Hinh 1: VI mgch dugc s^n xuSt tr6n mOt d6 wafer
1 . THIET KE V I MACH VA QUI TRINH SAN XUAT
Vi mach hay cdn gpi Id vi maeh tich hop (integrated eucuit goi tdt Id IC) Id nhflng maeh didn chiia cdc Unh kidn bdn ddn (chu ydu Id ttansistor) vdi kich tiiude tir vai mm ddn vdi micro dupe kdt ndi lai vdi nhau dd thue hien mdt ehfle ndng nhdt dmh (Hnh 1).
Dudi eon mdt cua ngudi thidt kd, vi mgeh ehi Id raOt ban ve gdm eac thdnh td didn tu eo ban nhu di$n hd, til didn, di-dt, ttansistor dudi dang cdc mach sd (digital) ho^c tuong tu (analog). Didm ndi bdt la cae Unh kien ttdn dupe edy ttdn mdt phidn ban dan duy nhat (thudng Id Sihcon). DO ldn cua mdt vi m^ch tfly thudc vdo do phflc tap eiia maeh didn tO; duoc thue
TS. D$ng Trpng Trinh
hi$n ttdn dd, tuy it khi ldn hon mOt edi mdng tay nhung l^i cd thd tich hpp duoc hdng tridu thdnh td didn tii. MOt qm trinh thidt kd vi mgch gdm cd 2 giai doanchhihld(Hhih2):
(1) Giai doan mdt-front-end: tu ydu edu ky thudt cua ban thidt ke (speciflcation), edc ky su se tidn hdnh phdn tich vd xdy dung kidn ttflc bdn thidt kd;
vidt code midu ta boat dOng cua mach didn bang ngdn ngfl phdn ciing nhu Venlog hode VHDL {Very High Hardware Descnption Language); tidn hdnh kidm ha ehfle ndng cua ban thidt kd bdng nhiing phdn mdm chuydn dung cua Cadence, Synopsys hay Mentor Graphics. Dd Id vdi thidt kd mach sd, cdn vdi m^ch tuong tp thi se phdi tidn hdnh ve so dd mgch (schematics) vd tinh todn kich thudc edc Unh kidn didn hi eo bdn rdi hdn hdnh kidm tra trdn nhflng phdn mem md phdng chuydn dung.
(2} Giai dogn hai - back-end: tir ban midu ta m^ch di$n bdng ngdn ngil midu ta phdn cflng, cae ky su sd dimg cdc phdn mdm chuydn dung vd thu vidn cdng nghd cua cdc nhd mdy san xudt ldn tten thd gidi nhu fatel, IBM hay TSMC de tao ra ban thiet kd sdp xdp (layout) ciia vi m^ch.
Dudi eon mdt cua ngudi san xudt layout se dupe dua ddn nhd may chd t^o dd bidn bdn ve thdnh edc mat n? (mask), hai qua nhidu qua trinh nhu quang khac (photoUthography), phu (deposition) vd khde
24| TAP CHI CNTT & TT KY 2 (6.2012)
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Hinh 2: QUI trinh thi&t kfi vi mach g6m 2 giai doan chinh 111; front-end (ySu cSu b^n thi6t V% -> xay dung kjgn true mach -> Viet code mifiu ta mach tiang ngon ngCi mieu ta phan cung Venlog ho$c VHDL -> kigm tra tinh dung dan cua thi6t ke bang phSn m^m chuyen dung) va back-end (gdm qua tnnh fiowpianning va PiaceS route de bifin ban thiSt ke 6 giai doan mCit thanh mpt ban layout tuong ung vtn mOt thu vien cong nghe cu the cua mdt nha may san xuat cu the -> tien hanh kiSm tra lan cuoi t n j x khi gui den nha may san xuat hay tapeout)
5) Mark & class/final lest - mark and final
tesl packaged produci ir>to packages
Hinh 3: Qui trinh chd t ^ mOt vi mach [ 1 ] : (1) sdn xuat d6 wafer tgi cdc c6ng t y chuyfin nghifip, thuong thi cac cdng t y sdn xuat chip nhu TSMC, Intel hay IBM se mua wafer tir cac c & i g t y chuySn nghj$p nSy - > (2) TiSn hdnh qui trinh s^n xu3t vi mach bSng cdch chuySn bdn vg tCr layout I6n trfin dS wafer iDlng cac qua trinh nhu quang khSc - photolithography, phCi - deposition va khac — etching -> (3) Ti&i hanh k i ^ tra vi mach trfin wafer d ^ lai bd nhOng chip bj I6i - > (4) cac vi mach khOng bi 161 se djgc m a i g di dSng g6i va g ^ nhan mac - > (5) ki^m tra l^n ai5i sau dSng gdi tnjbc khi dua ra thi trubng hoac chuydn dSn khach hang.
T A P C H I C N T T & T T K Y 2 ( 6 . 2 0 1 2 ) | 2 5 |
GOC QUAN LY
Hinh 4: Mat ng (mask) ding d^ san xu3t vi mgch (etching) Idp dd chuydn ban ve 16n hdn dd wafer.
Sau khi da san xudt xong cac vi m&ch hdn mdt dd wafer, cdc wafer ndy sd dupe kidm ha dd loai bd nhiing thanh phdn bi hdng va Idi do qua trinh san xudt va edc thanh phdn tdt sd dupe mang di dong gdi, ddn nhan hd thdnh mdt chip hodn ehinh. Cac chip sau khi ddng gdi cdn duoe kidm ha ldn cudi trude khi dua ra thi trudng hode ehuydn toi khdch hdng, nhu hong Hinh 3.
Vide thidt kd vd san xudt vi m^ich thudc linh vyc edng nghd cao, tdng hpp nhidu ngdnh khoa hpc vd cdng nghd khde nhau, kdt hpp tri tud vd tay nghd
eiia nhidu chuydn gia cd trinh dd hidu bidt sdu rdng vd nhidu khih nghidm thijc td.
2. BUrC TRANH SO LL/gC VE CONG NGHIEP THIET KE - SAN XUAT V I MACH TAI VIET NAM
Ndn edng nghidp vi mgch phdt hidn mgnh md hdn thd gidi tir thdp nidn 1970, vdi su ddn ddu eiia MJ vd Nhdt Ban. Trdi qua hon 40 ndm phdt tndn, ndn edng nghidp vi maeh edc nude ndy vd nhihig nude 6 thd h$ sau nhu Hdn Qudc, Ddi Loan, Trung Qudc... da cd nhflng phdt hidn vuot bdc. Theo bao cdo vd doanh thu hong nen cdng nghidp ban ddn nam 2011 ciia 20 cdng ty hang ddu hdn thd gidi [2] tbi hidn tgi My vdn chldm vi tri sd mdt vdi 34.4%. Hdn Qude lam mdt bude nhay vpt ehidm vi tri thii hai ciia Nhdt Ban vdi 12.1%. Ddi Loan nam 2010 cdn chldm ty hpng 1.2% vdi hai edng ty ldn Id TSMC vd MediaTek Ipt top 20 thi nam nay, ea hai cdng ty hdn da khdng Ipt vao danh sdch 20 edng ty hang ddu thd gidi vd doanh thu.
Tii cudi nhflng nam 1990, nhidu cdng ty ban ddn nude ngodi dd ddu tu mo chi nhanh d Vidt Nam
My
Hku Qu6c Nh)t Bin Phllp+*
DIIC H i Lan
Doanh thu (tj USD)
109.5 38.1 33.0 9.8 - 5.4
3.S
Chi^m ty 1^ % cua ca th^ giM
34.2%
12.1%
10.8%
3.1%
1.7%
1.2%
Danh sich c6ng ty hjkng d4u Intel, Texas Instrument, Qualcomm, Micron Technology, Broadcom, Advanced Micro Devices, Freescale, NVIDIA, Marwell technology Samsung Electronics, Hynix
Toshiba Semiconductor, Renesas Electronics, Sony, Panasonic
STMicroelectronics Infineon Technology NXP
TAP CHI CNTT & TT KY 2 (6.2012)
hong linh vue thidt ke vi maeh. So vol qui md ddu tu vao xdy dung nhd mdy san xudt vi mach tdn nhidu hdn vd day chuydn nhanh chdng Igc hdu thi ddu tu vao giai doan thidt kd chip se tdn it vdn hon md l^i tan dung dupe ddi ngfl ky su hd ndng ddng vd tdi nang eiia Viet Nam. Cd thd didm qua mdt sd ePng ty thiet kd chip hidn tai dang hogt ddng tgi thi trudng Vidt Nam nhu sau:
- Cdng ty Renesas (Nh^t), diing hang thii 5 hdn the gidi nam 2011 da md Renesas Vidt Nam, thue bien mdt phdn cdng vide thidt kd vi m^eh eho hang chinh tai Nhat.
- Cdng ty Silicon Design Soluhon - SDS (My), thue hidn tai Vidt Nam edng vide thidt kd vd bdn 151 IP (Intelleehial Property) ve bd nhd (RAM, ROM).
- Cdng ty Viet Vrmcro (My) ehuyen thidt ke cac chip qudn ly ngudn nang lupng tuong tu dflng hong thiet hi edm tay. Hp edn ed du dmh xdy dung nha may san xudt chip eho ddng san pham cua minh tai Vi$t Nam.
Cdng ty VSMC (Vietnam Semiconductor Manufacturing) chuydn thidt kd cdc chip tuong tu, the nhd, va he thdng RFID.
- Cdng ty Signet (My) chuy6n ldm mPt phan thiet ke vi mach, dd Id giai doan hai back-end (layout).
- SplendlD Technology JSC dupe thdnh l^p nam 2009, chuyen nghidn ciiu cdng nghd RFID vd eung cap giai phdp ling dung RFID tai Viet Nam.
Ngoai ra cdn mdt sd cdng ty khae nhu Acrosemi, Panasonic (R&D), Amveteehnologies, Aehve-Semi Viet Nam, v.v..
Hidn tai Viet Nam ehua ed mOt nha mdy san xudt vi mach hch hpp diing nghia thuc hien ca 05 qui hinh nhu hinh bdy a hdn. Ndm 2010, Intel da hodn thdnh vd dua vdo ho^t ddng nha mdy ATM (Assembly and Test Manufacturing - kidm ha vd ddng gdi) tai Viet Nam. Cu thd, thi Intel Vi^t Nam se
chi thpc hidn khdu thii tu va thii ndm hong qui trinh san xudt VI mach.
Theo nhdn dinh eua nhidu nhd khoa hpc tai Hdi thao vd C6ng nghd vi mach do Trudng d^ hpc Qude gia TP HCM phdi hpp vdi Trung tdm nghidn ciiu ddo t90 thidt kd vi mach (ICDREC), td chiic vdo ngdy 17/6/2011, tgi TP HCM, thi dd ddn thdi didm cho Vidt Nam xiic tidn xdy dyng nha may san xudt chip.
Tdng cOng ty edng nghiep Sdi Gdn ldn dij dn xdy dung nha may san xudt vi mach ddu tidn b Vidt Nam dflng cdng nghd 0.18|mi/2O0mm tai khu cflng nghd cao, Qudn 9, TP. Hd Chi Muih [5]. Day la mdt tm vui cho ndn cdng nghidp vi mach tai Viet Nam vi nhung Ipi ich cua du an dem lai nhu:
- Vidt Nam se ldm chu cdng nghe thiet kd, che tao vi mach didn tu.
- Thu hut ngudn nhdn luc chdt lupng eao (hong vd ngoai nude) hong linh vuc nghien cuu, thidt kd, vd che t^o vi mach didn tii eung nhu hong cdc linh vue lien quan (khoa hpc vat lieu, may mdc, phdn mem ling dung, he thdng nhung,...).
- Gdp phan giam nh?p sieu linh Men dien tu va giai phap edng nghd o Viet Nam. Hien nay, ngdnh edng nghidp didn tu Viet Nam van d giai doan gia cdng idp rdp, 0 a tri 0 a tang rdt thdp (5% - 6%).
Kim ngach xuat khdu ede san phdm didn hi tuy cao nhung dem lai Ipi nhuan thdp. Viec tu san xuat dupe ede vi mach didn tu se 0iip nang cao 0 a tii san phdm didn tii san xudt tai Vidt Nam vdi mflc Ipi nhuan du kidn tfl 20% - 30%.
3. TINH HINH DAO TAO VA NGHIEN CUrU TRONG LINH Vl/C THIET KE V I MACH
Dao t^o 0ang d&y va nghidn eflu sau vd thidt kd vi mach tai Vi6t Nam ciing da bdt dau tii cudi nhung nam 1990. Ve linh vue ddo t?io vd nghidn eOu thiet
TAP CHI CNTT & TT KY 2 ( 6 . 2 0 1 2 ) | 2 7 |
GOC QUAN LY
_DH B i c h khOJ Ma N6l.
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Hoc vitn buu chinh uiin lliflng
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OH B l c n Kho» HCM ' C H Khoa Hoc Tw Nhitn HCK
DH COng NBf"*P _0H Su P l u m Kf ThuJI
0»< hoc Quflc T* thuOc DMQ . O H CtJng ngUt inflng im inu<
Ifung Urn Ih-tl H vi m j c f i l(
Khu c6ng nght cao SHTP A va phOng Ihl r
G M C M Ic OMQG HCM
Hinh 5: Phan bG c5c truong dai hgc \<m cO chuong tnnh dao tao v4 thi6t ke VI mach va trung tam nghien cuu tai Viet Nam ke va chfe tao vi macti, cb the ttiay su phan bo cac
trudng dai hoc ldn cd chuong trinh dao tao ve thiet ke VI mach va trung tam nghien cim tai Viet Nam nhu sau:
- Mien Bac- co bon truong dai hpc Ion nhu DH Bach khoa Ha Ndi, DH Cdng Nghe va trung tam nghien ciiu SIS (Smart Integrated System) true thuoc truong. Hoc Vien Ky Thuat Quan Su, Hoc vien Buu chinh V\kn thdng.
- Mien Trung: cd hai truong la DH Hue va DH Bach Khoa Da ndng.
- Mi6n Nam: gdm trudng DH Bach Khoa, DH Khoa Hoc Tu Nhien. DH Cong Nghiep, DH Su Pham Ky Thuat, Dai hgc Qudc Te thudc DHQG HCM, DH Cdng nghe thong tm thudc DHQG HCM, trung tam thiet ke
VI mach ICDREC, Khu cdng nghe cao SHTP.
Tuy viec nghien ciiu ve Ihiet ke vi mach tai Viet Nam da bdt dau tit gan 20 nam trudc, nhung nhung thanh cdng dang ke dau hen thi chi mdi trong vong 5 nam trd lai day. Cd the vi du la thanh cdng tai trung tam nghien cuu va dao tao thiet ke vi mach (ICDRECI thuPc Dai hoc Qudc Gia TP.HCM vdi viec thifet k^ va gui di san xudt thanh cdng vi xii ly 8-bit SigmaK3 nam 2008. chip quan ly nang luong tuong tu TH7 1 50 nam 2009. chip vi xu ly 32-bit VN1632 nam 2010 [3|,
Ngoai trung tam nghien ciiu ICDREC, con co nhung tning tam nghidn oiu va phdng thi nghiem khac nhu: (1) Phdng thi nghiem thiet ke va md phong VI mach thuoc Khoa Dien-Dien Tii, Dai hoc
Hinh 6: Tiianh cOng ban ddj vd thigt kd vi m^ch tai Vl$t Nam (tUtrai sang phai:
vi xii I]? 8-bit SigmaK3 (2008), chip tuong tuqu^ ly nang lupng TH7150 (2009), vi xifly 32-bit VN16-32 (2010) dugc thidt kd tai KX)REC.)
2 8 I TAP C H I CNTT & TT K Y 2 ( 6 . 2 0 1 2 )
Bach Khoa TP HCM; (2) Phdng thi nghidm thiet ke vi mach vd hd thdng nhiing - SELAB - thudc trudng Dai hoc Khoa hoc Tu Nhidn TP HCM; (3) Trung tdm SIS (Smart Integrated Systemlthudc trudng Dai hpc Cdng nghe, DHQG Ha Ndi; (4) Trung tam nghi6n ciiu R&D thuOc khu cdng nghe eao (Saigon Hi-tech park) Hd Chi Mmh.
Cdc phdng thi nghiem ndy ddu ed nhung ddu tu nhdt dinh vdo vide trang bi co sd vdt chat va nhung phan mem thi^t ke ehuyen dung edn thiet ciia cac hang ldn hen th^ gidi nhu Cadence hay Synopsys.
Tuy rihien, cae du dn nghien ciiu dang duoc tnen khai tai cdc trung tam ndy ddu hong giai doan xay dung lue luong nhdn luc vd tim each bdt kip vol ehuan cua the gidi.
Viet Nam xdc dinh cdng nghi6p vi mgch Id m6t hong 4 Imh vuc cdng nghiep mui nhon. Chinh vi vdy, nam 2011, du an "Thidt kd va chd tao chip, the, ddu doc RFID vd xdy dung hd thdng ting dung"
duoe Bd Khoa hoc Cdng nghe phd duydt ddu tu vd liy quydn cho Dai hgc Qudc gia TP HCM lam chu dau tu. Ddy la ehuong trinh nghidn ciiu, san xudt chip VI mach ldn nhdt eua Viet Nam. Dg: an duoe thuc hien hong 4 nam nhdm thiet kd vd san xuat thu
nghi§m vi xii ly 32 bit cOng suc(t thdp, duoc thyc hidn bdi trung tdm ICDREC ciing hgp tdc vdi 7 trudng d?! hpc vd ede vidn hdn todn lanh thd Vidt nam.
4 . S A N X U A T C H I P V A U a C M O CUA N G U O I V I E T
So vdi cac nude khde hong khu vue ehdu A thi Vidt Nam Id nude di sau. Nhung ehinh phii dang cd nhfing chhih sdch dau tu va hop tdc diing ddn nh^m thu hiit vdn ddu tu tii nude ngoai, tii cac c6ng ty ldn hong nude nhdm phdt tndn nganh cdng nghidp vi maeh. Tuy co sdvdt chdt cdn tdn tai nhieu khd khan vd edng nghd sdn xudt Chip cdn rdt mdi me 6 Viet Nam, nhung ddy Id ngdnh cflng ngh6 co ban de Viet Nam cd the phat tridn nganh cdng nghi$p dien tii vd ban ddn, ddn ddn chinh phuc va hen tdi lam chu cdng nghe eao.
Hi vong se khong lau niia, hdn thi trudng ndi dia se cd nhiing sdn pham high-tech, nhdng con chip mang nhan hidu: Made in Vietnam. Chiing ta hoan toan cd co sd de hn vao didu do.
Tai lieu t l i a m khao
[11.IC knowledge: http-y/www.icknowledge.axn/
[ 2 ] . Semicondjctor sales lead^s by year - Ranking for year 2 0 0 9 , iSuppli Ccuporatirai sipplied rankings for 2 0 0 9
[ 3 ] . Trung tam nghien cUu va dao tgo thi6t k6 vi m^ch ICDREC:
http://icdrec,edu.vn/
[ 4 ] . GS.TS D A N G L U O N G M O , C 6 vSn DHQG-HCM, tham lugn
"Si/cA}thi^tcuar^rra/ct}p<^tutra^quatri[^c6ngnglii$phda dgt nut", 2011.
[ 5 ] . Dy^n dau tunha m^y sSn xuSt vi mgch (Chip di$n t i i ) :
h t t p : / / w w w . s g i . c o m . v n / D e f a u l t . aspx?mod=project&atv=project_detail&idtype=2&idproiect=29
TAP CHI CNTT & TT KY 2 ( 6 . 2 0 1 2 ) I 2 9 I
