd giinh dugc nhidu sy chu y cua cic nhi nghidn ciiu va cac hgc gii frdn thd gidi. Tuy nhidn, chu dd vd Uy vidn khdng thudng tryc (UVKTT) Hdi ddng bio an lai hidm khi dugc quan tim thda dang, die bift nhflmg vin dh lidn quan din dja vj phap ly cua cic tty vidn niy. Vdi myc dich nghidn cttu ky horn khia canh it gianh dugc su quan tim niy dd lim co sd cho cic nghien cttu tidp theo, bii vilt se tip trung vao tri ldi ciu hdi: Nhiing quy dinh cita Hiin chuong Liin hgp qudc quy dinh nhu thi ndo vi UVKTT Hdi ddng bdo an vd cd dnh hudng, hgn chi din ddu ddi vdi khd ndng phat huy vai tro cita cdc iiy vien ndy?1. Dia vj phip Iy cua Uy vien khdng thudng true
1.1. Quy dinh vi Uy vien khdng thudng true
Trong Hiin chuang Lidn hgp qudc, cd duy nhit Dilu 23 quy djnh tryc tidp vd UVKTT Hdi ddng bio an. Didu 23 quy djnh vl sl lugng cua UVKTT, co quan cd thim quyln bau vi mpt sd tieu chi cho vifc biu UVKTT cung nhu nhifm ky cua cic uy vidn nay'
• ThS., Khoa Luit qudc ti - Hpc Vifn Ngo?i giao.
• Dieu 23 quy djnh:
/. Hgi ddng bdo an gdm 15 thdnh vien cua Lien hgp fudc: Cgng hod Trung Hoa, Cgng hod Phdp, Lien
a. Tieu chi bdu Uy viin khdng thudng true
Thyc tien biu UVKTT li mpt frong nhiing vin de dugc khai thic khi chi tiet trong mdt sd nghidn cttu vd UVKTT^. Tuy nhidn, cic nghien cttu niy chu ylu chi dimg lai d vifc md ti thyc tien bau vi phan tich cic tmdng hgp khd khin khi tien hinh biu UVKTT chtt khdng tip trang phan tich cic quy djnh cua Didu 23, nhat li ttt gdc df inh hudng ddn khi ning thyc hifn chttc ning cua UVKTT ciing nhu vifc phit huy vai frd
bang Cgng hod xd hgi chu nghTa Xd-viet, Lien hifp Vucmg qudc Anh vd Bdc Ai-len vd Hgp chung quoc Hoa Ky Id nhirng Uy vien thucmg true cia Hgi ddng bdo an. Mudi thdnh vien khde ctia Lien hgp quoc dugc Dgi hgi ddng bdu ra vdi lu cdeh Id nhiing tJy vien khdng thuang true cua Hgi ddng bdo an. Trong vifc bdu dr ndy, trudc het Dgi hgi ddng luuy den su ddng gdp dia cdc thdnh vien Lien hgp qudc vdo vifc duy tri hod binh vd an ninh quoc te, miic dg thuc hifn cdc muc dich khde cua Lien hgp qudc, cUng nhu luuy den suphdn bd cdng bdng theo khu vuc dia ly:
2. Nhiing tJy vien khdng thudng true cua Hgi ddng bdo an dugc bdu ra vdi nhifm ky 2 ndm. Nhung a Idn ddu lien, cdc Lly vien khdng thuang true, sau khi tdng sd tjy vien cia Hgi dong bdo an dugc ndng ten tit 11 din 15, thi 2 trong sd 4 Uy vien bd sung sl dugc bdu vdi nhifm ky I ndm. Nhiing Uy vien vita mdn nhifm khdng dugc bdu Igi ngay:
3. Mdi Oy vien ciia Hgi ddng bdo an cd mgt dgi difn tgi Hgi ddng.
' Xem: Bailey and Daws, The Procedure ofthe UN Security Council, Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 1998, tr. 141-153.
HliN CHUONG LliN HOP QUOC .
Clia hg^ Cd thi thiy, cic tidu chi dh biu chgn UVKTT dugc ndu trong Didu 23 nhu:
"su ddng gdp ciia cdc thdnh viin Liin hap qudc vdo viic duy tri hod binh vd an ninh qudc li" hay "miic dp thuc hiin cdc muc dich khde cita Liin hgp qudc ' khi chung chung, chua rd ring vi khd cd thd djnh lugng dugc. Cym ttt dugc dua vao d phin cudi cua Didu 23 khoan 2 "ciing nhu luu y din suphdn bd cdng bdng theo khu vuc dia /y "dudng nhu chi la mfnh d& bd sung cho cic tidu chf chfnh da ndu nhung lai cd ve de dinh lugng hon ci. Theo Nghj quylt 1991A (XVlll) nim 1963 cua Dai hpi ddng Lidn hgp qudc, cic UVKTT dugc phan bd theo khu vuc dja ly nhu sau: 5 uy vidn ttt cic nudc chau Phi vi chiu A, 1 ttt cac nudc Ddng Au, 2 ttt cic nudc chiu My La tinh, 2 tu cic nudc Tiy Au va cac nudc khic. Cd thd thiy, vi cd thd djnh lugng dugc ndn tidu chf niy dugc tuin thu khi tdt ttt tmdc ddn nay. Tuy nhidn, hai tidu chi chinh hifn nay van chua dugc cy thi hda ndn cdn nhihig khd khin trong qua trinh ip dyng. Bdn canh do khdng thi phu nhin inh hudng cita ylu tl chinh trj, ylu td chu quan vi cic ydu td khae frong mgi qua trinh biu chgn, die bift khi vifc biu UVKTT dugc Dai hgi ddng tiiyc hifn bing hinh thttc bd philu kin. Cic tiirdng hgp bd philu keo dii didn hinh ed till kl din 52 vdng bd philu gifta 2 ttng ctt vidn Ba Lan vi Thd NhT Ky nim 1959^ 30 vdng bd philu gifta Phi-lip-pin va Nam Tu nim 1955^ ft nhidu di la nhftng minh chttng
' Xem: Special Research Reports on UN Security Council Elections trin http://www.
securitycouncilreport.org, truy cip 2/3/2012.
' Bailey and Daws, sdd, tr. 147.
' Xem: Special Research Reports on UN Security Council Elections 2006 trin http://www.
securitycouncilreport.org, truy cip 5/3/2012.
rd net cho sy khd khan ttong vifc xic djnh cua cic tidu chi trdn.
v l hai tieu chi: "su ddng gdp vdo viic duy tri hod binh vd an ninh qudc ti" va
'miic do thuc hiin cdc muc dich khde cda Liin hgp qudc " ma trong phin niy tam ggi li tidu ehi vl chit, cd thi thiy, mac du Hiin chuong khdng giai thich cy thi nhung trdn thyc td tidu chi thtt nhit hifn nay dugc hilu li mttc do ddng gdp quin vio lyc lugng gin gift hda binh hoac mttc do ddng gdp tii chinh cho cic boat ddng gin gitt hda binh*;
trong khi dd tidu chf thtt hai it dugc dl cap vi giai thich. Nhin chung, nhidu nudc khi ra ttng ctt UVKTT Hpi ddng bio an dlu cd ging tham gia ddng gdp quan hoac ddng gdp tai chinh cho lyc lugng gin gift hda binh cua Lidn hgp quoc'. Tuy nhien, khi biu cic UVKTT, cac tidu chi nay mac du cd thd ddu dugc tinh ddn trong mpt chimg myc nio dd, nhung gin nhu khdng dugc xem xet mpt cich chinh thttc. Vift Nam, khi ehuin bj ttanh ctt vao Hdi ddng bio an nhifm ky 2008-2009 da quan tim vi nghidn cttu khi nghidm tuc vide tham gia vao lyc lugng gin gitt hda binh cua Lidn hgp qudc*. Nhung vi nhiing ly do nhit djnh, den nay nudc ta van chua quydt djnh tham gia duge. Mac du viy, Vift Nam da dugc sy nhit tri cua nhdm cic qudc gia chau A dd ctt la dai difn cua khu vyc niy ttng cu vao vj trf UVKTT Hdi
' Xem: Special Research Reports on UN Security Council Elections 2007 trin http://www.
securitycouncilreport.org, truy cip ngiy 9/3/2012 ' Xem: bii trinh biy t?i HOi thio qudc ti vl Luc lupng gin gitt hda binh Liln hpp qudc do Vy cic Td chttc quic ti, BO Ngo?i giao phii hpp ti chttc vao thing 11/2006.
' Xem: chuang trinh vi tii lifu tai HOi thio quic ti vi Lge lupng gin gitt hda binh Liln
hpp quic do Vy cic TO chttc quic tl Bp Ngoai giao phii hpp ti chttc vio thing 11/2006.
73
NHA NUdc VA PHAP LUAT sdl/2013
ddng bao an nhifm ky 2008-2009. Vift Nam d i thing ctt vdi sd philu ung hp 183/191 phieu v i li mdt frong ba qudc gia thing cu ngay d vdng biu diu tidn, cd sd phidu cao thu nhi sau Bukina Faso dugc 185/191 phidu'. Nhu viy, ddng gdp quin hoic tai chinh cho lyc lugmg gin gitt hda binh li bifn phip phd biln nhung khdng phii li cich thttc duy nhit dl xic djnh tidu chi di ndu. Thyc tien hifn nay cho thiy, vifc thing cu cd thd ndi s6 dugc dim bio d mdt chimg myc nhit djnh, khi cd dugc sy tin thinh cua cic nudc trong khu vyc dia ly'" dd ctt qudc gia la ttng ctt vidn cho vi tri UVKTT cua khu vyc niy tai Hfi ddng bio an" Cin luu y ring, tiirdng hgp cic qudc gia cd thd nhit fri tmdc vl vifc ctt mpt qudc gia la dai difn cua khu vyc minh tham gia img ctt vio vj tri UVKTT cua khu vuc tai Hgi ddng bio an mic du khdng dugc quy djnh frong Hiin chuong nhung di dugc hinh thinh trdn thyc tien qua qui trinh tranh cu vi biu ctt. Tuy nhidn thyc tien niy, frong mpt chimg myc nhit djnh, lai it nhidu lidn quan din tidu chi "sy phan bd cdng bing theo khu vyc dja ly" Vi didu niy lai cho thiy tidu chi vd lugng dugc tuin thu vi thye thi khi nghiem ngit so vdi tidu ehi vd chit.
Vd tidu chi thtt hai ''miic dp thuc hipn cde muc dich khde cua Liin hgp qudc ", nhu di phin tich d frdn, tieu chi nay khdng dugc giii thich ci frong Hiin chuang lan frdn
' Xem: "Libya and Vietnam elected to UN Security Council", Newyork Times, 26/10/2007.
'" Khu vgc dja ly d diy hilu li cic khu vgc nlu trong Nghj quylt i991A (XVIIl) nim 1963 cua D?i hOi ding Liln hpp quic vi cic khu vuc nhd hon dupc hinh thinh-trln thgc ti trong cic khu vgc nlu trin vdi myc dfch phin bd s i philu UVKTT.
" Xem: Special Research Reports on UN Security Council Elections 2009 trin http://wvtrw.
securitycouncilreport.org, truy elp ngiy 12/3/2012.
thyc tl. Tuy nhidn, vin dl lai khdng chi d cho tieu chi niy chung chung, khd xic djnh mi chinh la nd cd thi gdp phin lam giim hifu qui cua tidu chi thtt nhit li tidu chi tuong ddi rd rang v i de xic dinh hon bdi vifc lya chpn UVKTT cin dya frfn ci hai tieu chf di ndu.
Mac du cd nhflmg bit cap nhu di phin tich d trdn, tuy nhidn, ehua cd dl xuit nio cho vifc quy djnh cic tieu chi rd ring, cy thi v i de xic djnh hon dl biu chpn UVKTT. Mdt frong cic ly do li vi cic tmdng hgp phii bd phidu hing chyc vdng ndu frdn chi li ngoai If v i vifc bau UVKTT d Dai hgi ddng vl co bin vin dugc thyc hifn khi sudn sd'^ Cd Id, ehi khi nio cic tiirdng hgp ngoai If nhu trdn xiy ra thudng xuyen thi vin dd niy mdi giinh dugc mttc dg quan tim hon. Xu thi biu cu hifn nay cho thiy, cic tmdng hgp ngoai If hiu nhu ngiy eing it xiy ra'^
Trdn thyc tl, tidu chi biu chgn khdng phii li ylu td duy nhit quylt dinh vin dl niy. K I ci khi cd thi xiy dyng dugc mgt hf tidu chi cu thd vi rd rang hom, thi nhflng ylu td nhu ai li ngudi biu, vifc ip dyng hf tieu chi dugc thyc hifn nhu thi nio frong qui trinh biu chgn van cd y nghTa khdng nhd.
Qui trinh cic qudc gia ding ky, vin dpng franh cu va biu cu vio Hgi ddng bio an'*
Xem thim: Bailey and Daws, The Procedure of the UN Security Council, Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 1998, tr. 141-153.
Tham khio kit qui biu ctt UVKTT hing nim trin trang web cua Dai hOi ding Liln hpp quic.
" Tham khio kit qui biu ctt UVKTT ttt nim 2007 din 2011 trin: http://www.securitycouncilreport.org, '* Xem thim: Bailey and Daws, The Procedure of the UN Security Council, Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 1998;
HliN CHUONG LliN HOP QUOC ...
de nhin thay, nhftng quy trinh cu thd cho vifc ri soit vi ap dyng cac tieu chf biu chgn chua dugc hinh thinh vi cd sy quan tim thda ding. Khi tidu chi vi quy trinh ip dyng tidu chi chua cy thd thi qui trinh biu chgn ludn cd khi ning bj chi phdi bdi cic ylu td chu quan.
b Co quan bdu UVKTT
Theo quy dinh cua Didu 23, Dai hdi dong li CO quan biu UVKTT Hdi ddng bio an: "Mudi thdnh viin khde cua Liin hgp qudc duge Dgi hdi ddng bdu ra vdi tu cdeh Id nhiing Uy viin khdng thudng true cua Hpi ddng bdo an'' Quy dinh niy cd nhflmg y nghTa khi quan frpng ddi vdi vi thi ciia UVKTT, mic du trdn thyc tl hifn nay khia canh niy chua dugc khai thic vi tan dyng trift de. Vdi quy djnh d Dilu 23, cic Uy vidn thudng tryc khdng thi phu quylt vifc mft quic gia nio dd dugc biu li UVKTT cua Hpi dong bio an. Trong khi vifc stt dyng quyln phu quylt cua cic Uy vidn thudng tryc dugc quy djnh rit ky frong Hien ehuong, tao thanh nhidu ting ldp eung cl vifc thyc hifn quyln lyc cua hp d Hdi dong bio an, ttt nhflng vin dl duy tri hda binh vi an ninh qudc td cho den vifc kdt nap tiiinh vidn mdi vi stta ddi Hiin chuang", thi vifc biu UVKTT gin nhu li ke hd, hoan toin thupc thim quyln eua Dai hdi ddng, dja phin mi quydn phu quydt bj vd hifu.
Trdn nguydn tic, quy djnh niy mdt mit cd till khiln UVKTT cd vj thi tirong ddi ddc lip va khdng bj ehi phoi bdi Uy vidn thudng
Ciing xem: Special Research Reports on UN Security Council Elections tu nim 2006 din 2011 trin http://www.securitycouncilreport.org.
" Xem thim: Bruno Simma, The Charter of The United Nations: A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2002; Xem quy djnh tfi cic Dilu 4, Dilu 27, Dilu 108 vi 109 Hien chuong Liln hpp qudc.
tryc, mit khic, inh hudng va tam quan frpng cua Dai hdi ddng ddi vdi UVKTT se ting ldn. Tuy nhien, c i hai tiirdng hgp frdn dlu khdng xiy ra tren thyc tl.
Vifc quy djnh tai Didu 23 dd sdt ke hd trong stt dyng quydn phu quydt, frdn thyc te da khdng lam giam sy chi phdi cua cic Uy vidn thudng tryc ddi vdi cic UVKTT ma ngugc lai, khidn cic Uy vien thudng tryc Hdi ddng bao an, die bift li My cd nhflng e ngai nhit djnh va dd cung li ly do khidn My cd xu hudng ting sy kidm soit vi giy stte dp vdi cic UVKTT nhim han chd khi ning phit huy vai frd dgc lip vi thd ddi frgng ciia hg trong qui trinh thdng qua quydt djnh tai CO quan niy'*
Lidn quan den Dai hgi ddng, mic du diy li CO quan cd thim quydn biu UVKTT, nhung thudng cac qudc gia mdi dugc biu sd tip trung vao vifc dam nhifm vi phit huy vai trd cua minh d Hdi ddng bio an nhidu hon la chu frgng den mdi quan hf vdi Dai hdi ddng frong giai doan dim nhifm vi tri UVKTT. Khi dugc biu chgn vio Hpi ddng bio an, mdt each ty nhidn cic nudc se cd khuynh hudng coi minh nhu mdt phin ciia Hpi ddng bio an. Vdi tu cich UVKTT mdi dugc biu chpn, cac qudc gia ludn cd nhiing no lyc ddng gdp nhflmg diem mdi, tiln bd cho hoat dgng etta ca quan n i y " Tuy
" v i thi doi trpng cua cic UVKTT trong qui trinh thdng qua quyit djnh tfi HOi ding bio an, xem them chuyin dl 2 vl "Vai trd cua UVKTT trong qui trinh didng qua quylt djnh tfi HOi ddng bio an".
" Xem: Nguyin Hing Thao, Vift Nam vd Hgi ddng bdo an Lien hgp qudc, Nxb. Chinh tri quic gia. Hi NOi, 2008.
Xem: Kishore Mahbubani, "In the United Nations Security Council", The Little Red Dot: Reflections by Singapore's Diplomats, edited by Tommy Koh &
Chang Li Lin, Institute of Policy Studies and World Scientific Publishing Co.Pte.Ltd., 2005.
NHA NUdc vA PHAP LUAT SO 1/2013 nhidn, didu quan trpng mi cie tty vidn nay cin luu y la hp dang va vin ludn li mdt phan cua Dai hdi ddng. Hp tu Dai hdi ddng di va se quay trd vd Dai hdi ddng sau nhifm ky 2 nim, va cflng chinh Dai hdi ddng la co quan se biu chpn nlu hp dang ky ttng eu vao Hdi ddng bao an lan sau. Hom ntta, ndu nhin rpng hom, Dai hdi ddng gan bd rit mat thilt vdi quydn lgi cua cic UVKTT, khdng chi trong vide biu chgn vao Hdi ddng bao an. Ndu cic qudc gia cd nguyfn vpng nang cao vj thd va vai trd cua UVKTT thi Dai hgi ddng chinh la co quan duy nhat hidn nay, trong chimg myc nao dd, cd thd ddi trpng vdi Hdi ddng bao an mac dii cd mdt sd ban chl nhat djnh, nhu: (i) Cac nghj quydt cua Dai hdi ddng khdng cd gia trj rang budc nhu cac nghj quyet cua Hfi ddng bio an (Didu 25 Hidn chuong)'^, (ii) Dai hpi ddng khdng cd tham quyen khuydn nghj nhiing bifn phap ip dung vdi trudng hgp inh hudng ddn hda binh va an ninh qudc td mi Hfi ddng bio an dang xem xet (Didu 10 vi 12 Hidn chuang) va (iii) Dai hdi ddng cd sd lugng thinh vien la tat ea 193 qudc gia thinh vidn Lien hgp qudc khien cho vifc tap trung lyc lugng va thdng qua quydt djnh cd nhflmg khd khin nhat dinh so vdi sl lugng 15 tty vidn cua Hdi ddng bio an. Tuy nhidn, Dai hpi ddng la co quan mi Hpi ddng bio an phai bao cio vd nhflmg hoat dpng cua minh. Dai hdi ddng cfing la ca quan cd
nhihig tham quyln ttong vifc ket nap thinh vidn mdi, biu uy vidn cic ca quan chinh eua Lien hgp quoc vi biu cic thim phin cua Tda an Cdng ly qudc tl. Dai hfi ddng cd vai trd quan trgng ttong vifc stta ddi Hidn chuong Lidn hgp qudc (Didu 108, 109 Hidn chuong). c i n luu y ring, cimg vdi Dai hpi ddng, Hdi ddng bio an cflng cd thim quyln vdi da sd cic vin dd neu frdn va cic Uy vidn thudng true cd quydn phu quydt, ddng nghia vdi vifc Dai hdi ddng chi la co quan ddng quydt djnh. Nguge lai, cd nhflng tmdng hgp Dai hdi ddng thyc thi thim quydn trdn thyc td rdng hon quy djnh d Hidn chuong, nhu tmdng hgp Dai hgi ddng thdng qua Nghj quydt "Uniting for Peace" ddi vdi Bin dio Tridu tidn nim 1950". Khi ban vd sy cin thidt mdt ea chd kidm chd vi ddi frgng gifta cic CO quan cua Lien hgp qudc, die bift li ddi vdi Hdi ddng bio an thi Dai hfi ddng ludn dugc nhin nhan nhu mdt co quan tilm nang cung vdi Tda an Cdng ly qudc tl, cd thd ban chd su lam quyen cua Hdi dong bio an. Tuy nhidn, nhumg dd xuit vl co chl kidm chd va ddi trgng hay ri soat lai ("judicial review") nhumg quylt djnh etta Hdi ddng bio an^" chi dimg lai d mtte y tudng v i chua cd kha ning thyc thi. Cic vin dl frdn ddi khi cung xuit hifn trong mgt so tmdng hgp khi Dai hpi ddng hdi y kiln tham van Tda in qudc tl vd khia c£inh phip ly cua mdt sd vy vifc mi Hpi ddng bio an
" Hiin chuang khdng cd quy djnh nao noi vl tfnh chit rang budc cua cic nghj quyit cua Dai hOi ding.
Cic nghj quyit nay la cac cam kit chinh tri, chi cd tinh khuyin nghj. Ttt gdc dO Luft quic ti, cic nghj quyit niy dupc coi nhu ngudn bi trp cua luit quic ti. Trong khi dd, Dilu 25 Hiin chuang Liln hpp quic quy djnh: "The Members ofthe United Nations agree lo accept and cany out the decisions of the Security Council in accordance with the present Charter
" Xem; Christian Tomuschat, "Uniting for Peace Genenral Assembly Resolution 377(V)", trin trang web: http://untreaty.un.org/cod/avl/ha/ufp/ufp.html, truy cip ngay 16/4/2012.
^ Xeia Michael W. Reisman, The Constitutional Crisis in the United Nations, Yale Law School Legal Scholarship Repository, 1993, Paper 866.
Xem: them Frederic L. Kirgis, Intemationai Organizations in Their Legal Setting, West Group; 2 edition (1993)
HIJN CHUONG LliN HOP QUOC.
cd thdng qua cic nghj quylt lidn quan. Gin diy nhit cd thd kl ddn vy Dai hdi ddng hdi y kiln Tda in Cdng ly quoc tl vl tinh hgp phip cua niydn bd dpc lip don phuang cua Kosovo^'
Vift Nam khi dim nhidm vai trd UVKTT di cd each tilp can can bing vdi 2 co quan niy, die bift chu trpng mdi quan hf vdi Dai hpi ddng. Khi dim nhifm vj trf Chu tjch Hgi ddng bao an lin thtt hai ttong nhiem ky cua minh, Vift Nam da cd nhfimg no lyc nhat djnh nhim tang mttc do tham gia/gin kit cua Dai hgi ddng vio boat ddng Clia Hfi ddng bao an.
c. Sd lugng Uy viin khdng thudng true Ban diu, khi Lidn hgp qudc cd 51 qudc gia thinh vien, Hiin chuang quy djnh Hdi dong bao an cd 11 uy vidn, trong dd cd 6 UVKTT. Vao nhttng nim 60 cua till ky XX, idii sl lugng cic qudc gia thanh vidn ting Idn ding kd do ket qui cua phong trio giai phong din tdc thi Hidn chuang da dugc stta dli d& ting sl lugmg UVKTT ttt 6 ldn 10 va nhu viy Hdi ddng bio an ed 15 uy vidn.
Sd lugng 10 UVKTT cd thi anh hudng nhu thi nio din hoat ddng va vj thi cua cie UVKTT? De nhan thiy ring, vifc phin bd cac ghi UVKTT vdn it di cho cic khu vyc dja ly nhu hifn nay khiln mdi chiu luc hoic khu vyc chi ed 1-2 uy vidn dai difn. Vdi quy djnh niy, vifc tip trang lyc lugng cic UVKTT hoic giim stte dp etta cic Uy vidn thudng tryc, die bift li My ldn cic UVKTT khi Hfi ddng bio an cin dua ra quylt djnh
" Xem: Y kiin nr vin cua Tda in Cdng ly quic te ve linh hpp phip etta Tuyln bi dOc lip dan phuang cua Kosovo (Advisory Opinion of 22 July 2010 Accordance with international IUH- ofthe unilateral declaration of independence in resped of Kosovo) trin trang web: http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/
index.php?p 1 =3&p2=5&p3=-1 &y=2010.
vd cac van dd gay nhieu tranh cai la vd cimg khd khin. Trong khi phai cin din 7 philu chdng cua cac UVKTT mdi cd hifu lyc bang 1 philu phu quylt cua Uy vien thudng tryc thi sd lugng 10 UVKTT chia cho 5 ehiu lyc va khu •vyc dja ly nhu hifn nay se gay can trd nhat djnh cho vifc thyc hifn quyen phu quyet tap the nay. Sd lugng it lai phii chia cho cac khu vyc khic nhau ciing khidn cho Dai hdi ddng ddi khi phii dinh khi nhidu thdi gian cho vifc biu chgn UVKTT. Cic qudc gia dudng nhu cfing phii tip trang nhidu vio vifc van ddng bau ctt va eiu hdi dugc dat ra li, lifu didu niy cd anh hudng ddn vide cic qudc gia tip trang cho cdng vide thyc chit ma hg se ddng gdp va cdng hien trong 2 nim tai Hdi ddng bio an khdng?
Hifn nay, vifc cd tang hay khdng vi ting thdm bao nhidu uy vidn Hdi ddng bio an (chu ylu la UVKTT) dang li mdt ttong nhttng cum van dd chfnh vd eii td Hfi ddng bao an. Cac cau hdi dugc dit ra li, sd lugng 15 uy vidn Hdi ddng bio an trdn 192 qudc gia thanh vidn Lidn hgp qudc cd dam bio
"tinh dai difn'' khdng? Ty If niy vio nim 1945 la 11 uy vidn trdn 51 qudc gia thinh vidn. Ndu ting sd lugng thinh vidn vdi myc dich ting "tinh dai didn" thi lifu cd inh hudng den "tfnh hifu qui" trong boat ddng cua CO quan niy khdng? Ting ldn bao nhidu thi hgp ly vi quan trgng nhit li phan bd nhu thd nio mdi cdng bing vi cd thi dat dugc sy chip thuan chung cua 2/3 thanh vidn Dai hpi ddng, ttong dd cd tit ca cie Uy vidn thudng tryc? Hifn nay cd cac dl xuit khic nhau, tip tmng chu ylu nhim tang sd lugng UVKTT^^, nhung cic dl xuat
~ Xem: cic md hlnh dl xuit cua nhdm G4 (Dg thio Nghj quylt A/59/L.64 - G4), cua nhdm Liln minh
NHA NUdc VA PHAP LUAT sd 1/2013 niy van chua cd dugc sy ung hf cao t?ii Dai hpi ddng vi chua dd xuit nio dugc chinh tiittc dua ra bd philu. Didu de nhin tiiiy li, eac qudc gia mdi tap trung vio vifc dl xuit ting sl lugng UVKTT mi chua dit ra eiu hdi lifu vifc ting sd lugng cd inh hudng nhu the nio din vi thi va vai ttd etta UVKTT. Nlu sl lugng UVKTT ting ldn mi cic quy dinh vl thu tyc thdng qua quylt djnh tai Hfi ddng bio an khdng thay dli, thi khi ning tip hgp lyc lugmg vi thyc hifn quyln phtt quylt tip till cua cic UVKTT cd thd ting vi cimg vdi dd li vj thi cua hg.
Tuy nhidn, khi sl lugng UVKTT ting Idn thi nhidu khi ning quy djnh vl bd philu cung sd dugc sua ddi theo hudng cin nhilu hon 7 philu chdng etta UVKTT mdi cd thd phu quylt mgt vin dl nio dd. Nhu viy, khdng bin cu ting sl lugng UVKTT li ting vj thi cua hg. Dd cd thi tang vi thi eua cic UVKTT trong vifc thyc hifn quyln phu quylt tip thi, ci 2 ylu t l ndu trdn cin dugc luu y dilu tilt cho hgp ly khi stta ddi Hiin chuong.
d. Nhiim ky uy viin khdng thudng true Anh hudng ddn hifu qui boat ddng cua cic UVKTT cdn cd mpt quy djnh cd tic dfng khdng nhd, dd li nhifm ky 2 nim cua cic UVKTT. Thdm vio dd, thyc tien hinh thinh ttong qui trinh biu UVKTT li nhifm ky cua mpt ntta sd UVKTT Ifch 1 nim vdi mft niia cdn l^i. Nhifm ky 2 nam la mft bat Ipi Idn cho cic UVKTT, vdn khdng thudng xuyen dim nhifm vj tri niy. Nhifm ky ngin cfng vdi khoing cich gitta cic lin dugc biu thudng cich xa khiln cic uy vien gip khd
chiu Phi (Dg thio Nghj quyit A/59/L.67 - AU), cua nhdm Liln kit vl sg ding thuin (Dg thio Nghj quyit /V/59/L.68 - United for Consensus (UFC) vi cic md hlnh A, md hinh B cua Ting Thu ky Liln hpp qudc.
khan trong vifc thuc hifn tit nghia vy cua minh va ddng gdp vio vifc dat dugc myc tidu chung cua Hpi ding bio an. Nhifm ky ngin lai Ifch nhau cgng vdi phin bd theo cic khu vuc dja ly khic nhau ndn cic Uy vidn thudng true cing khd tip tnmg lyc lugng ttong cic vin dl cy thi.
Ciu hdi dat ra li, cd cin phii qui cin ttpng nhu viy ddi vdi cic UVKTT khdng khi mi quyln lyc cua hp d Hfi ding bio an hgm chl hon nhilu so vdi Uy vidn thudng ti-yc.
Nhifm ky 2 nim cd thi dugc ly giii li dl t?io didu kifn cho nhilu quic gia khic nhau cd till tham gia vio Hpi ddng bio an. Nhung vin dl niy ed thi xtt ly nlu ting sl lugng thinh vidn. Thyc tiln vl nhifm ky so le nhau la vdi nhifm ky cua cic thinh vidn cua ca quan lip phip cic qudc gia. Tuy nhidn, tiiat ligac nhidn khi ap dyng thyc tien niy vdi UVKTT Hgi ddng bio an vi bin thin Hfi ddng khdng cd die dilm cua co quan lip phip. Cic quy dinh hoic thyc tien h?m chl lam dyng quyln lyc cin dugc ip dyng vdi cic Uy vidn thudng tryc, li cic dli tugng vin cd nhilu quyln lyc vi khi ning lam dyng quyln lyc, hon li vdi cic UVKTT. NIU tiep can tdng thi hom nfta, cd Id ndn ip dyng nhflng quy dinh theo hudng check and balance (kidm che v i ddi ttgng) niy vdi bin thin Hgi ddng bio an li tdt nhit, chtt khdng phai chi vdi cic UVKTT nhu hifn nay.
Ben canh dd, ciing cin luu y vl nhihig quan dilm cho ring, cic UVKTT mdi hoic it khi dim nhifm vi tri nay thudng sd ddng gdp cho Hpi ddng bio an bing nhiing cich nhin nhin v i tilp cin vin dl mpt cich mdi me, trong khi dd cic Uy vidn thudng ti^c ludn d vi tri niy ndn de ed xu hudng tiep can theo ldi mdn quen thupc hoic bio thu hon. Tuy nhidn, ciu hdi dit ra li, cd cin
HliN CHUONG LliN HOP QUdc...
phii tao ra nhilu khd khin nhu viy vdi cac UVKTT dk kich tiiich tfnh sing tao cua hg khdng? Hay thyc ra, thyc tien niy rd ring dang han chl vai trd etta cic UVKTT?
1.2, Quy dfnh ve thu tuc thdng qua quyit djnh tgi Hpi dong bdo an vd quyin pha quyit
Ndt noi bit nhit, dugc biet ddn rgng rai nhit vi ddi khi dugc cho li die dilm duy nhit ve dia vi phip ly cua UVKTT li quy djnh vl quyln phu quylt tai Dilu 27 Hiin chuong Lidn hgp qudc. Didu 27 quy djnh chung vd thu tyc thdng qua quydt djnh cua Hfi ddng bio an, lien quan din ci Uy vidn thudng tryc vi khdng thudng tryc. Tuy nhidn, chi cd cic Uy vidn thudng tryc dugc quy djnh cd quyen phu quyet. Duong nhien, vdi quy djnh nay cic UVKTT sd d till bit Igi hon. Khdng nhflmg hg khdng thi su dyng quyln phu quydt ddi vdi nhiing vin dd mi hp khdng chip thuin mi quan trgng hon, hg khdng cd quyln phtt quylt dl ting thi mic ci, dim phin trong quan hf quic tl ndi chung.
Nghidn cttu ky Dilu 27^^ cho thiy mft lo9t ciu hdi cdn cin dugc giii dip. Hidn chuong khdng hi quy djnh nhu thi nio li
"vin dl thu tyc", nhu thi nio li "vin dl khic", cung nhu cich thttc dl quylt djnh mft vin dl cy thi thupc lo?i nio khi cd bit
" Dilu 27 quy djnh:
/. Mdi iy vien Hgi ddng bdo anco mgtphiiu:
2. Nhiing nghi quyi' cua Mgi ddng bdo an vi cdc vin ti Ihd l^c dupc thdng qua khi 9 uy vien Hgi ddng bd phieu thupn;
3. Nhiing nghf quyit cua Hgi ddng bdo an ve nhiing vin ai khde dugc thdng qua sau khi 9 uy vien cua Hgi ddng bdo an, trong do cd tdl cd cdc Oy vien Qmang tnfc bd phiiu thugn, dl nhien fa bin duang s\f trong tranh chdp sl khdng bo phiiu ve cdc nghi quyit chiiu theo Chuang VI vd Dieu 52, khodn 3.
ddng y kiln. Theo Dilu 27, cic Uy vien thudng tryc chi cd quydn phu quydt vdi
"cic van dd khic", mi khdng cd quyln phu quylt ddi vdi cic "vin dl thu tyc" Tuy nhidn, Dilu 27 khdng quy dinh Uy vidn thudng tryc cd dugc stt dung quydn phu quylt hay khdng khi Hdi ddng bio an cin quylt djnh mdt vin dl li "vin dl thu tyc"
hay li "vin dl khic". Trong nhflmg tmdng hgp Uy vidn thudng trye khdng cd quyln phu quylt thi UVKTT sd cd vj thi binh ding hon tai Hdi ddng bio an. Nhumg ttdn thyc td, cic Uy vidn thudng tryc thudng ip dyng luit theo hudng ed lgi ban cho hp vi bit Igi cho cac UVKTT, hp da stt dung quyln phtt quydt ttong tmdng hgp Hidn chuang khdng quy djnh rd ring nhu tten.
Bdn c^inh dd, mic du khoin 3 Dilu 27 quy djnh cic tmdng hgp Uy vidn thudng tryc khdng dugc stt dyng quydn phtt quydt nlu hp "Id ben ducmg su trong tranh ciidp"
vd "se khdng bd phiiu vi cdc nghf quyet chiiu theo Chuong VI vd Diiu 52, khodn 3 " Quy djnh niy ddi khi cdn dugc ggi li philu tting bit bupc. Tuy nhien, ttdn thyc tl cic Uy vidn thudng trye di tim cich trinh quy djnh h^n chl niy bing vifc bifn minh ring, mpt tinh hudng cy thd khdng phii li tranh chip.
Ngoii ra, nhu di phin tich d ttdn, Didu 27 quy djnh mgt ttong cic dilu kidn dl thdng qua nghj quylt cua Hdi ddng bio an li cin it nhit 9 philu thuin ttdn 15 philu, dong nghTa vdi vifc ndu cd it nhit 7 UVKTT cimg bd philu chdng thi cd thi cin ttd vifc thdng qua mdt dy thio nghi quydt Clia Hfi dong bio an. Nhu viy, hifu lyc cua 7 philu chdng ciia cic UVKTT cd thi so sinh tuong duong vdi mdt phidu phu quydt cua Uy vien thudng tryc. Tuy nhidn, nhu di
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NHA NUdc VA PHAP LUAT SO 1/2013
dd cap, cic quy djnh khic vl dja vj phip ly cua UVKTT cd tic dpng khdng nhd cin ttd kha ning thyc hifn quydn nay ttdn thyc tl.
1.3. Cdc quy dinh vi Hpi ddng bdo an ed dnh hudng din dia vi phdp ly cua uy vien khdng thudng true
a. Chtic ndng, quyin hgn cua Hdi ddng bdo an
Chttc ning va quydn ban cua Hpi ddng bio an dugc quy djnh trong cic didu ttt 24 din 26.
Theo Didu 24, Hdi dong bio an "cd trdch nhiim chinh trong viic duy tri hod binh vd an ninh qudc ti" Ttt quy djnh niy, quydn ban cua cac co quan khic nhu Dai hpi ddng ttong ITnh •vyc hoa binh vi an ninh qudc td sd bj ban chd, dam bao quydn lyc tii cao etta Hdi ddng bio an trong ITnh vyc niy.
Didu 25 quy djnh: "cdc thdnh viin Liin hgp qudc ddng y phuc tiing vd ldm trdn nhiing nghi quyit ciia Hdi ddng bdo an"
Vdi quy djnh niy, Hpi ddng bio an li co quan duy nhit cua hf thong Lidn hgp qudc cd the chu dpng dua ra cic quylt djnh cd tinh ring budc tit ca cac qudc gia thanh vidn Lidn hgp qudc va, trong chimg myc nhat djnh, ci qudc gia khdng phii thanh vidn Lien hgp qudc^*.
Nhiing thim quydn quan trgng nhit eua Hpi ddng bio an dugc quy dinh d Chuong VII. Theo quy djnh cua Chuong nay, mdt ttong cie tmdng hgp cu thd: (i) De dpa hoi binh, hoic (ii) Phi hoai hoa binh, hoic (iii) Hanh vi xim luge (Dilu 39) thi Hdi ddng
'* Xem quy dinh tai khoin 6, Dilu 2 Hiin chuang Liln hpp qudc: "The Organization shall ensure that states which are not Members ofthe United Nations act in accordance with these Principles so far as may be necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security. "
bio an cd thi quylt djnh ap dyng cic bifn phip cudng chl khdng lidn quan ddn stt dyng vfl luc (Didu 41) hoic cic bidn phip stt dyng vu lyc (Dilu 42).
Nhu viy, cic quy djnh vd chttc ning, quydn ban cua Hdi ddng bio an, ttt mft gdc do nhit djnh, da dat Hdi ddng bio an d vj thd vd cimg quan ttpng ttong he thdng Lien hgp qudc ndi ridng va cac td chttc qudc td ndi chung. Vd nguydn tic, cic quy dinh niy cflng phin nio nang cao vai ttd cua UVKTT, bdi Id vd sd lugng thi cic uy vidn niy chilm tdi 2/3 thinh phin Hdi ddng bio an.
Tuy nhidn, mpt sd khia canh ve thim quydn cua Hdi ddng bao an cd thi hem chl vai trd cua cic UVKTT nhu vifc Hiin chuang khdng quy djnh d Dilu 39 ciing nhu d bit ctt didu khoin nio khic tidu chi dl xic djnh mpt tmdng hgp cy thi cd de doa din hoa binh hay khdng. Trdn thyc tl, khii nifm niy hifn nay dugc hidu vi ip dung mft cich md rdng hom so vdi cic giai doan tmdc, nhu vifc xic djnh "khttng bd qudc tl"
hoac "lim giau uranium" la mii de dpa din hda binh v i an ninh quoc tl. Mpt mit, vifc md rpng cich hidu khai nifm hda binh vi an ninh qudc tl li nhu ciu cip thilt khi thyc frang quan hf qudc td ngiy cing phit triln va thay ddi. Mat khae, cfing cin nhin thttc rd ring cich tiep can hifn nay moi khi cin xem xet vin de nay van la "case by case" - xtt ly theo timg tmdng hgp. Nhu da phin tich d ttdn, vin dd niy cung thugc mgt ttong nhung tmdng hgp quy djnh cua Hiin chuang khdng rd ring, v i khi giii quylt cic uy vidn thudng tryc vin cd nhidu uu thi vi quyen ban hon se cd nhidu co hgi dl ting quyln lyc cua minh, ngugc lai cic UVKTT se khd phat huy vai trd cua minh vi cd khi ning quyln lyc sd cing bj ban chl ban.
HIJN CHUONG LliN HOP Qudc.
Ngoii ra, vdi vifc thilu ving hf tidu chi dd xic djnh mpt vin de li de dpa ddn hda binh vi an ninh qudc td hay khdng, cic nudc UVKTT, nhit li cic nudc nhd, it thin phuong Tiy hoic ttong mft sd tmdng hgp ca mft vii Uy vidn thudng trye cung e ngai khi quylt djnh trong nhttng tmdng hgp cu thi cd thi tao ra cic tiln If inh hudng din chu quydn qudc gia.
Ben canh dd, cic quy dinh cua Hiin chuong lidn quan din vifc ip dyng cic bifn phip cudng chl theo Chuong VII, die bift la cic bifn phip stt dyng vfi lyc edn cd nhiing didm chua chit chd. Theo tinh thin cua Dilu 42, 43 vi cic dilu khoin sau dd, cic qudc gia cd nghia vy, theo ydu ciu cua Hfi ddng bio an vi phtt hgp vdi cic hifp djnh die bift ky vdi Hdi ddng bao an, cung cap cho Hpi ddng bio an nhiing lyc lugng vu h-ang, sy trg giup vi mgi phuong tifn khic... de gdp phin duy tri hda binh vi an ninh quoc td. Tuy nhidn, thyc tien cua Hpi ding bio an trong ITnh vyc niy khic vdi quy djnh cy thd cua Hiin chuang, die bift la thyc tien "uy quyln cho cic qudc gia thanh vidn" stt dyng vu lyc. Thyc tien niy dugc phit ttidn ngoii cic quy djnh cu thd cua Hiin chuang vi tuong ty nhu trdn, cung sd tao dilu kifn dl cic nudc Uy vidn thudng tiyc, nhit li cic nudc manh chu dfng chi phli boat dgng niy va ning cao vai ttd cua minh, mit khic giam khi ning phit huy vai ted von da h ^ chl cua cic UVKTT.
b. Thii tuc hogt dgng eua Hdi ddng bdo an
Hiin chuong quy djnh khdng nhidu vl tiiu tyc ho^it dgng cua Hgi ddng bio an ngoii mpt sd npi dung co bin tai cic Didu tir 28 din 32. Phu hgp vdi quy djnh t?u Dilu 30, Hgi ddng bio an da so^m tiiio mgt vin
bin quy djnh chi tilt vl thu tyc boat ddng cua minh. Tuy nhidn, eho din nay, mac du da hon 60 nim nhung vin bin nay van chua dugc chinh thuc thdng qua vi van dugc mang tdn "Thu tuc hogt ddng tgm thdi cua Hpi dong bdo an". Ly do gi khiln cic quy djnh vd thu tyc hoat dfng niy din nay van chi la tam thdi? Lifu dilu niy cd lgi cho cac Uy vidn tiiudng tryc hay khdng thudng tryc? Bdn canh dd, cin luu y li cd nhilu nguydn tie trong thtt tuc boat dfng cua Hpi ddng bio an dugc hinh thinh ttt thyc tien boat dfng cua co quan niy mi khdng dugc quy djnh ttong Hiin chuong hay trong Thu tuc boat dfng tam thdi. Hf thdng nhihig nguydn tic thinh vin vi bit thanh vin vl thu tuc hoat ddng cua Hgi ddng bio an kha ric rdi vi tao ra nhung khd khin khdng nhd cho cac UVKTT mdi dim nhifm vj tri nay. Duong nhidn, nlu thu tyc chua dugc quy djnh rd ring, chua duge chinh thtte thdng qua, kdt hgp vdi thyc tien phuc tap ttong ITnh vuc niy se li khd khin cho mgi uy vidn cua Hdi ddng bio an, nhung tinh ddn lgi thd eanh ttanh thi cic UVKTT sd d trong thd bit Igi hon nhidu so vdi cic Uy vidn thudng tryc. Mit khic, mpt khi thu tyc boat dpng li tam thdi thi cd nghia nd cd thd dugc bd sung hoic thay ddi.
Ndi cich khic, mic du thyc hifn dugc didu niy trdn thyc td li rit khd khin, nhung nlu cac UVKTT ning cao vai ttd chu dpng ttong ITnh vyc niy thi cd khi ning dilu chinh thu tyc boat ddng theo hudng din chu, thuin lgi hom cho hg.
c. Chuang trinh nghi su
Phin quy djnh vl thu tyc boat dgng cua Hgi ddng bio an, tu Dilu 28 din Dilu 32 khdng cd quy dinh nio dl cap din Chuong ttinh nghj sy cua Hpi dong bio an. Tuy
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NHA NUdc VA PHAP LUAT sd 1/2013 nhidn, tai chuong IV vd Dai hpi dong cd 1 dilu khoin lien quan. Khoin 1 Dilu 12^' quy djnh vd vifc phin chia chttc ning, quyln ban gifta Dai hdi ddng vi Hpi ddng bio an ttong ITnh vyc duy tri hda binh vi an ninh qudc td. Vi dd dim bio Dai hdi ddng cd thd bidt dugc nhiing vin dl nio Hdi ddng bio an dang xem xet, khoin 2 quy djnh:
"Tdng thu ky, vdi su ddng y cua Hgi ddng bdo an, bdo cho Dgi hpi ddng biit nhitng su vipc liin quan din duy tri hoa binh vd an ninh qudc te md Hdi ddng bdo an xem xet"
Ttt nhflmg quy djnh niy, Chuong trinh nghj sy cua Hfi ddng bio an chfnh la danh sich
"nhflmg vin dd mi Hdi ddng bio an dang xem xet" Trdn thyc td, cich hidu cum ttt
"dang xem xet" dugc quy djnh tai Didu 12 cho thiy khii nifm Chuang trinh nghj sy cua Hdi ddng bio an khae vdi nghia thdng thudng eua thuit ngtt nay. Dd khdng chi li nhflmg vin dd mi Hfi ddng bio an xem xet trong mdt budi hpp hay ky hpp. Dd ciing khdng phii li nhiing vin dd nim trong Chuang trinh lim vifc hang thing cua Hdi ddng bio an. Tit ci nhiing vin dd nio ttt tmdc ddn nay da timg dugc thao luin tai eugc hgp cua Hdi ddng bio an (cudc hpp chinh thuc) vdi mdt tdn gpi cy the ma chua dugc dua ra khdi danh sich cic vin dd Hdi ddng bio an dang xem xet ddu nim frong
"Dilu 12 quy djnh:
"/. Khi Hgi dong bdo an thuc hifn nhirng chiic ndng dugc Hien chuang nay quy dinh ddi vdi mgt vu tranh chdp hay mgt linh the ndo do thi Dgi hgi ddng khdng dugc dua ra mgt kien nghi ndo ve tranh chdp hay tinh the dy, trii phi dugc Hgi ddng bdo an yeu cdu.
2. Tfi mii khda hpp cua Dfi hOi ding. Ting thu ky, vdi sg dong y cua HOi ddng bao an, bio cho Dfi hOi dong biit nhOmg sg vile liln quan din duy tri hda blnh vi an ninh quic ti mi Hpi ddng bio an xem xlt, khi nio HOi ding bio an thdi khdng xem xlt nhttng vifc dd nOa,..."
Chuong trinh nghj su etta eo quan niy. Do Hdi ddng bio an it khi quydt djnh thdi khdng xem xdt mft vin dl cy thd nio dd, ndn Chuong trinh nghi sy cua Hdi ddng bio an ludn d frong tinh trang qui tii. Thdm vio dd, vi nhiing ly do chinh fri, ddi khi mft sd qudc gia, chu ylu li Uy vidn thudng ti^c mudn gift mpt vin dl frong Chuong trinh nghj sy cua Hpi ddng bio an mac du van de dd, vd thye chit, khdng cdn li vin dl
"ndng" Nhim muc dich giam tii cho Chuang trinh nghj sy cua Hfi ddng bio an, Nghj quylt S/1996/704 eua Hdi ddng bio an da quy dinh mft vin dl sd ty dgng bj dua ra khdi Chuong trinh nghj sy nlu trong 5 nim lidn van dd dd khdng dugc thio luin tai cudc hpp etta Hpi ddng bao an. Tuy nhidn, ndu cd mdt uy vidn cua Hpi ddng bio an dl nghi gift vin dl dd trong Chuong frinh nghj sy thi vin dl se dugc gitt lai tilp 1 nim ntta.
Vdi quy djnh niy, bit ky Uy vidn thudng true nao cua Hdi ddng bio an cfing cd khi ning gitt mai mpt van dd trong Chuang trinh nghi sy.
Quy djnh vi thyc tien nay tudng nhu khdng tao ra bat binh ding gitta hai loai uy vidn, nhung ndu nhin nhan mpt cich tdng thd frong mdi quan hf vdi cic quy djnh khic thi rd rang tao ra bit Igi ldn cho cic UVKTT.
Trong khi cic Uy vidn thudng tryc ludn li thinh vidn etta Hpi ddng bao an thi cic UVKTT lai chi cd nhifm ky 2 nim. Vdi sl lugng 10 uy vidn trdn tdng sd gin 200 qudc gia thi khoang cich gifta cic nhifm ky cita da so cic UVKTT li tuong ddi Idn. Dilu niy ly giii vi sao cic UVKTT de bj qui tii khi dim nhifm cdng vifc tai Hdi ddng bio an. Hp cin thdi gian dd lim quen vdi cie vin dl vi cung cin kinh nghifm vi thdi gian dl xic djnh cic vin dd nio li vin dl
HlJN CHUONG LliN HOP QUOC.
thyc sy, diu li vin dl "gii" frong Chuong trinh nghi sy. Trong khi dd, cic Uy vidn thudng tryc di tich Ifly dugc kinh nghifm vi hilu bidt frong suit ci qua trmh tdn tai cua Hdi ding bio an den mttc qui quen thufc vdi cic vin dl trong Chuong trinh nghj sy cua co quan niy.
2. Mft so khia c^nh ve sua doi hien chuang
Vin dd cii td Lien hgp qudc ndi chung va Hpi ddng bio an ndi ridng ludn giinh dugc sy quan tim cua cfng ddng qudc tl.
Lien quan ddn eii td Hpi ddng bio an, hai cum vin dl chinh di dugc Nhdm lim vifc md xic djnh li: (i) Md rpng sd lugng thinh vien Hfi ddng bao an, vi (ii) Cii td phuong phap lim vifc tai Hfi ddng bao an. Cic phuong an di dugc xay dyng va dl xuit cu thd chu ylu tip tmng vio cym vin dl ting so Iugng thinh vidn. Rit nhilu phuang in di dugc Nhdm lam vifc md va cic nhdm quoc gia khic nhau nghidn cttu dd xuit. Tuy nhien, ddn nay chua cd dd xuat nao cd khi ning giinh dugc sy ung hd eua da sd 2/3 thanh vidn Dai hdi ddng vi sy ung hd cua 5 Uy vien thudng tryc. Vdi nhumg quy djnh lidn quan din thtt tuc stta ddi Hiin chuong doi hdi khit khe nhu vay, frong khi lgi ich chfnh frj cua cic qudc gia ludn dan xen phuc tap, vifc stta doi Hidn chuang ndi chung rit khd khin vi tinh khi thi khdng cao. Mdt trong nhumg vi dy minh hga ed thd neu li, cd nhflmg quy djnh cua Hidn chuang hoin toin khdng cdn phu hgp nhu tdn cua 5 Uy vidn thudng tryc cho din nay van chua dugc stta lai khi Cgng hda nhin din Trung Hoa vi Lidn bang Nga da dim nhiem vai frd niy chu khdng phai Cgng hda Trang Hoa vi Lidn Xd nhu t?i Dilu 23. Mic du trdn tiiyc e cdn cd nhflmg khd khin nhit djnh nhung
vd mat nguydn tic, hifn nay cii td Hdi ding bio an ndi ridng va cai td Lidn hgp qudc ndi chung van la vin dl chinh thtte cua td chttc niy. Cii td hoac, ndu vi nhflmg quan ngai vl tinh kha thi trong giai doan hifn nay thi it nhit, vide ban vd eii td cd tim quan frpng khdng thd phu nhan ddi vdi sy phit triln cua chinh Lidn hgp qudc.
Bin vl phuomg hudng sua ddi Hiin chuong dd nang cao dja vj phip ly etta cic UVKTT ciing cin dugc nhin nhin frong bdi cinh chung nhu da phan tich d trdn. Cd thd thiy, cac dd xuit stta ddi Hidn chuang lidn quan tryc tilp din UVKTT gin nhu chua dugc nghidn cttu phat tridn ngoii dd xuit vl md rfng sd lugng thanh vidn Hfi ddng bio an ndi chung, trong dd cd UVKTT. Dya vio nhttng phin tfch d cic phin trdn, cd thd di ddn nhin djnh, ndu chi dd xuit ting sd lugng UVKTT thi tic dfng cua vifc ning cao vai frd cic uy vidn niy se rit khidm tdn.
Khi dat vin dd stta ddi cic quy djnh cua Hiin chuang lien quan ddn dja vj phip ly cua UVKTT nhim ning cao vj the ciia cac uy vidn nay, vl mit ly thuydt, cin phai nghien cttu cic khi ning chfnh sau: (i) Gitt nguydn ciu tnic chinh cua Hidn chuang vi ehi stta ddi mft sd it cic quy djnh cin thidt d mttc dp ban chl (it giy tranh cii) - phuang in niy thudng xiy ra khi y chi chinh trj cua cic qudc gia thinh vidn vd stta ddi Hidn chuong chua cao; (ii) Gift nguydn ciu tnic chinh ciia Hidn chuang nhung sira ddi, bd sung cic quy djnh can thidt - phuong in niy cd thd xiy ra khi mttc dp quydt tim chinh trj cao; (iii) Soan thao mdt bin Hiin chuang mdi cua Lidn hgp quic vdi nhflng thay doi ding kl trong cich thttc boat ddng cua td chttc niy - phuang in niy it khi thi, trtt khi
83
NHA NUdc VA PHAP LUAT sd 112013
cd cac biln ddng Idn vl tuong quan luc lupng frdn till gidi.
Ttt cic phin tich d frdn, dl ning cao vj till vi vai trd cua UVKTT qua vifc stta dli cie quy djnh cua Hiin chuong, mdt sl vin dd chinh sau day cin dugc quan tim:
1. Tidu chi biu chgn UVKTT;
2. Khi ning tang sd lugng UVKTT;
3. Tin dung va phit huy cic quy djnh lien quan din vai trd cua Dai hdi ddng;
4. Lim rd cic quy djnh vl quyln phu quylt;
5. Bd sung cie quy djnh han che stt dyng quydn phu quylt;
6. Lim rd cic quy djnh vd tham quyen cua Hgi dong bio an, die bift lidn quan din ip dyng cac bifn phap cudmg chl;
7. Phit tridn cic quy djnh vd thu tyc boat ddng cua Hdi ddng bio an bao gdm thu tyc thdng qua quydt dinh va vifc giim tii Chuong trinh nghj sy;
8. Han chd vifc ip dung cic quy djnh khdng rd ring theo hudng ning cao vai frd cua Uy vidn thudng tryc vi ban chl vai frd cua UVKTT;
9. Tich cyc tham gia vio vide giii thich vi ip dung luit theo hudmg ning cao vai frd cua UVKTT;
10. Quy djnh vd stta ddi Hidn chuang vi vifc su dyng quyln phu quylt eua cic Uy vidn thudng tryc.
Nhu da phin tich, vin dd sd 2 neu frdn vd vifc ting sd lugng uy vidn Hdi ddng bao an hifn nay di giinh dugc sy quan tim
ding kd t^i Lidn hgp qudc mic du chua dat dugc kit qui cy thi. Vin dl sl 7 vl thu tyc hoat ddng ciing thufc cym vin de cai td, tuy nhidn hien nay chua giinh dugc nhidu sy quan tim nhu vifc ting so lugng uy vidn.
Vin dd sd 10 dugc tilp cin ridng, tich khdi quydn phu quydt ndi chung ndu d vin dd sd 4 vdi myc dich lim rd ban mdi lidn hf gifta quydn phu quydt vdi khi ning stta ddi Hidn chuong. Theo quy djnh cua Didu 108 , cic Uy vidn thudng tryc duge stt dung quydn phu quydt vdi mgi dd xuit stta ddi Hidn chuong, khidn cho rit khd dat dugc nhihig stta ddi inh hudng ddn quydn lgi cy thd etta Uy vidn thudng tryc da dugc quy djnh trong Hiin chuang cflng nhu inh hudng din co chl chung di duge djnh ra trong Hiin chuang, theo dd vj tri cua cic Uy vidn thudng trye dugc ciing cd mgt cich viimg chic. Ndi cich khic, vifc bd sung nhiing quy djnh nhim tang vj thd eua cic UVKTT cflng cd thd dugc nhin nhin nhu giim vj thd cua cic Uy vidn thudng tryc khiln cho tinh khi thi dlu khdng cao. Didu nay cflng cho thiy, vifc tao thinh cic thyc tien frong vifc ip dyng cic quy dinh cua Hidn chuang theo hudng frdn se cd tfnh khi thi cao hom. Cic vin de sd 3, 7, 8, 9 ddu thien vl hudng kit hgp sua ddi, bd sung Hidn chuong vdi vifc hmh thinh cie thyc tien nhim dat dugc kit qui mong mudn. Cic myc tidu ndu d vin dl sd 1, 5, 6 Cling cd thd dat dugc mft phin qua vifc phit tridn cic thyc tien. Chi ed vin dd sd 2, 4 vi 10 la cin stta ddi, bd sung Hidn chuang.
^ Dilu 108 quy djnh: "NhQng dilu bd sung Hiin chuang niy sl cd hifu Igc doi vdi tit c i cic thinh viln Lifin hpp quic, sau khi dupc da s i 2/3 qudc gia thinh viln Liln hpp quic tin thinh, vi 2/3 s i cic quic gia thinh viln cua Liln hpp quic, tron^ dd cd tit ci cic quic gia thinh viln cua HOi ding bio an phi ehuin theo dung tho tyc trong Hiin phip ciia moi nudc"