A HQC. TRlTQING BAI HQC H 6 N G BIJC - S 6 B<SC BIET (5. 2017)
HINH THANH NANG LI/C D Q C LAP CHO TRE MAM NON - MOT YEU CAU K H 6 N G THE THIEU CUA GIAO DUC GIA DINH
Pham Till Thu Hda'
TOM TAT
Di Idn tai vd phdt triin trong xd hdi cd nhiiu bien ddi nhu hiin nay ddi hdi con ngu&i cdn phdi cd mdt hi thdng ndng luc nhdt dmh trong do ndng luc dpc lap chiim mpl VI tri khdng nhd. Bdi v&i tre nhd, viec hinh ihdnh, bdt dap ndng lire dpc Igp cho chiing Id diiu rdi cdn thiet, la nhiem vu khdng Ihi thliu cua gido due gia dinh. Bdng nhirng bien phdp dan gidn nhu: Day tre khd ndng tu phuc vu, tao cho ire khdng gian rieng. day Ire khd ndng khde pkuc khd khdn, day Ire eo chu kien. chdc chdn nhimg nguai ldm cha. ldm me se giiip Ire ed dupe ndng lyre dde lap - mdt ndng luc khdng thi thliu giup con edi tru&ng Ihdnh.
Td khda: Tre mdm non, ndng lye dpc lap. gido due gia dinh 1. DAT VAN DE
Trong xd hgi hien nay, mdi ngudi phdi ddi mat vdi rat nhieu dp lye, dp luc cua hgc hdnh, ciia thi cd, ap luc ciia cdng viec, i p iuc ciia cdc mdi quan he . Con ngudi song trong xa hdi d l ton tai va phit ttiln bugc phdi vual qua dugc nhflng dp luc dd Mudn ldm duoc dilu nay mdi ngudi cin phdi ttang bi cho minh mgt hg thing ndng luc phu hop ttong dd nang iyc ddc lap, nang lye ty chu chilm mgt vi tii cye ki quan ttgng v i n d l ddt ra la ldm thi nao d l ren cho mdi ngudi dgc biet la tte nhd nang lye tten? Cd le day Id cau hdi, la sy trdn trd khdng cua neng ngudi lam cha lam me nao,
2. NQI DUNG NGHIEN CUU
2.1. Vai trd cua giao due gia dinh trong viec hinh thdnh nang Iyc dgc lap eho tre mam non
c i n phdl khing dinh ring, dl ldn tgi va phdl tiiln duac irong xa h6i ngay cang biln dll manh me, mdi ngudi cin phii ty hinh thanh cho minh hS thong ndng lye phii hgp. Trong dd, mgt trong nhung nang luc cd y nghTa quyll dinh la ndng Iyc dgc lap.
Cd Ihl hilu: "Ndng luc ddc lap Id Id hpp nhimg ddc diim, thupc tinh ldm ly ciia cd nhdn ddm bdo cho cd nhdn tu minh cd thi thyc hiin duac cdc hogl dpng md khong phu thupc vdo su trp giup cua ngu&i khdc "
I Qig„g ^,i:n khoa Tdm ly - Gido due, Tntdng Dgi h(ic Hdng Dire
T.^P CHJ KHOA HQC. TRL ONG BAI HQC H 6 N G B C C - SQ BAC Bl^!! (5 2017)
Chung to deu bill ring gia dinh id mdi trudng van hda dau lien Ire dugc liep xiic sau khi chao ddi Liic mdi sinh, tte dugc cha me nuoi dudng trong td am gia dinh, den mdi do tudi nhit dinh chiing mdi hda nhap vdo cdng ddng xa hgi. Do vay, nhiing kien thdc, ky ndng so dang ban diu tre cd duac la tii gia dinh, lu cdc ihdnh vien frong gia dinh. Ben cgnh dd sau mdi thd hai nhd cd su xuit hien cua y thdc bdn nga (ly y Ihdc) md d tte bit diu nay sinh nguyen vong ddc lap, tte mudn duac lu lap, lu chu trong cac hdnh ddng ciia minh md klidng can den ngudi ldn Bieu hien cua nguyen vgng nay Id tte mudn ty xuc cam, tu mac quan do, ty Idm viec nhd . Cd the ndi mong mudn dugc dgc lap la mdl dgng luc thuc day tte phdt ttien, nhu cdu ndy phdt ttien Idn il eac nhu ciu khac Day dugc eoi Id dau hieu ddng mimg cua su trudng ihinh,
Tuy nhien, thuc le chdm sdc, giao dye tre a nhieu gia dinh hien nay cho thay Ong ba, bd me luon coi chdu chat, con cdi (ddc biet la Ire mam non) dang cdn ral nhd, suy nghi "con nhd, chua ldm duac ^ , chua biet gi" con kha phd bien. Do vgy, mgi vi^c ttong gia dinh se dugc ngudi Idn lam het, ngay ca nhdng smh hogl ldi thieu ciia tre nhu cam coc udng nudc, cam thia xiic an, lay dep, lay mu . thdm chi ngudi ldn cdn nghi thay, noi thay con chdu minh. Chdc hdn chiing to khdng Ig vdi hlnh anh vdo mdi bua Sn cua tte d nhieu gia dinh, dng bd, bo me ngudi cam bdt, ngudi cam qugl, ngudi cam dign thoai, ipad be tte di khap pho, ldm trd cho con chau dn Myc dich cua dng ba, bl me Id con. chau an het bat com (chao), khi chung lam dugc dieu dd thi hg phin khdi, thd phao vi tte da no bung, se tang can. Trong sudt bda an, Ire chi cd mgt vi^c Id hi mieng, nhai, nudi. Viec Idm ciia ngudi ldn ttong cdc gia dinh la thuong con, chiu vd day la tinh cam dang Iran trong, khdng can bdn cai, Tuy nhien, dilu tdi muon n6i d day Id khi ngudi ldn lam nhdng cdng viec trSn hp khdng bill ring chinh minh da vo tinh cdn ttd vd idm Ihui chot d con, chau minh mpt thdi quen, mpl ni^l iinh cacli cue ky cin thiet, do la tinh doc lap - ca sd hinh thdnh ndng luc dgc lap. Va nhu vay, khi d nhd, tre khdng hinh thanh duoc, khong cd dugc tinh ddc lap, ^i Igp thi din ttudng, din moi tiirdng mdl - noi khong cd sy xuil hien cua dng bd, bd me, khdng cd livi, dign thogi thi chung se ttd nen vd cung ba ngd, khd thich nghi. nd se ttd thanh mgt ihyc the thu dpng Bdi vi nlu khdng cd ngudi cho dn chiing se bi ddi, khdng cd ngudi keo quin dua ra nha ve sinh kip thdi chung sg i hogc te ra quin. Dilu niy khdng ai Irong gia dinh Chung mong mudn nhung ho khdng bill ring chinh hp da lam mil di d con, chau minh kha nang tti lap, kha niing ttt lo cho minh
22. Mot sd bien phap gido due gia dinh nhim phit huy nang luc dgc % dtrc mam non Vdi tti each ia mdl nhd gido due ddng thdi cung la mgt ngudi mc, Idi cho ring viec giao due tre nang luc ddc Idp, day chung ttr lam mdt sd vigc phii hgp vdi khd ndng ciia chiing la viec ldm cin thill. Co thi liln hinh bing nhdng cdch thdc sau
TAP CHi KHOA HQC, TRlTdNG PAl HOC H Q N G BUC - SQ BAC B
2.2 1. Day Ire khd ndng lyphiic vu bdn ihdn
Tu phyc vy bdn Ihan nghia la ty minh lam vigc dl phuc vu minh Mdl ngudi khong the lao dgng lit, khdng thi phuc vy ngudi khac, khong Ihl cdng hiln gi cho xa hdi neu niiu anh ta khdng bill phuc vu chfnh ban than minh Nhung dua tre Id con cat chung la hien nay thi ttong ttiang lai chiing se id nhdng ngudi gdp phdn xay dyng xd h6i. Do vay, chiing khdng chi ein cd kiln thdc ma cdn cdn phdi bilt lao dgng, yeu iao ddng Vigc Chung la day cho Ire tiJ phuc vu ban than chinh Id co sd val chit vd tom ly vimg chdc de tre ttudng ihanh ban trong ttrang lai Vdy, day tte ty piiyc vu ban Ihan Id dgy tre nhdng cdng viec gi?
De tre tu xuc dn Khi tte budc vdo ttidi iu nhi (til I din 3 tudi), hoal ddng vdi dd val xuat hien (iioaf ddng vdi dd vdt Id hogl ddng md tre kham pha ra chuc ndng vd phuang thdc sd dung do val), trong tiidi gian ndy, tte cd sy "say me" vdi nhflng dd vdt xung quanit minh T|n dung thdi dilm nay, ngudi idn nen khuyin khieh tte cim Ihia dl ttr xiic dn, Neu so sdnh ket qua cua viec lam nay giua Ire vdi ngudi Idn thi Irudc mdl se thay rang neu ngudi ngudi idn dut cho Ire an thi se nhanh hon (khdng mil nhilu tiidi gian), sach sS hon (Ihuc an khdng vuong vai ra ngodi), tte an dugc nhilu hon Tuy nhien, neu ngudi Idn Idm lid, Iam Ihay mai nhu viy se ludc di eo hgi hgc lap eua cac con. Do vdy, ngudi Idn nen mgnh dan dl cho tte lu xuc, sy gidp dd nen chdng Id budc cdi ySm vdo cd cho tre, ddt tte ngdi cr vi tri an lodn, chuan bj bda dn hap khiu vi, mdu sac hdp ddn, hudng dan chung nlu cin thiet, Ngudi Idn nSn thiy binh Ihudng nlu Irong qua tiinh tte an, thuc dn bi -vucmg vai ra ngodi, mdt nhieu thdi gian ma iugng thdc dn khdng duac nhieu. Chi can kien Iri thi sau mdt thdi gian ngan, bda dn ciia fre se trd nen nhe nhang va chic ciian tre sg cd hdng IhU vdi chinh bfla an ciia nd,
De Ire lu lua chon qudn do. lu di gidy. dep- Giai doan cudi mdi au nhi, d Ire bat ddu xudi hien nguyen vgng dgc lap - mudn lam nhu ngudi ldn. Do vdy, ngudi ldn nen niidn CO hot nay "trao quyen tu do" cho tre, de Ire tu do iua chgn quan do, gidy dep cho minh. Ddu lien, nguoi Idn cdn hudng ddn tte chuan bi qudn ao eho minh ttong cac budi di hgc, dl chai, dan dan tre se tu quyet dmh nd se mdc bd quan ao nao, di ddi gidy ndo vd mac ra sao, di ra sao. Trong sd nhiing cdng vice tiJ phyc vy bdn thdn Ihi viec tu lya chgn trang phuc la mgt trong nhdng cong viec can dugc hinh Ihanh d Ire Bdi vi, ben canh gia ttj ii hinh thanh khd nang ddc lap ciio ttc cdn giup tre bdc ig so thich, boi dudng tinh cdm ihdm my cho chung,
Di Ire lu chpn vd don dd char. Vdi bit ky dua tic nao liii dd choi ludn Id ngudi ban thdn thilt khdng Ihe Ihilu Se khdng cd gi vui sudng bang viec tre cd mgi the gidi dd choi vd khdng gian chai neng ciia nd Ngoai viec lua chgn cho nhdng dd choi an todn, mang linh gido dye thi cha me nen hudng ddn con tu lya chgn do choi Ihco y dinh
TAP CHl KHOA HQC, TRI/dNG PAl HQC HONG B d C - SO B,4C Blt:T{5. 2017)
choi, chii dl chai cua con vd ire se la ngudi quyet dinh chai cdi gi vd chat nhu thi nao trong khdng gian neng cua chiing Nhung cau ndi nhu "khong choi nhu the", "khdng dugc dat d ddy", "khdng choi cdi ndy" se lam mat di khd ndng sdng tgo vd hdng thii ciia con, Cha me chi nen gifl dung vai ttd Id cd vdn trong cac ttd choi cua tte, di ben cgnh trd choi cua ehung de giiip dd, uon ndn neu Ihyc sy cdn thiet Sau khi cac trd choi kit thiic nen nhdc nhd. ren cho tre Ihdi quen de do chai lai diing vi Iri. Chi can mpt vai lin gidp tte hilu ring mgi do val (trong do cd dd chai) dSu cd vi tri - chd de - nhat djnh vd Ire cin ton ttgng dilu do thi chdc chan rang viec dgn do choi mot each ty giac chi la thao tac cudi cung trong nhdng trd chm thu vj cua Ire md thdi Nang Iyc dgc lap, Imh thin Irach nhiem cua tte se dugc hinh thinh, bdi dap mgt each ty nhien vi ben vdng tii nhflng viec tudng chiing rat nhd ndy
2.2.2. Tgo cho Ire khdng gian rieng
Khong it ngudi Idn chiing ta cho rdng tte con dgc bigl la Ire d dd tu6i mdm non dang cdn rat nhd, chdng chua lam dugc gi, chua biet gi nen liic nao eflng phdi dm ip, d ben chimg nhu nhiing ngudi gidm sdt thyc sy, Thyc te cho thay nhieu ngudi tgo cho con cdl minh "cai ken" diy den muc chimg khdng Ihe thoat ra va khdng the Irudng thdnh duge, Tdi cho rang cdc dng bd, ba me manh dgn tgo cho con cai minh mgt khdng gian rieng tir, ttong khdng gian ciia minli, tte dugc tu do lam chii, tiiich chcn gi thi chai, co till tdmau, CO the dan hoa, cd the ve, cd thexe giay, choi vdi bupbe, void Id,,.NghTa iatte s5 dugc lodn quyen quylt dinh lam gi, ldm nhu Ihl nao trong "khodng ttdi rieng" ciia no Va Iijc ndy, dng ba, cha mg chi ddng vai la nhung "ngudi khdch Imh cd", thinh Ihodng
"ghe tham" khdng gian dd ma thdi. Cd nhu vay, linh dgc lap cua tte se duoc hinh thanh mpl each ty nhien vd hieu qua. Mdt dda tte tu khi cdn nhd da co khdng gian rieng, nhilu CO hdi ni lap thi ndng Iyc ddc lap, ky nang ra quyet dmh cua nd se khdng tli
2 2 3. Day Ire khd ndng khdc phyc khd khdn
Tat ca cdc dng bd, ba mg deu mong nhflng dieu lot dep nhil din vdi con cai minh, nhung thuc te khdng phdi liic ndo cung trdi chdy, su6n se nhu mong muln, Vgy, neu ire khdng cd ky nang ung phd vdi kho khdn, khdng cd nang luc vugt khd thi trude nhOng thu thdch, trd nggi trong cudc sing, chdng se liing tiing vd thil bgt. chdn nan la dieu khd ttanh khdi Do vdy, mudn hinh thanh cho tre tinh ddc khdng Ihl khong hinh Ihdnh eho chung ndng iyc tu khdc phuc khd khan Nhung khd khan tte cd Ihl gap phii la gi'' Kho khan ttong vigc mac quin do, xuc dn, khdng bugc duac day gidy, vip ngd ., Thdng thudng phan dng diu lien ciia ngudi ldn chung to Id ldm tiiay cho tre ngay khi chiing gdp khd khan. Chang han budc day gidy Ihay chung, dd chung ien Iham chi eon dam chan len dit quat thao vi dit lam tte nga. Sy giup dO "kjp thdi" ciia ngudi Itin se 74
TAP CHl KHOA HQC, TRlTONG BAI HQC H Q N G PIJC - S 6 BAC BlgT (5, 2017)
khien^cho kho khdn cua tr6 qua mau nhung ngudi Idn cin phdi ihiy ring khd khan nay qua se cd khd khan khac xuil hign vd su ihgl Id chung ta khdng phai vd khdng thi luc nao cung d bgn canh chiing. Vay nhdng liic khong cd chiing la, con cii chung ta se xoay sd nhu the ndo? Tdt hon hit hay dl cho Ire t\f ddi mdl vdi vdn dl eiia chung. Thay vi bugc day giay cho con thi hay hudng din tte xem vi sao chua bugc dugc, hay ndi dl tte hieu ring viec chung nga Id do chung chua cin than chd khong phdi tai "dit hu"
hay "cdi ghe hu". Vigc duang diu vdi kho khan vd ly tiido gd khd khan sg hinh thanh cho tte khd ndng phan tich thyc ll vd nghi Iyc sdng mgnh me, Nhflng ngudi Idm cha, lam me chung to nen chiln thing chinh bin Ihdn minh, hgn chi sy mim long va quan nigm con cii minh "cdn nhd, chua bill gi",
2 2 4. Day Iri ed chu hen
Chu kien li y kien rieng cua bdn than vl mdl vin dl nao dd (Klia nang nay hoan toan khdc vl ban chat so vdi tuih bdo thii), Trong cugc sdng, chi khi nio con ngudi cd quan dilm rieng, each nhin nhdn neng cua ban than ddi vdi mot vin dl ndo dd md khdng a dua thi mdi ttd nen cd ban ITnh dugc Vay lam the ndo dl hinh thanh ehii kiln cho tte, Theo toi, trudc het hay cho Ire cd co hpi bay td y kiln ciia chiing, Nhilu phy huynh cd thdi quen dua ra quyet dinh thay cho con ma il khi hodc khSng hdi y kiln chung tu nhung viec nhd nhat. Hp cho ring "con cdn nhd", khdng thi "khdn" nhu ngudi Icm, them vdo do la con cii phai nghe ldi cha me, Cd nhu vgy, con cai chimg ta ttd thdnh nhflng ke thy ddng, ludi suy ngliT vd ddi khi trong Idng chung hinh tiianh sy phdn khdng, chdng ddi ngam ma chdng to khdng hi hay bilt. Do vdy, thay vi ap ddt con hi suy nghT den hanh dgng, ngudi ldn hay de cho tte ttr do bdy td suy nghT ciia chiing, hay lang nghe chung, hay de chiing ty quyet dinh mdt sd cdng viec clio du nhiing suy nghT dd, cong viec do cd the khong trimg vdi quan diem ciia bd me. Ben cgnh dd, hay de cho ire duoc tham gia mot sd cdng viec ttong gia dinh. Ching han hdy ban bae, hdi y kien tte ve vi tri tteo mgt bdc ttanh, kieu ddng bg qudn do, ddi giay, bp do chai se mua cho chiing... Mac dd ddy Id nhiing vice ldm khdng qua to lit, khong qua khd khan vdi cha me nhung lai co y nghTa to Idn ttong viec giiip Ire y thuc ve trach nhiem, vi tti ciia con ttong gia dinh. Trong nhflng tinh hudng tuang tu trong eudc sdng, diia Ire se hgc dugc each bay td va bao ve quan diem nSng ciia minh
AI dd dd ndi rdng gieo hanh ddng se thanh ihdi quen, gieo Ihdi quen s5 thanh linh cich, gieo linh cich se thanh sd phan Nhu vay, linh cich, sd phdn cua mdi ngudi se dugc bit dau td nhflng hdnh dgng, c6 the la nhdng hanh ddng don gian nhal, Mgt ngudi mudn cd cugc sdng lot thi d anh la khdng the (hieu ndng Iyc sdng dgc lap, tinh thin ty chu. Mudn cd duac dieu dd thi chdc chdn ngudi dd phai dugc gido due de hinh thdnh va ren iuyen ndng lue dgc lap td khi cdn ral nhd Va trdch nhiem ddu lien, co ban nhit ihudc ve nhimg ngudi iam cha. lim mg. ngudi Idn xung quanh tre.
KHOA HQC. TRt)'6NG PA' HQC H 6 N G BUC - SO PAC BIET (5.2017)
3. KET LUAN
Con cai la tai sin vd gia ciia mdi gia dinh, cua tung dng bo, ba me. Do vay hy vgng, nd lye phdn ddu de con cdi minh cd cudc sdng tdt dep, hgnh phuc la muc Heu phan diu cua til ea chung ta. Tuy nhien co mgt thyc le ma mdi ngudi ldn chiing ta phai nhan thuc sau sac rang tte chi hanh phuc thuc sy, vdng vang thyc su ttong cudc sdng hang ngdy hdng gid thay ddi khdng ngimg ndy khi chung la nhdng ngudi doc Idp, cd khd nang ty chu. Kha nang nay Ire hoan loan cd the cd duoc nhd cdc bien phdp cham sdc, giao due hop ly Id phia dng bd, bd me. Ndi cdch khac, viec gido dye, nudi dudng nang luc ddc Idp cho eon Id trach nhiem, la viec lam cdn Ihilt phai duge Ihuc hien ttong mdi gia dinh Ld Tan da ndi rdt hay rang "Con cdi Id do ta sink ra nhung khdng pkdi Id cua chiing la. Vi Id con la nen ta phdi cd nghia vu gido due chiing. trao ca chung quyen tu do cua chung Vi chung khong ihude ve ta do dd ta phdi gidi phong chung. de chung Ira ihdnh mgt con ngu&i ddc lap "
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[I] Ngd Cdng Hoan (1993), Tdm ly hoc gia dinh, Nxb. Dai hoc Suphgm, Ha Ngi.
[2] Nguyin Anh Tuylt (2008), Tdm ly hoc tre em lua tudi mam non, Nxb Dgi hgc Supham, Ha Ndi
[3] VuNgge Khanh (1998), Van hod gia dinh Viel Nam, Nxb. Van hoa Dan tdc, Ha Noi.
CONSTITUTE INDEPENDENT CAPACITY F O R PRESCHOOL CHILD - AN INDISPENSABLE R E Q U I R E M E N T
OF FAMILY E D U C A T I O N Pham Thi Thu Hoa
ABSTRACT
To survive and develop in a society with many changes requires thai people need independence ability For a preschool child, Ihe formation, fostering independent capacity for them is an essential, indispensable duly of family education By simple measures such as. Teach self-service capabilities. Create their own space. Teach ihe ability to overcome difficulties. Teach them to have personal opinions etc All parents would surely help them get independent capacity - an indispensable capacity to kelp children grow up
Keywords: Preschool child, ability lo independently, family education.