Nguyen Le Thy Thuong, Le Mai Hai. Hiin phdp v&i viic xdy dung nin ddn dm a An Dp
O2020 Vign Nghien o f u An Oo v i Tay Nam A Tjp chl Ngtii^n cihi An Oo v& ChSu k Si 5 (90). thing 5-2020 http //viisas,vass gov.vn ISSN 0866-7314
Hi§ii phap vol viec xay dimg nin dan chu 6^ An Do*
Nguyen Le Thy Thuffng", Le Mai Hdi***
•* Vi^n Nghien cuu An Do vd Tdy Nam A. ***Trudng Dai hpc Sdi Gdn iSCUf TP. Hd Chi Minh Ngdy nhpn bdi: 07/04/2020. ngd}' gui phdn bien: 8/04/2020. ngdy duyet ddng- 10/04/2020
f/^hi sogn thdo Hien phdp An Dp, nhicng ngir&i ldnh dgo ddt mr&c vd Hpi dong Lap hiin mong X\. muon xdy dung An Dd Ihdnh mpi qudc gia ddn chii. nhung tham vpng cua hp phdi doi mat vdi rdt nhieu lr& nggi. Tuy nhien. vut^ qua ldl cd nhiing khd khdn do, Hien phdp An Dp vdn thi hi^n trgn v^n tinh than ddn chii vd ddn ddl An Dp tr& thdnh nen ddn chu cd quy mo l&n nhdl the gi&i. Tren ca sd djnh nghia ve ddn chu vd nhung dgc diim cita nen ddn chu An Dp, bdi viit phdn lich vai trd ciia Hiin phdp trong viic xdy dung nhirng Int cpt ciia nin ddn chu, viec di cao quyen cong ddn vd xdy difng chinh quyen trong nhd nu&c ddn chu. Bdi viet cho rdng. Hien phdp dong mpt vai trd vd citng quan trpng vd khong the ihay the trong vi^c dinh hinh cdc thiit che ddn chit &An Dp.
Ttt khoa: An Dp, dan chu, Hien phap M&dau
An BQ la mot nutic dan chu. Vi?c An Do tiep tyc duy tri dan chii ta mQt trong nhixng thanh t ^ to Ion trong mia cu6i thg ky XX. Cac cupc bSu cii tu do, he thSng tu phap dpc lap, tu do bao chl va tu do ngon luan la nbirng dilm tucmg phan ro net vai thuc te chinh tri trong kbu vote khi phan lcm cac nuoc dang phat triSn chim d4m duoi ch§ dpc dpc tai, xung dot sac tpc va chia re ve cbinh tri suot mgt thcri gian dai, Thanh tuu nay cang n6i bat hcm khi xet d6n quy mo dan so lcm - gan 20% tong dan so the gicri - va tinh da s k tpc phtic tap ciia An Dp. Nen dan chu thucmg xuyen bi thach thiic bai nhiing xung dpt ton giao va s k tpc, tham nhung va tham vpng chinh tri nhung van diing vung (Yergin &
Slanislaw, 1998). NSu coi n6n dan chu cua An Do la mot ngoi nha, thi HiSn phap An Dp chinh la n^n mong cua ngoi nha do, Co th§ khSng djnh, d6i vai viec hinh thanh va duy tri nen dan chu ciia An Dp, vai tro ctia HiSn phap la duy nhat va vo cimg quan trpng.
1. Doi net v l dan chu va nen dan chu ff An Do
va dan chu va nhung dac diSm cua no, cac hpc gia tren th6 gicri da dua ra nhieu dinh nghTa khac nhau. Theo nghia don gian nhit, dan chii ia mot chinh phii do dan va vi dan dugc xay dung dua tren
' Bai vi^t la mpt phk kat qua ciia dl tai nghien cmi d p Bp "He th6ng chinh tii nuoc Cpng hoa An Dp" do Vien Nghien ciru An Dp va T3y Nam A chu tri.
thythuong210 [email protected]
Nghien ctiu An Dp va Chau A. S6 5 - 2020, tr.19-27 19
Nguyen Le Thy Thuang, Lc Mai Hai. Hien phdp v&i vi^cxd}' di/ng nen ddn Md.AnDp nhung gta tri ca ban ciia sir binh ding, tir do \ a tinh huynh d? (Naidu, 1998). Nguyen ijc ca ban cua nen dan chti la nguoi dan dugc trao cho quyen lire toi cao; tuy nhien, day la van de khong the kiem chting Imc tiep. W vay. nguai ta phai de ra cac tieu chuan cot loi mang tinh quoc te \ e quyen chmh trj va quyen tu do dan sir. cac tieu chuan nay duac sii dung de xep hang cac quoc gia theo chi so dan chu (Ersson & Lane, 1996; Vanhanen, 1997). Rubinstein va Adler(1991) cho rang: Dan chu vcri tu each la mpt nen van hoa cbinh tri se bao ham sir ton tai song song cua nhieu yeu to trong do co hai yeu to ca ban la; quan ly theo da so va bao ve cac quyen ca nhan hoSc thieu so. Ben canh quan diem ciia cac hpc gia, quan diem ciia Tong thong Hoa Ky Abraham Lincoln cho rang "Dan chii la chinh phti cua dan, do dan \ a vi dan" la dinh nghTa pho bien nhat \ e dan cbti.
Sau khi An Dp dugc trao tra dpc lap, nhutig nguai dau tien kien tao nen nen dan chti ctia An Dp da g^p phai khong it kho khan. Thii nhat la rat nhieu nguai dan An Dp kbong co chiit bieu biet nao ve dan chti, nhan quyen Thii hai la nhirng ngucri co hieu biet ciing khong hoan toan iing bg I^ra cbgn dan chti. Thli ba la vao thai diem do, tren the giai da co qua nhieu tien le, do la sir that bai ciia mpt so chinh phli tv trj a Tay Au. Thii tu, tinb trang ngbeo doi, l^tc h^u, da van hoa, da sac tpc va phan bipt dang cip trong Hindu giao rat de ddn den dnh trang bai dan chti a An Dp, Tat ca nh&ng dieu nay lam cho viC-c xay d^ng nen dan chii An Dg khong phai la mgt hanh trinh dl dang.
Trong boi canh do. \ icc xay dung Hien pbap An Dp la mgt no lire day dung cam. Doi v6i nhirng
"nha sang l^ip" nuoc Cpng hoa An Do ngay nay, hoan toan c6 the tao nen nhirng cong dan hien dai - nhiing ngucri co the "tu tri" va tham gia vao mpt hinh thiic chinh phii dan chii, thong qua cbinh cac ho^t dgng dan chii. Vice de ra cac hoat dpng "tiJ tri" se giitp cho con nguai co kha nang thyc hi?n quySn t\r trj (KJiosla. 2020).
Tir do. CO the kSt luan rang, mpt trong nhiing muc tieu ctia Hidn phap An Dp la xay dtmg nhn dan chti ciia d5l nuoc nay. Qua that, d6i voi viec hinh thanh n k dan chu, Hi^n phap An Do dong vai tro cot yeu va da \a> d^ng nen ngn dan chu An Dp trong hoan canh gian nan nhdt: V6 mat lanh th6, An Dp c6 kich thuoc tuang duang chau Au. Nhimg An Dp da dang va phiic tap hon chau Au rk nhigu i k U-ong cac ITnh vuc chung tgc, ton giao, ngon ngu, van hoa va Hch sir. Viec quan ly mgt thuc tbg dia Iy khong 16 nhu v^y ma khong he co xung dgt quan sir hay hi chia c4t lanh th6 la mot nhiem vy vo ciing kho khan. Dong ihdi. vi?c to chuc, v^n hanh va duy tri thanh cong n k dan chii kh6ng 16 do han phai la mgt phep la (Naidu. 1998). Cac the be Chinh pbu An Do dira tren n6n tang Hian phap da lam dugc dieu d6. Trong so cac quoc gia chau A gianh dupc dgc lap citng thai, An D6 la qu6c gia duy nhit duy tri mpt nen dan chit xuyen sum. lien tuc, khong diit quang. Cac qu6c gia lang gigng cua An Dp nbu Pakistan. Bangladesh, Myanmar va Sn Lanka, tuy nho hcm nuac nay r^l nhiau lin nhung da gSp phai kh6ng it that b9i trong xay dung nan dan chii. Hiu hat cac qu6c gia chau A, chau Phi, Trung Dong m Latin, cac nuoc Dong va Nam chau Au dau timg trai qua cac cha dp dpc tai. Nguac' lai An D" kS tit khi dgc lap vao nam 1947, da kbong ha xay ra npi chian, dao chinh quan su hay chia cat'lanh th^6 Luat phap cua dat nuac luon dugc duy tri duai sir giam sal cita cac co quan tu phap dpc la * K' h' dugc phat trian t\r do \ a cac dang doi lap khong bj can tro. Nha nuac Tha tuc An Dg bao d' ^" T^ ' cong dan ciia minh dugc ty do ton giao va khong ap dat hg theo bit ky ton giao nao (N ^'d ^ ^ ^^^
Nghien cim An Dp va Chau A. Sii 5 - 2020. u.19-27
Nguyan La Thy Thuang, La Mai Hai. Hiin phdp vdi viec xdy dung nen ddn chti d An Dp
"Phep mau dan chti" 6 An Dp da dugc Hien phap tao nen, gin giir trong suot nhieu thap ky va se tiep tvc phat huy trong tuong lai.
2. Quy dinh cua Hien phap An Do ve viec xay dung nhirng tru C9t ciia nen dan chii Ba tru cgt cita nan dan chit da dugc Hien pbap An Dg xay dung mot each cu tha, bao gom:
(1) BSu cir hi do va cong bang; (2) tti do hj tuong, tu do ngon luan, tu do bao cbi va (3) tu phap dgc l9p la nhung try cgt ciia nen dan chti (Haque, 2014).
Ve bdu cir
Cac cugc bau cti thuong dugc coi la xucmg song cua mgt nen dan chu. Qua trinh bau cii phai dupc diSn ra mpt each ty do va cong bang; neu khong, dan chii se mat di y nghTa ciia no (Haque, 2014). Voi y nghTa do, bau cir a An Dp ve co ban da thuc hien tot nhiem vy duy tri dan chii, gop phan dua An Dg trd thanh nen dan chii c6 quy mo Ion nhat tren the gicri. Nhiem vu nay dugc hoan thanh nha yeu to sau dirge quy djnh trong Hian phap: An Dg co mot co quan bau cii dpc lap (Uy ban Bau cii) dimg ra to chiic mpi hoat dpng bau cti. Co quan nay doc lap vol bg may Chinh phii, do do giam thiau su can thipp vao cong tac bau cir ciia Chinh phit theo hucmg co Igi cho dang cam quyan (Hien pbap An Do, Phan XV, Diau 324). Ngoai ra, An Dp con co bg luat bau cu rieng bao gom Dao luat D^i di?n cita Nhan dan nam 1950, D^o luat Dai dien ciia Nhan dan nam 1951, Dao luat Bau cti Tong th6ng va Pho T6ng thong nam 1952, Quy tic BSu cir T6ng th6ng va Pho T6ng th6ng nam 1974, Quy tac BSu cii nam 1961... da quy dinh cac nguyen tac, thit tuc bdu cii (Sunny, 2003). Su ra dcri ciia Bg Luat dam bao cho mpi cong tac bau cir cita An Dp deu phai tian hanh theo ditng quy dinh va dugc giam sat chat che.
Nau so sanh vai qua trinh xay dung va sua d6i hien pbap ciia nhieu nuac tren tha giai tbi tat ca cac rao can trong bSu cti lien quan d^n chiing tgc, ton giao, ngon ngir, giai tinh, giai cap, dang cap, gido dye va lai chinh da timg dugc dua ra trong hien phap cua cac nen dan chii phucmg Tay vao nhiing thiri di6m khac nhau hoan toan khong xuk hign trong Hign phap An Do ngay tir dSu (Naidu, 1998). Tir khi moi ra dcri, Hian phap An Do da tuyet doi coi trpng su cong bang va quygn lgi cho tat ca mgi cong dan tham gia bau cir.
va tu do tu tuang, ty do ngon luan va tu do bao chi: L&i noi ddu ciia Hi6n phap An Dg khang dinh "se bao dam cbo tdt ca cong dan.,. tu do tu tuang, biau hien, niam tin, tin ngudng..." (Hien phap An Dp, tr.l, 9-10). Hi6n phap An Do quy dinh chat che vh quyen ty do ngon luan va diln dat tai Diau 19 (1) (a). Theo nha c6 vin Hian phap B. N. Rau, khong can thiat phai cho ra doi mot dieu khoan cy the va ty do bao chi, boi vi hr do ng6n luan se bao gdm tu do bao chi. That vay, trong mgt loat cac quyat dinh hi nam 1950 tro di, Toa an T6i cao An Do cung da phan quyet rang tu do bao chi la mgt phk ciia tu do ngon luan va la mgt trong nhitag quyan ca ban dupc dam bao bai Hien phap ciia An Dg (Brij Bhusban v State of Delhi, AIR 1950 SC 129).
Ke tuphdp dpc lap
Sy ton tai cua tu pbap dgc lap chinh la minh chimg cho sy hien dien cua mot nen dan chu. Dpc l^p cita tu phap. quyan t6i cao cua Hian phap va boat dgng dua theo phap luat la ba d^c diem cua Hien phap An Dp. Theo quy dinh ciia Hian phap, toa an a An Do dpc lap \e mat the cha, dong nghia vai
Nghien ciiu An Dp va Chau A. S6 5 - 2020, ff, 19-27 21
Nguyen Le Th\ TTiuong, La Mai Hai. Hiin phdp vdi vi?c xdy d\mg nin ddnchujfjAn^_^
vi?c cac toa an co he thone td chirc va cac quy cha boat dgng riang khong giong, kbong tning lap vai cac nhanh hanh phap va lap phap. Dicu 50 ciia Hian phap quy dinh ring Nha nucrc thyc hi?n cac buac da tach nhanh tu phap khoi nhanh hanh phap. Khoug chi la minh chimg cho sy ton t^i cua nen dan chu. sy dpc lap ciia tu phap con co y nghTa quan trgng doi voi myc dich duy tri c6ng ly. ^ '^N' khong co su can thiep ciia lap phap va hanh phap ffong qua trinh to tung ciia ca quan tu phap se gop phan dem dan mgt ban an cong bang va hap ly (Pandey. 2018).
3 . Vai tr6 cua Hien phap doi vol \ i e c de cao quyen cong dan trong \ a h^i dan chu Trong djnh nghta ve dan chii cua minh, Haque (2014) nhan manh vai tro Iam chii cita nguai dan:
Neu dan chit co nghTa la chinh quyen ciia nhan dan, do nhan dan va vi nhan dan thi ro rang mpi cong dan phai dupc quyan tham gia vao qua trinh dan chii. Khong co sy tham gia ciia quan chiing, nen dan chii sa mat di ban chat thuc sy ciia no. Muc dich cua Chinh phti la dam bao an ninh, phiic Ipri va hanh phiic cita ngucri dan. Khong tha co cha dp dan chii nai ngudi dan kh6ng duac hucmg cac quyen va tu do dan su co ban.
Hian pbap An Dp da tao ra mgt mo hinh co the t^p trung vao ca nhan, mpt mo hinh dam bao cho nguoi dan sy ty do va on dinh. That vay, da trcr thanh mgt phan ciia khuon kh6 dan chii, Hien phap can phai tuan thit sy Imh dpng ciia ban sac ca nhan. su xuat hien ciia cac nhom chinh tri va sy tai cau tnic lien tyc ciia cic nhom nay (Khosia, 2020).
Do do. Khosia (2020) cho rang mpt ffong ba dac digm quan trgng nh4t ciia nhn dan chii An Dg la sir nhan m^nh vao quyan hgp phap cita ca nhan. Diau nay dupc tha hien mgt each nhat quan, hp th6ng
\a xuyen suot Irong Hiln phap. Trong thai k\ thugc dja, xa hgi An Dp da dugc nhin qua lang kinh nhan d^ng nhom. Mgi nguoi dugc xem la thanh vian cua mot cpng dong co lgi ich dugc xac dinh trucrc. thay vi la mgt ca nhan vai nhimg lua chpn ciia rieng minh. Didu quan trpng nhdt ma Hiln phap da lam dugc la Uao cho hp quyan lgi ddy du. hgp phap ciia mpt cong dan trong xa hpi dan chu hien dai vai quyen dau uen la quyen dugc d6i xir cong bang, binh dang, Noi each khac, Hiln phap da giup cho nguai An Dg tir "ngtrai dan" tro thanh "cong dan".
Hiln phap An Dp la moi trong nhtrng ban hiln phap dugc xay dyng dya tran cac can cu vl quyin con nguai nhicu nhat (Haque. 2014). Trong do. quyin ddu lian la quyin duoc d6i xii binh dgng. Lai mo dau ciia Hien phap An Dp bao dam cho mpi cong dan cong bang xa hpi, kinh tl va chinh trj; ty do tu tucmg. biau hicn. tin nguong va tha ciing: binh ddng vl dia vi, co hpi va dam bao phdm gia'ciia ca nhan. 1 lien phap An Dg cung bao dam quyin co ban cho mgt cong dan ma khong co su phan biet dli xir trong bat cii ITnh wic nao.
min .^S cua HiJn phap .^n Do khtog dinh ring cong bJng xa hoi la co so da dam bao cho con ngiroi mpt cupc song co y nghia va pham gia. Hien phap cflng cho thiy cong ly, tu j o |,inh d' tinh huynh de la nhimg yeu to quan trpng tap nen sir thanh cong cua mpt n6n dan chii C"" '-^"^ "•
hpi la Cling cu de giam Ihieu dau khp cho nhirng nguoi ngheo kh6. yeu du6i mnr^i ,1, - ".• " •
•' '' "fcuoi mupc dang cap phim gia (Haque. 2014), Dicu 21 cua Hicn phap quy djnh cu th6 vS quy^n duoc hii, •°'' *°"^ '^°
thip va cac bp phan yeu die khac trpng \a hoi, nang hp len mirc binh dang di s6ng mot c - - - ^^^ '^^^•
' "lot quyen co Schien cim An Do va Chau A. So 5 - 2020. n-.19-27
22
Nguyen Le Thy Thuang, Le Mai Hal. Hiin phdp vdi viec xdy dung nin ddn chit a An Dp ban cita cong dan. Phan XV {Dieu 330-342) trong Hien phap dua ra quy dinh dac biet vl so ghe ffong ccr quan lap pbap, ve ch6 diing trong cac t6 chtic giao due, cac co hgi dao tao va xriec lam... cho nhiing nhom ngucri dac biet nhu nguoi Harijans, cac dang cap thap, cac tang lap lac hau va ngucri Anh - An (Hicn phap An Do, tr.l 16-121). Cac sua doi Hian phap ciing dam bao c6 mgi so Iugng phu nii dang kl trong cac co quan lap phap (Naidu, 1998).
Hian phap cung dua ra nhiing quy dinh ve hinh thiic nghi \ ien cita Chinh phu duai chl dp dan chii la dan chti dai dien, trong do nguoi dan nuac nay co the thyc thi quyan hi quyit ciia minh thong qua ca quan lap phap (Haque, 2014).
Hien phap An Dp la mpt ffong nhiing ban Hiln phap dai va phirc tap nhdt thi giai. Dilu nay xudt phat tir chii y ciia Hpi d6ng Lap hien - nhirng nguai mu6n giao due va dem nhiing kian thtic pho quat nhat vc dan chit den cho nguai dan An Do. Vao thai diam ban Hien phap ra doi, ngucri dan An Dg hdu nhu khong co hieu biet va kinh nghiem ve cac quy tac lien quan dan dan chit. Diau nay khac vai cac nu6c phuang Tay, nai nguoi dan da co biau biat tuong doi ve cac quyan co ban va cac nguyan tdc dan chu. Vi vay. da An Dp chuyan sang mpt xa hgi phap tri va loai bo cac kiau sap xep truyen th6ng nbu quan h? hg hang, lang xa, Hien phap can phai dat ra cac nguyan tac nan tang de hinh thanh mgt cupc doi tho^i hien phap xung quanh cac quyen va tu do ffong mpt the giai ty do. Hien phap se khong chi la mpi cuon sach quy tac, nhu o nhiau nuoc khac, ma con la mgt cuon sach giao khoa. D6 la ly do khien cho Hien phap An Dg co dp dai vugt trpi so voi hau het cac hien phap khac Uen the giai (Khosia, 2020). Bdng chinh su ti ml, can ke va chi tiet, Hien phap da ffa thanh mpt cuon cam nang vc nhan quyin, giup cho m6i nguai dan trong xa hpi An Dg dau ffo thanh mpt phan ciia nan dan chii.
4. Vai tro ciia Hiln phap doi vol viec xay dtmg chinh quyen trong nha na&c dan chu Mpt trong nhiing muc dich cua Hien phap An Dp la giai phong nguai dan khoi cac hinh thirc lien ket va rang bupc hien co ciing nhu cac suy nghT, biau biet lac hau ciia chinh hg. Tro Ihanh c6ng dan ciia mpt nuac dan chit khong chi dem gian la thuc hien quyen bau cir ma con la tham gia vao mgt tha che hien dai vii phu hgp, noi con ngucri dugc giai thoat khoi nhiing pham vi hep ciia mgt ca nhan bang nhihig phuang thitc rang bugc nhat dinh. Dieu do c6 nghTa la, mot ca nhan tu do ciing can c6 mpt co quan hay mpt chinh phii nhat dinh va thong qua su van hanh chinh phit do, hg c6 the thay doi cau tnic ctia thi gioi (Khosia, 2020).
Vi v?y, mgt trong nhiing dac diem quan trpng nhat ciia nan dan chii An Do chinh la su hien dien ciia cdc ca quan chung. Cac nha tu tucmg chinh tn quan ffgng ciia An Dp vao thoi diem Hicn phap mcri dugc soan thao, nhung nhan vat nhu Jawaharlal Nehru va Ambedkar, da nhin nhan xa hpi An Dp I& mgt xa hgi mdt tu do ffdm trpng. Do do, mgt co quan trung ucmg thong nhat (nhu Nha nuoc) c6 the ching lai nhung ap Iyc do xa hgi ap dat. No co thi dat ngucri An Dp duoi mpt mai nha chung. Thong qua thdm quyin ciia minh, no co thi Ioai bo su dgc doan va bat binh dang do bi chi phoi bai cac nhom quyin lyc khac nhau va thay d6i tdm nhin v6n dang ngan ffo ngucri dan An Do no luc thoat khoi sy mdt ty do do (Khosia, 2020).
Nghien ciiu An Dp va Chau A. S6 5 - 2020, ff. 19-27
Nguyen Le Thy Thuang. Le Mai Hai. Hien phdp vdi viec xdy dgvg nin ddn chu^j^!}—^
Can phai noi tham rang, tinh hgp phap ciia chinh quyen khong chi dugc thiel l^p thong qua ^ac cupc bdu cir ty do va cong bang ma con thong qua each no dugc thyc thi. Dan chii. doi vai nhung nguai sang lap ciia An Dp. co ihl bdt ddu o thiing phieu nhtmg no khong the kat thiic a do (Khosia, 2020) NIU hiiu nhu va\'. thi chinh quyen trong -\a hgi dan chii a An Do co diem d^c biet nao trong qua trinh triln khai va \a\ dyng? Diam khac biet ddu tien co le chinh la hinh thtic nha nuac cita Chinh phil An Dp. Cho din na\. ".^n Dp co phai la mpt nuoc lien bang hay khong" vdn la mot van da gay nhiiu tranh cai, boi nha nuac An Dp mang nhirng dac diem ciia ca m6 hinh nha nuoc lien bang va mo hinh nha nuac dan nhdt. Nha nuoc don nhat la nha nuoc co chii quyen chung, co he tb6ng ca quan quyin lyc va quan ly thing nhdt lir trung uong din dia phuang. Trong khi d6, nha nuoc lian bang la nha nu6c co tir hai bay nhiiu bang thanh vien hgp lai, do do no co hai h? thong ca quan quyen luc va quan ly: mgt h? thong chung cho loan lian bang va mgt he thong ffong m6i bang thanh vian; co chti quyin qu6c gia chung ciia nha nuac lien bang va dong thoi moi thanh vien ciing co chii quyen rieng.
Rdt nhiiu hgc gia cho rdng An Do la mgt nuac lien bang, nhung ciing co nhirng quan diem ffai ngupc, cbo rdng An Dg la mpt nha nuoc chi "gan nhu hen bang" ma thoi. O day tac gia bai viat nghieng ve quan diem: Lien bang An Dp khdng phdi Id kit qud nhung thda Ihugn v&i cdc tiiu bang: lien minh ndy Id khdng thi plid hiiy. khdng dan vi cdu thdnh ndo co the ly khai khdi no. Trin thuc le, chti nghTa lien bang d .in Dp Id su pha trpn cdc dgc diem aia nhd nu&c lien bang vd nhd nu&c dan nhdt. Tuy co nhieu diem khdc hi?t v&i cdc nu&c Uen bang khdc. An Dp vdn nin duac coi Id mpi nu&c Hen hang.
trong do quyin lire tdi cao md Chinh phit Anh tieng dp dgt len An Dp khi nu&c ndy cdn la Ihupc dia CIIU Anh dd duac chuyin giao Igi cho Chinh phu lien hi$p An Dp sau ndy Hip qudn vd duac pho bien cho tdt cd cdc tieu hang (Fadia, 1984).
Ban chat Lien bang da dugc the hi^n ngay ffong L&i ma dau ciia Hiln phap: An Dp la mpt lian hiap cita cac bang. Voi mpi quoc gia co lanh tho rpng lan, da van hoa va da sdc tpc nhu An Do, cong tac quan ly hanh chinh sc \6 ciing kho khan neu sy khac bipt giira cac viing mien kh6ng dugc neu ra va dap img mpt each dc dang. Chu nghia lian bang vcri viec ffao ca chl ty chu cho cac tilu bang da giitp giai quyet bai loan kho nay. Cac tieu bang c6 thi dua ra cac chinh sach rdt khac nhau dl giai quyet ciing mpt van da, va do do cho nguai dan co thi sing trong mgi liiu bang c6 chinh sach thich hgp voi gia ffi \ an hoa \ a dao diic cua hg. Nhieu nghian cim cho thay rdng nin dan chii lien bang a An Dg khong chi la manh dai cho sy khac biel phat uiln ma nguge lai, con cho phep su da dang nay anh huong den boat dgng ciia nan dan chu (Witsoe. 2013).
Tuy \ay. Nha nuoc An Dg cung mang nhiiu dac dilm ciia mgt nha nuoc dan nhdt voi tinh tap mmg quyen luc kha manh md, the hien a cac dac dilm da dugc quy dinh ro rang trong Hien phap nhu' sy tin lai cua Hiln phap duy nhdl, qu6c tjch duy nhdt, tu phap tich hgp, sy can thiep ciia trung uong vao be thong tu phap bang, quyen han to Ion ciia chinh quyin irung uong irong lap phap trone thay doi ranh gioi cac lieu bang. Diau na> tuy doi lap voi mo hinh phai iriln cua cac nha nuoc lian b ffen thi gioi nhung lai phai buy dugc mot s6 gia ffi tich cue a An Dp. Ljch sir nuoc nay cho ihd ' " ^ m6i khi co mpt chinh quyen irung uang manh me, ddt nuac An Do se tro nen thAno i,- • , ,
. . . - ^ iL- >• L ..- . . . . ' iiiung nnat, con khi chinb quyen trung uong kbong du manh. dai nuoc nay se khong con linh thong nhdt Nh chinh quyan ffung uong manh rag la diau khong the thiiu d6i voi viec duy tri su dnan v-. • -
Ket va loan ven Ni:hicn cuu \ n Dg va Chau A. So 5 - 2020. u.19-27
24
Nguyen Le Thy Thuong, Le Mai Hai. Hiin phdp vdi vijc xd}' dung nin ddn chii a An Dp Unh tho cua An Dp (Fadia, 1984). Noi each khac, tinh tap trung quyin lyc ciia Nha nuoc dupc quy djnh ro rang ffong Hian pbap da gop pban duy tri sy bin virng. In dinh ciia nin dan chu An Dp.
Ngoai ra, nhdc din cac co quan dan chu a An Dp thi khong thi kh6ng kl den cac Panchayat. Vl CO ban, Chinh phit Lien bang o An Dp co hai cap: cap trung ucmg va cdp tilu bang. Tuy nhien, sau khi Dgo luat Siia d6i Hiln phap ldn thti 73 va 74 nam 1992 cua An Dp dugc tb6ng qua, Hiln phap An Dg dupc bl sung them hai phdn la IX va IX-A vcri tiau dl ldn lugt la "The Panchayals" (tam dich: Hpi ding lang xa) va "The Municipalities" (tam dich: Hpi ding thanh pho). Day la hai cdp chinh quyin thit ba cua Chinh phii An Dp. Tuy la cap nho nhat ffong bg may nha nuoc lian bang nhung Panchayats va Municipalities, dac biet la Panchayat, lai dugc coi la hat nhan ciia nin dan chii a qu6c gia nay.
Panchayat la mgt thi che ciia chinh quyen ty quan a khu vuc nong thon dugc thanh lap theo quy dinh cita Diau 243b trong Hien phap An Do, co nhiem vu cung cap nhiau djch vu quan trgng cho cu dan dja phuang, CO quyen thu mot s6 Ioai thue va cdc khoan thu khac. Nin viec duy tri sy ton lai cua Panchayat, co tha nhan thay rang Hiln phap An Dp da thuc hien phan cdp chinh tri mpt each triel dl, giup cho cac dia phuong co quyen tu quyet va ty chiu ffach nhiem ve nhung vdn dl rieng ciia minh, dong thai bian hp thong dan chit co so thanh nan tang vimg chac cho nen chinh in dan chii ciia toan An DO. C6 the coi moi dja phuang 6 An Do la mot nin dan chit thu nho, noi m6i mpt nguoi dan deu c6 tieng noi vit vai tro nhat dinh.
5. D^nh gia
Naidu (1996) da liet ke chin yeu to co ban ciia nen dan chit, bao gom: Thii nhdt, mpi cong dan co quyan lap phap, hanh phap va vai ffo tu phap ffan co so sy binh dang, khong phan bipt doi xii; Thir hai, bau cir b5ng each nhugng quyen cho ngucri truong thanh, dugc dien ra mpi each ty do va cong bang; Thli ba: Chinh phii chiu ffach nhiem truac ea quan lap phap, toa an. bao chi va nhan dan; Thii hi; mpi cong dan c6 quyen tu do ca nhan, quyen song, quyen ngon luan, quyen kinh le va quyan chinh hi; Thli nam: tu phap dpc lap; Thti sau: phi chinh tri hoa cac co quan quan dgi. kh6ng c6 npi chien hay dao chfnh quan su; Thti bay: nen chinh tri dya ffen chii nghTa tha tuc. da van hoa va sy khoan dung;
Thti lam: bat bao dgng, cac ffanh chap chinh tri, ffong cpng dong va ffong gia dinh dupc giai quyet mpt each hoa binli, Thii chin: su on dinh, the hien a viec nen dan chii l6n tai dugc it nhat 50 nam va he Ihong chinh tri on dinh.
IChong da dang gi de thyc hien dugc ca chin dieu nay tai mot dat nuac da nguyen t6n giao, da sac tpc va di ian tir mpt xuat phat diem thap nhu An Do. Tha nhung, nan dan chii An Dp da dap ting tat ca nhiing dieu kien kho khan nay vai Hien phap vira la cong cu thyc thi, vira lit nen mong viing chac, vua la cSn Cli phap ly day dit nhat. Trong eac yeu to ma Naidu (1996) liet ke, nam yeu to dau va yeu to thii bay da dugc quy dinh day dit va true tiep ffong Hian phap; ba yau to con lai la he qua tryc tiep ciia cac yeu to chinh tri da dugc Hien phap xay dung. Sy 6n dinh cua nan dan chii An Dp, khi khong c6 bat ky cugc ngi chian, dao cbinh bay chia cat lanh tho nao, la kat qua ctia viec xay dung mpt the che chinh tri vua hgp vol xu thi thoi dai, vira dap img dugc nhiing yeu cau chuyan biet riang phit hgp voi dac thit ctia dat nudc An Do. Khong qua loi khi khang dinh rang. Hien phap co vai tro tian quyel va khong tha thay tha dugc doi vai viec xay dyng nan dan chii a An Do.
Nghien cim An Dp va Chau A. So 5 - 2020, ff.19-27 25
Ngu> en Le Thy Thucmg. Le Mai Hai. Hien phdp \'di \ it\ xdy dipig nin ddn chti d^-^" ^^
\"ai tro quan trpng ciia Hien phap doi vai nen dan chti 6 An Dg xual phdt tir nhieu I> do khac nhau. Truoc tien, diau nay xuat phat tii \ chi ciia nhiing nguai lap nen Nha nuac An Dg hi?n d^i. tieu biau la Mahatma Gandhi \a Jawaharlal Nehni. Ke tii khi dan dat nguai dan An Dp den nen dgc lap.
khi dinh hinh Hien phap va cac thiet cha chinh tri dat nuac, hp deu la nhiing nguoi tin tuong vao cha dg dan chii. Nhihig phong trao ma hg lanh dao deu iing hg manh me cho cic y tuang va thiat che dan chit. Hp la nhumg ngucri gop cong xay dyng nen hien phdp cua nin ddn chu, nhung dot \oi hp, chinli hian phap da cho thay y nghTa thue su ciia khai niem dan chii. Noi each khac. hp da xem hien phdp Id ddn chil (Khosia. 2020). Thii hai. Hiln phap .-Kn Dg hien dai la sy kl thira Dao lu^t ciia Chinh phii An Dp nam 1935 do Quoc hgi Anh lh6ng qua trong thoi ky thugc dia. Thoi diem luc bay gia. Anh la mgt trong nhung nen dan cbii lcm tren iha gioi: linh than dan chij ihe hipn ffong ngi dung cot loi ciia D^o lu^t cita Chinh phit An Dp nam 1935 chinh la tinh than dan chit ctia Anh quoc da dugc nuac Cgng h6a An Dp sau nay ke thira va phat trien. Thii ba. truyen thong khoan dung, nhan ai ciia nguoi An Dg la manh dat mau m& de y thiic dan chu nay mam va phat ffien, khien cho nhirng nguai dan An Dp tuy chua CO hiau biet ca ban ve khai niem dan chu hien dai van de dang chap nhan va tiep thu linh than chung cua no.
Tu\ nhien, khong tha khong nhin nhan thyc te rang, klii dugc dua vito thuc tl, Hiln phap cita nin dan chit An Dp doi khi chua dugc v^n dyng hgp ly. Trong xa hpi An Dp van tin tai nhiiu truimg hgp doi xir bat c6ng bdng giira cac cong dan ffen ca so su kliac biet ddng cdp hoac ton giao. Da co nhiiu truang hgp lam dyng quyan bao vp ciia Hien phap cho cac nh6m nguai yiu thi hoac nguge lai, coi thuong cac biv'n phap bao \c d6. Mo hinh nha nuoc lien bang la yiu id c6t loi giiip duy tri su thing nhdt uong da dang cua An Dii hien nay nhung sy cing kinh, phiic tap cua no ciing gop phdn lam cho vi?c dua ra cac quyat sach ciia Chinh phii ffo nan eham trl han.
Ket luan
Tir nhiing phan tich o tran. co thi thdy rdng Hiln phap da dong mpi vai ffo vo ciing quan trpng trong viec xay dyng cac thiat che dan chii a .\n Do. Kh6ng chi dai nin mong cho cac tru cot ctia nin dan chti. Hien phdp An Dp con la cuin cdm nang ddy dii vl dan chii danh cho moi nguoi dan An Dp dac bipl la nhimg nguin khong co diau kien liip xue vcri nhung kiln thirc hien dai vl chinh tri dan chti' Hien phap hipn dien ffong nen dan chu An Dp nhu mpi khi uoc cong bdng va dam bao lai ich ciia tap the. la phuang lien de bao \c quyan con ngucri va bao vc ca nin dan chu. Cung vai su ra dai cua Hiln phap, quyen cong dan cua mgi nguai dan An Do da dugc "hiln phap hoa". Voi su can ke ti mi chi tiet. Hien phdp \ n Dp da gop phan dua dan chu ffo thanh y ihirc he cua dan toe An Dp dua thyc hanh dan chu ffcr thanh boat dgng chinh ffi co ban eua ngucri dan An Dp. Hiln phap cung thilt lap va duv tri cac nguyan tac dam bao cho sy ton tai cua mpt he thing chinh ffi phii hgp nhdt v6i nin dan chu An Dg. Vai tro cua Hicn phap dli vai Mec \a> dung nin dan chu a An Do la mpt minh chime s' ^ d" "
cbo nguyan tdc: hiln phap cdn idy dan chu lam tiin dl. Day la nguyan tdc ma cac quic d""^ ^"^
trien ffen the giai ffong qua irinh \a> dyng nin dan chu non tre ciia minh cdn man thu ^'^ ^"^ ^^^^
Nghien ciiu An Dg va Chau A So 5 - 2020. ff. 19-:
Nguyin La Thy Thuong, Le Mai Hai. Hiin phdp v&i viic xd\- dimg nin ddn chii a .An Dp T&i lifu tham khao
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N'shiencimAnDpvaChauA. So 5 -2020. tr.l9-27