N g h i e n ciiu An D p va C h a u A. So 9 - 2011
HIEN PHAP THO N H I KY QUA CAC T H p I KY LICH SlT
Trdn Hodng Long*, Nguyen Thi Oanh **
*Vien Nghien cdu An Do vd Tdy Nam A,
**Vien Nghien ciiu An Dd vd Tdy Nam A (NCS. Trudng Dai hoc Khoa hoc xd hgi vd Nhdn vdn, Dgi hgc Quoc gia Hd Ngi)
Ngdynhdnbai: 17/07/2018. ngdy giri phdn bien: 18/07/2018. ngdy duyet ddng. 30/08/2018
A Thdc din Thd Nhi Ky, ngu&i ta thu&ng noi din su "khde biet" Sir khde biet ndy din J. y tir khia cgnh dia chinh tri, vd vdn hod ciia quoc gia ndy. Do la vi tri doc ddo ndm giao giira phucmg Dong vd vd phucmg Tdy, la supha iron giua nhung dae diim hien dgi chdu Au vd truyen thdng cita chdu A, la suphuc lap cua cgng dong Hoi gido vd Kito gido. Bin cgnh do, Tho Nhi Ky cdn cd bdn Hien phdp cd lich sir phdt trien Idu d&i Bdi viii trinh bdy lich sir Hiinphdp Tho Nhi Ky qua cdc giai dogn lich su: tru&c thai ky Cong hoa, ih&i ky Cdng hda vd cugc ddo chinh qudn su, trung cdu ddn y sua ddi Hiin phdp ndm 2017.
Tu khda: Hien phap, Thd ThT Ky, lich sii, Qudc hdi Mordau
Thdi gian qua, sy tien bd ve kinh te, phdt trien ve ehinh tri da nhanh chdng tao dyng mgt xa hdi Tho NhT Ky vdi nhiing ddc trung rieng.
Dupe thanh lap sau cupc chien yanh gianh dpc lap, sau sutan ra cua De che Ottoman da van hda, da sac tdc va da tdn giao, Cdng hda Thd NhT Ky hien nay phdn anh mgt sy bdl boa giua lich sir va van hoa phong phii qua cdc thdi dai. La mgt qudc gia dan ehu vd the tue, Thd NhT Ky da ket bop dupe di sdn dan tgc, lich sir, van hda vd khoa hpc yong qud trinh hien dai hda dat nudc va hdi nhap sdu vdo khu vuc va the gidi. Dieu nay duoc phan dnh rd net qua sy phat trien cua Hien phdp Thd NhT ky qua cdc giai doan lich sii.
1. Hien phap ciia Tho NhiKy trudc thoi ky Cong hoa
1.1. Phong trdo Hien dinh thdi ky Odoman (1789 -1908)
Cac phong trao hien djnh thdi ky Ottoman bdt ddu vdo cudi the ky XVlll. Trong giai doan 1789 - 1808, Sultan Selim 111 da cd ki hoach thdnh lap mpt Hpi nghi cd vdn c6 ten la Meclis-i Meshveret nhdm hien thyc hda He thdng mdi (dupe gpi Id Nizam-i Cedid) md dng mudn thanh lap. Day dupe xem nhu mdt budc tien quan trpng hudng tdi mdt he thdng chinh phu hien dinh. Thdi ky ndy, "Sened-i Ittifak" hay edn gpi Id Hien ehuong Lien minh (Charter of Alliance) dupe xem la van ban quan trpng dau tien chiia dyng quan diem ve mpt trat ty Hien phap (constitutional order).
Ben canh cdc dieu le ban che quyen luc cua Sultan', thi bdn Hien chuang Lien minh ndy cung iiy quyen cho mpt so co quan chiic nang.
' nguyenoanhlOIO^gmail.com
' Sultan trong tiing A Rap no co nghTa \h "sdc manh",
"quyin luc" hoSc "sir thong tri". CJ Tho NhT Ky, cum
til nay de chi tuac hieu ciia nha Vua, noi Hoi giao la quoc gido.
TrSn Hoang Long, Nguyin Thj Oanh Hiin phdp Thd Nhi Ky
cy thi la co quan Thupng vien ggi Id "Ayan ".
"Sened-i Ittifak" la mgt vdn ban quan trgng vi no Cling dupe Sultan cdng nhdn.
Den thdi ky cdi each Tanzimat, phong trao Hiin djnh bdt ddu vdi viec Abdul Mecid 1 cong b i Sdc lenh "Hall-I Serif of Gid ha ne "
hay cdn ggi la "chieu Duy Tdn" nam 1839.
Theo dd dng tuyen b i rdng, cdc quyen co ban cua ngudi ddn se duac ton trgng. Day la Sac lenh ddc biet quan trgng vi nd thii'a nhdn cdc quyin binh ddng trong giao due va trong chinh quyin dii vdi nhung ngudi theo Kitd gido.
Din ndm 1856, ong lai cdng bo "Thdnh chi Hodng gia" (Hatt-i Humayun) nham thyc hien nhiing cai each ve chinh tri vd xa hgi. Den nam 1875, van ban vdi ten gpi Ferman-i Adalet, de ra cdc dieu khoan ve sy ddc lap cua Toa dn Tu phap va ddm bao sy an todn ciia cdc tham phdn dupe cdng bd.
Budc quan trgng nhat ciia phong trao Hien dinh dupe danh ddu vdi sy ra ddi ciia
"Kamin-i Esasiye" hay cdn gpi la Hien phdp vdo nam 1876. Day cung la khdi ddu cho thdi ky Meshrutiyet dau tien (First Meshrutiyet) hay cdn ggi Id giai doan Hien phdp ddu tien. Y nghTa cua Hien phdp nam 1876 la, mac dii quyen han ciia Quoc hgi van cdn ban chi nhung ddy Id lan dau tien cd mgt van bdn thira nhdn mpt he thong Qudc hgi dudi goc do phdp ly. Hien phdp nam 1876 bao g i m cdc diiu khoan ve quyen va ddc quyin co ban, sy dpc lap ciia Toa an, dam bdo su an toan cho cdc tham phdn vd mgt so khia canh khac. Quoc hgi vd hien phdp ciia thdi ky Hiin phdp ddu tien (1876 - 1878) da bi Abdul Hamid dinh chi ndm 1878 - chi sau hai nam hoat dgng. Thdi ky hien phdp dau tien nay khong cho phep cac dang phdi chinh tri boat dgng.
Thdi ky Meshrutiyet thii hai hay giai doan Hiin phdp thii hai (Second Constitutional Period) bdt ddu ndm 1908. Thdi ky ndy diln ra ngay sau khi Cugc each mang cua nhom thanh nien Thd lat dd Sultan Abdul Hamid II, dua em dng la Mehmed V Ien ngdi va thdnh lap che do qudn chii lap hien, vdi sy phuc hoi cua Nghi vien Ottoman (Ottoman Pariiament).
Thdi ky nay, nhieu ddng phdi chinh tri da ra ddi vd dupe phep boat ddng cdng khai.
1.2, Hien phdp trong th&i ky Chien tranh gidnh dpc lap (1920 -1923)
Ky hpp vdo ngay 23/4/1920 cua Hdi nghj Dai qudc dan Thd NhT Ky {Turkish Grand National Assembly TGNA) da ddnh d^u budc chuyen quan trgng trong viec bao ve chu quyen. Trong thai ky Ottoman, hoat dgng ciia Qudc hdi chii yeu Id thyc thi quyen lap hien va lap phap. Tuy nhien, den thdi ky cua Hdi nghi Dai quoc ddn Thd NhT Ky, quyen lyc ciia Quoc hgi da dupe cimg ed vd tdng cudng.
Ban Hien phdp ngdy 20/1/1921 dupe goi Id "Ludi Hien phdp" (Constitution Law) va khi so sdnh vol he thdng phdp luat Ottoman, thi van ban ndy chira dung mpt khdi niem hoan todn mdi. Theo khdi niem nay, trong khi quyen lap phdp thudc chi thupc ve Quoc hoi, quyen Hdnh phap cbi dupe thyc hien bdi mot
"Hgi dong diiu hdnh" (executive council) dupe bdu theo da sd phieu tir cae thanh vien cua Qudc hpi. Theo "Lugt Hiinphdp" nay, su khde biet ve quan diem va sy klidng ding thuan giiia cac Bg y u d n g duoc giai quyit tai Quoc hgi. Them vdo do, vice thay ddi cdc Bo trudng ciing thugc nghi quyen cua Quoc hoi, Ten cua cbinh phii trong sudt thdi ky ddu tranli gianh ddc lap Id "Chinh phu Hdi nghi Bai qudc ddn" (Government of the Grand National Assembly), ten ggi cua quan dpi la
Nghien ciiu An Do va Chau A. So 9 - 2018
"Qudn ddi ciia Hgi nghi Dgi quoc ddn". Mat khac, Chinh phii da duoc trao quyen giai the Nghi vien hodc de "cdi cdch bdu cu Qudc hoi".
Trong he thdng nay, khdng cd "Ngu&i dimg ddu Nhd nuoc" (Head of State), cae thdnh vien cua Tda an Ddc lap ciing dupe bdu tir cac thanh vien ciia Qudc bdi.
Mgt budc phat trien quan trgng yong thdi ky ndy Id vice thdnh lap Hdi dong Bd trudng vd tuyen bd thdnh lap the che "Cgng hoa " vdo ngay 29/10/1923. Theo do Tdng thdng cua Nha nudc Cdng hda dupe bdu tir cdc thanh vien cua Qudc hdi chi cd mpt nhiem ky. Theo Luat, Tdng thdng se lya chpn Tbii tudng tir cac thdnh vien eua Qudc bdi. Sau dd, Thii tudng se chpn cdc Bd trudng khac yong so eac thdnh vien cua Qudc hdi vd cudi ciing Tdng thdng se de trinh toan bd Hpi ddng Bd trudng de Qudc hpi thong qua.
2. Hien phap Tho NhTKy thoi ky Cong hoa (1924 den nay)
2.L Hiin phdp 1924
Theo Hien phap nam 1924, quyen luc lap phap vd hdnh phdp thupc ve Hpi nghi Dai qudc dan Tho NhT Ky (Qudc bdi). Mac dii, Quoc hdi cd quyen gidm sat vd neu cdn thiet CO the gidm bdt vai trd ciia Chi'nh phu nhung Tong thong chir khong phai Chinh phu cd the giai the Nghj vien.
Theo cdc dieu khodn eiia Hien phdp 1924, cdc quyen Hdnh phap thudc ve Tdng thdng hodc Hdi ddng Bd trudng. Theo do, trong kbi Qudc hdi cd vai trd tryc tiep trong quyen lap phap, thi cd mdt su chia tach quyen lyc ton tai trong trong nhanh Hdnh phap. Hon niia, nguyen tdc trdch nhiem tap the ciia Hdi [ddng Bd trudng ddi vdi Qudc hgi va viec
Tdng thong khong chiu trdch nhiem chinh tri ciing duoc the bien trong Hien phdp 1924.
Quyen Tu phdp vd Hdnh phdp da dupe tach biet ro rang. Cdc Tda dn dgc lap dupe quyen thyc hien Tu phdp thay mat cho qudc gia. Hien phap nam 1924 dd dupe sira doi nam 1937, trong do 6 nguyen tac co bdn trong Hien phdp the bien ban chat co ban cua Nha nudc bao gdm: Chucmg trinh Ddng Cgng hda Nhdn dan; Chit nghia Cgng hoa; Chii nghTa ddn tgc; Chu ngbia ddn tiiy; Chd nghTa the tuc va cai each vd Chii nghTa Nha nudc.
2.2. Hien phdp 1961
Neu Hien phdp 1924 the hien mdt be thdng bdn hpp giiia ehinh phii nghj vien vd Qudc hdi thi Hien phap 1961 da mang lai nhung thay doi trong he thong Nghi vien.
Co quan Lap phdp la ca quan luong vien, bao gdm 2 nhanh: mgt nhdnh Id Quoc hdi gdm 450 dai bieu dupe bau theo phd thdng ddu phieu vd nhanh khac la Thupng vien Cdng hoa gom 150 Thuang nghj sT dupe bau theo phd thdng dau phieu vd 15 Thupng nghi sT do Tdng thdng bd nhiem. Nhu vdy, trong qua trinh hoan thien ehiic ndng Lap phdp, Qudc hgi dupe gan Uen vdi su ra ddi cua hai Vien. Trong viec thuc hien quyen Hdnh phdp, Tong thdng la bieu tupng eho su thong nhdt quoc gia vd sy toan ven Nhd nudc, cdn Thu tudng vd cdc Bd trudng khde thdnh lap Hdi ddng Bp trudng, day Id nhung ngudi chiu trdch nhiem chinh trj trong viec thyc thi quyen lye ndy. Thii tudng Chinh phii do Tdng thdng bd nhiem trong sd cdc thdnh vien ciia Qudc hgi. Cac Bd trudng dupe chi dinh bdi Thii tudng vd trinh len Tdng thdng de phe chuan.
Hien phdp 1961 da tdch hoan toan bg may Tu phdp ra khdi ca quan Hanh phdp vd
TrSn HoanR Long, Nguy6n Thi Oanh. Hien phdp Tho NhiKy...
Lap phap, do do hoat dong tren nguyen tac phan chia quygn lire, tam quyen phan lap.
Trong he th6ng nay, cac npi dung lien quan den an toan ciia cac tham phan cung nhu cac vdn ii lien quan den doc lap cua cac Toa an va cac vi tri cua cac Tham phan da duac chuySn sang Co quan Cao tiy Tham phan (High Commission for Judges), cac thanh vien duoc bau tir cac tham phan cua Toa an Toi cao. Hon nua, "Toa dn Hien phdp" lan dau tien ciing duac Hien phap 1961 thong qua.
2.3. min phap 19S2
Mac dti Hien phap 1982 ke thua ca ban ciia Hien phap 1961, nhung no van co nhirng thay doi dang ke trong mot so van de. Thuang vien Cong hoa da bi bai bo trong Hien phap 1982. Theo Hien phap, chti quyen tuyet doi, toi thirong thupc ve quoc gia. Nguoi dan thuc hien quyen chii quyen cua hp true tiSp thong qua cac cupc bau cii, va gian tiSp thong qua cac CO quan co tham quydn trong khuon kh6 cac nguyen tac dugc quy dinh trong HiSn phap. Cac co quan Lap phap, Hanh phap va Tu phap la nhung co quan "nhdn danh " chii quyen quoc gia. Quyen Lap phap dupe trao cho Hpi nghi Dai quoc dan va khpng duac liy quyen. QuySn Hanh phap da T6ng thSng va Hpi d6ng Bp tnrong thuc thi, phii hop vol Hien phap va phap luat. Quyjn Tu phap dupe thuc hien boi cac Toa an dpc lap.
Nguyen tac dl phan chia quyin lue la dua vao nguyen tac ciia nha nuac phap quyin.
Nguyen tac nay quy dinh tinh t6i thupng ciia phap luat. Quyin Lap phap va Hanh phap dupe can bang voi Tu phap la kSt qua cua nguyen tie phap luat toi thupng.
Cac thii tuc Lap phap va cac hoat dpng, thii tuc thuc thi Hanh phap phu thupc vao su kiem soat ciia Tu phap. Do do, dan chii duac
thuc thi va gia tri cua dan chu duac duy tri trong chinh quyin nha nuac. Hien phap co cac quy dinh di dam bao he thing quy t jc nay. Cac quy dinh cua Hiin phap co tinh rang bupc va CO npi dung bao triim tat ca cac ITnh vuc ciia dai song xa hpi, la nhirng quy dinh phap luat CO ban gan kit cac ca quan L^p phap, Hanh phap, Tu phap, Chinh phii va cac ca nhan va to chirc xa hpi. Han nira, he thong cap bac cac quy pham dupe thong qua de tranh cac van ban quy pham thap han vi pham, chong cheo vai cac quy dinh tren. Cae quyet dinh ciia Toa an Hien phap rang bupc cac co quan Lap phap, Hanh phap, Tu phap, Chinh phti va tat ca nhirng nguai thuc thi phap luat, cac quyet dinh nay la nguon goc cua su hpp phap dpi voi eac thii tuc ciia Chinh phu.
Hien phap 1982 xac lap he thong chinh tri da dang, dan chit dai nghi vai he thing Tu phap dpc lap. Trong bp may nha nuoc. Ting thong, Thu tucmg, Qudc hpi va Hpi ding Toa an toi cap cimg chia se quyen luc diiu hanh qupc gia.
3. Dao chinh quan su- va trirng cau dan y sffa doi Hien phap nam 2017
3.1. Ddo chinh quan sir
O Tho Nhi Ky, quan dpi la luc lupng kien dinh theo chu nghia Kemal va ciing la lire lupng bao ve dan chu va chii nghia thi tuc cua quoc gia nay. Ttr khi Dang Cong ly va Phat triin (AKP) - mpt dang chinh trj Hoi giao - len nam chinh quyin (nam 2003), dja vj cua quan dpi trong he thing chinh tri dSn bj suy yeu. Trong lich sir hien dai, Thi Nhi Ky da trai qua 5 cupc dao chinh quan sir (nam 1960, nam 1971, nam 1980, nam 1997 va nam 2016) va ca 5 lin diu thit bai. Trong diS, cupc dap chinh quan su vao thang ;,20I6 da
Nghien ciiu An Dp va Chau A. So 9 - 2018 phdn anh rdt rd net biic tranh va cue dien
chinh tri hien nay cua Thd NhT Ky, do Id su thanh cdng trong quan trj cita chinh quyen Ddng AKP.
Ke tir sau Chien tranh Lanh, Thd NhT Ky dd trdi qua hai cupc khiing hodng kinh te (ndm I99I vd nam 2001), nhung tir khi Erdogan Ien lam Thu tudng, nen kinh te qu6c gia ndy da tang toe vdi tdng GDP diing thir 18 tren the gidi. Dieu nay the hien hieu qua quan Iy kinh te va xa hdi cua chinh quyen AKP. Day eiing la nguyen nhdn md chinh quyen ndy nhan dupe su iing hd ciia ngudi dan va dong dao quan chiing de chong lai cupc ddo chinh ciia quan dgi. Su that bai ciia cupc ddo chinh ciing the hien sy thdnh cdng trong qudn tri ciia ong Erdogan, trong dd tdc dp phdt trien kinh te cao vd vai trd kiem soat ciia qudn dpi ddn suy yeu Id nhirng thdnh cdng chinh tri ldn nhat. Qua dd, cd the thdy rang, chinh gia trj cua nen chinh tri ddn chu cua Ankara da day liii cudc dao chinh qudn sy.
3.2. Trwng cdu ddn y sda doi Hien phdp ndm 2017
Ngdy 16/4/2017, vdi 51,5% eu tri img hg, de xuat ve sira ddi Hien phap da duoc thong qua. Vay ndi dung vd y nghTa ciia Hien phdp sua ddi lan ndy la gi? Sy kien ndy ddnh ddu Tho NhT Ky se ehuyen tir qudc gia theo che do Dai nghj sang che dp Tdng thdng, vdi viec quyen lyc cua Tdng thdng se dupe tang cudng manh me. Cac npi dung da dupe thdng qua bao gdm: (i) Tdng thdng Id ngudi dung dau Chinh phu cd quyen bd nhiem tryc tiep phd Tong thdng vd cdc Bp trudng, gidi tan Qudc hgi va ban bo tinh trang khdn cdp; (b)
Tdng thdng dupe phep la thanh vien ciia mdt dang ehinh trj (hien nay Tdng thdng khdng dupe tham gia vdo bat cii ddng phai chinh trj ndo); (iii) Van phdng Thii tudng se bi bai bd vdo nam 2019; (iv) Sd lupng nghj sT Qudc hdi tang tir 550 len 600 ngudi, dp tudi eii tri gidm tir 25 xudng 18. Ban sira doi Hien phdp se bdt dau thuc thi nam 2019. Nhu vdy, vdi sy thay ddi nay, Tdng thdng Thd NhT Ky dupe dy doan Id ndm mpi quyen hanh trong Chinh phii, se tao ra "che do mgt ngu&i", Thd NhT Ky ehuyen tir che dp Nghj vien sang ehe dp Tdng thdng, vd se dnh hudng true tiep den nen dan chii Ankara.
Ngdy 21/1/2017, Qudc bdi Th6 NhT Ky da dua ra quyet dinh cdi each Hien phdp tren CO sd trung cdu dan y. Day la cupc trung edu ddn y thii 7 trong Ijch sir Cdng hda Thd NhT Ky^. Cugc trung eau dan y da tao ra ldn sdng chia re sdu sdc trong he thdng dang chinh trj Thd NhT Ky vdi hai lan sdng. Mot Id, lan song img hg sua ddi Hien phdp do Ddng AKP va ddng Phong trdo Dan tdc (MHP) dan ddu. Vd mdt ldn sdng van dgng cir tri noi ""khdng" vdi sira doi Hien phap do Dang Cgng hoa nhdn dan (CHP) vd Ddng Dan chii Nhdn dan (HDP) cua ngudi Kurd dan ddu. Cd hai phe deu dua ra nhirng lap luan, quan diem chinh tri khde nhau ddi vdi cudc trung cau ddn y de sua ddi Hien phdp ndy. Theo dd, phe do Ddng AKP vd ddng Phdng trdo Ddn tgc (MHP) lap luan rdng, cudc cdi cdch nay se "cimg co nhdnh Lap phdp vd Hdnh phdp, tiip luc tdng cuong su doc lap hon nua cho nhdnh Tu phdp "^. Trong khi, phe ddi lap dua ra lap luan rang, sy sira ddi nay se tao ra "chi do mgt
^ Cac cuoc tnrng cau dan y de sua doi Hien ph^p da dien ^ Turkey's riding AKP submits constitutional reform ra vao cac nSm 1961, n§m 1982, nSm 1987, nam ] 988, package to parliament,
nam 2007 va nam 2010.
Tran Hoang Long, Nguyin Thj Oanh. Hien phdp Tho NhiKy.
nguoi"'^, T6ng th6ng se ndm mgi quyen hanh trong Chinh phu, khiln xa hgi phan cue sau sdc hon vd y chi cua ngudi dan khdng dupe phdn anh diing ddn qua cugc trung cau dan y do ddt nudc dang d trong tinh trang khan cdp.
Viec hudng tdi xay dyng he thong chinh phu mdi d qu6c gia nay hien nay bat nguon tir cugc khiing hoang kinh te vd chinh tri trong nudc, su yeu kem ciia chinh phu lien minh, su boat dgng khdng hieu qua cua chinh quyen Ankara va dae biet la cdc vdn de lien quan den ch^ do nghj vien (parliamentarism).
Chinh phii Uen minh cua Tho hien nay dupe hinh thanh tir cac ddng chinh trj co he quan diSm vd tu tudng khac nhau da to ro sy khong on djnh trong dieu hdnh trong nhiing ndm qua va da dua quoc gia nay den be tac vdi viec Chinh phii da ban bd tinh trang khan cap. Ro rang, viec thieu mdt Chinh phu hieu qua, dii kha nang ket noi cac the che chinh trj cd lien quan chat che den sy phdn tan cdc ddng chinh trj do hdu qua ciia tinh trang xdo trgn trong che do nghi vien vd sy gia tang khodng each giiia cdc dang chinh tri trong Chinh phii lien minh. Su mdt dn dinh nay the hien sy suy yeu ciia the che chinh ti da lam cho quan dgi ludn CO am muu lat do Chinh phu vd dat n^n dan chii quoc gia trude nhieu thach thirc.
Trong nhiem ky cua Ddng AKP, dudi sy lanh dao ciia Tong th6ng Recep Tayyip Erdogan, nhirng ngudi img hg quan diSm Th6 NhT Ky nen tir bo ch& do Nghi vien dh theo che dp Tong thong vi nhirng ly do sau: (i) Cdn thiet lap mot he th6ng Chinh phii mdi d Thd NhT Ky nhdm trdnh sy bdt dn chinh tri - mdt
vdn de thudng gap trong chinh trudng Ankara trong qud khii; (ii) Loai bd nguy co ve viec tiep tuc xudt hien mdt lien minh ehinh phu yeu, Id nguyen nhdn cua khimg hodng, bat on chinh trj, ciing nhu sy chia re giiia cdc dang phai, sy dinh tre eiia ti6n trinh dan chii va phdt trien kinh te eiia quoc gia. Nhiing tinh trang dang ton tai d Thd NhT Ky hien nay dudi che dp nghi vien; (iii) Xda bo cae "khu vuc xdm " trong do cd che dp gidm hd trong van hda cbinh tri Thd eiing nhu cdc hoat dgng chong ddi Chinh phu; (iv) De gidi quyet cac van de cd tinh hai mat trong he thdng chinh trj; (v) Cham diit cdc cudc khiing hoang chinh trj do cdc cugc bdu cii Tdng thdng trudc day gay ra; (vi) Tang cudng tinh ehinh thong (legitimacy) cua nhanh Hanh phap thong qua viec bau ngudi dung dau; (vii) Ddm bdo su dodn ket vd siic manh ciia nen ddn chii bang cdch duy tri sy lya chpn ciia ngudi ddn; (viii) Sy can thiet phdi tdch bach ro ban giiia nhanh Hdnh phdp va Lap phdp de tang tinh hieu qua va kha nang boat dpng cua cd hai nhdnh trong pham vi rieng ciia moi nhdnh; (ix) Tang cudng vai trd dieu hdnh thdng nhdt nhdm thiic day qud trinh ra quyet dinh va (x) Tang cudng trdch nhiem gidi trinh ddi vdi nhanh Hanh phdp bang cdch thdng qua cdc cugc bau cir true tiep-^.
Sau khi dien ra cudc trung cdu ddn y, nhieu quan diem cho rdng, neu Thd NhT Ky chuyen sang ch6 do Tdng thdng, thi be thfing chinh trj se trd nen ddc doan do sy thi8u ki^m soat va cdn bdng hieu qua. Phe ddi lap da dua ra lap ludn ring, tir khi y d thanh Thu tudng
http://www.businessinsider.com, ngay truy cap 17/8/2017.
'' Turkey's constitutional reform- All you need lo know, http://www.aljazeera,com , ngay truy cap 17/8/2017.
' N e b i Mij (November 2016)
Nghien ciiu An Dp va Chau A. So 9 - 2018
nam 2003, dng Erdogan da thyc thi nhieu chinh sdch theo hudng dgc tai va khong ngimg ed nhiing ddng thai dh tdng cudng quyen hanh phdp cua minh, ciing nhu co cac chinh sach dan dp gay gat ddi vdi nhung ngudi bdt ddng chinh ki^n, nhung cupc phan ddi dudng pho vd ty do bdo chi. Theo nhieu td bao d Thd NhT Ky, dieu ndy dang la thdch thiic ldn nhat ddi vdi nen dan chii Ankara.
Bdi vi, hien nay, nhiing ngudi ndo chdng ddi Erdorgan deu bi xem Id chdng lai dat nudc Thd NhT Ky, chdng lai Hdi gido, do do la ke thu eiia Nhd nudc^. He qud sau cudc trung cdu dan y Id d Thd NhT Ky xudt hien 2 xu hudng chinh tri qudc gia tdch biet: Trien vgng qudc gia cua Erbakan (Erbakan's National Outlook) vd Phong trao qudc gia chii nghTa Thd NhT Ky (Turkey's Nationalist Movement) - iing hg ehe dp Tdng thdng che (presidentialism) vi cho rdng mpt Chinh phii lien minh yeu kem la nguyen nhan ciia tinh trang bat dn chinh trj vd khiing hodng quyen lye^.
Sau chien thdng cua cupc trung cau ddn y vao ngdy 16/4/2017, Thd NhTKy se chuyen tir qudc gia theo ehe dp nghj vien cd dien sang ehe dp Tdng thong, theo dd, quyen lyc Tong thong se dupe tdng cudng, md rdng manh me, tir bd nhiem true tiep pho Tdng thdng, cdc Bd trudng, gidi tdn Qudc hdi,...
Den ndm 2019, khi nhimg thay doi ndy cd hieu lyc, Tdng thdng ciia Thd NhT Ky se trd thanh "siiu tdng thong" vdi quyen lyc vupt trgi d tren chinh trudng. Phe ddi lap da the hien ddng thai khong chap nhan ket qua bau
cir va cdnh bdo rang, dieu nay cd the chdm diit nen dan chii nghj vien cua Thd NhT Ky, Id tien de eho sy ra ddi ciia mpt che dp ddc tdi, la nguyen nhan cua chia re dat nude*.
Ket luan
Bat dau tir ban Hien phdp ndm 1876 bao gdm cac dieu khoan ve quyen vd dae quyen CO bdn, sy ddc lap ciia Tda dn, ddm bdo sy an todn cho cdc thdm phan va mdt sd khia canh khac, den nay Hien phdp Thd NhT Ky da qua nhieu giai doan phdt trien vdi nhirng thay ddi quan trpng. Cae ban Hien phdp thdi ky sau ben canh ke thua nhiing gia tri ciia cdc ban Hien phdp trudc, da cd nhiing thay ddi de phii hop vdi tinh hinh kinh te, chmh trj qudc gia, trong do gia trj dan chu ngdy cang dupe khdng djnh. Sau ban Hien pbap nam 1876, Hien phdp 1924 dua tren nguyen tac hpp tdc cua che dp Cong hoa, dong mgt vai tro quan trpng trong viec phat trien ddi sdng chinh trj Tho NhT Ky, md dudng cho viec thdnh lap cac ddng chinh trj vd nen dan chii. Tiep den, bdn Hien phdp 1961, dya tren nguyen tdc phdn quyen, quyen Lap phdp dupe trao cho Qudc hdi va Thupng vien Cdng hda. Sau chien thang cua cupc trung cau dan y ngay 16/4/2017, Thd NhT Ky se chuyen tir quoc gia theo che do nghj vien sang ehe dp Tdng thdng.
Chiic danh Thu tudng bj bai bd, quyen luc tap trung trong tay Tdng thdng. Day la cupc cdi cdch manh me nhdt trong Ijch sir Hien phdp cua Thd NhT Ky, cho phep Tdng thdng cd vai trd rat quan trpng trong viec de ra nhiing quyet sdch lien quan tdi van menh
* Soner Cagaptay, Oya Rose Aktas, How Erdoganism Is Killing Turkish Democracy,
https://www.foreignafFairs.com, ng^y truy cap 18/8/2017.
' Burhanettin Duran, Nebimis (2017), p 12.
* Erdogan plan for super-presidency puts Turkey's democracy at stake, https://www.theguardian.com, ng^y truy cap 17/8/2017.
Tran Hoang Long, Nguyen Thi Oanh. Hiinphdp Tho NhTKy...
quoc gia vd dan tgc. Dieu nay mang tinh hai mat: mdt mat, kbi quyen lyc bj lam dung roi vdo tinh trang dgc tdi se dua ddt nudc di vao con ducmg mat dan chu, gay mau thuan ngi bg va ddn den tinh trang rdi loan ehinh trj ngi bg qudc gia. Mat khac, khi quyet sdch cua Tdng thong vi Ipi ich quoc gia vd dupe van hdnh mgt each diing ddn se dua dat nudc dn dinh chinh tri vd budc tien vupt bdc ve phdt trien kinh te, dieu nay dudng nhu diing vdi tinh hinh cua Tho NhT Ky hien nay.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Burhanettin Duran, Nebimis (2017), 'The transformation of Turkey's Political Systen and Executive Presidency", Insight Turkey, Vol 18,No.4, p i 2 .
2. Reuters, Turkey's ruling AKP submits constitutional reform package lo parliament, http://www.businessinsider.com/r-turkeys- ruiing-akp-submits-constitutional-reform-
-to-parliament-2016-12, ngay truy cap 17/8/2017.
3. Aljazeera, Turkey's constitutional reform: All you need to know,
http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/20l 7/01 /turkey-constitutional-reform- 170114085009105.html, ngay truy cap 17/8/2017.
4. Theguardian, Erdogan plan for super - presidency puts Turkey's democracy at stake, https://www.theguardian.com/worid/2015/mar/
25/erdogan-plan-for-super-presideney-puts- turkeys-democracy-at-stake, ngay truy cap 17/8/2017.
5. Soner Cagaptay vd Oya Rose Aktas, How Erdoganism Is Killing Turkish Democracy, July 7, 2017,
https://www.forejgnaffairs.com/articles/turkey/
2017-07-07/how-erdoganism-killing-turkish- democracy, ngay truy cap 18/8/2017.