TRONG KHAC PHUC HAU QUA BOM M I N . VAT UEU NO CON SOT LAI SAU CHIEN TRANH
NGUYEN THUY QUYNH*
Tom tat: Bom min vd vdt lieu nd cdn sdt lgi sau chiin tranh Id nhttng hdu qua ndng ni md Viet Nam phdi khdc phue. Trong qud trinh khde phuc dd, bin cgnh ngudn Ittc trong nifdc, Viet Nam edn nhdn dugc stt hgp tdc, giup da ttt mpt sd nttdc, td chttc qudc ti, td chttc phi chinh phu, ddc biit la Hoa Ky. Viit Nam vd Hoa Ky dd xdy dttng dugc cdc md hinh hgp tdc cd hiiu qud. Bin cgnh dd, Hoa Ky con Id nttdc hd trg ldn nhdt cho Viet Nam trong viec khdc phyc hdu qud bom min, vgt lieu nd sau chiin tranh nhtt hd trg diiu tra, khdo sdt vi tinh hinh d nhiim bom min, hd trg kinh phi, trang thiit bi cdng nghe trong hogt dpng rdphd bom min, hd trg tuyin truyin, gido due ndng cao nhgn thitc phdng trdnh bom min vd ddo tcto ngudn nhdn lUc trong linh vttc ndy. Nhttng kit qud dgt dttac cd y nghia rdt ldn, khdng chi gittp Viet Nam khdc phuc mpt phdn hdu qud sau chiin tranh, md cdn cd nhttng tdc dpng tich ctte, gdp phdn vdo cong tdc ddi ngogi, tdng cii&ng hiiu biit, md rpng quan hi hgp tdc gitta hai nii&c.
TU khoa: Bom min vd vdt lieu nd; Rd phd bom min; Khdc phuc hdu qud sau chiin tranh; O nhiim bom min.
1. Hgfp tac dieu tra, khao sat, danh xtt H bom min Bg Qud'c phong va Quy Cttii gia tac dpng cua b o m min sau chien ehien binb Hoa Ky (WAF) ki Bien ban ghi tranh of Vi^t Nam nhd va Van kien dtt an "Diiu tra, khao sat va danh gia tac dong eua bom min, vat no Viee diiu tra, khao sat, danh gia tae ^^^ ^-^ j ^ ^^^ ^l^g-^ ^ ^ . ^ yjg^ ^^^„
dgng cua bom mui sau chien tranh giup ^ i n h phi d l thttc hien Dtt an do Bg Ngoai cho viee de ra eae k l hoach va bien phap gi^o Hoa Ky tai trg. Giai doan I cua dtt an thich hgp. Trong linh vttc nay, Hoa Ky da hoan ta't vao nam 2005. Trong giai doan CO mgt so hgp tae vdi Viet Nam. Day la nay, Dtt an da tien hanh diiu tra tai 344 mgt phan cua no Ittc gitta cac ben trong xa thugc dia ban tinh Quang Tri, Quang viee khac phuc hau qua chien tranh. Ngay Binh va Ha Tinh de xac dinh thttc trang 25/4/2004, dttge stt dong y cua Chinh phu cua va'n de bom min, vat lieu chtta no, xac hai nttdc Viet Nam va Hoa Ky, Trung tam dinh giai phap cho van d l nay, dong thdi
' TS. Nguyin Thuy Quynh, Vien Stt hoc
ket hgp thao gtt dttge 6.205 bom min va vat heu no cac loai, xtt h an toan hcfn 421 ha da't dai.
Ngay 10/11/2006, tai Tru sd Trung tam Cong nghe xtt Iy Bom min (BOMICEN), Bg Ttt lenh cdng binh tai Ha Ngi, dai dien BOMICEN va Quy cttu chien binh Hoa Ky tai Viet Nam ky k i t giai doan II cua Dtt an
"Dieu tra, khao sat va danh gia tac dgng cua bom min sau chiin tranh b Viet Nam".
Giai doan II tiep tuc trien khai b ba tinh Ha Tinh, Quang Nam, Quang Tri, dong thdi md rdng them 133 xa b Thtta Thien Hue va Nghe An. So tiin tai trg eho giai doan II khoang 1 trieu USD, trong dd W A F tai trg 850.000 USD.
Sau hcfn 5 nam, trong dd c6 15 thang trien khai tai thttc dia, vao thang 7/2009, Dtt an da hoan thanh viec diiu tra tai 1.361 dcfn vi cap xa (chilm 100% so xa), da lap ban do cho 3.260 khu vttc hien con bi 6 nhiem bom min, vdi tong chen tich 1,6 trieu ha chiem 35% tong dien tieh da't dai cua 6 tinh^. Vdi stt ttt van va h i trg ky thuat cua Quy Cttu chien binh Hoa Ky tai Viet Nam, Trung tam Cong nghe xtt ly bom min thugc Binh ehung Cong binh Viet Nam da thttc hien thanh cong dtt an dieu tra, khao sat lap ban do 6 nhiem bom min tai 6 tinh miln Trung. Hoat dgng khao sat ky thuat, k i t hop vdi viee thao gd da lam sach ban 1.300 ha dat dai thuge 6 tinh d l dtta vao phuc vu cac mue dich dan sinh.
Mat khae, viee lap ban dl 6 nhilm bom min con eung ca'p eho Viet Nam va cac nha tai trg nhiing thong tin thiet yeu vl anh httdng eua min sat thttcfng va vat heu ehtta no ddi vdi cgng dong.
Dac biet la, sau mgt thdi gian dam phan b cac cap, Trung tam dtt heu quoc gia My (National archives and records service of
the US) da chuyen giao cho Trung tam Cdng nghe xtt ly bom min Ban do ky thuat so vl dtt Heu bom min Khong quan My danh pha Viet Nam (1964 - 1972). Day la dtt h§u quan trgng gdp phan dang ke vao qua trinh khac phuc hau qua bom min sau chien tranh. Nam 2013, Dai stt My tai Viet Nam David Shear da trao cho phia Viet Nam bg dtt lieu mdi nha't do Vien Nghien cttu khong quan cua My san xua't. Bg ctt sd dtt heu Dong Nam A - Bao cao hch stt tac chien chien trttdng la ho so hoan thien va chihh xae nhat ed dttge cho den nay ve boat dgng nem bom cua quan dgi My va dong minh trong nhtthg nam 1960-1970.
Bg dtt heu nay cd them Ittgng ho stt nhilu ban khoang 20% so vdi nhttng gi da dttge xae dinh, trong do do chinh xac dttge cai thien hcfn vdi tga do muc tieu trong vong 100 m. Dieu nay giup eho viee ra pha bom min hieu qua hcfn vdi bttc tranh chinh xac ban vl 6 nhiem bom min.
2. Hgfp t a c r a p h a b o m min, v ^ t li$u n o v a h o tre* n a n n h a n
Stt hgp tac eua Hoa Ky trong viec ra pha bom min, vat heu no dttge thttc hien thong qua cac khoan vien trg v l kinh phi va trang thiet bi. Trttde khi binh thttdng hda quan he vdi Viet Nam, nam 1993, Hoa Ky da ho trg tren 69 trieu USD de giam bdt cac mdi de dga ttt 6 nhiem bom min chtta no va ho trg cae to chttc phi chinh phu quoc te' nham giup xay dttng nang Ittc eho cac cO quan hanh dgng bom min cap tinb va cap quoc gia cua Viet Nam, dgn sach khu vttc 6 nhiem, eung cap cac dich vu cho cac nan nhan song sdt sau tai nan bom min^.
Sau khi binh thttdng hda quan he, Hoa Ky tie'n hanh vien trg nhilu ban eho cac boat dgng ra pha bom min va vat heu no
con sot lai sau chien tranh of Viet Nam.
Nam 1996, Quang Tri la dia phttOng dau tien cua Viet Nam dttge Chinh phu cho phep thttc hien thi diem chttong trinh hgp tac qudc te ra pha bom min nhan dao vdi dtt an eua To chttc Cay Hoa binh (Peace Trees). Thang 3/1996, Hoa Ky va Viet Nam da trong tttgng trttng 20 cay soi tai Thanh pho Atlanta d l phat dgng cho mgt dtt an gd min va trong rilhg chuan bi dttge trien khai d Viet Nam. Dtt an nay do To chttc hoa hgp Dong - Tay (tru sd tai Thanh phd Atlanta) va To chttc Peace Trees (tru sd tai Thanh pho Seattle) dong bao trg vdi ke hoach thao gd 58.000 qua min b tinh Quang Tri va trong vao do vttdn cay httu nghi.
Ttt nam 1999, Hoa Ky tiep tue ho trg cac loai trang, thiet bi ra pha va h i trg ra pha bom min, vat no, trong dd cd mgt so loai thiet hi dac ehung va hien dai nhtt eae thiet bi do tim thuoc no bang each phan tich va phat hien thuo'e no; thiet bi chup X-quang; robot, xe ehtta vat Heu no... Thang 6/2000, Viet Nam chinh thttc trd thanh nttdc thtt 37 tham gia vao ChttOng trinh ra pha bom min nhan dao cua Hoa Ky. Hgp tae gitta Viet Nam va Hoa Ky tap trung vao cae ehttcfng trinh: giao due nguy co bom min; nghien cttu va phat trien bien phap ra pha bom min, vat heu no. Cung trong thdi diem nay, mgt thoa thuan da dttge ky gitta Viet Nam va My, trong dd My cam k i t cung cap mgt so trang thiet bi ra pha bom mm tri gia 1,75 trieu USD con sdt lai trong chien tranh Viet Nam.
Trong bai phat bilu tai Dai hge Quoe gia Ha Ngi ngay 17/11/2000, Tong thdng BiU Chnton da khang dinh n l Ittc hgp tac gitta hai nttdc: "Chung tdi rdt mong mud'n dugc tdng cudng sit hgp tdc v&i cdc bgn trin mgi mat Chttng tdi mudn tiip tuc
eong viec dgn min vd cdc bom dgn [lit. ord- nance] chita phdt nd^. Sau chuyen tham cua Tong thong Hoa Ky, thttc hien cam ket giup Viet Nam khac phuc triet de bom min sau chien tranh, Hoa Ky da chuyen giao cho Ittc Ittgng eong binh Viet Nam cac trang bi phuc vu ra pha bom min, cung so tien khoang 1 trieu USD m l i nam*. Trong nam 2001, Chinh phu Hoa Ky cap them 3,5 trieu USD de mua nhflhg thiet hi an toan ca nhan, may do kim loai, xe va trg giup cho cac nan nhan^.
Nam 2006, Chinh phu Hoa Ky da vien trg cho Bg Ttt lenh cong binh 07 danh muc trang thiet bi, may do bom min. Nhiihg trang thiet bi nay thugc ehttcfng trinh vien trg khong hoan lai cua Hoa Ky eho Bo Qud'c phong Viet Nam trong nam tai chinh 20066
Sau khi hoan thanh dtt an dieu tra, khao sat bom min tai 6 tinh mien Trung, thong qua Quy Cttu chien binh My tai Viet Nam (WAF), Hoa Ky tiep tuc h i trg kinh phi de Trung tam Cong nghe xtt h bom min (BOMICEN) tien hanh mgt so dtt an nho v l ra pha bom min trong khu vttc da hoan thanh diiu tra, khao sat bom min.
Nam 2008, BOMICEN da thttc hien dtt an ra pha bom min tai Nhtt Le, Hai Le, Quang Tri, nam 2009 thttc hien tai xa Nghi An, Thanh pho' Vinh, tinh Nghe An.
Mac du day la mgt dtt an khong ldn va dttge thttc hien trong thdi gian ngan nhttng h6 la tiin dl de Viet Nam tie'p tuc van dgng Chinh phii Hoa Ky va cac nttdc, cae to chttc quoe te' tiep tue h i trg tai chinh de lam sach bom min, vat no tai 6 tinh miln Trung da hoan thanh dtt an diiu tra, lap ban dl bom min (bao gom Nghe An, Ha 'Hnh, Quang Binh, Quang Tri, Thtta Thign Hul, Quang Ngai).
Thttc hien cam ket giup Viet Nam khac phuc triet de bom min sau ehiln tranh, Chinh phu Hoa Ky da thong qua Dai stt quan cua Hoa Ky tai Viet Nam, Vu ra pha min nhan dao-Bg ngoai giao va Bg Ttt lenh Thai Binh Dttong chuyen giao cho Cong binh Viet Nam cae trang hi phue vu RPBM. Vien trg vat chat cho viec ra pha bom min tai Viet Nam tang ttt 3,6 trieu USD nam 2000 tang len 4,12 trieu USD nam 2002. Theo cong bo' eua Chinh phu Hoa Ky, ttt nam 1993 den nam 2006, nttdc nay da vien trg cho Viet Nam tren 30 trieu USD (tinh ea ehi phi dieh vu, van chuyln va ca cac dtt an h i trg khae)''. Trong dd, Chinh phu Hoa Ky da chuyln giao cho Viet Nam mgt so trang bi de h i trg eong tac do tim, xtt ly bom min, vat no (tri gia khoang 10 trieu USD); ding thdi, h i trg 2 trieu USD (thdng qua Quy Cttu chien binh My tai Viet Nam-WAF) eho viec thttc hien dtt an dieu tra, khao sat, lap ban dl 6 nhilm bom min, vat no tai 6 tinh miln Trung*.
Viec ra pha bom min eon dttge thttc hien ket hgp vdi cac chttong trinh khae.
Ngay 4/11/2011, tai khu vttc San bay quoc te Da Ning, Quan ehung Phong khdng- Khong quan da to chttc nghiem thu hang muc ra tim, xtt ly bom, min, vat no thugc dtt an "Xtt ly moi trttdng 6 nhilm cHoxin tai San bay quoc te' Da NSng". Day la hang muc dau tien trong Dtt an "Xtt ly moi trttcfng o nhiem Dioxin tai san bay Da NSng". Trong dtt an nay, Hoa Ky vien trg khong hoan lai khoang 41 trieu USD va von doi tthg cua Viet Nam la 35 ty ding.
Sau gan 3 thang thi cong, Ltt doan 28 Cong binh-Quan ehung Phong khong- Khdng quan da hoan thanh eong viec ra tim bom, min, vat no tren dien tich gan 29 ha b khu vttc san bay nay.
Tren ca sd nhOhg ket qua dat dttge, ngay 12/10/2012, tai xa biin Binh Mmh, huyen Thang Binh, tinh Quang Nam, Dai stt My tai Viet Nam David Shear va lanh dao tinh Quang Nam da khdi dgng dtt an do chinh phu My tai trg, nham cH ddi bom min va vat Heu chtta no tai tinh nay. Tong kinh phi tai trg eho dgt ra pha bom min keo dai ttt nam 2012 den 2014 la ban 1 trieu USD va do Nhdm eo van bom min (MAG), mgt to chttc phi chlnh phu nhan dao eua Anh, doi tac eua ehinh phu Hoa Ky trong cac boat dgng di dcfi bom min va vat lieu chtta no tai hai tinb Quang Binh va Quang Nam thttc hien^.
Mgt stt kien quan trgng danh da'u stt hgp tac gitta hai nttdc la ngay 16/12/2013, tai Ha Ngi da dien ra Ll ky k i t Ban ghi nhd v l hgp tac khae phuc hau qua bom min sau chien tranh tai Viet Nam gitta Ban chi dao Nha nttdc v l ChttOng trinh hanh dgng quoc gia khae phuc hau qua bom min sau ehien tranh cua Viet Nam va Bg Ngoai giao Hoa Ky. Day la Ban ghi nhd dau tien vl hgp tac khac phue hau qua bom min gitta hai Chinh phu, eo y nghia quan trgng trong boi canh hai nttdc vtta ra Tuyen bo chung ve viec thilt lap quan he Doi tac toan dien. Ban ghi nhd nham mue tieu thiet lap mgt co che lau dai nham tang cttdng hgp tac nhan dao gitta cae ben vl khac phuc hau qua bom min sau chien tranh tai Viet Nam. Viec ky ke't ban ghi nhd la mgt bttde quan trgng trong viee hien thttc hda tam nhin chung cua Lanh dao hai nttdc nham vttgt qua nhiihg van dl do ehien tranh de lai.
Trong so cae nttdc tai trg cho khae phuc bom min do ehien tranh de lai d Viet Nam, Hoa Ky luon dttng dau qua eae nam. Ttt nam 2008 de'n nam 2012, kmh phi Hoa Ky
tai trg cho Viet Nam la 158,2 ty ding, chiem khoang V2 tong so' tai trg cua cac nttdci" Ke ttt nam 1993 den nam 2013, Hoa Ky da t i i trg cho Viet Nam tren 65 trieu USD de h i trg giai quye't nhtthg moi de dga ttt 6 nhiem bom min ehtta no. Nam 2013, Hoa Ky h i trg 4,5 trieu USD theo nhieu hinh thttc cho cac To ehtte phi ehinh phu quoc te de xay dttng nang Ittc cho cac Trung tam xtt ly bom min cua Viet Nam, dgn sach da't dai 6 nhiem, cung cap cac dich vu cho nan nhan bom min va nang eao nhan thttc cho ngttdi dan^^.
Tai Hgi nghi Doi tae phat trien khac phue hau qua bom min sau chien tranh tai Viet Nam dau nam 2014 tai Ha Ngi, Trg ly Ngoai trttdng Hoa Ky Samuel Perez ciing eho biet, doi vdi Hoa Ky, giup Viet Nam giai quye't cae thach thttc vl bom min chtta no la mgt tttt tien va cam k i t nay ngay cang manh len theo thdi gian. Ngi dung nay eiing dttge neu bat trong eae cugc gap cap cao cua Lanh dao hai nttdc. "Viet Nam thttc stt lam ehu ehttcfng trinh hanh dgng bom min eua minh. Tuy nhien, Hoa Ky, cgng ding quoc te va cac to chttc phi chinh phu CO t h i dong vai tro trgng yeu trong viee ho trg Viet Nam", ong Perez nhan manbi^.
Trong nam 2015, Bg Ngoai giao Hoa Ky tai trg cho Dtt an "Lien lac cgng dong va ra pha vat Heu chtta no tinh Quang Tri, giai doan 2015-2017" vdi tong kinh phi 10 trieu USD13. Ngay 19/5/2015, UBND tinh Quang Tri va To chttc Nhdm co van bom min (MAG) da ky bien ban ghi nhd hgp tac thttc hien dtt an. Muc dich cua dtt an httdng tdi viee giam nguy co thttang vong do bom, min, cac loai vat heu chtta no va h i trg phat trien ldnh te-xa hgi eho cgng ding dan ctt chiu anh httdng cua ehiln tranh b tinh Quang Tri. Dtt an cung thiet lap mgt
CO sd dfl Heu trung tam de giup cac dcfn vi nam bat dttge nhuhg ncfi co da't bi 6 nhiem va nhijfng dia diem can tttt tien ra pha trttdc, giup tien trinh ra pha bom min dat hieu qua cao hon. Day la mgt dtt an dien hinh chtthg minh eho stt hgp tae va tham gia cua Chinh phu Hoa Ky vdi Viet Nam trong high tai va tttcfng lai v l eong tac khac phuc hau qua bom min tai Quang Tri ndi rieng va Vigt Nam ndi chung.
Ttt nam 1993 de'n nay, Hoa Ky tai trg cho Viet Nam cac dtt an ve khac phuc hau qua bom min, vat Heu no eon sdt lai sau chie'n tranh vdi tong vien trg 94 trieu USD thdng qua eae to chttc phi chinh phu^*. Ben eanh dd, ehinh phu Hoa Ky eon h i trg cho cae nan nhan bom min thong qua dao tao nghi hoac cham sdc y te, giup phuc hoi chttc nang cho nhflhg ngttdi song sot sau cae tai nan Hen quan de'n bom min nhtt dtt an Of Quang Nam thong qua to chttc Clear Path Intemational. Hgp tac ciia Hoa Ky nham trg giup cho nhilu chttOng trinh khong chi de khac phue eae hau qua cua bom min do'i vdi sttc khoe va sinh mang cua ngttdi dan Viet Nam ma con nham loai bo goc re cua van dl thong qua tai trg cho cae dif an xae dinh, ra pha va tieu huy bom mih ehtta no.
3. Hcfp t a c t u y e n t r u y e n , giao due, n a n g c a o nhfin thufc p h o n g t r a n h bom m i n v a d a o t a o n g u o n n h a n life t r o n g l i n h \r\Xc r a p h a b o m m i n , v a t l i | u no
Trong boat dgng tuyen truyin, giao due nham nang cao nhan thttc phong tranh bom min cho ngttdi dan, nam 1998, Bg Ngoai giao Hoa Ky cap giap phep cho hai to chttc James Madison University's Mine Action Information Center va Peace Trees de thttc hien Dtt an huain luyen cho ngttdi
dan b Dong Ha (Quang Tri) nhan thttc va phong tranh bom min. Gan day, to chttc Cttu trg va Phat trien da bat dau lam viec tai cac trttdng hgc b Quang Nam nham day tre em each nhan Met, phong tranh va thong bao ve bom min chtta no.
Ben canh h i trg cho cac hoat dgng ra pha bom min sau ehien tranh, hgp tae Viet Nam-Hoa Ky eon md rgng trong linh vttc dao tao nguIn nhan Ittc cho boat dgng ra pha bom min. Bg Quoc phong Hoa Ky da giup BOMICEN md cac ldp hua'n luyen vl stt dung trang hi ra pha bom min.
Thang 10/2000, mgt nhom chuyen gia vl ra pha bom min cua Viet Nam den My de hgc tap kinh nghiem va ky thuat. Ttt khi Ban ghi nhd gitta Ban Cbl dao ChttOng trinh hanh dgng quoc gia khae phue hau qua bom mui sau chie'n tranh giai doan 2010-2025 (ggi tat la ChttOng trinh 504) va Bg Ngoai giao Hoa Ky ve hgp tac khac phuc hau qua bom min sau chien tranh dttge ky k i t , phia Hoa Ky da tieh ctte hcfn trong viec ho trg nang eao nang life thttc hien ChttOng trinh 504. Bg Ttt lenh Thai Binh Dttcfng da phoi hgp vdi co quan chttc nang eua Viet Nam to chttc mgt so ldp tap hua'n nang cao nang Ittc eho eae nhan vien ky thuat ra pha bom min cua Cong binh Viet Nam. Thang 0^2013, My va Viet Nam hgp tae to chttc huan luyen eho 08 thg Ian tai Guam, dong thdi Viet Nam da tie'p nhan mgt so trang thie't bi h i trg hua'n luyen ra pha bom min dttdi bien do phia My ehuyen giao sau tap hua'n. Tie'p do, ldp tap hua'n danh cho 64 can bg, chien si Quan dgi Nhan dan Viet Nam trong 12 ngay (ttt ngay 1/7 de'n ngay 12/7/2013) v l ra pha bom min tai Trttdng Trung ca'p ky thuat Cong binh (Binh chung Cong binh). Tham gia khoa tap
hua'n gom Dgi giang vien 13 ngttdi thugc Chttong trinh hanh dgng min nhan dao (HMA), Bg Ttt lenh Thai Binh Dttong, Quan dgi My va 64 hgc vien thugc cac eo quan, dcfn vi co chttc nang nhiem vu khac phuc hau qua bom min sdt lai sau chiin tranh eua Viet Nam. Day la mgt trong cac hoat dgng nam trong trong khuon kho boat dgng phoi hgp khae phuc hau qua bom min sdt lai sau chie'n tranh vi muc dich nhan dao gitta Bg Quoc phong Viet Nam va Van phdng hgp tac quoc phong Dai stt quan My tai Viet Nam. Qua tap hua'n cae hge vien dttge cung eo, nang eao v l kien thttc, kinh nghiem, ky nang nhan biet, xtt ly an toan bom min, vat no va cap cttu ngttdi hi thttcfng. Stt thanh cong cua khda tap hua'n va viec trao doi ky thuat va hgp tac gitta hai nttdc trong giai quye't bom min con sdt lai sau chie'n tranh da ddng gdp tich ctte vao quan he quoc phong, cung nhtt quan he eua bed nttdc noi ehung.
Ngay 21/9/2015, Khda tap hua'n khu vttc eho Can bg cap cao trong eong tae khae phuc hau qua bom min sau chie'n tranh da dttge to chttc tai Ha Ngi. Khoa hge nay, do Bg Ngoai giao Hoa Ky, Cue Chinh tri Quan stt va Co quan Giam trtt Quan bi (PM/WRA) tai trg, dttge thttc hien bdi Trung tam Quoc te ve On dinh va Hoi phuc eua Dai hgc James Madison va stt ho trg eua Dai hgc James MacHson (JIVIU) hgp tae vdi Trung tam Qudc te Quy Cttu chien binh My tai Viet Nam (IC-WAF)i5, Higp hgi vi stt phat trien eua Ngttdi khuyet tat (AEPD) va Chinh phu Viet Nam. Cae hge vien, de'n ttt Viet Nam, Campuchia, Lao, Sri Lanka, Thai Lan va Myanmar, dttge tie'p can va trang bi them nhCfng kiln thttc quan ly, giao Itttt tie'p xue, hgc hoi kinh nghiem va tim ra nhttng diem chung va
khac biet trong hoat dgng khac phuc hau qua sau chien tranh.
Ttt ngay 8/8/2016 de'n 3178/2016, Ittc Ittgng Luc quan Hoa Ky dac traeh Thai Binh Dttong (USARPAC) phoi hgp eung Trung tam Hanh dgng Bom nun Quoc gia Viet Nam (VNMAC) da to chttc ehttong trinh huan luyen Hanh dgng Bom min Nhan dao tai Trttdng Trung cap Cong binh b San Tay. Muc tieu cua ehttcfng trinh la eung hgp tac phat trien VNMAC thanh mgt trung tam giao due va dao tao ben vuhg, c6 kha nang quan ly, tim kiem nguIn Ittc va dao tao cac ky nang ra pha bom min. ChttOng trinh nay eung cap cho cac hgc vien mgt chuoi cac khda dao tao ve thao gd vat heu no va phan flng y te theo mo hinh dao tao giao vien d l hg trd thanh nhiihg ngttdi huan luyen tai cho cho Trung tam Hanh dgng Bom min Viet Nam. Dgi hgu dao tao cua USARPAC gom 9 thanh vign da lam viee vdi 15 ky thuat vien thao gd vat Heu no va 15 ky thuat vien y tg' cua Viet Nam d l hoan thanh giai doan dau cua ehttcfng trinh dao tao vao ngay 31/8/2016.
Giai doan hai dtt kien se dttge tien hanh vao mua he nam 2017. Stt hgp tac nay gop phan nang cao kha nang eua nhflhg the he ky thuat vign ke can thttc hien cac boat dgng thao g3 bom min khong chi b Viet Nam ma eon tham gia h i trg cho hoat dgng gin gitt boa binh cua Lien Hiep Quoc.
Ket l u a n
Qua trinh hgp tac khae phue hau qua bom min, vat Heu no sau chien tranh gitta Viet Nam va Hoa Ky trong thdi gian qua da dttge trien khai mgt each tich ctte va cd nhflhg bttde di thich hgp ttt dau thap ki 90 ciia the ky XX Hai nttdc da xay dttng dttge eae mo hinh boat dgng gdp phan mang lai hieu qua. Hoa Ky la nttdc co stt hgp tae va
h i trg Idn nhat cho Viet Nam trong viec khac phue hau qua bom min, vat Ueu no sau chien tranh nhtt h i tro dieu tra, khao sat v l tinh hinh 6 n h i l m bom nun, h i trg kinh phi, trang thiet bi cong nghe trong hoat dgng ra pha bom min, h i trg tuyen truyin, giao due nang cao nhan thttc phong tranh bom min va dao tao nguon nhan Ittc trong hnh vttc nay. Trong dd, s\S hgp tae va h i trg ldn nha't la trong cac hoat dgng ra pha bom min, vat Heu no sau ehien tranh.
Hgp tac khae phuc hau qua bom min noi rieng, khac phuc hau qua chie'n tranh noi chung eiing la diem noi bat trong quan he gitta hai nttdc trong nhiihg nam qua va dae biet dttge day manh sau khi hai nttdc binh thttdng hda quan hg. Linh vttc hgp tae nay cung xua't phat ttt muc dleh va mang tinh chat nhan dao. Nhiihg ket qua dat dttge co y nghia rat Idn, khdng chi giup Viet Nam khae phuc mgt phan hau qua sau ehien tranh ma con cd nhi&ig tac dgng tich ctte, gdp phan vao cong tae doi ngoai, tang cttdng hieu biet, md rdng quan he hgp tae gitta hai nttdc.
Mac du viec khae phuc hau qua bom min, vat Heu no sau chien tranh da dat dttge nhilu ke't qua song cho de'n nay, Viet Nam van la nttdc o nhilm bom min ldn nhat tren the gidi. Stt hgp tac, h i trg cua Hoa Ky ndi rieng cua cgng ding quoc tg noi chung la rat quy bau nhtthg eon nho be so vdi nhiihg hau qua ehien tranh ma Viet Nam phai khac phuc. Bdi vay, cong tac nay tiep tuc can nguon von, nguIn nhan Ittc ldn va doi hoi stt no Ittc hgp tac lau dai, dac biet la cua Hoa Ky va nhttng nttdc da ttthg tham ehiln tai Viet Nam nham giai quyg't nhiihg hau qua dau thttOng sau chie'n tranh, de nhan dan thttc stt dttge song trong moi trttcfng an toan va hoa binh./.
T A I L I E U T H A M K H A O
1. Hpi nghi tong k^t dif an Diiu tra, khao sat va danh gia tac dpng ciia sir 6 nhiim bom min, vat no con sot lai sau chie'n tranh d Viet Nam, httpy/www.bomieen.vn/?news=131 2. Hpi nghi ddi tac phat trien k h i c phuc hau
qua bom min sau ehien t r a n h , http://www.moIisa.gov.vn/vi/Pages/ChiTiet.
aspx?IDNews=20431
3. Bai phat bieu tai Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha NSi ngay 17-11-2000, Tong thdng Hoa Ky
Clinton, ngudn:
https://www.hellochao.tv/2015/06/bai-phat- bieu-eua-tong-thong-bill-elinton-tai-viet- nam-nam-2000.html
4. Bin Hdng Linh, Tang cifdng hoat dpng ra pha bom min vat nd ton lifu sau chie'n tranh. Tap chi Lao dpng va Xa hpi, sd 351+352 (ttt 16/1 de'n 15/2/2009), tr.29.
5. U.S. Department of State (November 1, 2001), International Information Programs, Bureau of Pohtical - Milirary Affairs, The United States Humanitarian Demining Program in Vietnam, http://usin- fo.state.gov
6. Phuang Mai, Tie'p n h a n vien trd tai khoa 2006 ciia Chinh phu Hoa Ky, http://baochinhphu.vn/Khacphucbominin/T i e p - n h a n - v i e n - t r o - t a i - k h o a - 2 0 0 6 - c u a - Chinh-phu-Hoa-Ky/103966.vgp
7. My cung ca'p n h a n dao cho cong tac ra pha bom min, httpT/hanoi.usembassy.gov, cap nhat ngay 2006.
8. Thugng tudng, TS. Nguyin Huy Hieu - Uy vien Ban chap hknh Trung Ucfng Dang, Thtt trudng Bp Qudc phong Quan dpi vdi cong tac dd tim, xtt ly, khac phuc hau qua bom min sau chie'n tranh: Luc lifang chuyen trach, trang bi chuyen dung, trien
khai hieu qua, http ://www.bomiceu.vn/?news= 123
9. Nguyin Dong, Tra lai da't lanh d ncfi cdn n h i l u bom min nha't Viet Nam,
http://www.tin247.com/tra_Iai_dat_laiih_o_
noi_con_nhieu_bom_min_nhat_viet_nam- l-22036904.html
10. I C - W A F , List of projects on landmines and UXO 2003-2014 (Din theo: Nguyin Hanh Phuc, Huy dpng va stt dung cd hieu qua cac nguon lge tai chinh cho k h i c phuc hau qua bom min do chie'n tranh d l lai d Viet Nam, Luan an tig'n si tai chinh - ngan hang, Ha Npi, 2016, tr.96).
11. Ngpe Thanh, Viet Nam-Hoa Ky ky ket h i t r g k h a c phuc hau qua bom min, http://vov.vn/xa-hoi/viet-nainhoa-ky-ky-ket- h o - t r o - k h a c - p h u c - h a u - q u a - b o m - m i n - 298177.V0V
12. Ngpe Thanh, K h i c phuc hau qua bom min:
Niem tin ttt nhttng thong diep, http://vov.vn/xa-hoi/khac-phuc-hau-qua- bom-min-niem-tin-tu-nhung-thong-diep- 315381.V0V
13. Hoa Ky tai trg hon 10 trieu USD cho ra pha bom min, http://baochinhphu.vnyGop- suc-khac-phuc-hau-qua-bom-min-sau-ehien- tranh/Hoa-Ky-tai-tro-hon-10-trieu-USD- cho-ra-pha-bom-min/227376.vgp
14. Ha Kim Ngoc (Thtt tnfdng Bp Ngoai giao), Trien vpng quan he ngoai giao Viet Nam - Hoa Ky, Tap chi Tuyen giao, sd 5/2016, n g u o ' n http://tuyengiao.vn/Home/Maga2ineC0nten t?ID=1804
15. Td chttc The Intemational Center - Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation (IC-WAF) - ten cu la Quy Cuu chien binh My tai Viet Nam la mpt td chttc phi lpi nhuan My da dupc Bp Ngoai giao ca'p Giay Dang ky Hoat dpng sd 16/BNG-HD, cd gia tri de'n ngay 01/02/2016, vdi hdn 30 nam kinh nghiem quan ly cac chUdng trinh tren toan the gidi .Tai Viet Nam, Td chttc IC- W A F da hoat dpng tai hcfn 20 tinh, vdi mpt loat cac chifong trinh h i trd. Tap trung chu yeu vao sttc khde tam than , giao due, hanh dong bom min va hd trg cho ngKdi khuyet tat / dioxin.