He thing duoiig sat if Dire the ky XIX
Nguyen Mau Hung' ' Tnrcmg Dai hgc Khoa hgc, Dai hgc Hue Email: nguyenmauhung®quangbinh.edu.vn
Nhan ngay 10 thang 10 nam 2018. Chap nhan dang ngay 12 thang 12 nam 2018.
Tom tat: Trung tam cua cuoc each mang cdng nghiep 13n thii nhat d Diic la sy ra ddi va phat trien ciia he thong dudng sat. He thong dudng sat da tao dyng nhiing nen tang ca ban nhat cho qua trinh thong nhat va hien dai boa cac nba nudc noi heng Diic giiia the ky XIX; dong thdi gdp phan hinh thanh nen tang tu tudng va tinh than quoc gia, xay dyng mgt khoi egng dong dan tgc thong nhat.
He thong dudng sat da trd thanh mgt ban sac rieng trong qua trinh cong nghiep boa ciia nudc Dire va lam cho qua trinh thong nhdt nudc Diic (1848-1871) mang nhieu dac diem rieng biet trong sy doi sanh vdi cac cuoc each mang tu san khac thdi can dai.
Th khoa: Dudng sat, each mang cong nghiep, Diic.
Phan loai nganh: Sit hoc
Abstract: The heart of the first industrial revolution in Germany is the birth and development of its railway system. The system created the most fundamental foundahons for the process of unificahon and modernisation of German-speaking states in the mid-nineteenth century. At the same time, it contributed to the formahon of the national ideological and spiritual foundahon, building a unified nahonal community. The railway system became an identity in the industrialisation of Germany and brought many characterisUc traits to the process of its unification (1848-1871) as compared with other bourgeois revoluhons of the modern times.
Keywords: Railway, industrial revolution, Germany.
Subject classiflcation: History
1. M d d3u thai can dai. Sy phat trien ngay cang Idn cua quy md san xuat ddi hdi phai cd cac thi Cac phat minh khoa hoc - ky thuat va each trudng rpng Idn de vira cung cap nguyen mang cdng nghiep la nhirng nhan td quan lieu vira lieu thu hang hoa. Cac cupc each trgng din din cae cupc each mang tu san va m^ng khoa hpc - ky thuat da lam eho nang qua trinh thdng nh4t mdt sd nude tu ban suat lao dpng tang len, tao ra cac lien di
cho qua trinh giao luu van boa va trao ddi hang hoa dugc dien ra mdt caeh manh me, hieu qua ban. Trong bdi canh do, viec hinh thanh cae tuyen dudng sat huyet mach va nhu cku trao doi hang hoa eung nhu di Iai hong mdt nha nudc thdng nhat ve mat hanh chinh va thi trudng la mdt hong nhimg nhan td quan trgng thuc day va dan den qua trinh thdng nhat nudc Diic. Van de nay tren the gidi da ed cac nghien cuu cdng bd bang tiing Diic, nhung ebii yen nban manh phuong dien ky thuat eiia cudc each mang cdng nghiep tren ITnb vuc dudng sat va tap trung vao cac mang ludi mang ti'nh chat viing mien ban la mdt mang ludi mang ti'nb qudc gia dan tpc. O Viet Nam, van de nay ebi dugc de cap tir mdt gdc do hep nghien eiiu sy phat trien cua chu nghTa tu ban d cae nudc cdng nghiep phuong Tay trong cac giao trinh dai hgc. Cdc nghien eiiu trSn the gidi ciing nhu d Viet Nam chua khai thac van de vai trd va tac ddng cua be thdng dudng sat ddi vdi qua trinh hien dai hoa eiia nudc Dire thdi can dai ndi chung va qua trinh Ihdng nhat nudc Dire ndi rieng. Bai viet nay phac boa be thong dudng sal d Dire giua thi ky XIX.
2. Tuyen T a u n u s tii' F r a n k f u r t a m Main den Wiesbaden
Trung tam cua qua trinh cdng nghiep boa d Diic giira the ky XLX la he thdng dudng sal.
Bdi Ie, nudc Diic khdng sd huu nhieu tuyen dudng thuy thuan Igi nhu d qudc gia khae.
Denis la ngudi dieu hanh tuyen dudng sat dau lien cua nudc Due tir Numberg den Furth vao nam 1835. Ong cdng la nha dieu hanh cua tuyen dudng sat Taunus ttr Frankfurt den Wiesbaden trong nbirng nam 1838-1840. Heusinger la mot nha ky thuat dudng sat hang dau ciia thdi ky khdi thuy
ciia luyen dudng s^t Taunus hong nhiing nam 1841-1854 [3, h.500]. Theo ghi chu ciia Heinrieb Christian Schneider, tuyen dudng sat Taunusbahn tir Wiesbaden den Frankfurt dugc xay dyng trong khoang thai gian 1838-1839 [4, tr.91-93].
Tuyen dudng sat Taunus tir Frankfurt am Main den Wiesbaden da nhan dugc sy chap thuan cua Dai Cdng qudc Hessen- Darmstadt ngay 15 thang 2 nam 1838 va thanb phd Frankfurt am Main ngay 16 thang 2 nam 1838. Viec xin giay pbep xay dyng tuyen dudng sat nay tir cac co quan chiic nang keo dai tdi 3 nam. Cae nd lye dau ti6n cho chuyen tau tir Frankfurt am Main den Hdchst am Main khdng thanh cdng nhu mong dgi vi dau may cua doan tau da gap true trac, song tram Taunus van dugc coi la ben tau l^u ddi nhat d thanh phd Frankfuri am Main [3, tr.496, 500].
Tuyen dudng sat Taunus tir Frankfurt den Wiesbaden dugc dua vao su dung nam 1840 [7, t r . l 2 7 ] , nhung phai dgi den nam 1842, ben cudi cua tuyen Taunus d Wiesbaden mdi duge xay dyng xong.
Nam 1840, cd 4 tau boat dpng cho ca 2 chieu giiia Frankfurt am Main va Wiesbaden. Ngay trong nam dau lien boat ddng (1840), tuyen dudng sat nay da ddn ban 650.000 hanh khach. Ve hang tu va hang thap nhat thudng dugc lya chpn nhieu nhat (nam 1843). Kaslel^ la ben ddng khaeh nhat thay vi hai thanh phd Idn nhat cua tuyen nay la Frankfurt am Main va Wiesbaden [3, tr.501].
So vdi cac tuyen dudng sat khac duong thdi, gia ve cua tuyen Taunus kha phai chang. Nam 1844, gia ve tir Frankfurt am Main den Wiesbaden la 2 gulden^ 42 kreuzer'* ddi vdi ve hang nhat, 1 gulden 48 kreuzer ddi vdi ve hang 2, I gulden 15 kreuzer doi vdi ve hang 3, va 51 kreuzer ddi vdi ve hang 4 cung vdi cac hang thap hon.
Nguyen Mau Hiing Hiep hdi Thum va Taxis ban ve 33 gulden
16 kreuzer cho tuyen tir Frankfurt am Main den Berlin, 26 gulden 18 kreuzer cho tuyen tu Frankfurt am Main den Munich, 8 gulden 30 kreuzer eho tuyen lir Frankfurt am Main den Cologne, 4 gulden 55 kreuzer cho tuyen tu Wiesbaden den Koblenz, 2 gulden cho tuyen tir Wiesbaden den Limburg, I gulden 10 kreuzer cho tuyen tu Wiesbaden den Bad Schwalbach, I gulden cho luyen tir Wiesbaden den Rudesheim [3, t r . l I 9 ] . Vdi ngudn thu nhu vay, ebi rieng tuyen dudng sat dgc bd sdng Ranh trong pham vi lanh thd Cdng qudc Nassau da ddng trung binh mdi nam 170.577,34 gulden cho ngan sach nha nudc ciia deu qudc nay hong nhiing nam I837-I847. Chfnh vi the, tuyen dudng sSt Taunus (1838-1840) tir Frankfurt am Main qua Kastel den Biebrich va Wiesbaden khdng chi da giam thieu ganh nang cbo tuyen dudng thuy dgc song Main, ma cdn la mdt bieu tugng ciia cudc each mang cdng ngbiep d Due giira the ky XIX [3, tr.l64, 495].
3. Tuyen dirdng di qua Frankfurt am Main Tuyen dudng sal tir Frankfurt am Main den Soden dugc xay dung nam 1844 dudi sy quan tri cua Cdng ty cd phan Soden va cae nhdm kinh te Frankfurt [3, tr.501]. Ngay 7 thang 4 nam 1853, dai bieu Philipp Jakob Beriram de nghi xay dyng tuyen dudng sat Wiesbaden-Limburg-Haehenburg-Deutz di qua cac viing lanh thd ndi dia eua Cdng qudc Nassau [10, tr.465]. Ngay 24 thang 6 nam 1856, tuyen dudng sal tir Wiesbaden den Rudesheim dugc dua vao su dung da ndi vdi tuyen Taunus niia nam sau [7, tr.I24]. Ngay 16 thang 8 nam 1856, dai bi£u Ludwig Marburg trinh bay ka hoach xay dung Hiep bgi dudng sat Wiesbaden de
tien tdi xay dyng tuyen dudng sat Rhein - und Lahnbahn [10, tr.468-470].
Nam 1858, tuyen dudng sat Bingerbriiek-Kreuznach dugc dua vao kinh doanh va ngay 27 thang 12 nam 1859, tuyen Ostende-Cologne-Basel dugc hoan thanh [7, tr.l24-I25]. Ngay 1 thang 7 nam 1858, myen Oberlahnstein-Bad Ems dugc khai thdng. Ciing nam, chinh phu Cdng qudc Nassau ddng yf tham gia vao tuyen dudng sat Cologne-Deutz-Dillenburg- GieBen va Ostende-Cologne-Mainz-Basel [7, tr.I27]. Moritz Hilf ed eong hong viec xay dung mdt tuyen dudng sat tir Oberlabnstein va Wetzlar trong nhirng nam 1858-1863 [3, tr.500].
Nam 1859, tuyen dudng sat ben bd trai ciia sdng Rhine dugc xay dyng tren pham vi lanh thd cua Vuang qudc Pho, trong khi Cdng qudc Nassau len ke hoach keo dai tuyen dudng sat tir sdng Ranh ben canh tuyen tir Westerwald va Taunus den Frankfurt va tir Siegerland qua GieBen den Frankfurt [3, tr.l69]. Tbang 5 nam I860, tuyen Bringerbruck-Neunkirchen chinh thuc khai thdng [7, tr.l24-I25]. Nam I860, den lugt luyen Oberlabnstein-Nassau khdi hanh [3, h-.41]. Thang I nam 1862, tuySn Deutz-GieBen md cira va thang 2 nam 1862, tuyen RUdesheim-Oberlahnstein dugc ket noi. Nam 1862, tuyen Bringerbriick- Riidesheim cung hoan thanh [7, tr.I24-125, 128-129]. Nam 1862, tuy^n Rudesbeim- Oberlabnstein dugc khdi cdng [3, lr.4I].
Cong qudc Nassau ciing la cau noi cho tuyen dudng sat tir Koblenz den Cologne va Lahnban den GieBen. He thdng nay dugc bd sung bang tuyen dudng sat RUdesheim- Oberlabn nam 1862, tuyen dudng sat den Lahn nam 1863, tuyen dudng sal den Koblenz nam 1864 [10, y.448-449].
Ngay 10 thang 1 nam 1863, tuyen Weilburg-Niederlahnstein ciing dugc dua
vao boat ddng. Ngay 3 thang 6 nam 1864, tuyen Koblenz-Welzlar dugc hoan thanh [7, tr.l28-I29]. Ngay 10 thang 6 nam 1863, Karl Braun de nghi td chuc cae luyen dudng sat theo quan diem thuang mai. Nam
1864, tuyen dudng sat qua viing Westerwald va Taunus d Hattersheim eho luyen dudng tir Frankfurt den Cologne duge len ke hoach xay dyng, cimg vdi do tuyen dudng sat tir Rhein-Lahn den Deutz- GieBen cdng dugc len ke hoach thi cdng [10, tr.450, 470]. Nam 1864, viec xay dyng tuyen dudng sat Deutz-GieBen qua Westerwald va Taunus dugc hoan thanh da ket ndi vdi Koblenz. Nam 1865, tuyen dudng sat Cologne-GieBener Railway cua Hiep hpi Dudng sat Cologne-Minden nudc Pho chay qua eac khu vye Dillenburg ciia Cdng qudc Nassau [3, tr.l69, 502].
Tuyen dudng sal tir Frankfuri den Wiesbaden da nban duge su chap thuan eua Hessen-Darmsladt ngay 15 thang 2 nam 1838, Frankfuri ngay 16 thang 2 nam 1838 [3, tr.500]. Tat ca cac nudc nay deu cd cbii quyen rieng va deu ihuge Lien bang Diie (1815-1866). Mac du dpc lap v^ cbinh tri, nhung cac nudc nay cd sy hgp tac chat ehe ve mat kinh te va giao thdng van tai. Tuyen dudng thuy dpc sdng Rheln va Main cung luyen dudng sal Taunus ndi Frankfurt am Main vdi Wiesbaden la mpt vi dy tieu biiu cho qua trinh thdng nhat nudc Due tren phuang dien kinh t6. Nam 1844, theo thoa thuan giii'a Vuong qudc Phd va Dai Cdng qudc Hessen-Darmsladt nam 1844, Cdng qudc Nassau cd the xay dyng nhiSu tuyen dudng sat trong cac thap ky tiep tbeo di qua eac vting lanh thd ciia hai nudc nay, dac biet d Weilburg [3, lr.499].
He thong dudng thuy von la mot trong trong nhiing phuang lien van chuyen dugc ua chudng ciia eac cu dan ndi tiSng Diic giua Ihl ky XIX. Tuy nhien, d i n nam 1863,
cac tuyen dudng sat da trd thanh mdt ddi thii eanh tranh vdi cac phuong thiic van chuyen truyen thdng khae, trong dd cd ca dudng thuy, dae biet trong ITnh vuc van chuyen hang boa va ngudi vdi sd Iugng Idn [3, h.499].
4. Vai trd cua he thong duoTig sat doi vdi q u a t r i n h t h d n g nhSt nirdc Due Sau cude Cach mang 1848-I87I, nudc Due da chuyen mmh manh me nhd he thdng dudng sat ket ndi cac thanh phd Idn. He thdng dudng sat bien dai va he thdng thdng tin lien lac rien Igi da mang eon ngudi Iai gan nhau ban. C o hdi gap gd giao luu va phat trien cae mdi quan he ciing trd nen de dang va thuan Igi ban. Dd chinh la ca sd de hinh thanh mgt y tbiic cdng ddng ehung cho qua trinh thdng nhat Diic.
Trong cudc Chien tranh Ao-Pbd nam 1866, tinh trang tai ehinh cua cac qudc gia tham chien nay ciing cd nhiing anh hudng va tac ddng khac nhau den qua trinh giai quyet van de nudc Due giiia t h i ky XIX.
Ao phai dua vao gidi dau tu tu nhan d l phat hien co sd ha tang, chu yeu la dudng sit.
He thdng dudng sat cua Pho ciing nSm trong tay cua cac cdng ty tu nhan, nhung nen tai chi'nh khoe manh ciia nudc Phd cho phep qudc gia nay ddng mdt vai trd Idn ban trong viec len ke hoach cho mdt mang ludi dudng sat bao phu phan Idn mien Bac nudc Due. Nhu cau giao thuang va di lai da bupc cac nudc lien he va hgp tac vdi nhau. Su hgp tae Irong kinh te va lien ket trong trong thuong mai la mdt trong nhiing tiln d l va dae diem ndi bat cua qua trinh thdng nhit nudc Diic.
Sy phat trien cua he thdng dudng s§l ciing gop phan khdng nhd vao cac ehiln thing quan su ciia Phd tren chiln trudng
Nguyen Mau Hiing trong cae cude chien tranh thdng nhat nudc
Due giiia the ky XIX. He thdng dudng sat hien dai va phat trien cao cua Phd da eho phep tudng Helmuth von Moltke di chuyen quan ddi ra chien trudng mdt caeh nhanh chdng va de dang vdi sd Iugng Idn hon trong cupc Chien tranh Ao-Phd nam 1866, ciing nhu cudc Chien hanh Phap-Phd nhiing nam 1870-1871. Dd dugc xem la mpt hong nhung nguyen nhan chu dao dan den thang Igi ciia Phd trong eac cude ebiln tranh nay.
Cdng quoc Nassau nam d trung tam cua con dudng thuong mai giiia Cologne va Frankfurt, giiia Niederrhein va cae khu vyc phfa Nam [7, t r . U ] . He thdng dudng sit mdi xay dung giiia the ky XIX da giiip Cong qude Nassau duge k i t noi va trd thanh mgt bp phan quan trpng, tham ebi ddng vai trd huyet maeh ddi vdi nen thuong mai Diic giiia the ky XIX. Ciing vdi do, nhiing ngudi ndng dan ngheo eiia vung Westerwald dugc hudng Igi nhieu nhat tren con dudng thuang mai tu Frankfurt qua Idstein va Westerwald den Cologne. Con dudng Cologne-Leiziger StraBe d phia Bae ciia Cdng qude Nassau eiing ddng mgt vai trd quan trgng trong viec giao thuang va hen lac ciia cdng qude nay vdi cac nha nudc khac trong Lien bang Due lir 1815 din 1866 [7, tr.38-39].
Nhu vay, chfnh cude each mang cdng nghiep giiia the ky XIX da tao dyng cbo ngudi Due mdt sd Igi the nhat dinh trong viec Sli dung he thdng dudng sat cd hieu qua cho viec van chuyen quan ddi Pho den cac khu vyc chien dau mpt each nhanh chong va thuan lien trong cac cude chien tranh thong nhat dit nudc [6, h.219-22I].
He thdng dudng sat da thiic day qua trinh giao thuong giira cac nha nudc va dat ra mpt yeu ciiu hgp tac va Uen ket. Thay vi ddi d i u v l quan sy vi quyen lye ehinh tri, he
thing dudng sit budc eac nudc phai ngdi Iai vdi nhau vi tucmg lai ehung. He thdng dudng sat va thdng tin lien lac ciing gdp phan lam cho co hdi giao luu va trao ddi thdng tin cua ngudi dan dugc lang len dang ke. Dd ehi'nb la eo sd de hinh thanb nen y thue egng ddng va nen tang tinh than dan tgc cbo qua trinb thdng nhat nudc Diic giira the ky XIX. Chinh vi the, he thdng dudng sat ddng mdt vai tro quan trgng trong qua trinh hien dai boa nudc Dire. Dieu nay da dan den mdt dac diem mang tfnh khu vyc cua qua hinh thdng nhit Dire (1848-1871) [ l , t r . l 3 6 ] .
The ky XIX chiing kien qua trinh tang trudng kinb te va cdng nghiep boa nhanh chong, dac biet la trong ITnb vyc cdng nghiep nang d Due. Den nam 1850, Due ve CO ban van tyt Iai phfa sau so vdi cae nen kinh te hang dau Chau Au (nhu Anb, Phap, Bi). Den khoang giiia the ky XIX, Due bat dau bat kip cac nudc khae tren mdt so phuang dien (Due la mdt nen kinb te edng nghiep hang dau the gidi cung vdi Anh va My). Den nam 1900, Diie trd thanh nen kinh te Idn nhat Chau Au. Cung vdi dd la qua tnnh cdng nghiep hoa, do thi hoa dien ra manh me d cac do Ihi Idn nhu Berlin, Hamburg, Munich.
Noi bat nhat trong cudc each mang cdng nghiep ciia Diic giiia the ky XIX chfnb la sy ra ddi va phat trien cua he thdng dudng sat.
Trude sy thd a cua chfnh phii eac nudc, cac nha dau tu tu nhan da liim thay doi quan niem cua nha nudc bang ehat lugng va hieu qua cua mdt he thong dudng sat rdng khap sau Cacb mang (1848-1849). Sy phat triln eiia be thdng dudng sat bupc chfnb phu cac nudc phai lang cudng hgp tac va lien kel
vdi nhau di phat trien kinh te vi lgi ich chung, thay vi ddi dau quan sy cho cac myc tieu chinh tri. He thdng dudng sat nay khdng ehi da gdp phan xay dyng cac nen tang tinh thin va thi trudng cbo qua hinh thong nhit nude Due, ma cdn mang Iai cho ngudi Diic nhieu lgi the Irong cac cudc chiln hanh thdng n h i t dat nudc. He thdng dudng sit khdng chi ddng mgt vai trd quan trpng trong qua trinh giai quyet van de nudc Diic giira t h i ky XIX, ma edn trd thanh mpt ban sac rieng cua qua trinb bien dai hoa nudc Diic t h i ky XIX (nhu la mdt bd phan eiia cudc each mang cdng nghiep lan thii nhat).
He thdng dudng sat da lam cho cudc each mang cdng nghiep ciia Diic mang nhilu dac diem dan tdc ban trong qua trinh thdng nbat dat nudc, ciing nhu qua trinb tien len hien dai cua nude nay.
Chii thfch
^ Kastel thugc pham vi lanh tho ciia D^i Cong quoc Hessen-Darmsladt. Wiesbaden la thii phii cua Cong quoc Nassau. Frankfurt am Main ia mgt thanh pho ty do dong vai tro la thii do cua Lien bang Dire (1848-1871).
^ Gulden (fl.) la mgt don vi tien te cua cac nha nuoc Dire giUa the ky XIX Mgt gulden (fl.) tuong duang voi khoang 12 oro (euro) nam 2007 [9, lr.791.
Kreuzer (kr.) la mgt don vi tien te ciia cac nha nuoc Dire giira the ky XIX.
Tai lieu t h a m k h a o
[1] Blackbourn, David (1997), 7/ie Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germanv.
1780-1918, Oxford University Press, Oxford,
[2] Mathias, Peter and Postan, M. M. (1978), The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Volume VII: The Industrial Econonues:
Capital, Labour, and Enterprise, Part 1:
Britain, France, Germany, and Scandinavia, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
[3] Heizogtum Nassau 1S06-1866, Politik- Wirtschafi - Kultur (1981), Eine Ausstellung des Landes Hessen und der Landeshauptstadt Wiesbaden unter der gememsamen Schirmheirschaft S.K.H.
des Prinzen Henri, ErbgroBherzog von Luxemburg, Pnnz von Nassau und des Hessischen Ministerprasidenten Holger Bomer, Museum Wiesbaden, 5. Apnl bis 26. July.
[4] Hessisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Wiesbaden, Abt:
1156, Nr. 117, Ernst Jungmann (Sammler und Schreiber), Als das Gestern heute war.,.. Band 17, S. 91-93.
[5] Hessisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Wiesbaden, Abt.
238, Nr. 136, Griindung von Vereinen in specie: 1. Gesangvereine, 2. Turnvereine, 3.
Vereine zur Armen=UnterstUtzung, 4.
Carnevalsgesellschaften 1846-65.
[6] Howard, Michael Eliot (1961),/"/le Franco- Prussian War: the German invasion of France, 1870-187], MacMiltan, New York.
[7] Lerner, Franz (1965), Wirischafis- und Sozialgeschichle des Nassauer Raumes 1816- 1964, Herausgegeben von der Nassauischen Sparkasse aniasslich der 125 jahrigen Wideikehr des Tages ihrer Grundung am 22.
Januar 1840, Wiesbaden.
[8] Nipperdey, Thomas (1983), Germany from Napoleon lo Bismarck, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
[9] Reuschling, Dieter va Schlecker, Roswitha (2007), Biirgerwille gegen HerrscherwillkUr, Hoflieim am Taunus-eine Kleinstadt zwischen franzdsischer und deutscher Revolution,
Stadtmuseum Hofheim am Taunus [10] Schuler. Winfried {Hrg., eig., be.,) va Reyer,
Herbert (be.) (2010), Nassauische Parlamentsdebatten, Band 2, Revolution and Reaktion 1848-1866, Historische Kommission fur Nassau, Wiesbaden.
[11] httpV/www.larouchepub.com/eiw/pubhc/
2008/2008_30-39/2008-37/pdf/3 8-5_3536.pdf, truy cap ng^y 16 thang 7 nam 2017.
[12] https'//sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/indre vtabs I .asp, tmy cap ng^y 26 thang 2 nam 2018.