Khoa hoc Gido due- Ngh en curu
D I N H H U O N G C H U O N G T R I N H G I R O D U C C H U Y 6 N ftl€T D R N H C H O T R € K H U V C T TRT C R P T I € U H O C
• TS. LE VAN TAC Vien Khoa hoc Giao due Viet Nam
H
ien tai d Viet Nam co hdn bdn tram nghin tre khuyet tat (TKT) dang hpc hoa nhap va hdn mddi nghin dang hpc tai cac trddng, Idp chuyen biet. Hoa chung vao xu the giao due hda nhap, Bp GD& OT da khing dinh giao due hoa nhap la phdong thdc giao due chinh dam bao quyen ddpc giao due cua TKT. Tuy nhien, gidng nhd nhieu nddc tren the gidi, do lich sd de lai.mpt bp phan khdng nhd TKT cd nhu cau dac biet cao, cd hoan canh dac biet khd khan do phddng thdc giao due chuyen biet tai cd sd giao due rieng van con ton tai. Du theo hpc d phddng thdc giao due nao, hoa nhap hay chuyen biet, TKT deu can dddc ren luyen cac kT nang dac thu ngoai nhdng kien thdc, kT n3ng cua nhdng tre khong khuyet tat. Tre thupc dang khuyet tat khac nhau can dddc trang bi nhdng kT nang khac nhau. Vi nhd tre khiem thinh can dddc trang bi cac kT nang giao tiep bang cac phddng tien phu hpp (ngon ngd ndi, ngdn ngd ki hieu, hoac ca hai); tre khiem thi can ddpc trang bj cac kT nang doc, viet ki hieu Braille, djnh hddng di chuyen. td phuc vu; TKT tri tue can ddpc kT nang giao tiep, hanh vi dng xd, td phuc vu,... Van de dat ra la:
lam the nao de TKT dang theo hpc tai cac trddng, Idp hoa nhap van dddc hd trp chuyen mon, dac biet la cac kT nang dac thu de cd the phat trien tdi da kha nang, tiem nang cua minh?
Lam the nao de TKT dang hpc tap trong cac cd sd giao due chuyen biet cd the chuyen sang theo hoc hoa nhap d bat cd thdi diem nao7 Chddng trinh giao due chuyen biet can dap dng nhdng yeu cau dat ra d tren.
Nghien cdu cac quan diem xay ddng chddng trinh va chddng trinh cua cac nddc tren the gidi, cd the Net ke bdn quan diem sau:
a) Tiep can chuong trinh dua tren tren mUc dp phat then cua hpc sinh. Theo dd, chdong trinh ddpc xay ddng tren cO sd nhdng dieu tre dang cd nhd kien thdc, hieu biet va kTnang hien thdi. Muc tieu day hpc ddpc xay ddng theo djnh hddng sd phat then cua hpc sinh (Ware, 1994).
Tiep can nay dda tren quan diem: tat ca tre em deu phai trai qua cac bddc phat then nhd nhau, chi khac nhau d mdc dp va each thdc. Cach tiep can nay thich hpp vdi nhdng TKT nhd tudi. Tuy nhien, tiep can nay khong the ap dung ddi vdi hpc sinh Idn tudi. Vi nhd, lieu cd phai day hpc sinh khiem thinh 14-15 tudi hpc phat am nhdng am vj dau tien nhd o, a trong khi nhu cau ve giao tiep cua ddi tddng nay cd the chi la ngon ngd ki hieu. Hoac lieu cd hpp li, khi day tre khd khan ve hpc each thdc be mpt con bup be, ru a di nhd mpt dda tre len 3.
b) Tiep can chuong trinh dua vao muc tieu.
Theo tiep can nay, chdong trinh can dda vao 2 cd sd: 1) Kien thdc, kT nang hpc sinh can hpc trong qua trinh giao due tai nha trddng; va 2) Cac kien thdc va kT nang cd the dddc chia nhd thanh tdng phan theo mpt trat td nhat d|nh va hpc sinh cd the se tiep thu thd td nhdng tri thdc dd va bieu dat thanh nhdng hanh vi cu the (Johnson R..1989). Tiep can nay dda tren li thuyet hanh vi. Nd cd nhieu diem Idi cho giao due nhd djnh hddng dddc ket qua giao due chung. cd sd tham gia cua nhieu thanh vien nhd
22 KHGD sd 52, thdng 1 - 2010
phu huynh hoc sinh vao qua trinh xay ddng chuong trinh giao duo Tuy nhien, tiep can nay qua thuc te ap dung d MT va mpt so nddc phUdng tay da bpc 16 nhdng mat han che nhu: hpc sinh tham gia mpt each thu dpng va nhieu kT nang khong the tach rdi ra khoi tdng the va mo ta thanh cac hanh vi cu the dupe, nhu tro choi hpp tac, kT nSng giao tiep,...
c) Tiep can chuong trinh dua vao dp tuoi sinh hpc. Dieu do co nghTa la: chuong trinh dupe xay dung tren cac mdc phat trien dupe chuan hoa hay dupe coi la su phat then binh thudng cua tre theo Ida tudi. Trudc het, TKT cd mUc dp phat then tri tue khac rat xa vdi tudi sinh hpc, va dac biet, each phat then cua tre cd mdi loai /dang khuyet tat rat khac vdi tre binh thddng.
Theo Porter (1995), tiep can chddng trinh theo kieu nay chi thich hdp vdi day cac kT nang xa hpi tu phuc vu. Con day cac kien thdc hpc van va cac kT nang khac, kho co the thdc hien dupe.
d) Tiep can chuong trinh pho thong. Day la van de co nhieu y kien khac nhau nhat. Trade het, TKT kho co the theo dupe chuong trinh qudc gia mpt each trpn ven, vi co nhdng kho khan do khuyet tat gay ra, tinh da dang ve each hpc, van tdc hpc, va nhdng kinh nghiem hpc sinh da trai qua vo cung da dang. Tuy nhien, thuc te ap dung ChUdng trinh quoc gia tai Vuong qudc Anh va mpt sd nude chau Au cho thay can cd nhdng dieu chinh phu hpp.
Chung toi cho rang: 1) TKT co the dat dupe nhdng yeu cau co ban cua chuong trinh giao due phd thong: 2) Oe dap Ung dupe chuong trinh giao due phd thong, mpt sd yeu cau kien thUc va kT nang can dupe dieu chinh phu hpp vdi each thUc hoc tap cua tre cac dang khuyet tat. Do vay, chuong trinh giao due chuyen biet cho TKT can dddc xay ddng tren cd sd chddng trinh phd thong, dap dng muc tieu dao tao con ngddi, trong
Khoa hpc Gido due dd chu trong phat trien het kha nang, tiem nang cua tre, ddng thdi ren luyen cac kT nang song va chiem ITnh dddc nhdng tri thdc can thiet nhat de sau nay hpc sinh cd the song binh ding vdi mpi ngddi trong xa hpi.
Khao sat thdc trang chddng trinh giao due chuyen biet nam 2006 cho thay: Cac cd sd giao due chuyen biet (GDCB) hien nay dang sd dung cac chddng trinh giao due rat khac nhau va chda cd ddpc mpt sd thdng nhat chung trong ca nd6c.
Khoang mpt nda trong tdng sd cac co sd GDCB sd dung chddng trinh giao due tieu hpc hien hanh, trong dd 88% chddng trinh nay dddc dieu chinh phu hdp vdi ddi tdpng. Chddng trinh tieu hpc hien hanh ddpc cac co so sd dung nhieu nhat vi xu the giao due hoa nhap, dao tao TKT dap dng nhu cau xa hpi. Hon nda, chddng trinh tieu hpc mdi dddc cac giao vien va can bp quan li nha trddng tiep can qua boi dddng ngan han theo cac chuyen de. Mat khac, Bp GD& DT chda co quy dinh ve chddng trinh cho cac CO sd GDCB, nen cac Sd, Phdng GD&DT hoac de trddng td bien soan hoac chi dao van dung chddng trinh tieu hpc mdi.
TU nhung co sd li luan va thdc tien tren, chuong trinh GDCB cho tre thupc cac dang khuyet tat dupe xay ddng tren quan diem sau:
1. Phu hpp vdi TKT. Chddng trinh can ddpc xay ddng cho ddi tddng TKT d cac mdc dp khuyet tat khac nhau tU nhung tre co nhu cau cao den tre co nhu cau thap hon. Nhdng tre em nay co nhdng kho khan dac thu va co nhdng the manh rieng. Nhdng dac diem ve kha nang. nhu ciu cua TKT phai dddc tinh den va la mot can cd quan trong bac nhat trong dinh hddng xay ddng chddng trinh.
2. Tiep can chddng trinh giao due tieu hoc. Chuong trinh giao due phd thong la cd sd quan trong de van dung xay ddng chddng trinh
KHGD so 52, thdng 1 - 2010 23
Khoa hoc Gido due- Ngh I L L urn chuyen biet danh cho TKT. Muc tieu. npi dung
cac mon hpc. cac mat giao due. cac ITnh vue phat then va loai hinh hoat dpng cd ban trong chudng trinh giao due pho thong duoc van dung va the hien co chon lpc trong chuong trinh GDCB. Tuy nhien. su van dung nay khong co nghTa la thich ung mot each cd hoc chUdng trinh giao due phd thong ma hoa hdp vdi cac muc tieu. noi dung va cac ITnh vdc. cac loai hinh hoat dong dac thu cua ddi tupng TKT. Do dac thu cua TKT. cac ITnh vdc phat trien, cac kT nang dac thu ddi vdi tre thupc cac dang khuyet tat khac nhau can dddc xem xet, bd sung vao chddng trinh de tao cho tre co cd hdi phat then cao nhat kha nang. tiem nang cua ban than.
3. Hudng tdi giao due hoa nhap. Giao due hoa nhap dupe xac dinh la chien lupc chu dao nham dam bao cd hpi hpc tap cho TKT binh ding vdi mpi tre em. Chudng trinh GDCB xay ddng
hudng tdi tao co hpi de TKT dddc hoa nhap ddi song cpng ddng ndi chung, dac biet la ddpc tiep can giao due phd thong mpt each binh ding.
Chddng trinh GDCB phai dam bao nguyen tic hddng tdi giao due hoa nhap. Dieu nay dddc the hien ro net d tinh chuyen ddi va lien thong, dim bao TKT cd the chuyen sang hoc hoa nhap d trudng phd thong tai bat cdthdi diem. Idp hpc nao.
ddng thdi co the hoc tap len bac hpc cao hdn, hpc nghe, hoa nhap ddi song xa hpi d cong ddng.
4. Phu hpp vdi dieu kien thuc tien.
ChUdng trinh GDCB ddpc xay ddng thdng nhat chung trong ca nddc. Tuy nhien. chddng trinh nay cung phii tinh den nhung dieu kien thdc tien ve nguon Idc dim bao cho viec thdc hien tai cac dia phddng va vung mien khac nhau. Hai yeu to ve dieu kien thdc tiln dddc tinh den la nguon nhan Idc va vat luc. ChUdng trinh giao due dddc xay ddng hddng den mat bing chung ve trinh do Bang 1: Chddng trinh giao due chuyen biet danh cho tre khiem thinh
PHAN PHOI CHUONG TRiNH Mon hoc va hoat dong giao due Ldp
1A
Ldp 1B
Ldp 2
Ldp 3
L6p
4 L6p 5
1. Mon Tieng Viet 10 10 10 10 10 10
2. Mon Ki hieu ngon ngu 3 2 2 2 2 1
3. Mon Phat trien giao tiep 5 4 2 1 1 1
4. Mon Luyen nghe va Am nhac 4 3 3 2 1 1
5. Mon Toan 4 6 7 7 7 8
6. Mon Dao ddc 1 1 1 1 1
7. Mon Td nhien va Xa hoi, Khoa hoc,
Lich sU va Dia li 1 1 2 2 2
8. Mon MT thuat 1 1 1 1 1 1
9. Mon Thu cong va KT thuat 1 1 1 1 1 1
10. Mon The due 1 1 2 2 2 2
11. Giao due tap the 2 2 2 2 2 2
12. Td chon 1 1 1 1
Tong sd tie't/tuan 31 32 32 32 33 33
24 KHGD so 52, thdng 1 - 2010
Nghie ghien curu •Khoa hoc Gido due
Bang 2: Chudng trinh giao due chuyen biet danh cho tre khiem thi PHAN PH 6l CHL/ONG TRiNH
TT Mon Ldp
1A
Ldp 1B
Ldp 2
Ldp 3
Ldp
4 Ldp 5
1 Tiena Viet 8 10 10 10 10 10
2 Toan 4 5 6 6 6 6
3 Dao ddc 1 1 1 1 1
4 TU nhien va Xa hoi 2 2 2 2
5 Khoa hoc 2 2
6 Lich Sd va Dia li 2 2
7 MTThuat 1 1 1 1 1 1
8 Am nhac 2 2 2 2 2 2
9 Thu cong / KT Thuat 1 1 1 1 1 1
10 The due 2 2 2 2 2 2
11 Giao due kT nang song 4 3 2 2 2 2
12 Giao due dinh hudng - di chuyen 4 3 2 2 2 2
13 Giao due tap the 2 2 2 2 2 2
14 Tu chon 2 2 2 2
Tong so tiet /tuan 30 32 33 33 35 35
chuyen mdn, nghiep vu cua dpi ngu giao vien hien thdi va chuan mdc can dat dddc trong mpt tddng lai gan. Cac dieu kien cd sd vat chat, trang thiet bi day hpc g§n lien vdi viec thdc hien chddng trinh cung ddpc tinh den, sao cho dam bao ddpc nhdng yeu cau tdi thieu va tdng bddc dap dng nhu cau nang cao chat Iddng va hieu qua giao due TKT.
5. Dap Ung nguyen vong chinh dang cua TKT tat va phu huynh TKT. Trong nhdng nam qua. he thdng GDCB cd nhdng ddng gop dang ke trong viec dap Ung nhu cau hoc tap cua mpt bp phan TKT va nhung mong ddi cua phu huynh.
Tuy nhien, trudc nhdng doi hdi khong ngdng nang cao cua thdc tien hien nay. chddng trinh GDCB cho nhdng tre em nay co nhieu thach thUc. Do vay, yeu cau ddi vdi chddng trinh GDCB IP hddng den dap Ung dupe nhdng nguyen vong
chinh dang cua TKT va phu huynh cac em ve qua trinh, ket qua hpc tap va nhu cau tiep tuc hpc cao hdn.
Chddng trinh GDCB cap tieu hpc cho cac ddi tdpng TKT dddc cu the hda nhd sau:
Muc tieu chddng trinh GDCB cap tieu hpc cho TKT la: Giup cac em hinh thanh nhung cd sd ban dau cho su phat then dung din, lau dai ve dao dUc, tri tue, the chat, tham miva cac ki nang song de duoc sdm hoa nhap cpng dong va tiep tuc hpc len cao.
Cac mdn hoc, hoat dpng giao due dac thu ddpc the hien d muc 1, 2, 3, va 4 (xem bang 1).
Do dac thu khiem thinh. tre cd the sd dung nhdng phddng tien giao tiep khac nhau nhd ngon ngd ndi, ki hieu ngon ngd. Do vay, chddng trinh khung mang tinh md cao: giao vien cd the phat trien va sd dung loai phddng tien giao tiep phu hpp vdi nang Idc cua tre.
KHGD so 52. thdng 1 - 2010 25
Khoa hoc Gido due- Nghi Jen curu
Bang 3: Chdong trinh giao due chuyen biet danh cho tre khuyet tat tri tue PHAN PHOI CHUONG TRiNH
TT Mon hpc va hoat dong giao due
Ldp 1 A
Ldp
1B Ldp
1C Ldp 2
Ldp 3
Ldp 4
Ldp 5
1 Tieng Viet 5 5 8 8 8 8 8
2 Toan 5 5 5 5 6 6 7
3 Td nhien xa hpi (Khoa hoc. Lich
su. Dia ii. An toan va sue khoe) 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
4 Nghe thuat 4 4 3 3 3 3 3
4.1 Am nhac 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
4.2 MI thuat 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
5 The due 2 2 2 2 2 1 1
6 Giao due kT nang song 10 10 9 9 8 8 7
6.1 Giao due ki nang xa hdi 3 3 3 3 4 4 4
6.2 Giao due kTnang tuphuc vu 4 4 3 3 2 2 1
6.3 Phat then kT nang giao tiep 3 3 3 3 2 2 2
7 Giao due tap the 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
8 Td chpn 0 1 1 1 1 1
Tdng so tiet /tuan 33 33 35 4735 35 35 35
Viec bien soan chddng trinh cho tdng ddi tddng TKT d cac mdc dp khiem khuyet cd nhdng dac thu rieng. Odi vdi tre khiem thi, tre khiem thinh la nhdng tre co khiem khuyet cac giac quan, chddng trinh chuyen biet dddc xay ddng tren cd sd cua chddng trinh giao due phd thong ddpc dieu chinh phu hdp vdi nang Idc ITnh hpi cua tre. Ngoai nhdng ITnh vdc dddc de cap den trong chddng trinh phd thong, mpt so kT nang dac thu nham sd dung va phat huy nhdng diem manh cua tre. ddng thai giup tre sdm dddc td lap can ddpc dda vao trong chddng trinh nay. Cu the: ddi vdi tre khiem thinh la day tieng Viet tren cd sd giao tiep bang nhieu phddng tien nhd ngon ngd ndi. ki hieu ngon ngd. hoac ket hop ca hai. trong dd. chd cai ngdn tay la cdng cu dac Idc ho trp cho tre. Tre khiem thi can ddpc hpc ki hieu ndi Braille, dinh hddng di chuyen va kT nang td phuc vu.
Chddng trinh cho TKT tri tue dat muc tieu hang dau la: ren luyen kT nang song va trang bi mot so kien thdc so gian nhat.
Chddng trinh khung GDCB dddc thiet ke cho TKT hpc 02 budi /ngay. Can cd vao dieu kien thdc te cua d|a phddng nhd: dpi ngu giao vien. cd sd vat chat, trang thiet bi day hpc, cac cd sd GDCB xay ddng chddng trinh chi tiet cho minh. Cac trung tam hd tro phat trien giao due hoa nhap cd the sd dung nhdng mon hpc. hoat dpng giao due dac thu de ho trd cho tre trong qua trinh day hoc hoa nhap.
TAI Ll£U THAM KHAO
1. Nguyen Hud Chau (1998). Nhung van de ca ban ve chuong trinh giao due, NXB Giao due. Ha Ndi, 2005.
2. Bao cao thuc trang chuong trinh giao due tai cac co so GDCB. Vien KHGD, 2006.
3. Johnson R.. Liddell. S.. & Erting. C. (1989). Unlocking the curriculum: Principles for achieving access in deaf education, Washington, DC: Gallaudet University, Gallaudet Research Institute.
4. Tomlinson, C. (1999), The differential classroom:
Responding to the needs of ail learners. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
5. Porter, G. (1995), Organization of schooling: achieving access and quality through inclusion, Prospects 25, 2, 299-309.
6. Ware. J. (1994), Educating Children with Profound and Multiple Learning Difficulties. London: Fulton.
SUMMARY
The article had shown the guideline for special edu- cation curriculum of the children with hearing, seeing impairement and mentally retardation. The theorical and practical bases as well the curriculum aproaches have been introduced on the article.
26 KHGD so 52, thdng 1 - 2010
