Tap chi Khoa hpc DHQGHN: Kinh ta va Kinh doanh. Tap 30, S6 4 (2014) 29-37
M6 hinh nha nuac phiic lai kilu Dong A va nhung gai y cho Viet Nam
Pham Thi H6ng Diep*
Tnrdng Dgi hgc Kinh ti, Dgi hoc Qudc gia Hd Ngi, 144 Xudn Thuy. Cdu Gidy. Hd Noi, Viet Nam
Nhan ngay 31 thing 10 nam 2014
Chinh sua ngiy 17 thdng 12 nam 2014; chap nhin dang ngay 25 thang 12 ndm 2014 Tom tat: Trong khoa hoc kmh te chi'nh tri, nhi nude phuc Igi la mgt chu de dugc quan tam nghiln cihi d cic khi'a canh khdc nhau. Xet ve phuong dien 1^ thuyet, theo cdch phan loai ciia Esping- Andersen, cd ba m6 hinh nha nirdc phiic lgi diSn hinh. Tuy iihi§n, cac md hinh nay khdng hoin toin phii hgp vdi thuc te t^i cac nude Dong A. Nhieu nghien ciiu da chi ra nhimg diem dac thii vi de nghi xep Dong A vac mgt mo hinh thu tu. Vay nha nude phuc lgi kieu Dong A cd d^c diem gi?
Cd the iy giai nhu the nio ve nhung khac biet ciia rao Wnh nha nude phuc lgi kieu Dong A so vdi cic khu vuc khic? Bing nhung minh chiing tir qud trinh phat trien he thing phiic loi xa hot ciia Hin Qu6c giai doan 1960-1990, nghiSn ciiu niy gdp phin tri loi cac ciu hoi n6u tren, dong thdi nit ra mgt vai ggi f cho qud trinh xay dung chinh sach xa hgi d Vi^t Nam tir mo hinh nha nude phiic lgi kieu Dong A,
Tirkltda: Dong A, he thdng phuc lgi xahpi, md hinh nha nude phiic lgi, nhi nude phiic lgi.
1. Dat van de
Nhd nuoc phiic lai dugc dich tir thuat ngiJ welfare state, xuat hiln vao thap nien 1930 d Anh, dugc dting di ndi vi mgt nha nude cd udch nhiem bio dam sy phuc lgi vi tiiinb vugng ciia ngudi din vi bill ton trgng luat le qudc ti. Tir sau Chiin Uanh the gidi thir hai, thuat ngif nay dugc sir dung ngay cang nhilu hem. Theo Marshall (1998), nha nude phuc Igi dugc md li la nhi nude cd trich nhilm chii yiu ddi vdi viec dam bao mgt s6 lugng phuc lgi xa hgi can bin tdi thieu cho cic cong din cua minh vi nha d, y ti, giao dye va thu nhip [I].
'DT: 84-4-37547506 (100) Email: dieppth@vnu edu.vn
L^ thuylt vl nhi nude phiic Igi da ghi nhin nhieu each phan loai mo hinh nha nude phuc lgi khdc nhau. Viec phan loai cdc md hinh nha nude phuc lgi thudng dugc cac nhi nghien ciiu tiln hinh bing cdch xem xet nhiing kilu kit hgp gifla ba khu vuc' ciia xa hgi (ihi trudng, nhi nude va gia dinh), trong viec ddp ling ba chdc nang chi'nh (bio hiem, tai phan phoi va cung ung cac dich vu xa hgi). Ba mo h'lnh nhi nude phuc lgi ciia Esping-Andersen (1990) trong tic phim The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (Ba the gidi ciia chii nghTa tu ban phdc lgi) la cich phin loai cd nhilu anh hudng doi vdi cac nghiln cuu di sau vi vin di nay. Cdc md hinh ciia Andersen cd ten ggi la nha nude phuc lgi tu do (hay mo hinh nhi nude phiic lgi kiiu Anglo- xason), nha nude phdc Igi bao thii (hay mo hinh
P.T.H.Di^p/TapchiKhoahgcDHQGHN:K,nhii^aKmhdoanh,Tdp30.5a4(2014)29-37
nha nude phuc lgi kilu chau Au luc dja) vi nha nude phijc lgi dan chii xa hgi (hay mo hinh nhi nude phiic Igi kieu Bic Au) [2].
Md rgng nghien cuu ra khu vuc Ddng A, Esping-Andersen (1996) xip cic nude Dong A vio md hirdi nha nude phuc Igi bio thii [3], sau do ong lai xIp vao dang thiic lai giira mo hinh bio tbii vi mo hinh tu do [4]. Tuy nhien, mo hinh nha nude phuc lgi cua Esping-Andersen khong hoin toin phii hgp vdi thuc tl tai cic nude Dong A. Nhieu nghien ciiu da chi ra nhiing diem die thu vi dl xuat mo hinh thii tu cho nha nude phuc Igi d Dong A vdi cic ten ggi nhu: "nha nude phiic Igi phat trien" [5], "nhi nude phtic lgi hieu suit" [6], hay don giin Ii
"nha nude phdc lgi kieu E}dng A" [7].
Vay nha nude phdc lgi kieu Dong A cd dac diem ^ ? Cd thi ly giai nhu thi nao ve nhiing khic biet cua mo binh nhi nude phiic lgi kilu Dong A so viji cic md binh nhi nude phuc lgi d chiu Au? Bing nhihig minh chiing tu qud trinh phit trien he thong phuc lgi xi hgi criia Han Quoc giai doan 1960-1990, nghien ciiu nay se gdp phin tri loi cic cau hoi neu tren.
2. Dac thij cua mo hinh nha nude phuc Igi kieu Oong A
Mot Id, ddc thu ve vai trd cm nhd nuac ddi vdi qud trinh hinh thdnh vd phdt trien thi che phuc lai xd hgi.
Phin tich vai u6 ciia nhi nude uong qui trinh phdt trien kinh te, xa hgi d mgt sd nude Dong A, nhieu hgc gia da sir dung ly tbuyit
"nhi nude phat triln". Theo If thuyit nay, d nlulu nude Dong A, nha nuoc ddng vai tro chien luge trong [Ait trien kmh ti vdi mgt bg mdy hinh chinh dugc trao quyen ban dac bill dl phat buy sing kien vi dieu hinh hieu qua cdc boat dgng. 6 diy, phat triin kinh ti dugc uu Uen hang diu trong cic ITnh v\rc cua chinh sich cong. "Nhi nude phuc lgi phat trien" dugc xem
xet chinh tnmg bdi canh each thuc cac "nha nutk:
ptiat triin" giai cpiyit vin di difiah &ach xa hoL Su phdt triin kinh t i \irgt bac d mgt sd nude Dong A nhu Nhit Bin. Han Quoc cd nguyen nhan ca ban tii su dieo hanh tien trinh cong nghilp hda cua "nha nude frfiai triln" [8].
Tuv nhien. khong chi chinh sich kinh tl ma con ca chinh sich xa hgi dugc thi che hda da ddng gdp mgt phin \'io chien luge tdng the pihil trien kinh ti. Cdc nude Dong A da bit d ^ dp dung nhimg chucmg trinh an sinh xa hdi diu tien ngay d trinh dg phat triln kinh te - xi hgi thip ban so vdi cdc nucJc chau Au. Cac chuang trinh an sinh xa hgi dugc sir dung nhu nhiing cdng eg chinh sacb di pbii uien kinh te. Goodman va White (1998) nhin manh dSc diem ciia cac nha nude phdc lgi Ddng A bao gdm: (i) dua tren mgt chii thuyet pAiat trien coi phuc Igi phu thugc vao hieu qui kinh te: (ii) khdng khuyin khi'di dua vao nhi nude ma chii tnrcnig diy manh nguon phuc Igi tir khu MJ^^ tu nhin: vk (iii) chuyin hudng cac nguon lirc tai chi'nh ciia bao hiem xa hgi vao diu tu cho kit cau ha ting [7].
Su uu tien cho phat triln kinh ti nay din den nhi nude phiic lgi chu yeu ban hinh cac chuong trinh bao hilm xa hgi cho cong nhan cong nghilp - lire lugng lao ddng chinh ciia xa hgi cd ning suit lao dgng cao. trong dd ngucri lao dgng huge phai ddng gdp trudc khi dugc hudng cic phuc lgi xa hgi. De tranh nhu can hudng thu phd cap, nha nuoc khong cung cap lai chinh cho cac chuong trinh phuc kri mi chi di ra quy dinh dilu tiet \iec draig g ^ va chi tra quyen Igi xa bgi cho cac cdng ty va ngudi lao dgng.
Hai Id, dgc thu trong chi tieu ngan sdch cho phuc lgi xd h^L
Cbi tieu ngan sich dm [rfiijc Igi d cic tMOC Dong A rat khiem ton so vdi cac khu vuc khac tren thi gidi. NTiieu nghien ciiu da ti^n ra sd lieu cho thay tong chi ti«i ciia chinh phu cho cac van de xa hgi d cac nude Ddng A thip bon nhieu so vdi cac khu vuc nhu OECD, Tay Au.
P.T.H. Diip / Tgp chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN: Kinh te va Kinh doanh. Tap 30. So 4 (2014) 29-37
MJ La Tinh [9]. Neu chi diing con so chi tieu chi'nh phii cho cdc van de xa hgi de danh gid su phat trien ciia nhi nude phiic lgi thi cic nude Dong A se nim trong so nhiing nha nude phuc lgi kem phit triln nhat.
Hinh 1 cho thay, tong chi tilu ngan sdch ciia cdc nude Dong A cho cic van de xa hgi thap ban nhiiu so vdi cic nude khdc thugc nhdm OECD, Tay Au, hay tham chi la cic nude khu vuc chau My La Tinh. Trong khi chi tieu U-ung binh cho phuc lgi xa hgi tir 8,7% din 18,9% GDP va tii 37,6% din 52,6% ting chi tilu ngan sich d cdc khu vyc khac thi cdc nude Ddng A chi chi tuong ling li 6,2% vi 29,6%.
Cd thi ndi, cdc nude Dong A thugc nhdm nude chi tieu It nhat cho phiic lgi xa hgi. Ngay ci Nh|t Ban, mgt nude chi tilu ngin sich cao nhdt cho phiic Igi xa hgi trong nhdm nude Dong A vdi khoang 23% ngan sach, con so niy van thip ban so vdi cac tieu chuan chi tilu cua Tay Au vi Bic My [10].
Nhung dilu ddng chii f khong chi la miic chi tieu thap cua chi'nh phii cho phiic lgi xa hgi ma con la each thiic chi tieu. So vdi cac nude phdt trien khac, noi ma phuc lgi xi hgi li khu vuc chiem ty trgng Idn nhat ciia chi tilu cong, thi cdc nude chau A chi tilu nhieu ban vao viec tao dung von con ngudi tren cac ITnh vuc nhu y tl, giao due... O Dong A, phit triln kinh tl vi tao dung vdn con ngudi li nhirng chinh sach chilm vi tri trung tam, trong khi lgi ich vl phiic lgi chi duac duy tn d miic han che. Bang 1 cho thiy cac quoc gia va viing lanh tho Dong A chi nhilu ban cbo cac chuong tnnh phdt trien kinh te, giio due so vdi chi cho y te hay an sinh xa hgi.
Su trdi ngugc ve miic chi vi each thirc chi ngin sich cho cac van de xa hgi d cdc nude Ddng A so vdi phuong Tiy dat ra cau hoi tai sao cdc nude Dong A chi tilu ngin sach it hon cho phuc lgi xi hgi va tai sao viec tao dimg von nhan lire, bilu biln d vile uu tien dau tu cho giio due phd thong va gido due hudng nghiep, lai la xu hudng trung tam trong chinh sdch xa hgi d cdc nude nay?
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P.TJ1. Diep/Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Kinh ti va Kinh doanh. Tap 30. So 4 '2014, 29-37
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Ly giai nhirng %in de trln, mgt so bgc gii nhin manh sy anh hudng ciia yeu td van hda, die bill Ii cdc gia tri ciia Nbo gido trong xi hdi phuong Ddng. Jones (1993) cho ring inh hudng cua Nho gido Ii yeu id chi'nh phan biet cac nhi nude phiic lgi Boag A vdi cdc nha nude phiic kn phuong Tay. Chir ".Nhan" trong -Nho giio nhin manh vai trd cua gia dinh vi mang ludi phi chinh thiic trong vile cung cip vi chuyen giao phuc lgi. Dya vao ban thin (tu lip), cd trach nhiem lan nhau, sin sang hd trg gia dinh vi cdng ddng la nhihig gji tri cdt loi ciia Nbo giao. Cac nude chiu A tbeo troyin Ihdng Nho giio thudng nhin manh trach nhiem ciia gia lEnh uong vile cham sdc va bio ve cic thanh \ien cua minh. \~i vay, nha nude khong phii chiu nhiiu ip luc ddi vdi viec cung cip va duy tri phuc lgi iA6 cap cho moi ngudi din.
Mil khac. NTio giao trong truyin thdng cung di cao vai tro ciia giio due. diiu nay rit phii hgp vdi \eu ciu ciia cic nude Ddng .4 uong tiidi k>' cong nghi?p hda di tao ra ngudn nhin luc phuc m phat triin kinh ti [11].
3. Han Qu6c - Tnidng hgp diln hinh cua mo huih Dha nirdc phuc Igi IOIQ Dong A
Qud trinh phat triin he thdng phuc loi xa hgi lai Han Qudc tiKri k> cong nghiep hda nua cuoi the k>- XX itir tiap niln I960 din thap
nien 1990) the hien rd net nhimg die diim ciia md hinh nhi nude pim: lgi kilu Ddng A nhu da phin tich d tren.
Mot Id, chi'nh phu quan su ndm chinh quyin tir ndm 1961 the hien ro vai trd "nhd nude phdt trien" trong \iec hoach dinh chiin luge phat triln dat nude ndi chung vi hoach dinh cdc chi'nh sdch pbiic Igi xa hgi ndi rilng. Vdi quyit lim day manh tang trudng kinh ti, chinh quyin quin sy da xay dung cac ki hoach 5 nim. trong dd cung cap bd trg tai chinh va thul cho cac doanh nghiep cdng nghilp chu chdL Chinh phii ciing quoc huu hda cac ngan hang tu nhan di nim quyin diiu Uit tiii trudng tai chi'nh va diu tu. Bg may hinh chi'nh dugc xay dyng di bo tig tdi da cho viec thyc hien chinh sdch kinh ti "un tien tang trudng". Nha nude coi kit qua ling trudng kinh te la ylu td quyit dinh &k nhin dugc su ling hg ciia nhan dan ddi vdi mgt chinh quyen da gianh dugc quyin lanh dao qua cugc dio chiiih quan sy. Vi chmh sich phuc Igi. muc tieu kinh tl va yiu td chmh tri chi phdi phin quan trgng trong qua trinh hoach djnh chinh sach phiic Igi giai doan nay. Mdi quan tim chinh ciia "nha nude phat triin" Han Qudc la duy tri on djnh xa hgi di phuc vu ting truong, vi \ky cac chuang trinh phuc Igi diu tien dugc ban hanh diu hudng tdi tpiyin Igi ciia cac nhdm xa hgi cd anh hudng quan trgng, Uiu hut sy iing
P.T.H. Diip / Tgp chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN- Kinh li va Kinh doanh. Tap 30. S6 4 (2014) 29-37
hO cua cac nhdm nay doi vdi nha nude. Cac chuang trinh bio hiem huu tri ban diu (1963), Luit Bao hiim y tl (1964) vi LuEit Bao hiim tai nan lao dgng (1963) di danh nhilu im dai cho cdng chiic nhi nude, quan nhan, giio vien vi cdng nhan cong nghi?p trong cac tap doan kinh ti Idn.
Ben canh dd, "nha nude phat triin" Han Qudc con sir dung cic ngudn luc tir QuJ bao hilm xa hdi cho muc tilu ting trudng kmh tl vi ban hanh cic chinh sdch dl hien thuc hoa diiu nay. Vdi quan niem cho ring phat triin xa hgi la mgt phin ciia chinh sich kinh ti, Vien Phil trien Hin Qudc (Korean Development Institute - KDI) dl xuit y tudng ring chi'nh sdch xa hgi cd thi hd trg tdng trudng kinh ti trong khuon khd mo hinh kinh li di xac dinh. Thap nien 1970 la thdi ky Chinh phii Han Qudc chuyen chien luge kinh tl tir cdng nghiep hda hudng vi xuat khiu kit hgp thay thi nhip khau sang phdt triln cong nghi?p n^ng, cong nghi?p hda chat.
Vile niy d6i hdi huy dOng mdt lugng v6n thay the tu cic ngudn lye quoc gia va ngudn tii chinh ngi dia. KDI di de xuat chi'nh sich sir dung quy luong huu quoc gia nhu mgt ngudn von huy dgng de tai trg phdt triln cdng n ^ ? p ning.
Hai Id, Chinh phu Han Quoc da xdy dung mgt he thong phiic lai vdi quy md han che de toi thieu hda gdnh nang ngan sdch cho nhd nude.
Trong cac chuong tnnh bao hiem xa hgi ban binh giai doan 1960-1990, phan co ban vi trach nhiem tai chfnh dugc day ve cho cdc doanh nghilp va ngudi lao dgng. Dya tren co sd nay, mgt s6 chuang trinh bao hiem xa hgi bdt buoc da dugc xiy dung mi khdng gay ra tinh trgng ling chi ngan sdch cho phdc lgi ndi chung. Nha nude phiic lgi Han Quoc khong &%i trgng tim vio viec cung cap phdc lgi mi gidi ban vai tro ciia minh d chirc nang dilu till h^ thdng phuc lgi bing luat le.
Chucmg trinh bao hilm huu tn di dugc xiy dyng cho viln chiic nhi nude, quSn nhin vi gido vien trong thap niln 1960. Tilp dd, Uong thap nien 1970, mgt chuang trinh luong huu quoc gia cho ngudi lao dgng khu vyc tu nhan da dugc KDI de xuit. Ban diu (1973) luat chi dp dung cho doanh nghiep thue tir 30 lao dgng Ud lin, sau dd (1986) doi tugng dp dyng dugc md rgng chg cdc doanh nghilp thul tir 10 lao dgng trd lin. Tuy vay, ty 11 din cu dugc thu hudng bao hiem huu tri vao ndm 1988 chi khoang 32%, uong do phan ddng Ii nhiing ngudi khi gia.
Nam
1980 1985 1988 1990 1995
Bang 2: Dii
So ngirtri c6 - vi^c l^m tir 18 tuoi tra len [1]
13.150 14.667 16.728 17.983 20.365
jn bao phii cua bao hiem huu tri 6 Han Quoc giai doan 1980-1995 Donvi Tat ca doi tirgng co d6ng g6p cho bao hiem hvu t n Chuong Hinh
huu trf qudc gia
4.433 4.652 7.497
Chuong uinh huu tri cho cong
chiic nhk nuoc 648 697 767 843 958
Chutmg trinh huu tri cho giao
vien tu thuc 89 124 141 154 181
T6ng [2]
737 821 5.341 5 649 8.636
: nghin nguoi I2]/[l]
%
5,6 5,6 31,9 31,4 42,4 Liru y: Khong bao gom chucmg ninh huu tri cua quan nhan.
Nguon: Van phong Thdng ke Qudc gia Han Qudc (2011).
p. TJi. Diep / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Kinh ti va Kinh doanh. Tap 30. So 4 (2014) 29-37
Luat Bao hiem tai nan lao dgng ban h i n h n i m 1963 cung khong tao thanh ginh ndng cho ngan sdch vi Chinh phu chi gidi thilu bao hiem nhu mgt c a che, trong dd cd su chia se trdch n h i l m lii chinh ciia gidi chii va ngudi lao dgng.
Bao hiem y t l l i chuong trinh phuc lgi ra ddi muon nhat trong thdi ky chinh quyen quan sy tai Han Quoc. Mdc dii Luat B i o hiem y te dugc thong qua tii ndm 1964, d i n n i m 1970 mdi dugc dp dung uen thuc t l . Bao h i l m y te ban diu chi gidi h^n cho cong chiic nha nude, q u i n nhan v i ngudi lao dgng u o n g cdc doanh nghiep Idn, sau dd din din m d rgng ddi tugng tham gia \ i cuoi cung trd thanh phd cap vao n i m 1989 (Bing 3). Tuy vay, N h i nude chi ddng vai tro dilu hanh q u j b i o hiem v i khong chju trach nhi^m v i tii chi'nh.
Ngoai cdc chucmg trinh bao h i l m xa hgi neu yen, H i n Quoc c6n cd chuong trinh trg giiip xa hgi, dugc xiy dyng tir d i u tiiip n i l n 1960 nhdm cung cap ho trg ve nha d, sinh ke, y t l . . cho mgt bg ph$i\ cu dan. De tdi tiiiiu hda chi ngan sdch cho chucmg trinh trg giup xa hgi, Nha nude ddi ra nhilu quy djnh chit che v i ddi tugng thu hudng. Chucmg trinh n i y chi c u n "
cap phiic lgi cho cdc ddi tugng dac biet, bao gdm nhiing ngudi y i u tiii, khdng tiii idn tai trong nen kinh t l thi u u d n g neu khong cd su trg giup tir gia dinh \ a Nha nude. Tdc do tang trudng kinh te cao ciia Han Qudc Uong tiiap nien 1970 l i m tdng miic tiiu nhap ciia cac hg gia dinh ngheo. giam so ngudi ngheo. Cung vdi quan niem chi nhiing ngudi rit ngheo, tiiu nhap khdng dii d l tdn tai mdi dugc hudng chuang trinh trg giiip xa hgi, t\ 11 dan cu dugc thu hudng ttg giup xa hgi o H i n (Judc sut giam nhanh chdng Uong giai doan 1965-1975.
Trong thdi k\ cdng nghiep hda, H i n Qudc cd dan s6 nrong ddi u e . Xa hgi Han Qudc mang nhilu net tuong ddng vdi cdc nude phuong
Dong, cac gia dinh ba the he con tuong ddi ph6 bien, ty 11 phu nii d nha lam ndi trg, c h i m sdc con nho va cha me gia kha c a o . T h e o so lieu tir V i n phong Thdng k l Q u d c gia Han (Judc (2004), ti'nh d i n ndm 2002, chi 6,5% dan si trln 60 tu6i s6ng d y a vao l u o n g h u u , trong khi 4 0 , 1 % song dya vao tiiu n h a p tir c i c tiianh vien khdc Uong gia dinh. N h d he thong ho tig xa hgi dya vao gia dinh theo k i l u tmyen thdng, Nha n u d e khdng phai chiu nhieu dp Iyc doi vdi viec m d rgng cac djch vu phuc lgi x i hgi. Ngoai ddc d i l m chi tilu n g i n s i c h k h i l m tdn cho cac chuang trinh phiic lgi, n h i n u d e phiic lgi Han Quoc con the hien ddc thd cua "mo hinh Bong A " khi quan t i m nhieu hem tdi chi ngan sach cho giao due d i o tao de g i y d y n g "v6n nhan l u c " trong thdi k\ cdng nghiep hda. Theo si lieu tir Bang 1, con s6 thdng ke trung binh ciia ba tiiap ky tir 1980 d i n 2000 cbo tiiiy, khoang 2 1 % long chi ngan sdch Han Qudc l i cho cac c h u a n g trinh phdt trien kinh te, giao diic chiim 17%, Uong khi chi cho c h u o n g trinh an sinh xi hgi I i 11,2% v i y t i chi l i 1,2%. T h i p niln 1980, Han Quoc da d i n h cho g i i o due p h i thong khoang 8 0 % ngan sdch gido due. Tir thip nien 1990, giao due dai hgc mdi dugc tdng cudng kinh p h i tir ngan sach. N h d vay, Han Quoc da tao ra nguon nhan luc vdi hem 90% cd trinh do trung hgc cbo q u i trinh cong nghiep hda [12].
Bang 3: Dien bao phii cua bao hiim y l i d Han Quic giaidosin 1980-1995 Nam Dien bao phii
(1000 ngttfri) Ty le (%) 1980 9.226 1985 17.995 1990 40.180 1995 44.016
24,20 44.10 93,73 97,61 Nguon: Hiep hoi Bao hiim Y te Qudc gia Han Quic
(NHIC). 2010.
P.T.H. Di?p / Tgp chi Khoa hpc DHQGHN: Kinh te va Kmh doanh. Tap 30. S6 4 (2014) 29-37 35
Bang 4: So nguoi dugc hudng chuong tnnh trg gjiip xa hgi giai doan 1965-1990
Don vi tinh: nghin ngudi Ho trg Ho trg Ho trg Tyle Nam ^^^ °^' ^^^ y ^^ ^^" ^
thu nhap nh|p va y te vi y te 1965
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990
288 306 375 339 282 340
72 62 52 47 63 81
3.563 2.116 904 1.500 1.928 1.835
13,66 7,71 3,77 4.95 5,52 5,26 Ngudn- Nien giam thong ke Hin Quoc
(1966. 1986, 1990).
4. Nh^n xet md hinh nha nirdc phiic lgi kieu Ddng A
VcJi nhiing die dilm da phin tich, die bill thong qua qud trinh phdt trien hi thong phiic lgi ciia Han Qudc giai dogn 1960-1990, md hinh nhi nude phdc lgi kilu Ddng A the hien mgt so uu diem CO bin sau:
Mgt Id, mo hinh niy cho phep nha nude chi tieu • ngin sdch mgt cich han che cho cdc chucmg trinh phiic Igi. Nhd dd, ngan sdch nha nude cd the dugc l|p trung nhilu hem cho dau tu phdt triin, tao ra nhOng dilu ki^n, tiin di tit di Itng trudng kinh te. 6 Han Qudc, chinh quyin quin sy thai ky ciia Tong thong Park Chung Hee da sii dung ngan sich va cdc ngudn lye tir cic quy bio hiem xa hgi dl uu tiln dau tu CO sd ha ling vi phdt triin mgt sd nginh cong nghilp chiin luge, tao co sd vQng chac cho vile diy manh cdng nghiep hoa vi hien dai hoa nin kinh ll trong cdc giai dogn tiip theo.
Hai la, vdi phutmg chim khong cung cip vi tai chinh ma chi tiiuc hi?n chiic nang quin ly cdc chuang trinh bio hiem xa hgi, mgt mil, nha nude trdnh dugc ylu cau pho cip hda cac hinh thiic phdc lgi dudi dang bao hiem xa hgi trong giai do?n diu phai triin. mdt khic di huy dgng dugc cdc ngu6n Iyc tdi chinh tu nhin vi ngudn lye xa hgi di giai quyit cdc vin dl phuc lgi.
Dilu nay gop phan lim tdng Udeh nhilm cua chu doanh nghiep, ngudi lao dgng vi cdc luc lugng xa hgi khdc trong vile dam bio phuc lgi ddp ling nhu cau cua cdc ben trong hoat dgng kinhtl.
Ba Id, mo hinh niy da tan dung dugc vai U6 bio dam phiie lgi mang tinh truyen thong ciia gia dinh A Dong va tinh thin tuong Ma cgng dong, ciing la mgt die tnmg ciia van hda phuong Dong. Nhd do, ciing vdi dac thii dan so tre vi gia dinh nhieu the he con pho biln ttong giai doan diu cong nghilp hoa, cdc nude Ddng A da duy tri dugc xa hgi tucmg doi on dinh, tao dieu kiln thuan lgi cha kinh te phat triln.
Thanh qua tdng trudng kinh te ciia Nhdt Ban trong giai doan "phat trien thin ky" 1953- 1973 va "Ky' ti'ch song Han" cua Han Quoc giai doan 1970-1990 co phan ddng gdp khong nho ciia cic chinh sich xa hdi dugc thilt ke vdi muc tilu phuc vu loi da cho tang trudng. M&c dii vay, mo hinh nha nude phuc lgi Dong A cung mang nhiing nhugc diem ngi tai. C6 the ke ra ba nhugc diem ca ban cua mo hinh nay:
Thii nhdt, qud trinh phan phoi lai dugc thyc hien theo hudng co lgi cho nhiing ngudi thu nhip cao va 6n dinh, ttong khi bd phan cu din thu nhap thap va khong thudng xuyen, nhirng doi tugng cd dg riii ro cao lai it dugc hudng hoic tham chi bi loai khoi hi thong phiic lgi.
Tai Han Qudc, ngudi lao dgng ctia nhiing doanh nghiep Idn vi cong chuc nha nude, quan nhin li nhung nhdm xa hgi dau tien dugc hudng cdc chinh sach va che do phdc lgi.
Thu hai, dudi sy dilu hinh ciia cac "nha nude phat trien", viec hoach dinh chinh sich xa hgi thudng chi thugc ve nhirng nhi hoach dinh chi'nh sich thugc gidi "tinh hoa", luon dat muc tieu tang trudng kinh tl quoc gia lin hang dau, theo dudi mgt chiln luge chat che dl hien thyc hda muc tieu va su dung chi'nh sdch xi hdi nhu
P.TJLDUp/Trd^aclKcDHQGlIS K.r: v ™ OAdccA T^». Sd J C0J4,29-37
coca cru di dai dope mic lieu do. Troog qua trinh ho^ch dinh chmh sach xa bgi, y kien nsudi dan hiu nini kbdog dugc quan tim.
Thir ba- nha nude chi tfaiei ^ diiiong trinh bao hiim xa bgi cfao nbui^ ngudi lam cdng an hiDDg a Um vyc chinb thirc. vi ngam dinfa rang thit nghiep cd tbi day oi d nuc tdi thieu. Tnmg be th^ig nay, ngudi mat Mec lim pirn dua vao till kiem cua ban than boac trg giiip mang tmh ca nhan/gia dinh di tda taL He thdng nay khong thi giai quyel dugc cac van di xa bgi nay sinh troog b ^ canh tfaii nghiep lan tran khi khiing bctang kinh tl xay ra. Tai Han Qudc. chuong trinh bao hiem this nghiep di dugc thyc hien tJ nam 1995 nhung cOng khdng the umg pbd vdi lan sraig thit nghiep len cao chua timg cd dudi tac ddng cua khiing hoang tai chinh chau A nam 1997.
5. Mot so ggi r cbo Viet Nam
Tu kinh nghiem pluk trien be tb^ig phuc lgi xa hoi kiiu Dong .\ aia Han Qodc. cd thi nit ra cho \'iei .\2ni mgt sd ggi >' sau day:
Mot Id. ve c b i ^ higc ^og the quoc gia, uu tien t ^ g tiudng theo ptniung cham ~tang trudng trade, phan phdi sao" la lya cfagn aia nhiiu nuoc Dong A trong giai doan diu cnig ngbi^ boa. nbung cbinh sach nay cd thi dan din nnh tiang gia tang b ^ binh ding \k hpL tich luy man tluiln tiem an tao ra khd khin thach tfaiic khd giai qnyet troog cac giai doan phat trien sau. tham chi trd tbanh luc can su phai trien. Viet Nam di lua chgn va cin ixo dinh vdi pbuong cham "tang trudng kinh ti gin liia vm bao dam tien bg vi cdng bing xa hdi ogay trong tirog budc phat ttiin" (13]- Trong bdi canh can tfauc diy &tg trudng kinh ti ^ tboai iooi vi tri mot nude ngheo va kem phat trien. Nha nucx; vin phai qaaa tam duns niuc Idi «ec giai quyit cac \an di xa bgi. diing c6o2
cu chinh sach de dilu tiet qua trinh phan ph^
lai, bao dam cong bing.
Hai Id, can van dyng bai hgc cita cic nuoc Dwig -A vi cich phdi hgp cac chinh sach kinh ti vi chinh sach xa hgi de tao ra moi tutmg tac cd Igi giua tang tiudng kinh te va phan phdi phuc Igi trong nhung dieu kien, hoan cinh nhdl dinh. \"di xuat f^at diem thip, Viet Nam can chu trgng tang trudng kinh tl de cd ngudn tuc rat chit cbo cac clannig trinh phiic Igi xa bm, nhung mgt chinh sach an sinh xa bgi mudn kha thi thi irfiai pho hgp vdi khi nang cua nen ItiiA ll. Nha nude cung can thyc hien dugc ticmg chimg muc nhit dinh chiic nang ciia mgt "nha nude phat triln" de lam tdt vai tto hoach dinh chinb sach kinh t l va chinh sdch xa bdi vl niic tieu ~tang ttirdng kinh t l gan vdi cdng bing xi bgi" da xac dinh.
Ba Id. can phat huy dugc truyen thdng van boa pbuong D ^ g ve tmh tuung trg, dum bgc lan nhau ciia gia dinh vi cgng ddng, tao ra co che i^iai huy tdi da tiem nang va kha nang ciia moi ca nhan, mdi cgng ddng vi toan xd hpi trong cac boat ddng phtk lgi, nhdm tao ra be thdng [4iiic lgi nhieu tang vi da dang hda cac ngudn luc danh cho phuc Igi xa hdi trong nen kinh te thi trudng. Utm dugc nhu vay, Nha nude mdi cd the dinh n^ion luc ngin sach hiiu ban de dau lu nhieu hon cho phat trien kit cau ha ting vat chat vk xa bgi, tao tien dl can thiit cho tang trudng kinh t i va diy manh coa^
nghiep boa, bien dai bda.
Bon Id, can din tu nMeu hon cho phat trien ngudn nhan luc thdng cjua giao due vi dao tao.
Mac do da dang hda cac ngudn vdn va binh thirc diu tu cho giao due la can thiet va lit yiu trong nen kinh t l thi trudng nhung Nhi nude van can chu trgng cbi ngin sach cbo gido due va dao tao, die biet la giao due pbd thong, ^ day la mgl bg phan quan tigng trcHig chi'nh sach phuc lgi xa bgi. Kinh ngiiiem ciia Han Qudc cbo diay, chi ngan sach cbo giao due giai doan dan dugc t ^ mmg vao giao due pbd thong va
P.T.H. Diep / Tgp chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN- Kinh te va Kinh doanh, Tgp 30. Sd 4 (2014) 29-37
dao tao nghe da dem lai hieu iing tot cho nen kinh te, nhd do Han Qudc cd dgi ngii cong nhin lanh nghe phuc vu cong nghiep hoa. Ddng thdi, can chd ttgng diing miic tdi cic hinh thiic giao due bgc cao de chuan bi ngudn nhin lye cbo giai doan phat ttiin tilp theo.
Tai lieu tham Ictiao
[1] Marshall Gordon (ed.), A Dictionary of Sociology, Oxford University Press, New York, 1998.
[2] Pham Th] H6ng Diep, "Mgt s6 m6 hinh nha nirdc phiic lgi va ggi y xay dimg che do phiic lgi xa hpi a Viet Nam", Tap chf Kinh te va Phat tri^n, s6 203 (U) (2014),
[3] Esping-Andersen (ed.). Welfare States in Transition: National Adaptations in Global Economies, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1996 [4] Esping Andersen, "Hybrid or Unique? The
Japanese Welfare State between Europe and Amenca", Journal of European Social Policy 7(3) (1997) 179.
[5] Kwon, HuckJu, Transforming the Developmental Welfare State in East Asia, London. UNRl SD/Palgrave. 2005
[6] HoUiday, Ian, "Productivist Welfare Capitalism:
Social Policy in East Asia", Political Studies 48 (4) (2000) 706.
17] Goodman, R., G While, Welfare Orientalism and the Search for an East Asian Welfare Model. In R. Goodman, G. While and H. J Kwon (eds). The East Asian Welfare Model:
Welfare Orientalism and the State, Routledge, London, 1998.
[81 Woo-Cumings, TTie Developmental State, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999.
[9] Segura-Ubiergo, Alex, The Political Economy of the Welfare State in Latin America:
Globalization, Democracy, and Development, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
[10] Kim, Myung-Shnk '•Ill^lJlullonJ] V;i]]el]es of PiiDcliictivisi WeJfaie C;ipjialism in East Asia", Ph.D. Disseitation, University of Httsburgh, 2013 [11] Jones, Cathenne, "The Pacific Challenge:
Confucian Welfare Slates", m Cathenne Jones (ed,), New Perspectives on the Welfare State in Europe, London: Routledge, 1993.
[12] Do Etiic Djnh (Chii bien), C6ng nghiep hoa phat huy Ipi the so sanh' Kinh nghiem ciia mgt so n^n kmh ti fiang phat trien chau A, NXB Chmh tri Qu6c gia, Ha N91, 1998.
[13] Dang Cgng san Viet Nam, Van ki^n Dai hpi Dai bieu toin quoc lan thir X, NXB Chinh Xr\ Qu6c gia. Hi Ngi.
A Model of an East Asian Welfare State and Implications for Vietnam
Pham Thi Hong Diep
VNU University of Economics and Business.
144 Xuan Thiiy Str., Cdu Gidy Dist.. Hanoi, Vietnam
Abstract: In political economy science, the welfare state has been studied in different aspects.
Theoretically, according to Esping-Andersen's classification, there are three models of a welfare state.
However, those models are not greatly suitable when considering the conditions of East Asian countties. Many studies have pointed out unique characteristics and suggested a fourth model for Eastern Asia. Hence, what are the eharacteristics of the East Asian welfare state? How should the differences between an East Asian welfare state model and the models in other regions be explained?
Using examples from South Korea's welfare system developed during die 1960-1990 period, this paper proposes some possible answers as well as withdraws implications for social policy making in Vietnam based on the East Asian welfare state.
Keywords: East Asia, social welfare system, welfare state, welfare state model.
