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DA DANG C O N T R U N G THUY SINH T H E O CAP SUOI TAI V U 6 N Q U O C GLA B I D O U P - NUI BA, T I N H L A M D O N G
NGUYEN THI XUAN PHUONG Vi^n Sinh thdi vd Tdi nguyen sinh vgt HOANG Dire HUY Trucmg Dgi hpc Khoa hpc tyc nhien, Dgi hpc Quoc gia Tp. Ho Chi Minh
Ngiy nay, sinh vat chi thi la mgt phuang phip thudng dugc su dyng de danh gii chit lugng nude, trong dd cdn trimg thuy sinh (CTTS) li mgt trong nhimg lya chgn uu tien vi tinh nhay cim cua chung vdi mdi trudng nude. Mit khic, CTTS li mgt mit xich quan frgng trong qua trinh bien doi, phan buy chat hiru co tir thugng nguon den ha nguon, quan sit dugc qua timg cip suoi. Do viy, nhung hieu biit ve da dang CTTS theo cip suoi, die bift ii mdi quan hf cua chiing vdi mdi trudng nude thdng qua chuc ning dinh dudng la dieu can thiet.
Vudn Quoc gia (VQG) Bidoup - Nui B i thugc tinh Lam Dong, nai cd khi hau i nhift ddi mii cao vi thien nhien dugc bio ton tot li dia diem ly tudng eho nhurng nghien einj ve da dang CTTS theo cip suoi. Nghien curu niy tip trung vio khio sit thinh phan va sy da dang CTTS d cic cap suoi tai VQG Bidoup - Niii B i (phan loai chu yeu tdi hg), phan bo cua cic loii edn trimg thuy sinh theo timg cap suoi phy thugc vio nhdm chure ning mi chung tham gia vi danh gii sy da dang ciia CTTS theo cip suii tai VQG Bidoup - Niii Bi.
L DJA DIEM, THOd GLVN VA PHUOfNG PHAP NGHIEN CUU 1. Thdi gian thu mau
Dgt 1: Tir ngiy 2/3/2008 din 18/3/2008.
Dgt 2: Tir ngiy 16/5/2008 din 27/5/2008.
2. Dja diem thu mau
Nghien curu tap trung tai cic suoi thugng nguon thugc hf thong sdng Da Nhim phia ddng VQG Bidoup - Niii Bi. Suii cip 1: nghien cuu tai cic suoi SI, S2, S3; suoi cip 3: nghien ciru t?ii suii S4; suoi cip 5: nghien cuu t^i suoi S5 (hinh 1). Theo D. Dudgeon (1999) suii cap I li suoi khong cd nhinh; sy hgp thinh cua hai suii cimg mgt cap se tao thinh suoi cap cao ban;
suoi nguon hay thugng luu cua hf thing cd the gom nhung doan tir cap mgt den cap 3, trung luu gom nhimg doan suoi cap 4 din cap 6. Ldn hem cip 7 li nhung d o ^ dd ra ven song.
3. Phutmg phip nghien cihi Thu mau ngoai thuc dja
Quan sit fren bin do (Hinh I) cic cip suoi tir 1 den 5 . Khao sit diiu kifn luu thdng cua cie cap suoi niy. Do eic khd khin khach quan nen chiing tdi khdng thi thu mau t^i cic cap suii ciia cimg mgt eon suoi, nhung cic cap suoi niy l i cua cimg mgt hf thong suoi.
Moi doan suoi dugc quan sit gom ed ba khu vyc: khu vyc nude ehiy (ky hifu li Ru), khu vyc ghenh (ky hifu Ri) va khu vyc vung (ky hifu Po). Tai moi khu vyc, lya chgn mgt diem co tinh dien hinh (nen diy, dinh dudng, ddng ehiy...), chi thu mau tai nhimg doan sudi co dg siu xip xi tren dudi 30cm. Sir dyng ludi Surber kich thudc 50cm x 50cm hoic 30cm x 30cm cho thu mau dinh lugng vi vgt tay cho thu mau djnh tinh. Mau dugc luu giir trong cin 80%).
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oo !
TlUhk* rHmh I: Sa do thu mau tai VQG Bidoup - Nui Ba Phan tich trong phong thi nghiem
Dimg ray v i kgp cdn trimg nh^t tich mau, bao quan vdi cdn 80% trong cac lg rieng bift c6 nhan. Su dung kinh liip di djnh loai va dim so lugng CTTS. Vifc djnh loai din giong chi dugc tiin hinh vdi mgt so miu, edn l^ii djnh loai din hg dya vio eic tai lifu da dugc cdng bo.
Phan tich da li$u
- Thong ke cac taxa da chgn theo timg nhdm.
- Tinh chi so da dang Shaimon - Wiener
Chi so Shannon - Wiener (H'): H' = | Z p, logj p, |
Trong dd, p,.- ti If giira tdng so c i the moi giong fren tdng so c i the.
H. KET QUA NGHIEN ClTU
1. Thanh phan cac hg CTTS theo cic cap suoi
Qua khio sat da xic djnh dugc 9 bg CTTS la: Coleoptera, Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Megaloptera, Odonata, Plecoptera va Trichoptera vdi 45 hg (bing 1).
Theo bing thdng ke ta taay ring, nhirng hg xuit hifn tai cic diem thu mau li nhirng hg thudng cd mit d cac suoi rimg mua. Chiing deu li nhirng hg dien hinh cua suoi Chau A thugc eic nhdm in thjt, in thye vat, in chat thii. Cic hg tap trung vao nim nhdm chuc ning chinh:
dinh dudng theo each lgc v^t vyn mjn (ky hifu li F), dinh dudng theo cich gom lugm vat vyn mjn (ky hifu Co), dinh dudng theo cich cio n^o vat vyn thd (ky hifu Sc), sir dyng minh vun hay dinh dudng theo cich cit nhd v^t vyn thd (ky hifu Sh) vi nhdm bit moi (ky hifu P).
Ket qui cho thiy cd sy thay doi frong ti If giira eic thinh phan nhdm chirc ning cua timg cap sudi (hinh 2).
- Suoi cip 1: nhdm uu the la CoSc (24,4%), Co (19,2%), P (15,4%).
- Suoi cip 3: nhdm uu the li CoSc (73,9%), Co (7,7%)
- Suoi cip 5: nhdm uu the la F (35,7%), CoSc (24,5%), Co (24,9%).
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Bdng I
Cap suoi
1
3
. 1
Thanh phan nhdm chirc n i n g cua Bg
Coleoptera
Diptera
Ephemeroptera Odonata Plecoptera
Trichoptera
Coleoptera
Diptera
Ephemeroptera
Hemiptera Odonata Plecopterra
Tricoptera
Hg
Elmidae Psephenidae Scirtidae Athericidae Ceratopogonidae Chironomidae Simuliidae Tipulidae Baetidae Gomphidae Leutridae Nemouridae Peltoperlidae Helicopsychidae Odontoceridae Elmidae Psephenidae Ptilodactylidae Scirtidae Athericidae Chironomidae Ephydridae Simuliidae Tipulidae Baetidae Ephemerellidae Heptageniidae
Leptophlebeidae Gerridae Gomphidae Leuctridae
Perlidae
Limnocenfropodidae
CTTS theo c a p . Giong
Cleptelmis Psephenus Elodes Chua ro Bezzia ChuarS Chua r6 Chua r5 Chua rS Arigomphus Chua r6 Amphinemura
Cryptoperla Chua ro Chua ro Cleptelmis Chua r5 Psephelus Stenocolus Elodes Atherix Chua r3 Chua r6 Chua r6 Chua r5 Hexatoma Chua ro Paracloeodes Cincticostella Chua r6 Epeorus Iron Isca Trepobates Erpterogomph us Ophiogomphus Chua r5 Leuclra Rhopalopsile Neoperla
Togoperla Limnocentropus
5u6i it VQG Bidoup - Niii Ba Nhom
chuc nang CoSh Sc Co Chua ro P Co F Sh/P CoSc P Sh CoSh Chua ro Sc Sc CoSc Sc Chua r6 Co Chua r6 Co Chua r5 F Sh/P CoSc CoSc CoSc
CoSc P P Sh
P Chua r6
Vj tri thu mau Ru
1 1 3 4 2 6 14
1 5 2
15 1 3 2 1 14 2 3 1 46 8 15
1 1 2
3
Ri 1 1 1 7 10 2 5 1 7 2 1 1 21
1 2
8
46 8 9 2 1 1
1 2 7 1 1 1
Po
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5
Coleoptera
Diptera
Ephemeroptera
Lepidoptera Odonata Plecoptera
Trichoptera
Calamoceratidae Hydropsychidae
Rhyacophilidae Chrysomelidae Elmidae
Gyrinidae Lampyridae Phsephenidae
Ptilodactylidae Scirtidae Althericidae Chironomidae Simuliidae Tipulidae Baetidae Heptageniidae
Chrysomelidae Pyrahdae Euphaeidae Gomphidae Perlidae Leutridae Nemouridae Hydropsychidae
Helicopsychidae Odontoceridae
Anisocentropus Chua ro Hydropsyche
Rhyacophyla Chua ro Stenelmis Cleptelmis Rhizelmis Phanocerus Chua ro Gyretes Chua ro Chua ro Phsephenus , Ectopria Chua ro Stenocolus Elodes Altherix Suragina Chua ro Chua ro Antocha Chua ro Chua ro Epeorus Ecdyonurus Iron Paegniodes Chua r5 Chua r5 Petrophila Chua r5 Dromogomphus Etrocorema Neoperla Chua ro Chua ro Hydropsyche Macrostemum Chua ro Chua ro Chua ro
ShSc F
P Chua ro CoSc
P Chua ro Sc
Chua ro Co Chua ro Co F Sh/P CoSc CoSc
Chua ro Sc P P P Sh CoSh F
Sc Sc
I
I 2 5 2 1 2 2 3
1 40 17 15 8
3 6 I 1 5 1 14 2 1 5
I 2
1
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 2 1 64 120
5 20 18 1 1 23
8
2 6 5 20
2 3
1 18
20
1 9 1 1 1
Ghi chii: Ru - khu vyc nude ehiy, Ri - khu vyc ghenh, Po - khu vyc viing; CoSh - nh6m vira gom lugm vat vyn min vira cit nho vat vyn tho, Sh - nhom cit nho vat vyn tho, Sc - nhom cio nao vat vun tho, F - nhom lgc vat vun mjn,, Co - nhom gom lugm vat vun min, P - nhom bit moi.
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Coa asc a/p
10.3V. 0.0% 10.3V.
Suoi cap 1 SiSc
0.0%
C o a " " ' 4.0% diuirO
Sudi cap 3 Sudi cap 5
Hinh 2: Bieu do ti If cac nhom chirc ning t^i cac cap suoi
Tuy cac cap suoi cd nhirng nhdm chuc ning giing nhau nhung mat dg cua chiing thay doi.
Dieu niy cd thi giai thich la do sy khic bift ve mit dinh dudng vi ddng ehiy giira eic cap sudi.
Moi loii cd sy thich nghi vdi mgt diiu kifn nhit djnh thi hifn bing mat dg cua chiing. Vi dy d suoi cip 1, cip 3 ti If cic chit hihi ca mjn thap nen eic nhdm Co, F cd mat dg thap hem suoi cap 5. Trong khi dd mat dg cic nhdm Sc, Sh tgi suii cip 1 1^ cao hem do ti If cic chat hiiu co thd d suii cip 1 cao ban tai cap 3, cip 5. Vdi nhirng nhdm cd khi ning thich nghi rgng, chung se xuit hifn d nhieu cip sudi nhu Baetidae, Heptageniidae, Elmidae, Perlidae...
Moi mgt nhdm chirc ning trong mgt cip suii khic nhau lai cd nhimg loii uu the khic nhau.
Vi dy nhdm Se d suii cip 1 uu thi thugc ve Odontoceridae trong khi dd d sudi cip 3 gidng uu the lai li Psephenus mie dii giong niy cung xuit hifn t^i suii cip 1. Ben canh dd, cd nhiing giong chi xuat hifn tai nhirng cip suii nhit djnh nhu Corydalus cua bg Megaloptera chi xuat hifn d cie suii dau nguon nhu cip 1, cip 3 chir khdng dien hinh tai suoi cap 5.
2. So sanh %\f da dang CTTS theo cap suoi
2.1. So sanh chi so da dang Shannon- Wiener giira cic cap suoi: Tir bing 2 nhan thiy cd mgt sy khic bift vi dg da dang giira cic cip suii. Chi so da dang Shannon- Wiener ting dan theo cip suoi frr 1, 3 din 5. Tai khu vyc nude ehiy Ru iCl) chi s i da dang H' 1 = 2,79, tai diim (C3) gii trj cua H'3 = 2,99 nhung din diim (C5) ehi so da dang ting vgt, H'5 = 3,53. Vdi khu vyc ghenh Ri: tai cic diim Cl, C3, vi C5, gii trj cua chi si da dang Shanon-Wiener hiu nhu khong biin dii khi cip suoi ting: H'2 = 2,89, H'4 = 2,92 vi H'6 = 2,97.
Chi si da dang phan anh sy khac bift vi s i lugng loii cung nhu phan bo so lugng cic c i the frong timg loii giira cic diem thu mau.
Tai suii cip 1 chi so da d ^ g friip nhat do ting so loii hifn difn li thap nhat vi ting so ci the thu dugc cung thip nhit. Chi so da dang ting dan theo cip suii do ting s i loii vi cac ci the hifn difn ting din.
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Bang so sanh cac chi so Shannon- Wiener tai cac cap suoi
Bdng 2
Diem thu mau Cl C3 C5
Ru H ' 1 = 2 , 7 9 H'3 = 2,99 H'5 = 3,53
Ri H'2 = 2,89 H'4 = 2,92 H'6 = 2,97 Ru: diem thu miu a khu v\rc nuac chay
Ri: diem thu miu a khu vyc ghenh
Cl,C3,C5:c4psu6i 1,3,5
Hinh 3: Bieu do so sanh chi so da dang Shanon - Wiener giira cac cap suoi •
Tai khu vyc nude ehiy ciia suii cip 3 v i cip 5 thinh phin loii va ting sd ca thi khdng cd sy khic bift nhiiu nhung chi so da dang lai cd sy khic bift rd ring. Diiu niy la do sy phan bd so lugng ci the frong timg loii la khic nhau giira cie cip suii. Tai khu vyc nude ehiy cua suii cap 5 hifn tugng tap trung nhieu ca thi vio mgt vai loai it ban tai suoi cip 3. Trong khi dd tai khu vyc nude ehiy ciia sudi cip 3 cd sy ting dgt biin sd lugng ca thi cua mgt vai loii so vdi cic giong khac nhu cie loai ciia hg Baetidae.
Tai khu vyc ghenh (Ri) ciia suoi cap 5, ting sd lugng ca thi thu dugc nhiiu horn tai suoi cip 3 ddng thdi sy phan b i so lugng c i thi ciing dong diu hon nen chi sd da dang cao ban.
2.2. So sanh chi so da dang Shannon- Wiener tai cac diem trong mgt cap suoi
Ngay tai cac diim cua khu vyc nude chay v i khu vyc ghinh trong mgt cap suii cung cd sy khic bift. Tai sudi cip 1 vi cip 3 chi so da dang giira hai khu vyc nude ehiy va ghinh khdng co nhieu chenh lech. Diiu niy cd dii giai thich la do tai thugng nguin, thue in khdng phong phii, thinh phin thiic in cling dan giin, ehii yeu la chat hiru ca d dang thd CPOM din din sy phan hoi mdi tnrdng dinh duang chua ro rft nen khdng cd sy khic bift nhieu vi dinh dudng giira cac diem. Tir do mirc dg da dang cua CTTS giti-a eic diim tuang duong nhau.
Tai sudi cap 5, sy phan boa mdi frudng dinh dudng cao ban (ngoai chit htru ca da dugc phan buy dan dan d cac cip suii fren, frr diugng nguon theo ddng chay dd xuong cdn cd cic chit hihi CO ngi tai). Ti If chit hihi co d d^ng mjn (FPOM) cao, din din thay thi CPOM. FPOM rit de bj inh hudng bdi ddng chay do tinh chat mjn cua chiing. Khi FPOM cang tang thi thinh phin vi tinh chat cua thuc in cing de bj biin ddi do ddng chay. Mit khic, tinh chit ddng ehiy ciia khu vyc nude chay vi khu vyc ghinh hoan toan khic nhau. Tai khu vyc ghinh ddng chay manh, nen day khong dong nhat, sy xio frgn dinh dudng dien ra mtmh me ban gay khd khin cho sinh vat nhieu ban nen dg da dang cua quin xa CTTS thip ban tai khu vyc nude chay. Tir dd din den chi so da dang t^i khu vyc ghinh thip hon tai khu vyc nude ehiy.
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HI. KET LUAN
Di phat hifn dugc dai difn ciia cdn trimg thiiy sinh thudc 9 bd, 45 hg tai eic cip suii 1, 3 vi 5 tai VQG Bidoup - Niii Bi. Cac hg CTTS thugc cac nhom chuc nang chinh li: nhdm vira gom lugm vat vyn mjn vira cit nhd vat vun thd, nhdm cit nho vat vyn thd, nh6m eio nao vat vyn thd, nhom lgc vit vyn mjn, nhdm gom lugm vat vun mjn va nhdm bit mdi.
Cac giong cd pho thich nghi rgng, bit gip d tat ci eic cip suii bao gom: Psephenus. Elodes, Cleptelmis, Iron. Nermura, Hydropsyche, Ophiogomphus vi cic hg Baetidae, Heptageniidae.
Ben canh do cung cd nhung gidng chi xuat hifn d eic cap sudi nhat djnh nhu Corydalus chi cd d suoi cip 1, cap 3; Stenopsyche ehi ed d sudi cap 5.
Co sy gia ting rd ring gii trj ciia chi sd da dang Shannon- Wiener theo sy gia ting cua cip suoi vi CO khic bift gii trj cua chi so da dang tai cie diem khie nhau eiia cimg mgt cap sudi.
TAI L i f u THAM KHAO
1. Cummins K.W., 1973: Trophic relationship of aquatic insect.
2. Dudgeon D., 1999: Tropical Asian Sfream. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, 59-70.
3. Hart J.C.W., S.L.H. Fuller, 1974: Pollution ecology of freshwater invertevrates, 313-370.
4. Merritt R. W., K. W. Cummins, 2002: An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of NorUi America. Kendall/ Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque.
5. Resh V.H., D.M. Rosenberg et al., 1984: The Ecology of Aquatic Insects. Praeger Publishers, NewYork.
6. Sangpradub N., B. Boonsoong, 2004: Indendfication of Freshwater Invertebrates of Mekong River and Tributaries. Mekong River Commission, Thailand.
7. Ward J. V., 1992: Aquatic bisect Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, \nc, 117-168.
DIVERSITY OF AQUATIC INSECTS ALONG STREAM ORDERS IN BIDOUP- NUI BA NATIONAL PARK, LAM DONG PROVINCE
NGUYEN THI XUAN PHUONG, HOANG DUC HUY SUMMARY
Bidoup - Nui Ba National Park is a perfect area for studying aquatic insects along stream orders because of its mild clunate. Aquatic msect samples were collected in three habitat types which are Runnmg, Pool and Riffle site along sfream orders I, 3 and 5. A total of 45 families belonging to 9 orders (Coleoptera, Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Megaloptera, Odonata, Plecoptera and Trichoptera) were recognized. Five main functional feeding groups mcluding Filter, Collector, Scraper, Shredder and Predator were recorded. Some genera of aquatic insects were only found in particular sfream order such as Corydalus in stream orders 1 and 3, Stenopsyche in stream order 5. The others were found m all sfream orders such as Psephenus, Elodes, Cleptelmis, Iron, Nermura, Hydropsyche and Ophiogomphus. The study showed different values of Shanon - Wiener index in sfream orders and a relationship between the ratios of feeding groups and stream orders.